(a.)quamquam opīniō est, eum quī multīs annīs ante hōs fuerit, Pīsistratum, multum valuisse dīcendō,Br.27,though there is an impression that the man who lived years and years before these people, Pisistratus, was a very telling orator(direct form,quī fuit,1738).dīcitur, posteā quam vēnerit, paucīs diēbus esse mortuus,Clu.175,he is said to have died a few days after he came(1739). (b.)cōgnōvit Suēbōs, posteā quam pontem fierī comperissent, nūntiōs in omnēs partēs dīmīsisse, 4, 19, 2,he ascertained that after the Suebans had learned of the building of the bridge, they had sent out messengers in every direction.
1773.The subjunctive is used in indirect questions or exclamations.
Thus, when the direct question,quī scīs,how do you know?is subordinated to a main sentence, such asquaerō,I ask, thescīsbecomessciās:quaerō quī sciās,RA.59,I ask how you know. Questions or exclamations thus subordinated are calledIndirect(1723). In English, indirect questions are usually characterized simply by the position of the words, the subject standing before the verb.
1774.The indirect question is one of the commonest of constructions. It depends on verbs or expressions meaning not onlyask, but alsotell,inform,ascertain,see,hear,know,consider,deliberate,doubt,wonder,fear, &c., &c.
1775.Indirect Yes or No questions are introduced by the same interrogative particles that are used in direct questions (1503). But in indirect questions,numand-neare used without any essential difference, in the sense ofwhether,if.nōnneis used thus only by Cicero, and by him only withquaerō: as,
quaeris num disertus sit?Planc.62,do you ask whether he is a good speaker?quaesīvī cōgnōsceretne sīgnum,C.3, 10,I asked if he recognized the seal.quaerō nōnne tibī̆ faciendum idem sit,Fin.3, 13,I ask whether you ought not to do the same.vidēte num dubitandum vōbīs sit,IP.19,consider whether you ought to have any hesitation.
1776.The combinations-ne . . . -ne, andan . . . an, introducing two separate questions, are rare;-ne . . . -neis mostly confined to poetry. In a few instances such questions can hardly be distinguished from alternatives.
1777.A conditional protasis withsī,if,to see if, orsī forte,if perchance, sometimes takes the place of an indirect question in expressions or implications of trial, hope, or expectation: as,ībō, vīsam sī domīst, T.Hau.170,I’ll go and see if he’s at home. Usually with the subjunctive: as,exspectābam, sī quid scrīberēs,Att.16, 2. 4,I was waiting to see whether you would write anything.circumfunduntur hostēs, sī quem aditum reperīre possent, 6, 37, 4,the enemy came streaming round, to see if they could find any way of getting in.
1778.Indirect alternative questions are introduced like direct questions (1519). But when the second member is negative, it has oftenernecnethanan nōn: as,
hoc quaerāmus, vērum sit an falsum,Clu.124,let us ask this question, whether it is true or false.quaesīvī ā Catilīnā in conventū fuisset, necne,C.2, 13,I asked Catiline whether he had been at the meeting or not.permultum interest utrum perturbātiōne animī, an cōnsultō fīat iniūria,Off.1, 27,it makes a vast difference whether wrong be done in heat of passion, or with deliberate intent.quaerō, eum Brūtīne similem mālīs an Antōniī,Ph.10, 5,I ask whether you would rather have him like Brutus or like Antony.
1779.An introductoryutrumpreceding an alternative question with-neandanoccurs a few times in Plautus and Cicero;utrumne . . . anoccurs once in Cicero, and twice in Horace and Tacitus each; compare 1522. Afterutrum, a second alternative is sometimes suppressed, as in the direct question (1523).
1780.-nein the second member only of an alternative question is rare, and not used by Caesar or Sallust: as,sine sciam captīva māterne sim, L. 2, 40, 5,let me know whether I am a captive or a mother.
1781.(1.) A few times in Plautus and Terence, the second member only of an alternative question is expressed withquī sciō an?orquī scīs an?equivalent toperhaps: as,quī scīs an quae iubeam faciat?T.Eu.790,perhaps she’ll do as I direct. Horace has oncequī scīs an,AP.462, in the sense ofperhaps, and oncequis scit an, 4, 7, 17, in the sense ofperhaps not.
