Compounds haveeforathroughout: as,dē-scendō,dē-scendere, &c.vorrō,verrō,sweepvorrere,verrere-vorrī,-verrīvorsus,versusvortō,vertō,turnvortere,verterevortī,vertīvorsus,versus951.(b.) With the present stem in-lo|e-(833).vollō,vellō,tearvollere,vellerevollī,vellīvolsus,vulsusLate perfectvulsī(Sen., Luc.);-vulsī(Laber., Col., Sen., Luc.).(B.) PERFECT STEM IN-s-, OR IN-v-OR-u-.PERFECT STEM IN-s-.952.(1a.) The following verbs in-erehave the perfect stem in-s-(867), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus:953.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).carpō,nibble,pluckcarperecarpsīcarptusCompounds haveefora: as,dē-cerpō,dē-cerpere,dē-cerpsī,dē-cerptus.com-būrō,burn upcom-būrerecom-bussīcom-būstuscōmō,put upcōmerecōmpsīcōmptusCompound ofcom-andemō(937,823). See alsodēmō,prōmō,sūmō.coquō,cookcoquerecoxīcoctusdēmō,take awaydēmeredēmpsīdēmptusdīcō,saydīceredīxīdictusFordīc, see846.dī-ligō,esteemdī-ligeredī-lēxīdī-lēctusCompound ofdis-andlegō(937,823). See alsointel-legōandneg-legō.dūcōleaddūceredūxīductusFordūc,ē-dūc, see846.-flīgō,smash-flīgere-flīxī-flīctusOf the simple verb,flīgitoccurs (L. Andr.),flīgēbant(Lucr.), andflīgī(L. Andr., Acc.).gerō,carrygereregessīgestusintel-legō,understandintel-legereintel-lēxīintel-lēctusneg-legō,disregardneg-legereneg-lēxīneg-lēctusIn the perfect system very rarelyintel-lēgīandneg-lēgī(862,823).nūbō,veil,marry(a man)nūberenūpsīnūptaprōmō,take outprōmereprōmpsīprōmptusregō,guide,ruleregererēxīrēctusIn the present system,con-rigōandē-rigō; commonlypor-rigō, sometimesporgō; rarelysur-rigō, commonlysurgō; alwayspergō.rēpō,creeprēpererēpsi——scalpō,digscalperescalpsīscalptusscrībō,writescrīberescrīpsīscrīptussculpō,carvesculperesculpsīsculptusstruō,build upstruerestrūxīstrūctussūgō,sucksūgeresūxīsuctussūmō,take upsūmeresūmpsīsūmptustegō,covertegeretēxītēctustrahō,dragtraheretrāxītractusūrō,burnūrereussīustusvehō,cartveherevēxīvectusvīvō,livevīverevīxī——954.(b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by-o|e-(831).cingō,girdcingerecīnxīcīnctuscom-pungō,prick overcom-pungerecom-pūnxīcom-pūnctusA compound ofpungō(925,823).ē-mungō,clean outē-mungereē-mūnxīē-mūnctusex-pungō,prick outex-pungereex-pūnxīex-pūnctusA compound ofpungō(925,823).fingō,mouldfingerefīnxīfīctusiungō,joiniungereiūnxīiūnctuspingō,paintpingerepīnxīpīctusplangō,beatplangereplānxīplānctusstinguō,poke,poke outstinguere-stīnxī-stīnctusstringō,peel,grazestringerestrīnxīstrīctustingō,wettingeretīnxītīnctusunguō,anointunguereūnxīūnctusSometimesungō,ungere, &c., in the present system.955.(c.) With the present stem in-no|e-(833).temnō,scorntemnere(con-tempsī)(con-temptus)956.(d.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).ad-liciō,luread-liceread-lexī——in-liciō,inveiglein-licerein-lexīin-lectuspel-liciō,lead astraypel-licerepel-lexīpel-lectus-spiciō,spy-spicere-spēxī-spectusForms of the simple verb are old and rare: as,specitur,spicit,spece(Plaut.),specimus(Varr.),spiciunt(Cato),spēxit(Naev., Enn.).957.(1b.) The following verbs in-erehave the perfect stem in-s-(867), and the perfect participle, when used, in-sus(912):958.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).cēdō,move alongcēderecessīcessusclaudō,shutclaudereclausīclaususSometimesclūdō,clūdere,clūsī,clūsus. Compounds haveūforauthroughout.dī-vidō,separatedī-videredī-vīsīdī-vīsusfīgō,pinfīgerefīxīfīxus, twicefīctusfluō,flowfluereflūxīfluxusadjectivelaedō,hurtlaederelaesīlaesusCompounds haveīforaethroughout: as,in-līdō,in-līdere, &c.lūdō,playlūderelūsīlūsusmittō,sendmitteremīsīmissusmergō,dip,duckmergeremersīmersusplaudō,clapplaudereplausīplaususAlsoap-plaudō,ap-plaudere, &c. Other compounds have usuallyōforauthroughout: as,ex-plōdō, &c.; butex-plaudō(Lucr.).premō,squeezepremerepressīpressusCompounds haveiforein the present system: as,com-primō, &c.rādō,scraperādererāsīrāsusrōdō,gnawrōdererōsīrōsusspargō,scatterspargeresparsīsparsusCompounds usually haveeforathroughout: as,cōn-spergō, &c.trūdō,shovetrūderetrūsītrūsusvādō,govādere-vāsī-vāsus959.