quod sciam, Pl.Men.500; T.Ad.641;RA.17,to the best of my knowledge and belief.quod sine molestiā tuā fīat,Fam.13, 23, 2,as far as may be without trouble to yourself.quīis often followed byquidem: as,omnium ōrātōrum, quōs quidem ego cōgnōverim, acūtissimum iūdicō Q. Sertōrium,Br.180,of all orators, at least of all that I have made the acquaintance of myself, I count Sertorius the sharpest.
1830.The indicative, however, is used inquod attinet ad,as to, and usually withquantum, and with forms ofsumandpossum: as,quod sine molestiā tuā facere poteris,Att.1, 5, 7,as far as you can without troubling yourself.
1831.Sentences are said to becorrelative, when a relative pronoun or adverb has a corresponding determinative or demonstrative pronoun or adverb in the main sentence.
Thus, the ordinary correlative ofquīisis, less frequentlyhīc,ille,īdem. Similarlytot . . . quotare used as correlatives; alsoquō . . . eō,quantō . . . tantō;quantum . . . tantum;tam . . . quam;totiēns . . . quotiēns;tālis . . . quālis;ubī̆ . . . ibī̆;ut . . . ita,sīc, oritem;cum ... tum.
(A.) Coordination of a Relative.
1832.(1.) When two coordinate relative sentences would have the second relative in the same case as the first, the second relative is usually omitted: as,
Dumnorīgī quī prīncipātum optinēbat, ac maximē plēbī acceptus erat, persuādet, 1, 3, 5,he prevails with Dumnorix, who held the headship, and was popular with the commons.
1833.(2.) When two coordinate relative sentences require two different cases of the relative, the relative is usually expressed with both, or else the second relative, which is usually nominative or accusative, is omitted, oris,hīc,ille, orīdem, is substituted for it: as,
(a.)cūr loquimur dē eō hoste, quī iam fatētur sē esse hostem, et quem nōn timeō?C.2, 17,why am I talking about an enemy who admits himself he is an enemy, and whom I do not fear?(b.)Bocchus cum peditibus, quōs Volux addūxerat, neque in priōre pugnā adfuerant, S.I.101, 5,Bocchus with the infantry whom Volux had brought up, and who had not been engaged in the first skirmish. (c.)Viriāthus, quem C. Laelius frēgit, ferōcitātemque eius repressit,Off.2, 40,Viriathus, whom Laelius crushed, and curbed his fiery soul. This last use is chiefly limited to old Latin, Cicero, and Lucretius.
(B.) Subordination of a Relative.
1834.A sentence consisting of a main and a relative member, may be further modified by a more specific relative sentence: as,
proximī sunt Germānīs quī trāns Rhēnum incolunt(general),quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt(specific), 1, 1, 3,they are nearest to the Germans that live beyond the Rhine, with whom they carry on uninterrupted hostilities.īdem artifex Cupīdinem fēcit illum quī est Thespiīs(general),propter quem Thespiae vīsuntur(specific),V.4, 4,the selfsame artist made the world-renowned Cupid at Thespiae, which is the attraction for tourists in Thespiae.
1835.Besides the ordinary use of the relative, to introduce a subordinate sentence, it is often used likehīc, oris, or likeet is,is autem,is enim, oris igitur, to append a fresh main sentence or period to the foregoing: as,
cōnsiliō convocātō sententiās exquīrere coepit, quō in cōnsiliō nōnnūllae huius modī sententiae dīcēbantur, 3, 3, 1,calling a council of war, he proceeded to ask their opinion, and in this council some opinions of the following import were set forth.centuriōnēs hostēs vocāre coepērunt; quōrum prōgredī ausus est nēmō, 5, 43, 6,the officers proceeded to call the enemy; but not a man of them ventured to step forward.perūtilēs Xenophōntis librī sunt; quos legite studiōsē,CM.59,Xenophon’s works are extremely profitable reading; so do read them attentively. In Plautus this use is rare; but it becomes more and more prevalent, and in the time of Cicero the relative is one of the commonest connectives.
1836.From this use of the relative come many introductory formulas, such asquō factō,quā rē cōgnitā,quae cum ita sint, &c., &c.
1837.A connectivequodis often used beforesī,nisi, oretsī, less frequently beforequia,quoniam,utinam,quī, &c.