1782.(2.) The second member only of an alternative question is often expressed afterhaud sciō an,I don’t know but,possibly,perhaps, withnōn;nēmō,nūllus, &c., if the sentence is negative: as,
haud sciō an fierī possit,V.3, 162,I don’t know but it is possible. Similarly, though not often, withnesciō an,haud sciam an,dubitō an,dubitārim an,dubium an,incertum an, &c.: as,ēloquentiā nesciō an habuisset paremnēminem,Br.126,in oratory I fancy he would have had no peer. This use, in whichhaud sciō anbecomes adverbial, and the subjunctive approaches closely that of modest assertion, is principally confined to Cicero. In later Latin,haud sciō an, &c., sometimes has a negative sense,I don’t know whether, withūllus, &c.
1783.From Curtius on,anis used quite likenumor-ne, in a single indirect question, without implication of alternatives.
1784.Two alternatives are rarely used without any interrogative particles at all: as,velit nōlit scīre difficile est,QFr.3, 8, 4,will he nill he, it is hard to know, i.e. whether he will or not. Compare 1518.
1785.Indirect pronoun questions are introduced by the same pronominal words that are used in direct pronoun questions (1526): as,
cōgnōscit, quae gerantur, 5, 48, 2,he ascertains what is going on.vidētis ut omnēs dēspiciat,RA.135,you can see how he looks down on everybody.quid agās et ut tē oblectēs scīre cupiō,QFr.2, 3, 7,I am eager to know how you do and how you are amusing yourself.
1786.Questions already in the subjunctive may also become indirect.
Thus,quō mē vertam?V.5, 2,which way shall I turn?(1563) becomes indirect inquō mē vertam nesciō,Clu.4,I don’t know which way I am to turn.quid faciam?H.S.2, 1, 24,what shall I do?(1563) becomes indirect inquid faciam, praescrībe, H.S.2, 1, 5,lay down the law, what I’m to do.neque satis cōnstābat quid agerent, 3, 14, 3,and it was not at all clear what they had best do.dubitāvī hōsce hominēs emerem an nōn emerem, Pl.Cap.455,I had my doubts, whether to buy these men or not to buy(1564).
1787.In old Latin, the indicative occurs often in connections where the subjunctive would be used in classical Latin: as,
dīc, quis est, Pl.B.558,say, who is it?whereasdīc quis sitwould meansay who it is. In such cases the question is not subordinate, but coordinate, usually with an imperative (1697), or with some such expression astē rogō,volō scīre,scī̆n, or the like. Such coordination occurs exceptionally in the classical period: as,et vidē, quam conversa rēs est,Att.8, 13, 2,and observe, how everything is changed.adspice, ut ingreditur, V. 6, 856,see, how he marches off.
1788.The indicative is used withnesciōfollowed by a pronominal interrogative, when this combination is equivalent to an indefinite pronoun or adverb: as,
prōdit nesciō quis, T.Ad.635,there’s some one coming out. This is a condensed form forprōdit nesciō quis sit,there’s coming out I don’t know who it is, the real question,sit, being suppressed, andnesciō quisacquiring the meaning ofaliquis,somebody. Similarlynesciōwithunde,ubī̆,quandō,quot, &c., in writers of all ages. Plautus usessciō quid,sciō ut, &c., somewhat in this way once or twice with the indicative: as,scio quid agō,B.78,I’m doing I know what.
1789.This combination often expresses admiration, contempt, or regret: as,contendō tum illud nesciō quid praeclārum solēre existere,Arch.15,I maintain that in such a combination the beau ideal of perfection always bursts into being.paulum nesciō quid,RA.115an unconsidered trifle.dīvīsa est sententia, postulante nesciō quō,Mil.14.the question was divided, on motion of what’s his name.nesciō quō pactō,C.31,unfortunately.
1790.The indicative is used in like manner with many expressions, originally exclamatory, which have become adverbs: such areimmāne quantum,prodigiously,mīrum quantum,wonderfully,sānē quam,immensely, &c., &c. See712and the dictionary.
1791.Relative constructions often have the appearance of indirect questions, and care must be taken not to confound the two. Thus,utis a relative inhanc rem, ut factast, ēloquar, Pl.Am.1129,I’ll tell this thing as it occurred, i.e. nothow it occurred.nōstī quae sequontur,TD.4, 77,you know the things that follow, i.e. notwhat follows.
1792.Relative sentences are introduced by relative words, the most important of which is the pronounquī,who,which, orthat. The relative pronoun may be in any case required by the context, and may represent any of the three persons.
1793.The relative adverbs,ubī̆,quō,unde, often take the place of a relative pronoun with a preposition, chiefly in designations of place, and regularly with town and island names. Less frequently of persons, thoughundeis not uncommonly thus used.