(b.) With the present stem in-sco|e-(834).algēscō,get coldalgēscerealsī——ardēscō,flame outardēscerearsī(ex-arsī)——lūcēscō,grow lightlūcēscere-lūxī——Sometimes in the present systemlūcīscō,lūcīscere, &c.frīgēscō,grow coldfrīgēscere-frīxī——vīvēscō,get alivevīvēscere(re-vīxī)——In composition, alsore-vīvīscō,re-vīvīscere.960.(c.) With the present stem in-to|e-(835).flectō,turnflectereflexīflexusnectō,bind togethernecterenexī,nexuīnexusPerfect system rare:nexit(Lucil., Acc.);nexuit,ad-nexuerant(Sall.).pectō,combpecterepexīoncepexus961.(d.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).quatiō,shakequatere-cussīquassusCompounds drop thea(111,a): as,in-cutiō,in-cutere,in-cussī,in-cussus.PERFECT STEM IN-v-.962.(2a.) The following verbs in-erehave the perfect stem in-v-, preceded by a long vowel of the root (869), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus:963.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).terō,rubtereretrīvītrītusPerfect infinitive once in pentameter verse (823)at-teruisse(Tib.).964.(b.) With the present stem in-no|e-(833).cernō,sift,separate,seecernerecrēvī,decidedcertus,-crētuslinō,besmearlinerelēvī, rarelylīvīlitusIn the present system some forms in-īreare used by late writers.sinō,leave,letsineresīvīsitusPerfect system forms ofsinōanddē-sinōin-v-are:sīvī(Plaut., Ter., Cic.);dē-sīvit(Sen.),sīvistis(Cic.), once each;sīverīs(Plaut., Cato),dē-sīverit(Cato, Gell.),sīverint(Plaut., Curt.),sīvisset(Cic., Liv.). Much oftener without-v-: as,dē-siī(Sen.),sīstī(Plaut., Cic.);dē-sīstīoften,siitonce (Ter.),dē-siit(Varr., Sen., &c.),dē-sīt(Mart., &c.),dē-siimus(Lent.),dē-sīmus(893),sīstis;dē-siērunt(Cic., Liv.);dē-sierat,dē-sierit(Cic.);dē-sīssem, &c.,sīsset,sīssent,dē-sīsse. Forsīrīs, &c., see893; forpōnō,972.spernō,spurnsperneresprēvīsprētussternō,strewsternerestrāvīstrātus965.(c.) With the present stem in-sco|e-(834).crēscō,growcrēscerecrēvīcrētusnōscō,get to knownōscerenōvīnōtusadjectiveCompounds:ī-gnōscō,ī-gnōvī,ī-gnōtum;ā-gnōscō,ā-gnōvī,ā-gnitus;cō-gnōscō,cō-gnōvī,cō-gnitus;dī-nōscō,dī-nōvī, rarelydī-gnōscō,dī-gnōvī,——;inter-nōscō,inter-nōvī,——. Old passive infinitiveGNOSCIER(inscr. 186B.C.).pāscō,feedpāscerepāvīpāstusscīscō,enactscīscerescīvīscītus966.(2b.) The following verbs in-erehave the perfect stem in-v-, preceded by the long vowel of a presumed denominative stem (870), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus:967.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).petō,aim atpeterepetīvīpetītusIn the perfect, sometimespetiī(Cic., Ov., Liv., Val. Fl., Plin.Ep.),PETIEI(inscr.),petīlate (Sen., Stat.);petiit(Cic., Hor., Tac., Suet.),petīt(Verg., Ov., Phaedr., Sen., Luc., Suet.),petiisse(Verg., Hor., Ov., Val. Fl., Stat.).quaerō,inquirequaererequaesīvīquaesītusCompounds sometimes retainaein old Latin, but usually haveīforaethroughout: as,con-quīrō,con-quīrere, &c.968.(b.) With the present stem in-sco|e-(834).ab-olēscō,vanish awayab-olēscereab-olēvī——ad-olēscō,grow upad-olēsceread-olēvīad-ultuscon-cupīscō,hanker forcon-cupīscerecon-cupīvīcon-cupītus-dormīscō,fall asleep-dormīscere-dormīvī——ex-olēscō,grow outex-olēscereex-olēvīex-olētusin-veterāscō,get setin-veterāscerein-veterāvī——obs-olēscō,get worn outobs-olēscereobs-olēvīobs-olētusadj.quiēscō,get stillquiēscerequiēvīquiētusadjectivere-sipīscō,come tore-sipīscerere-sipīvī——suēscō,get usedsuēsceresuēvīsuētusvesperāscit,gets duskvesperāscerevesperāvit——969.(c.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).cupiō,wantcuperecupīvīcupītusOnce with a form in-īre(791),cupīret(Lucr.).sapiō,have a smacksaperesapīvī——Compounds haveifora: as,re-sipiō, &c.970.