Thisquodmay be translatedso,but,now,whereas,as to that, &c., or it is often best omitted in translation. See2132.
1838.The conjunctive particlequod, originally the neuter of the relative pronoun, has both a declarative sense,that, and a causal sense,because. In both senses it regularly introduces the indicative (1721). For special reasons, however, the subjunctive is often used, and particularly in indirect discourse (1722).
1839.In some of its applications, particularly in old Latin, the conjunctive particlequodcan hardly be distinguished from the pronounquod, as follows:
1840.(1) In old Latin,quod,why,for what, is sometimes used withveniōandmittō. Thus, as inid vēnimus, Pl.MG.1158,that’s why we’ve come,idis used to define the purpose of the motion (1144), so alsoquod, inquod vēnī, ēloquar, T.Hau. prol.3,what I’ve come for, I’ll set forth. Instead ofquod, more explicitlyquam ob rem: as,quam ob rem hūc sum missa, Pl.R.430,what I am sent here for.
1841.(2.)quod,why,for what, is used in such expansions asquid est quod? quid habēs quod?ornihil est quod: as,
quid est quod mē excīvistī?Pl.E.570,why is it that you’ve called me out?(1144). Usually with the subjunctive (1563): as,quid est quod plūra dīcāmus?Clu.59,what reason is there for saying more?Forquod, sometimesquā rē,quam ob rem,cūr, &c. The question itself is also sometimes varied: as,quid fuit causae, cūr in Āfricam Caesarem nōn sequerēre?Ph.2, 71,what earthly reason was there, why you should not have followed Caesar to Africa?
1842.(3.)quod,as to what, orthat, is used, especially at the beginning of a sentence, to introduce a fact on which something is to be said, often by way of protest or refutation: as,
vērum quod tū dīcis, nōn tē mī īrāscī decet, Pl.Am.522,but as to what you say, it is n’t right that you should get provoked with me.quod multitūdinem Germānōrum in Galliam trādūcat, id sē suī mūniendī causā facere, 1, 44, 6,as to his moving a great many Germans over to Gaul, that he did for self-protection(1722). This construction is particularly common in Caesar, and in Cicero’s letters.
1843.Whenquod,in case,suppose,although, introduces a mere conjecture or a concession, the subjunctive is used (1554): as,quod quispiam ignem quaerat, extinguī volō, Pl.Aul.91,in case a man may come for fire, I want the fire put out. This use is principally found in old Latin, but once or twice also in Cicero.
1844.quod,that,the fact that, is often used in subordinate sentences which serve to complete the sense of the main sentence.
1845.The sentence withquodmay represent a subject, as withaccēdit; an object, as withpraetereō, &c.; or any case of a substantive; frequently it is in apposition with a demonstrative or an appellative: as,
(a.)accēdēbat, quod suōs ab sē līberōs abstrāctōs dolēbant, 3, 2, 5,there was added this fact, that they lamented that their own children were torn from them; or less clumsily,then too they lamented.praetereō, quod eam sibī̆ domum sēdemque dēlēgit, in quā cōtīdiē virī mortis indicia vidēret,Clu.188,I pass over the fact that she picked out a house to live in, in which she would see, day in day out, things to remind her of her husband’s death.illud minus cūrō, quod congessistī operāriōs omnēs,Br.297,I am not particularly interested in the fact that you have lumped together all sorts of cobble and tinkers. (b.)Caesar senātūs in eum beneficia commemorāvit, quod rēx appellātus esset ā senātū, 1, 43, 4,Caesar toldoffthe kindnesses of the senate to the man, the fact that ‘he had been styled king by the senate’(1722).quō factō duās rēs cōnsecūtus est, quod animōs centuriōnumdēvinxit et mīlitum voluntātēs redēmit, Caes.C.1, 39, 4,thus he killed two birds with one stone: he won the hearts of the officers, and he bought golden opinions of the rank and file.hōc ūnō praestāmus vel maximē ferīs, quod conloquimur inter nōs,DO.1, 32,in this one circumstance do we perhaps most of all surpass brutes, that we can talk with each other.labōre et industriā et quod adhibēbat grātiam, in prīncipibus patrōnīs fuit,Br.233,thanks to his untiring industry, and to his bringing his winning manners to bear, he figured among the leaders of the bar.