1794.In a wider sense, sentences introduced by any relative conjunctive particle, such asubī̆,when, are sometimes called relative sentences. Such sentences, however, are more conveniently treated separately, under the head of the several conjunctive particles.
1795.(1.) The relative pronoun, like the English relativewho,which, was developed from the interrogative. Originally, the relative sentence precedes, and the main sentence follows, just as in question and answer.
Thus,quae mūtat, ea corrumpit,Fin.1, 21,what he changes, that he spoils, is a modification of the older question and answer:quae mūtat? ea corrumpit,what does he change? that he spoils. With adjective relatives, the substantive is expressed in both members, in old or formal Latin: as,quae rēs apud nostrōs nōn erant, eārum rērum nōmina nōn poterant esse ūsitāta, Cornif. 4, 10,what things did not exist among our countrymen, of those things the names could not have been in common use.
1796.(2.) The relative sentence may also come last. As early as Plautus, this had become the prevalent arrangement, and the substantive of the main sentence is called theAntecedent: as,
ultrā eum locum, quō in locō Germānī cōnsēderant, castrīs idōneum locum dēlēgit, 1, 49, 1,beyond the place in which place the Germans had established themselves, he selected a suitable spot for his camp. The three wordsdiēs,locus, andrēs, are very commonly expressed thus both in the antecedent and the relative sentence. This repetition is rare in Livy, and disappears after his time.
1797.In old Latin, rarely in classical poetry, a sentence sometimes begins with an emphasized antecedent put before the relative, and in the case of the relative: as,urbem quam statuō vostra est, V. 1, 573,the city which I found is yours; forquam urbem statuō, ea vostra est. In the main sentence,is,hīc,iste, orille, is often used; less frequently, as in this example, an appellative.
1798.The main sentence often has the determinative or demonstrative, or the substantive, or both omitted: as,
(a.)ubī̆ intellēxit diem īnstāre, quō diē frūmentum mīlitibus mētīrī oportēret, 1, 16, 5,when he saw the day was drawing nigh, on which day the grain was to be measured out to his men. (b.)quōs āmīsimus cīvīs, eōs Mārtis vīs perculit,Marc.17,what fellow-citizens we have lost, those the fury of the War-god smote down. (c.)Sabīnus quōs tribūnōs mīlitum circum sē habēbat, sē sequī iubet, 5, 37, 1,Sabinus ordered what tribunes of the soldiers he had about him, to follow him.
1799.The antecedent is often omitted when it is indefinite, or is obvious from the context: as,
sunt quī mīrentur,V. 1, 6,there be who wonder.dēlēgistī quōs Rōmae relinquerēs,C.1, 9,you picked out people to leave in Rome.quod periīt, periīt, Pl.Cist.703,gone is gone.Caesar cōgnōvit Cōnsidium, quod nōn vīdisset, prō vīsō sibī̆ renūntiāvisse, 1, 22, 4,Caesar ascertained that Considius had reported to him as seen what he had not seen.
1800.An ablative or nominative abstract in the relative sentence sometimes represents an ablative of manner or quality omitted from the main sentence: as,quā prūdentiā es, nihil tē fugiet,Fam.11, 13, 1,with what sense you have, nothing will elude you, i.e.eā quā es prūdentiā, nihil tē fugiet. spērō, quae tua prūdentia est, tē valēre,Att.6, 9, 1,I hope that, with your characteristic caution, you are well.at Āiāx, quō animō trāditur, mīlliēs oppetere mortem quam illa perpetī māluisset,Off.1, 113,Ajax, on the contrary, with his traditional vehemence, would have chosen rather to die a thousand deaths than to submit to such indignities. This ellipsis begins with Cicero, and is found a few times only in later writers.
1801.The agreement of the relative has already been spoken of in a general way (1082-1098). For convenience, however, it may be set forth here more explicitly.
1802.A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, but its case depends on the construction of the sentence in which it stands: as,
Hippiās glōriātus est ānulum quem habēret, pallium quō amictus, soccōs quibus indūtus esset, sē suā manū cōnfēcisse,DO.3, 127,Hippias prided himself that he had made with his own hand the ring that he wore, the cloak in which he was wrapped, and the slippers that he had on. This holds of all relatives with inflected form, such asquīcumque,quālis,quantus, &c., &c.