(d.) With the present stem in-sso|e-(375).ar-cēssō,send forar-cēsserear-cēssīvīar-cēssītusSometimesac-cersō, &c.; infinitive rarelyar-cēssīrīorac-cersīrī.capēssō,undertakecapēsserecapēssīvī——facēssō,do,make offfacēsserefacēssīvīfacēssītusPerfect system rare:facēssierīsorfacēsserīs(Cic.),facēssīsset(Tac.).in-cēssō,attackin-cēsserein-cēssīvī——lacēssō,provokelacēsserelacēssīvīlacēssītusPERFECT STEM IN-u-.971.(3.) The following verbs in-erehave the perfect stem in-u-(873), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus; in some participles-tusis preceded by a shorti, thus,-itus(910):972.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).alō,bring upalerealuīaltus, rarelyalituscolō,till,stay round,courtcolerecoluīcultuscon-cinō,chime withcon-cinerecon-cinuī——A compound ofcanō(924,823). See alsooc-cinōandprae-cinō.cōn-sulō,consultcōn-sulerecōn-suluīcōn-sultusdepsō,kneaddepseredepsuīdepstusfremō,growlfremerefremuī——gemō,groangemeregemuī——molō,grindmoleremoluīmolitusoc-cinō,sing ominouslyoc-cinereoc-cinuī——Once with reduplication,oc-cecinerit(Liv.).oc-culō,hideoc-culereoc-culuīoc-cultuspīsō,pīnsō,braypīsere,pīnserepīnsuī,pīsīvīpistusOnce (818,847)pīnsībant(Enn.). Perfect oncepīnsuī(Pomp.), once (823,893)pīsiērunt(Varr.). Perfect participle oftenpīnsītus(Col.), oncepīnsus(Vitr.).pōnō,placepōnerepo-suīpo-situsA compound ofpo-andsinō(964). Perfect in old Latinpo-sīvī(893);po-suīis first used by Ennius (875). Perfect participle in verse sometimes,po-stus,-po-stus; inf.inposīsse(Plaut.).prae-cinō,play beforeprae-cinereprae-cinuī——serō,stringserere-seruīsertusstertō,snorestertere(dē-stertuī)——strepō,make a racketstreperestrepuī——texō,weavetexeretexuītextustremō,quaketremeretremuī——vomō,throw upvomerevomuī——973.(b.) With reduplication and-o|e-in the present stem (829).gignō,begetgigneregenuīgenitusPresent sometimes also without reduplication,genit, &c. (Varr., Lucr.).974.(c.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by-o|e-(831).ac-cumbō,lie byac-cumbereac-cubuīac-cubitusSo alsoin-cumbō;dis-cumbōhasdis-cubuī,dis-cubitum. Compounds withdē,ob,prō,re-, andsub, have-cubuī,——.975.(d.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).ē-liciō,coax outē-licereē-licuīē-licitusrapiō,seizerapererapuīraptusCompounds haveiforain the present and perfect systems, andein the perfect participle: as,ē-ripiō,ē-ripere,ē-ripuī,ē-reptus. Old Latin hasuindē-rupierand insub-rupiō,sub-rupere,sub-rupuī,sub-ruptus; shortened forms are:surpuit,surpuerit(Plaut.),surpit(Plaut. prol.),surpere(Lucr.),surpite,surpuerat(Hor.). Forsub-repsit(Plaut.), see887.976.(e.) With the present stem in-sco|e-(835); forcom-pēscuī, see855.acēscō,get souracēscere-acuī——alēscō,grow upalēscere(co-aluī)(co-alitus)ārēscō,dry upārēscere-āruī——calēscō,get warmcalēscere-caluī——candēscō,get whitecandēscere-canduī——cānēscō,get greycānēscerecānuī——clārēscō,get brightclārēscereclāruī——com-pescō,checkcom-pescerecom-pescuī——con-ticēscō,get all stillcon-ticēscerecon-ticuī——Also in the present system,con-ticīscō,con-ticīscere, &c.crēbrēscō,get commoncrēbrēscere-crēbruī——crūdēscō,wax badcrūdēscere(re-crūduī)——-dolēscō,get pained-dolēscere-doluī——dūrēscō,get harddūrēsceredūruī——ē-vīlēscō,get cheapē-vīlēscereē-vīluī——fervēscō,boil upfervēscere-ferbuī,-fervī——flōrēscō,blossom outflōrēscere-flōruī——horrēscō,bristle uphorrēscere-horruī——languēscō,get weaklanguēscerelanguī——latēscō,hide awaylatēscere-lituī——liquēscō,meltliquēscere(dē-licuī)——madēscō,get moistmadēsceremaduī——marcēscō,pine awaymarcēscere(ē-marcuī)——mātūrēscō,ripenmātūrēsceremātūruī——nigrēscō,get blacknigrēscerenigruī——nōtēscō,get knownnōtēscerenōtuī——ob-mūtēscō,get stillob-mūtēscereob-mūtuī——ob-surdēscō,get deafob-surdēscereob-surduī——oc-callēscō,get hardoc-callēscereoc-calluī——pallēscō,grow palepallēscerepalluī——pūtēscō,get soakedpūtēscerepūtuī——rigēscō,stiffen uprigēscereriguī——rubēscō,reddenrubēscererubuī——sānēscō,get wellsānēscere-sānuī——senēscō,grow oldsenēscere-senuī——stupēscō,get dazedstupēscere(ob-stupuī)——Alsoop-stipēscōorob-stipēscō,op-stipuīorob-stipuī.tābēscō,waste awaytābēsceretābuī——tepēscō,get lukewarmtepēsceretepuī——-timēscō,get scared-timēscere-timuī——torpēscō,get numbtorpēsceretorpuī——tremēscō,quaketremēscere(con-tremuī)——Also in the present system,con-tremīscō,con-tremīscere, &c.tumēscō,swell uptumēscere-tumuī——valēscō,get strongvalēscere-valuī——vānēscō,wanevānēscere(ē-vānuī)——DEPONENTS IN-ī.977.