1846.accēdit, as the passive ofaddō, often has the subjunctive withut: see1965.addō quod, especially in the imperative formadde quod, occurs in Accius, Terence, Lucretius, Horace, and Ovid.adiciō quodbegins with Livy.
1847.The sentence withquodis often introduced by a prepositional expression, such aseōwithdē,ex,in,prō, rarely withcum; oridwithadin Livy,superin Tacitus.
1848.nisi quod, or in Plautus and Terencenisi quia,but for the fact that,except,only that, andpraeter quam quod,besides the fact that, are used in limitations: as,nihil peccat, nisi quod nihil peccat, Plin.Ep.9, 26, 1,he erreth naught, save that he naught doth err. Livy has alsosuper quam quod.tantum quodin the sense ofnisi quodis rare; more commonly of time,just,hardly.
1849.quid quod?forquid dē eō dīcam quod?what of the fact that, ornay more, marks an important transition: as,quid quod salūs sociōrum in perīculum vocātur?IP.12,nay more, the very existence of our allies is endangered.
1850.With verbs of doing or happening, accompanied by some word of manner,quodintroduces a verb of coincident action (1733): as,
bene facis quod mē adiuvās,Fin.3, 16,you are very kind in helping me.videor mihī̆ grātum fēcisse Siculīs, quod eōrum iniūriās sum persecūtus,V.2, 16,I flatter myself that I have won the gratitude of the Sicilians in acting as avenger of their wrongs. In this sensequī(1826) orcum(1874) is often used, or in Plautus and once in Horacequia.
1851.quod,that,because, is used to denote cause with verbs of emotion.
Thus, as withidinid gaudeō, T.Andr.362,I’m glad of that(1144), so with an object sentence, asgaudeō quod tē interpellāvī,Leg.3, 1,I’m glad that I interrupted you. Such verbs are:gaudeō,laetor;mīror;doleō,maereō,angor,indignor,suscēnseō,īrāscor, &c. In old Latin, Cicero’s letters, Livy, and rarely in Tacitus such verbs may havequia, sometimesquom(1875). For the accusative with the infinitive, see2187.
1852.Verbs of praising, blaming, accusing, and condemning, often takequod: as,
quod bene cōgitāstī aliquandō, laudō,Ph.2, 34,that you have ever had good intentions, I commend.laudat Africānum Panaetius, quod fuerit abstinēns,Off.2, 76,Panaetius eulogizes Africanus, ‘for being so abstinent’(1725).ut cum Sōcratēs accūsātus est quod corrumperet iuventūtem, Quintil. 4, 4, 5,as when Socrates was charged with ‘demoralizing the rising generation’(1725).grātulor,congratulate, andgrātiās agō,thank, have regularlyquodorcum(1875). Verbs of accusing sometimes havecūr.
1853.Causalquod,owing to the fact that,because, introduces an efficient cause, or a reason or motive: as,
(a.)in hīs locīs, quod omnis Gallia ad septentriōnēs vergit, mātūrae sunt hiemēs, 4, 20, 1,in these parts the winter sets in early, owing to the fact that Gaul in general lies to the north.Helvētiī reliquōs Gallōs virtūte praecēdunt, quod ferē cōtīdiānīs proeliīs cum Germānīs contendunt, 1, 1, 4,the Helvetians outshine the rest of the Gauls in bravery, because they do battle with the Germans almost every day.hōrum fortissimī sunt Belgae, proptereā quod a cultū prōvinciae longissimē absunt, 1, 1, 3,of these the stoutest fighting-men are the Belgians, for the reason that they live furthest away from the comforts of the province. (b.)T. Mānlius Torquātus fīlium suum, quod is contrā imperium in hostem pugnāverat, necārī iussit, S.C.52, 30,Torquatus ordered his own son to be put to death, because the young man had fought with the enemy contrary to orders.exōrāvit tyrannum ut abīre licēret, quod iam beātus nōllet esse,TD.5, 62,he induced the monarch to let him go, ‘because he didn’t care to be Fortune’s pet any longer’(1725).Bellovacī suum numerum nōn contulērunt, quod sē suō arbitriō bellum esse gestūrōs dīcerent, 7, 75, 5,the Bellovacans would not put in their proper quota, saying they meant to make war on their own responsibility(1727).
1854.quodoften has a correlative in the main sentence, such aseō,ideō,idcircō,proptereā. In Sallust,eā grātiā. In Plautus, causalquodis very rare compared to causalquia.