1803.When the relative refers to two or more antecedents of different gender, its gender is determined like that of a predicate adjective (1087): as,
mātrēs et līberī, quōrum aetās misericordiam vestram requīrēbat,V.5, 129,mothers and babies, whose years would appeal to your sympathy(1088).ōtium atque dīvitiae, quae prīma mortālēs putant, S.C.36, 4,peace and prosperity, which the sons of men count chiefest of blessings(1089).fortūna, quam nēmō ab incōnstantiā et temeritāte sēiunget, quae digna nōn sunt deō,DN.3, 61,fortune, which nobody will distinguish from caprice and hazard, qualities which are not befitting god(1089). Sometimes the relative agrees with the nearest substantive: as,eās frūges atque frūctūs, quōs terra gignit,DN.2, 37,the crops, and the fruits of the trees that earth produces.
1804.The relative is sometimes regulated by the sense, and not by the form of the antecedent: as,
equitātum praemittit quī videant, 1, 15, 1,he sends the cavalry ahead, for them to see(1095).ūnus ex eō numerō, quī ad caedem parātī erant, S.I. 35, 6,one of the number that were ready to do murder(1095).duo prōdigia, quōs improbitās tribūnō cōnstrictōs addīxerat,Sest.38,a pair of monstrosities, whom their depravity had delivered over in irons to the tribune.scrība pontificis, quōs nunc minōrēs pontificēs appellant, L. 22, 57, 3,a clerk of the pontiff, which clerks they call nowadays lesser pontiffs, i.e.quōs scrībās. Vēiēns bellum exortum, quibus Sabīnī arma coniūnxerant, L. 2, 53, 1,a Vejan war broke out, with whom the Sabines had allied themselves, i.e.bellum cum Vēientibus.
1805.A relative referring to a proper name and explanatory appellative combined, may take the gender of either: as,flūmine Rhēnō, quī agrum Helvētium ā Germānīs dīvidit, 1, 2, 3,by the river Rhine, which is the boundary between Helvetians and Germans.ad flūmen Scaldem quod īnfluit in Mosam, 6, 33, 3,to the river Scheldt, that empties itself into the Maas.
1806.With verbs of indeterminate meaning (1035), the relative pronoun sometimes agrees with the predicate substantive: as,Thēbae ipsae, quod Boeōtiae caput est, L. 42, 44, 3,Thebes itself, which is the capital of Boeotia. Often, however, with the antecedent: as,flūmen quod appellātur Tamesis, 5, 11, 8,the river which is called the Thames.
1807.When the relative is subject, its verb agrees with the person of the antecedent: as,
haec omnia is fēcī, quī sodālis Dolābellae eram,Fam.12, 14, 7,all this I did, I that was Dolabella’s bosom friend.inīquos es, quī mē tacēre postulēs, T.Hau.1011,thou art unfair, expecting me to hold my tongue. So also when the antecedent is implied in a possessive: as,cum tū nostrā, quī remānsissēmus, caede tē contentum esse dīcēbās,C. 1, 7,when you said you were satisfied with murdering us, who had staid behind.
1808.For an accusative of the relative with an ablative antecedent the ablative is rarely used: as,notante iūdice quō nōstī populō, H.S. 1, 6, 15,the judge condemning—thou know’st who—the world. This represents the older interrogative conception:notante iūdice—quō?—nōstī, populō(1795).
1809.A new substantive added in explanation of an antecedent is put after the relative, and in the same case: as,ad Amānum contendī, quī mōns erat hostium plēnus,Att.5, 20, 3,I pushed on to Amanus, a mountain that was packed with the enemy. This use begins with Cicero; but from Livy on, the explanatory word is also put as an appositive, with the relative following: as,Decius Magius, vir cui nihil dēfuit, L. 23, 7, 4,Magius, a man that lacked nothing.
1810.An adjective, especially a comparative, superlative, or numeral, explanatory of a substantive in the main sentence, is often put in the relative sentence: as,
palūs quae perpetua intercēdēbat Rōmānōs ad īnsequendum tardābat, 7, 26, 2,a morass, that lay unbroken between, hindered the Romans from pursuit.
1811.When reference is made to the substance of a sentence, the neuterquodis used, or more commonlyid quod, either usually in parenthesis: as,
intellegitur, id quod iam ante dīxī, imprūdente L. Sūllā scelera haec fierī,RA.25,it is plain, as I have said once before, that these crimes are committed without the cognizance of Sulla. In continuations,quae rēs: as,nāvēs removērī iussit, quae rēs māgnō ūsuī nostrīs fuit, 4, 25, 1,he ordered the vessels to be withdrawn, a course which proved very advantageous for our people.