(1.) The following deponents in-īhave the perfect participle in-tus, exceptmorior, which has-tuus:978.(a.)With the present stem in-o|e-(829).fruor,enjoyfruīfrūctusloquor,speakloquīlocūtusqueror,complainquerīquestussequor,followsequīsecūtus979.(b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by-o|e-(831).fungor,get quitfungīfūnctus980.(c.) With the present stem in-sco|e-(834).apīscor,lay hold ofapīscīaptusCompounds haveiandefora: as,ad-ipīscor,ad-ipīscī,ad-eptus.com-minīscor,devisecom-minīscīcom-mentusex-pergīscor,stretch myself,wakeex-pergīscīex-per-rēctusPerfect participle rarelyex-pergitus(Lucil., Lucr.).nancīscor,getnancīscīnactus,nānctusnāscor,am bornnāscīnātusob-līvīscor,forgetob-līvīscīob-lītuspacīscor,bargainpacīscīpactusCompounds:dē-pecīscor,dē-pecīscī,dē-pectus;com-pectus.pro-ficīscor,start onpro-ficīscīpro-fectusulcīscor,avengeulcīscīultus981.(d.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).morior,diemorīmortuusorior,riseorīrīortuspotior,masterpotīrīpotītusFor forms in-īrīof these three verbs, see791. Forpotīrī, twicepotī(Enn., Pac.).982.(2.) The following deponents in-īhave the perfect participle in-sus(912):983.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).lābor,tumble downlābīlapsusnītor,rest onnītīnīsus,nīxusūtor,useūtīūsus984.(b.) With the present stem in-sco|e-(834).dē-fetīscor,get tired outdē-fetīscīdē-fessus985.(c.) With the present stem in-to|e-(835).am-plector,hug roundam-plectīam-plexuscom-plector,hug upcom-plectīcom-plexus986.(d.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).gradior,stepgradīgressuspatior,sufferpatīpassusCompounds of these two verbs haveefora: as,ad-gredior,per-petior,per-pessus; for forms of-grediorin-īrī, see791.II. Denominative Verbs.987.Most verbs in-āre,-ēre, and-īre(or in-ārī,-ērī, and-īrī), are denominatives.988.Some primitives from vowel roots have the form of denominatives in the present system, or throughout; and some verbs with a denominative present system have the perfect and perfect participle formed directly from a root.(1.) VERBS IN-āre.(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.989.(1.) The following verb in-ārehas a reduplicated perfect stem (859):stō,standstārestetī——For-stitī, see860. The compoundprae-stōhas rarely the perfect participleprae-stātus(Brut., Plin.), andprae-stitus(Liv.).990.(2.) The following verbs in-ārehave a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in-v-and has a long vowel (864), and the perfect participle in-tus:iuvō,helpiuvāreiūvīiūtusonceIn the perfect system,iuverint,adiuverō, andadiuveritoccur once each in Catull., Enn., Plaut., andTer.; see891. Perfect participle usual only in the compoundad-iūtus.lavō,bathelavārelāvīlautusForms in-ereare very common in the present tense (820):lavis(Plaut., Hor.),lavit(Plaut., Lucr., Catull., Verg., Hor.),lavimus(Hor.),lavitur(Val. Fl.),lavitō(Cato),lavereoften,lavī(Pomp.). Perfect participle oftenlōtusin writers of the empire; supine,lautum,lavātum.(B.) PERFECT STEM IN-v-OR-u-.PERFECT STEM IN-v-.991.(1a.) Two verbs in-ārehave the perfect stem in-v-(869), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus, both preceded by a long-ā-of the root:flō,blowflāreflāvīflātusnō,swimnārenāvī——992.