1855.An untenable reason is introduced in Plautus bynōn eō quia, in Terence bynōn eō quō; in Cicero very rarely bynequeornon eō quō, usually bynōn quodornōn quō; bynōn quiararely in classical Latin, but commonly from Livy on. The valid reason follows, withsed quod,sed quia, or withsedand a fresh main sentence.
The mood is usually subjunctive (1725): as,pugilēs ingemīscunt, nōn quod doleant, sed quia prōfundendā vōce omne corpus intenditur,TD.2, 56,boxers grunt and groan, not because they feel pain, but because by explosion of voice the whole system gets braced up. Sometimes, but very rarely in classical prose, the indicative. Correlatives, such asidcircō,ideō, &c., are not uncommon. Reversed constructions occur, withmagisfollowed byquam, as:magis quod,quō, orquia, followed byquam quō,quod, orquia. The negativenot that . . . not, is expressed bynōn quod nōn,nōn quō nōn, ornōnquīn.
1856.quia, a neuter accusative plural of the relative stem (701) is used in both a declarative and a causal sense, likequod(1838). It is, however, more prevalent in Plautus, less so from Terence on.
1857.For the uses of declarativequia, see under 1848, 1850, 1851.
1858.Causalquia, with or without a correlative, such asideō,eō,proptereā, &c., is common in old Latin (1854) and poetry, unusual in prose (once in Caesar) before Tacitus. Fornōn quia, &c., see1855.
1859.quomorcum(157,711), used as a relative conjunctive particle (1794), has a temporal meaning,when, which readily passes over to an explanatory or causal meaning,in that,sinceoralthough. In both meanings it introduces the indicative in old Latin. In classical Latin, temporalcumin certain connections, and causalcumregularly, introduces the subjunctive. The subjunctive is also used withcumfor special reasons, as in the indefinite second person (1731), by attraction (1728), and commonly by late writers to express repeated past action (1730).cum,when, is often used as a synonym ofsī,if, and may then introduce any form of a conditional protasis (2016,2110).
(A.) Temporalcum.
WITH THE INDICATIVE.
1860.cum,when,whenever,if, of indefinite time, may introduce any tense of the indicative required by the context: as,
facile omnēs, quom valēmus, rēcta cōnsilia aegrōtīs damus, T.Andr.309,we all, when well, give good advice to sick folk easily.Rōmae videor esse, cum tuās litterās legō,Att.2, 15, 1,I always fancy myself in Rome, when I am reading a letter from you.cum posuī librum, adsēnsiō omnis ēlābitur,TD.1, 24,when I drop the book, all assent melts away(1613).incenderis cupiditāte lībertātis, cum potestātem gustandī fēceris,RP.2, 50,you will inspire them with a passion for freedom, when you give them a chance to taste it(1627).hīs cum fūnēs comprehēnsī adductīque erant, praerumpēbantur, 3, 14, 6,every time the lines were caught by these and hauled taut, they would part(1618). The subjunctive is used, chiefly by late writers, rarely by Cicero and Caesar, to express repeated past action (1730): as,cum in convīvium vēnisset, sī quicquam caelātī adspexerat, manūs abstinēre nōn poterat,V.4, 48,when he went to a dinner party, if he ever caught sight of a bit of chased work, he never could keep his hands off(2050).
1861.cum,when, of definite time, regularly introduces the indicative in old Latin, even where the subjunctive is required in classical Latin (1872): as,
nam illa, quom tē ad sē vocābat, mēmet esse crēdidit, Pl.Men.1145,for when that lady asked you in, she thought ’twas I.postīculum hoc recēpit, quom aedīs vēndidit, Pl.Tri.194,this back part he excepted, when he sold the house.
1862.cum,when, of definite time, regularly introduces the indicative of any action, not of past time: as,
sed dē hīs etiam rēbus, ōtiōsī cum erimus, loquēmur,Fam.9, 4,but we will talk of this when we have time.cum ego P. Grānium testem prōdūxerō, refellitō, sī poteris,V.5, 154,when I put Granius on the witness stand, refute him if you can.