1812.The relative is sometimes equivalent to a conditional protasis. When thus used, it may have either the indicative or the subjunctive, as the sense requires: as,
(a.)quod beātum est, nec habet nec exhibet cuiquam negōtium,DN.1, 85,whatsoever is blessed, has no trouble and makes none to anybody.quisquis hūc vēnerit, pugnōs edet, Pl.Am.309,whoever comes this way, shall have a taste of fists(1796).omnia mala ingerēbat quemquem adspexerat, Pl.Men.717,she showered all possible bad names on every man she saw(1795). (b.)haec quī videat, nōnne cōgātur cōnfitērī deōs esse,DN.2, 12,whoso should see this would be forced, wouldn’t he? to admit the existence of gods.quī vidēret, equom Trōiānum intrōductum dīceret,V.4, 52,whoever saw it would have sworn it was the Trojan horse brought in(1559).
The Indicative Mood.
1813.The indicative is used in simple declarations or descriptions introduced by a relative: as,
quem dī dīligunt, adulēscēns moritur, Pl.B.816,whom the gods love, dies young.reliquī, qui domī mānsērunt, sē alunt, 4, 1, 5,the others, that stay at home, support themselves(1736).quōs labōrantēs cōnspexerat, hīs subsidia submittēbat, 4, 26, 4,to such as he saw in stress, he kept sending reinforcements(1736).tū quod volēs faciēs,QFr.3, 4, 5,do what you like(1735).
1814.The indicative is also used with indefinite relative pronouns and adverbs: as,quidquid volt, valdē volt,Att.14, 1, 2,whatever he wants, he wants mightily.quisquis est,TD.4,37,whoever he may be.quācumque iter fēcit,V.1, 44,wherever he made his way. In later writers the imperfect or pluperfect is often in the subjunctive: see1730.
1815.An original indicative often becomes subjunctive, particularly in indirect discourse (1722); or by attraction (1728); or to indicate repeated action (1730). See also1727and1731.
The Subjunctive Mood.
1816.Relative pronoun sentences take the subjunctive to denote (1.) a purpose, (2.) a characteristic or result, (3.) a cause, reason, proof, or a concession.
1817.(1.) Relative sentences of purpose are equivalent to subjunctive sentences introduced byut,in order that,to(1947): as,
ea quī cōnficeret, C. Trebōnium relinquit, 7, 11, 3,he left Trebonius to manage this.quālis esset nātūra montis, quī cōgnōscerent, mīsit, 1, 21, 1,he sent some scouts to ascertain what the character of the mountain was.haec habuī dē amīcitiā quae dīcerem,L.104,this was what I had to say of friendship. Sentences of purpose are an extension of the subjunctive of desire (1540).
1818.(2.) Relative sentences of characteristic or result are equivalent to subjunctive sentences introduced byut,so as to,so that(1947).
The main sentence sometimes has a word denoting character, such asis,eius modī, rarelytālis: as,neque is sum, quī mortis perīculō terrear, 5, 30, 2,but I am not the man to be scared by danger of death, no not I. Often, however, character is intimated by the mood alone: as,secūtae sunt tempestātēs quae nostrōs in castrīs continērent, 4, 34, 4,there followed a succession of storms to keep our people in camp.quod miserandum sit labōrātis,DN.3, 62,you struggle away to a pitiable degree. Sentences of result are an extension of the subjunctive of action conceivable (1554).
1819.The subjunctive withquīis often used withdignus,indignus, oridōneus, usually with a form ofsum: as,Līviānae fābulae nōn satis dignae quae iterum legantur,Br.71,Livy’s plays are not worth reading twice.nōn erit idōneus quī ad bellum mittātur,IP.66,he will not be a fit person to be sent to the war. Twice thus,aptus, once in Cicero, once in Ovid. In poetry and late prose these adjectives sometimes have the infinitive.dignusandindignushave alsoutin Plautus, Livy, and Quintilian.
1820.Relative subjunctive sentences are sometimes coordinated byetorsed, with a substantive, adjective, or participle: as,audāx et coetūs possit quae ferre virōrum, J. 6, 399,a brazen minx, and one quite capable of facing crowds of men.