(1b.) Most verbs in-ārehave the perfect stem in-v-(869), and the perfect participle in-tus, both preceded by a form of the present stem in long-ā-: as,laudō,praiselaudārelaudāvīlaudātuslīberō,freelīberārelīberāvīlīberātusnōminō,namenōminārenōmināvīnōminātusspērō,hopespērārespērāvīspērātusPERFECT STEM IN-u-.993.(2.) The following verbs in-ārehave the perfect stem in-u(874), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus; in some participles,-tusis preceded by a shorti, thus,-itus(910):crepō,rattlecrepārecrepuī(in-crepitus)Forms of the perfect system in-v-(823) are:in-crepāvit(Plaut.),dis-crepāvit(Varr.),in-crepārit(Suet.).cubō,liecubārecubuī——Forms of the perfect system in-v-(823) are:ex-cubāverant(Caes.),cubāris(Prop.),in-cubāvēre(Plin.),cubāsse(Quintil.). Compound perfect participlein-cubitus(Plin.).domō,tamedomāredomuīdomitusē-necō,murderē-necāreē-necuīē-nectusThe simple verb hasnecāvī,necātus; twicenecuit(Enn., Phaedr.).ē-necōsometimes hasiforein the present and perfect system; once (823)ē-nicāvit, and once (887)ē-nicāssō(Plaut.); perfect participle alsoē-necātus(Plin.).fricō,rub downfricārefricuīfrictusPerfect participle alsofricātus(Vitr.),cōn-fricātus(Varr., Plin.),dē-fricātus(Catull., Col., Plin.),īn-fricātus(Col., Plin.),per-fricātus(Vitr., Plin.).micō,quivermicāremicuī——So the compounds; exceptdī-micō,dī-micāvī,dī-micātum; twice in pentameter verse (823)dī-micuisse(Ov.).-plicō,fold-plicāre-plicuī-plicitusA few forms of the present system of the simple verb occur. In the perfect and perfect participle usually-plicāvī,-plicātus; but sometimesap-plicuī(Cic. once, Tib., Ov., Liv., Sen., &c.);com-plicuī(Sen.),ex-plicuī(Verg., Hor., Liv., Sen., &c.),im-plicuī(Verg., Tib., Ov., Sen., &c.);ap-plicitus(Col., Quintil., Plin.Ep.),ex-plicitus(Caes., Sen., Plin.Ep.),im-plicitus(Plaut., Cic., Liv.); oncere-plictus(Stat.).secō,cutsecāresecuīsectusThe compound withexsometimes hasifore; once (823)exicāveris(Cato).sonō,soundsonāresonuī——Also (820)sonit,sonunt(Enn., Acc.),sonere(Acc., Lucr.);re-sonunt(Enn.). Perfect (823)re-sonārint(Hor.),re-sonāvit(Man.),sonātūrus(Hor.).tonō,thundertonāretonuī(at-tonitus)Once (820)tonimus(Varr.). Perfect participle oncein-tonātus(Hor.).vetō,forbidvetārevetuīvetitusIn old Latin,votō, &c. (143). Perfect once (823)vetāvit(Pers.).DEPONENTS IN-ārī.994.There are many deponents in-ārī, with the perfect participle in-ātus: as,hortor,exhorthortārīhortātusFor the primitivefārī,speak, and compounds, see the dictionary.(2.) VERBS IN-ēre.(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.995.(1.) The following verbs in-ērehave a reduplicated perfect stem (859), and the perfect participle, when used, in-sus(912):mordeō,bitemordēremomordīmorsusThe compoundprae-mordeōhas once (823)prae-morsisset(Plaut.).pendeō,am hungpendērepependī——The compoundprō-pendeōhas the perfect participleprō-pēnsus.spondeō,covenantspondērespopondīspōnsusFordē-spondīandre-spondī, see860; rarelydē-spopondī(Plaut.).tondeō,sheartondēre-totondī,-tondītōnsusFordē-tondunt(Varr.), see821. Perfect only in the compoundsat-tondīanddē-tondī(860); oncedē-totonderat(Varr.), and perhapsdē-totondit(Enn.).996.(2a.) The following verbs in-ērehave a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in-v-and has a long vowel (864), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus:caveō,look outcavērecāvīcautusfaveō,am friendlyfavērefāvī——foveō,warm,cherishfovērefōvīfōtusmoveō,movemovēremōvīmōtusFor short forms in the perfect system, particularly in compounds, see891.voveō,vowvovērevōvīvōtus997.(2b.) Three verbs in-ērehave a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (864), and the perfect participle in-sus(912):sedeō,sitsedēresēdī-sessusReal compounds haveiforein the present system: as,ob-sideō, &c. Compounds withdis-,prae, andre-have no perfect participle.strīdeō,gratestrīdērestrīdī——
Compounds haveeforathroughout: as,dē-scendō,dē-scendere, &c.