1863.Withcum,when, the indicative is used of definite past time to date the action of the main clause, as follows:
1864.(1.) The indicative imperfect is regularly used withcum,when, to denote a continued action parallel and coincident in duration with another continued action, also in the imperfect: as,
quom pugnābant maxumē, ego tum fugiēbam maxumē, Pl.Am.199,while they were fighting hardest, then I was running hardest.tum cum rem habēbās, quaesticulus tē faciēbat attentiōrem,Fam.9, 16, 7,as long as you were a man of substance, the fun of making money made you a little close.
1865.(2.) The indicative imperfect is often used withcum,when, denoting a continued action, to date an apodosis in the perfect: as,
legiōnēs quom pugnābant maxumē, quid in tabernāclō fēcistī?Pl.Am.427,what did’st thou in the tent what time the legions fought their mightiest?hīs librīs adnumerandī sunt sex dē rē pūblicā, quōs tum scrīpsimus cum gubernācula rē̆ī pūblicae tenēbāmus,Div.2, 3,to these books are to be added the six On the State, which I wrote at the time I was holding the helm of state. But when the object of the clause is not distinctly to date the apodosis, its verb is in the subjunctive (1872).
1866.(3.) The indicative perfect or present of vivid narration is used withcum,when, to date an apodosis in the perfect or present of vivid narration: as,
‘per tuās statuās’ vērō cum dīxit, vehementius rīsimus,DO.2, 242,but when he uttered the words ‘by your statues’ we burst into a louder laugh.cum occīditur Sex. Rōscius, ibīdem fuērunt,RA.120,when Roscius was murdered, they were on the spot.cum diēs vēnit, causā ipse prō sē dictā, damnātur, L. 4, 44, 10,when the day of the trial came, he spoke in his own defence and was condemned. The present is particularly common in old colloquial Latin: as,vivom, quom abīmus, līquimus, Pl.Cap.282,we left him alive when we came away. Forcum prīmumin narration, see1925; forcum extemplō,1926.
1867.(4.) The indicative perfect or present of vivid narration is regularly used withcum,when, to denote a momentary action when the apodosis denotes continued action: as,
cum Caesar in Galliam vēnit, alterīus factiōnis prīncipēs erant Aeduī, alterīus Sēquanī, 6, 12, 1,when Caesar came to Gaul, the leaders of one party were the Aeduans, of the other the Sequanians.eō cum veniō, praetor quiēscēbat,V.4, 32,when I got there, the praetor was taking a nap.
1868.An emphatic indicative clause withcum,while, often follows the main action.
The clause withcumis usually inconsistent with the main action, andcumis often attended byintereā,interim,all the time,etiam tum,still,nōndum,hauddum,not yet,no longer,quidem,by the way, ortamen,nihilōminus,nevertheless: as,
caedēbātur virgīs in mediō forō Messānae cīvis Rōmānus, cum intereā nūllus gemitus audiēbātur,V.5, 162,there was flogged with rods in open market place at Messana a citizen of Rome, while all the time not a groan was to be heard.ēvolārat iam ē cōnspectū quadrirēmis, cum etiam tum cēterae nāvēs ūnō in locō mōliēbantur,V.5, 88,she had already sped out of sight, the four-banker, while the rest of the vessels were still struggling round in one and the same spot. This use is very rare in old Latin. Not in Caesar. With the infinitive of intimation, see1539.
1869.An indicative clause withcum, usually expressing sudden or unexpected action, sometimes contains the main idea, and is put last.
In this casecumis often attended bysubitōorrepente,suddenly, and the first clause containsiam,already,by this time,vix,aegrē,hardly,vixdum,hardly yet, ornōndum,not yet. The first verb is commonly in the imperfect or pluperfect, and the second in the perfect or present of vivid narration: as,
dīxerat hoc ille, cum puer nūntiāvit venīre Laelium,RP.1, 18,scarcely had he said this, when a slave announced that Laelius was coming.vix ea fātus eram, gemitū cum tālia reddit, V. 2, 323,scarce had I spoke the words, when with a groan he answers thus.Hannibal iam subībat mūrōs, cum repente in eum patē̆factā portā ērumpunt Rōmānī, L. 29, 7, 8,Hannibal was already moving up to the walls, when all of a sudden the gate flies open and the Romans come pouring out upon him.iamque hoc facere apparābant, cum mātres familiae repente prōcurrērunt, 7, 26, 3,they were already preparing to do it, when suddenly the married women rushed forward. This use is very rare in old Latin. From Sallust on, it is found occasionally with the infinitive of intimation (1539).