1821.Relative sentences after assertions or questions of existence or non-existence, usually take the subjunctive: as,
sunt quī putent,TD.1, 18,there be people to think,there be who think, orsome people think.nēmō est quī nesciat,Fam.1, 4, 2,there is nobody that doesn’t know.sapientia est ūna quae maestitiam pellat ex animīs,Fin.1, 43,wisdom is the only thing to drive sadness from the soul.
1822.Such expressions are:est (exsistit, exortus est), quī;sunt (reperiuntur, nōn dēsunt), quī;nēmō est, quī;quis est, quī;sōlusorūnus est, quī;est, nihil est, quod;quid est, quod? habeō, nōn habeō, nihil habeō, quod, &c., &c. Indefinite subjects are sometimes used with these verbs: as,multī,quīdam,nōnnūllī,aliī,paucī; sometimes appellatives: as,hominēs,philosophī.
1823.The indicative, however, is not infrequently found in affirmative sentences, particularly in old Latin and in poetry: as,sunt quōs sciō esseamīcōs,Pl.Tri.91,some men there are I know to be my friends.interdum volgus rēctum videt, est ubi peccat, H.E.2, 1, 63,sometimes the world sees right, there be times when it errs.sunt item, quae appellantur alcēs, 6, 27, 1,then again there are what they call elks.
1824.(3.) Relative sentences of cause, reason, proof, or of concession, are equivalent to subjunctive sentences introduced bycum,since,though(1877): as,
(a.)hospes, quī nihil suspicārētur, hominem retinēre coepit,V.1, 64,the friend, suspecting nothing, undertook to hold on to the man. Often justifying the use of a single word: as,ō fortūnāte adulēscēns, quī tuae virtūtis Homērum praecōnem invēnerīs,Arch.24,oh youth thrice-blest, with Homer trumpeter of thy prowess.ad mē vēnit Hēraclīus, homo nōbilis, quī sacerdōs Iovis fuisset,V.4, 137,I had a call from Heraclius, a man of high standing, as is proved by his having been a priest of Jupiter. (b.)Cicerō, quī mīlitēs in castrīs continuisset, quīnque cohortēs frūmentātum mittit, 6, 36, 1,though Cicero had kept his men in camp, he sends five cohorts foraging.
1825.Withquī tamen, however, the indicative is usual: as,alter, quī tamen sē continuerat, nōn tenuit eum locum,Sest.114,the other, though he had observed a quiet policy, did not hold the place.
1826.Oftentimes, where a causal relation might be expected, a simple declaratory indicative is used: as,
habeō senectūtī magnam grātiam, quae mihī̆ sermōnis aviditātem auxit,CM.46,I feel greatly indebted to age, which has increased my eagerness for conversation. Particularly thus in old Latin: as,sed sumne ego stultus, quī rem cūrō pūblicam?Pl.Per.75,but am I not a fool, who bother with the common weal?Compared with:sed ego sum īnsipientior, quī rēbus cūrem pūplicis, Pl.Tri.1057,but I’m a very fool, to bother with the common weal. Often of coincident action (1733): as,stultē fēcī, quī hunc āmīsī, Pl.MG.1376,I’ve acted like a fool, in letting this man off.
1827.The causal relative is often introduced byquippe, less frequently byut, orut pote,naturally: as,
‘convīvia cum patre nōn inībat;’ quippe quī nē in oppidum quidem nisi perrārō venīret,RA.52,‘he never went to dinner-parties with his father;’ why, of course not, since he never went to a simple country town even, except very rarely.dictātor tamen, ut quī magis animīs quam vīribus frētus ad certāmen dēscenderet, omnia circumspicere coepit, L. 7, 14, 6,but the dictator, naturally, since he went into the struggle trusting to mind rather than muscle, now began to be all on the alert. Withquippe quī, the indicative only is used by Sallust, and is preferred by Plautus and Terence. Cicero has, with one exception, the subjunctive, Tacitus and Nepos have it always. Livy has either mood. Not in Caesar.ut quīhas the subjunctive. It occurs a few times in Plautus, Cicero, once in Caesar, oftenest in Livy. With the indicative once in Cicero, and once in Tacitus.ut pote quīhas the subjunctive. It is used by Plautus, by Cicero, once with the indicative, by Sallust, and Catullus.
1828.The indefinite ablativequī,somehow,surely, sometimes followsquippeorutin old Latin, in which case it must not be confounded with the relative: as,quippe quī ex tē audīvī, Pl.Am.745,why, sure I’ve heard from you; it cannot be the relative here, as the speaker is a woman.
1829.The subjunctive is used in parenthetical sentences of restriction: as,