951.(b.) With the present stem in-lo|e-(833).
Late perfectvulsī(Sen., Luc.);-vulsī(Laber., Col., Sen., Luc.).
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN-s-, OR IN-v-OR-u-.
PERFECT STEM IN-s-.
952.(1a.) The following verbs in-erehave the perfect stem in-s-(867), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus:
953.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).
Compounds haveefora: as,dē-cerpō,dē-cerpere,dē-cerpsī,dē-cerptus.
Compound ofcom-andemō(937,823). See alsodēmō,prōmō,sūmō.
Fordīc, see846.
Compound ofdis-andlegō(937,823). See alsointel-legōandneg-legō.
Fordūc,ē-dūc, see846.
Of the simple verb,flīgitoccurs (L. Andr.),flīgēbant(Lucr.), andflīgī(L. Andr., Acc.).
In the perfect system very rarelyintel-lēgīandneg-lēgī(862,823).
In the present system,con-rigōandē-rigō; commonlypor-rigō, sometimesporgō; rarelysur-rigō, commonlysurgō; alwayspergō.
954.(b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by-o|e-(831).
A compound ofpungō(925,823).
A compound ofpungō(925,823).
Sometimesungō,ungere, &c., in the present system.
955.(c.) With the present stem in-no|e-(833).
956.(d.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).
Forms of the simple verb are old and rare: as,specitur,spicit,spece(Plaut.),specimus(Varr.),spiciunt(Cato),spēxit(Naev., Enn.).
957.(1b.) The following verbs in-erehave the perfect stem in-s-(867), and the perfect participle, when used, in-sus(912):
958.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).
Sometimesclūdō,clūdere,clūsī,clūsus. Compounds haveūforauthroughout.
Compounds haveīforaethroughout: as,in-līdō,in-līdere, &c.
Alsoap-plaudō,ap-plaudere, &c. Other compounds have usuallyōforauthroughout: as,ex-plōdō, &c.; butex-plaudō(Lucr.).
Compounds haveiforein the present system: as,com-primō, &c.
Compounds usually haveeforathroughout: as,cōn-spergō, &c.
959.(b.) With the present stem in-sco|e-(834).
Sometimes in the present systemlūcīscō,lūcīscere, &c.
In composition, alsore-vīvīscō,re-vīvīscere.
960.(c.) With the present stem in-to|e-(835).
Perfect system rare:nexit(Lucil., Acc.);nexuit,ad-nexuerant(Sall.).
961.(d.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).
Compounds drop thea(111,a): as,in-cutiō,in-cutere,in-cussī,in-cussus.
PERFECT STEM IN-v-.
962.(2a.) The following verbs in-erehave the perfect stem in-v-, preceded by a long vowel of the root (869), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus:
963.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).
Perfect infinitive once in pentameter verse (823)at-teruisse(Tib.).
964.(b.) With the present stem in-no|e-(833).
In the present system some forms in-īreare used by late writers.
Perfect system forms ofsinōanddē-sinōin-v-are:sīvī(Plaut., Ter., Cic.);dē-sīvit(Sen.),sīvistis(Cic.), once each;sīverīs(Plaut., Cato),dē-sīverit(Cato, Gell.),sīverint(Plaut., Curt.),sīvisset(Cic., Liv.). Much oftener without-v-: as,dē-siī(Sen.),sīstī(Plaut., Cic.);dē-sīstīoften,siitonce (Ter.),dē-siit(Varr., Sen., &c.),dē-sīt(Mart., &c.),dē-siimus(Lent.),dē-sīmus(893),sīstis;dē-siērunt(Cic., Liv.);dē-sierat,dē-sierit(Cic.);dē-sīssem, &c.,sīsset,sīssent,dē-sīsse. Forsīrīs, &c., see893; forpōnō,972.
965.(c.) With the present stem in-sco|e-(834).
Compounds:ī-gnōscō,ī-gnōvī,ī-gnōtum;ā-gnōscō,ā-gnōvī,ā-gnitus;cō-gnōscō,cō-gnōvī,cō-gnitus;dī-nōscō,dī-nōvī, rarelydī-gnōscō,dī-gnōvī,——;inter-nōscō,inter-nōvī,——. Old passive infinitiveGNOSCIER(inscr. 186B.C.).
966.(2b.) The following verbs in-erehave the perfect stem in-v-, preceded by the long vowel of a presumed denominative stem (870), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus:
967.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).
In the perfect, sometimespetiī(Cic., Ov., Liv., Val. Fl., Plin.Ep.),PETIEI(inscr.),petīlate (Sen., Stat.);petiit(Cic., Hor., Tac., Suet.),petīt(Verg., Ov., Phaedr., Sen., Luc., Suet.),petiisse(Verg., Hor., Ov., Val. Fl., Stat.).
Compounds sometimes retainaein old Latin, but usually haveīforaethroughout: as,con-quīrō,con-quīrere, &c.
968.(b.) With the present stem in-sco|e-(834).
969.(c.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).
Once with a form in-īre(791),cupīret(Lucr.).
Compounds haveifora: as,re-sipiō, &c.
970.(d.) With the present stem in-sso|e-(375).
Sometimesac-cersō, &c.; infinitive rarelyar-cēssīrīorac-cersīrī.
Perfect system rare:facēssierīsorfacēsserīs(Cic.),facēssīsset(Tac.).
PERFECT STEM IN-u-.
971.(3.) The following verbs in-erehave the perfect stem in-u-(873), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus; in some participles-tusis preceded by a shorti, thus,-itus(910):
972.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).
A compound ofcanō(924,823). See alsooc-cinōandprae-cinō.
Once with reduplication,oc-cecinerit(Liv.).
Once (818,847)pīnsībant(Enn.). Perfect oncepīnsuī(Pomp.), once (823,893)pīsiērunt(Varr.). Perfect participle oftenpīnsītus(Col.), oncepīnsus(Vitr.).
A compound ofpo-andsinō(964). Perfect in old Latinpo-sīvī(893);po-suīis first used by Ennius (875). Perfect participle in verse sometimes,po-stus,-po-stus; inf.inposīsse(Plaut.).
973.(b.) With reduplication and-o|e-in the present stem (829).
Present sometimes also without reduplication,genit, &c. (Varr., Lucr.).
974.(c.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by-o|e-(831).
So alsoin-cumbō;dis-cumbōhasdis-cubuī,dis-cubitum. Compounds withdē,ob,prō,re-, andsub, have-cubuī,——.
975.(d.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).
Compounds haveiforain the present and perfect systems, andein the perfect participle: as,ē-ripiō,ē-ripere,ē-ripuī,ē-reptus. Old Latin hasuindē-rupierand insub-rupiō,sub-rupere,sub-rupuī,sub-ruptus; shortened forms are:surpuit,surpuerit(Plaut.),surpit(Plaut. prol.),surpere(Lucr.),surpite,surpuerat(Hor.). Forsub-repsit(Plaut.), see887.
976.(e.) With the present stem in-sco|e-(835); forcom-pēscuī, see855.
Also in the present system,con-ticīscō,con-ticīscere, &c.
Alsoop-stipēscōorob-stipēscō,op-stipuīorob-stipuī.
Also in the present system,con-tremīscō,con-tremīscere, &c.
DEPONENTS IN-ī.
977.(1.) The following deponents in-īhave the perfect participle in-tus, exceptmorior, which has-tuus:
978.(a.)With the present stem in-o|e-(829).
979.(b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by-o|e-(831).
980.(c.) With the present stem in-sco|e-(834).
Compounds haveiandefora: as,ad-ipīscor,ad-ipīscī,ad-eptus.
Perfect participle rarelyex-pergitus(Lucil., Lucr.).
Compounds:dē-pecīscor,dē-pecīscī,dē-pectus;com-pectus.
981.(d.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).
For forms in-īrīof these three verbs, see791. Forpotīrī, twicepotī(Enn., Pac.).
982.(2.) The following deponents in-īhave the perfect participle in-sus(912):
983.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).
984.(b.) With the present stem in-sco|e-(834).
985.(c.) With the present stem in-to|e-(835).
986.(d.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).
Compounds of these two verbs haveefora: as,ad-gredior,per-petior,per-pessus; for forms of-grediorin-īrī, see791.
987.Most verbs in-āre,-ēre, and-īre(or in-ārī,-ērī, and-īrī), are denominatives.
988.Some primitives from vowel roots have the form of denominatives in the present system, or throughout; and some verbs with a denominative present system have the perfect and perfect participle formed directly from a root.
(1.) VERBS IN-āre.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
989.(1.) The following verb in-ārehas a reduplicated perfect stem (859):
For-stitī, see860. The compoundprae-stōhas rarely the perfect participleprae-stātus(Brut., Plin.), andprae-stitus(Liv.).
990.(2.) The following verbs in-ārehave a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in-v-and has a long vowel (864), and the perfect participle in-tus:
In the perfect system,iuverint,adiuverō, andadiuveritoccur once each in Catull., Enn., Plaut., andTer.; see891. Perfect participle usual only in the compoundad-iūtus.
Forms in-ereare very common in the present tense (820):lavis(Plaut., Hor.),lavit(Plaut., Lucr., Catull., Verg., Hor.),lavimus(Hor.),lavitur(Val. Fl.),lavitō(Cato),lavereoften,lavī(Pomp.). Perfect participle oftenlōtusin writers of the empire; supine,lautum,lavātum.
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN-v-OR-u-.
PERFECT STEM IN-v-.
991.(1a.) Two verbs in-ārehave the perfect stem in-v-(869), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus, both preceded by a long-ā-of the root:
992.(1b.) Most verbs in-ārehave the perfect stem in-v-(869), and the perfect participle in-tus, both preceded by a form of the present stem in long-ā-: as,
PERFECT STEM IN-u-.
993.(2.) The following verbs in-ārehave the perfect stem in-u(874), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus; in some participles,-tusis preceded by a shorti, thus,-itus(910):
Forms of the perfect system in-v-(823) are:in-crepāvit(Plaut.),dis-crepāvit(Varr.),in-crepārit(Suet.).
Forms of the perfect system in-v-(823) are:ex-cubāverant(Caes.),cubāris(Prop.),in-cubāvēre(Plin.),cubāsse(Quintil.). Compound perfect participlein-cubitus(Plin.).
The simple verb hasnecāvī,necātus; twicenecuit(Enn., Phaedr.).ē-necōsometimes hasiforein the present and perfect system; once (823)ē-nicāvit, and once (887)ē-nicāssō(Plaut.); perfect participle alsoē-necātus(Plin.).
Perfect participle alsofricātus(Vitr.),cōn-fricātus(Varr., Plin.),dē-fricātus(Catull., Col., Plin.),īn-fricātus(Col., Plin.),per-fricātus(Vitr., Plin.).
So the compounds; exceptdī-micō,dī-micāvī,dī-micātum; twice in pentameter verse (823)dī-micuisse(Ov.).
A few forms of the present system of the simple verb occur. In the perfect and perfect participle usually-plicāvī,-plicātus; but sometimesap-plicuī(Cic. once, Tib., Ov., Liv., Sen., &c.);com-plicuī(Sen.),ex-plicuī(Verg., Hor., Liv., Sen., &c.),im-plicuī(Verg., Tib., Ov., Sen., &c.);ap-plicitus(Col., Quintil., Plin.Ep.),ex-plicitus(Caes., Sen., Plin.Ep.),im-plicitus(Plaut., Cic., Liv.); oncere-plictus(Stat.).
The compound withexsometimes hasifore; once (823)exicāveris(Cato).
Also (820)sonit,sonunt(Enn., Acc.),sonere(Acc., Lucr.);re-sonunt(Enn.). Perfect (823)re-sonārint(Hor.),re-sonāvit(Man.),sonātūrus(Hor.).
Once (820)tonimus(Varr.). Perfect participle oncein-tonātus(Hor.).
In old Latin,votō, &c. (143). Perfect once (823)vetāvit(Pers.).
DEPONENTS IN-ārī.
994.There are many deponents in-ārī, with the perfect participle in-ātus: as,
For the primitivefārī,speak, and compounds, see the dictionary.
(2.) VERBS IN-ēre.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
995.(1.) The following verbs in-ērehave a reduplicated perfect stem (859), and the perfect participle, when used, in-sus(912):
The compoundprae-mordeōhas once (823)prae-morsisset(Plaut.).
The compoundprō-pendeōhas the perfect participleprō-pēnsus.
Fordē-spondīandre-spondī, see860; rarelydē-spopondī(Plaut.).
Fordē-tondunt(Varr.), see821. Perfect only in the compoundsat-tondīanddē-tondī(860); oncedē-totonderat(Varr.), and perhapsdē-totondit(Enn.).
996.(2a.) The following verbs in-ērehave a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in-v-and has a long vowel (864), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus:
For short forms in the perfect system, particularly in compounds, see891.
997.(2b.) Three verbs in-ērehave a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (864), and the perfect participle in-sus(912):
Real compounds haveiforein the present system: as,ob-sideō, &c. Compounds withdis-,prae, andre-have no perfect participle.