1870.A clause withcumis often used attributively with words denoting time, or withest,fuit, orerit.
The mood is the same as with a relative pronoun, sometimes the indicative, and regularly in old Latin, but usually the subjunctive: as,fuit quoddam tempus cum in agrīs hominēs vagābantur,Inv.1, 2,there was an age of the world when men roved round in the fields(1813,1823).fuit tempus cum rūra colerent hominēs, Varro,RR.3, 1, 1,there was a time when men dwelt in the fields(1818,1821).est cum exōrnātiō praetermittenda est, Cornif. 2, 30,sometimes ornamentation should be avoided.fuit anteā tempus, cum Germānōs Gallī virtūte superārent, 6, 24, 1,there was a time when the Gauls outdid the Germans in valour. The subjunctive is also used withaudiō cum(1722), but withmeminī cumthe indicative: as,saepe ex socerō meō audīvī, cum is dīceret,DO.2, 22,I have often heard my father-in-law saying.meminī cum mihī̆ dēsipere vidēbāre,Fam.7, 28, 1,I remember when I thought you showed bad taste.
1871.The indicative present or perfect withcumis used in expressions equivalent to an emphasized accusative or ablative of time, the main verb beingestorsunt: as,annī prope quadringentī sunt, cum hoc probātur,O.171,it is nearly four hundred years that this has been liked.nōndum centum et decem annī sunt, cum lāta lēx est,Off.2, 75,it is not a hundred and ten years yet since the law was passed. In old Latin, the clause withcumis made the subject ofest, and the substantive of time is put in the accusative: as,hanc domum iam multōs annōs est quom possideō, Pl.Aul.3,’tis many years now I have occupied this house.
WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE.
1872.Withcum,when, the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is used to describe the circumstances under which the action of the main clause took place: as,
cum rēx Pyrrhus populō Rōmānō bellum intulisset cumque dē imperiō certāmen esset cum rēge potentī, perfuga ab eō vēnit in castra Fabriciī,Off.3, 86,king Pyrrhus having made war on the Roman nation, and there being a struggle for sovereignty with a powerful king, a deserter from him came into Fabricius’s camp.eōdem tempore Attalus rēx moritur alterō et septuāgēsimō annō, cum quattuor et quadrāgintā annōs rēgnāsset, L. 33, 21, 1,the same year Attalus the king dies, in his seventy-second year, having reigned forty-four years.hīc pāgus, cum domō exīsset patrum nostrōrum memoriā, L. Cassium cōnsulem interfēcerat, 1, 12, 5,this canton, sallying out from home in our fathers’ recollection, had put Cassius, the consul, to death.nam cum inambulārem in xystō, M. ad mē Brūtus vēnerat,Br.10,for as I was pacing up and down my portico, Brutus had come to see me.Antigonus in proeliō, cum adversus Seleucum et Lȳsimachum dīmicāret, occīsus est, N. 21, 3, 2,Antigonus was killed in battle fighting against Seleucus and Lysimachus.haec cum Crassus dīxisset, silentium est cōnsecūtum,DO.1, 160,a deep silence ensued after Crassus had finished speaking.cum annōs iam complūrīs societās esset, moritur in Galliā Quīnctius, cum adesset Naevius,Quinct.14,the partnership having lasted several years, Quinctius died in Gaul, Naevius being there at the time.
In this use, as the examples show,cumwith the subjunctive is often equivalent to a participle or an ablative absolute. The use is not found in Plautus (1861). Ennius and Terence have possibly each an instance (disputed) of it, but it was certainly rare until the classical period, when it became one of the commonest of constructions. It must not be confounded with the special uses of the subjunctive mentioned in 1859.
1873.The difference in meaning betweencumwith the indicative andcumwith the subjunctive may be illustrated by the following examples:
Gallō nārrāvī, cum proximē Rōmae fuī, quid audīssem,Att.13, 49, 2,I told Gallus, when I was last in Rome, what I had heard(1866),a. d.IIIkal. Maiās cum essem in Cūmānō, accēpī tuās litterās,Fam.4, 2, 1,I received your letter on the twenty-eighth of April, being in my villa at Cumae(1872).cum vāricēs secābantur C. Mariō, dolēbat,TD.2, 35,while Marius was having his varicose veins lanced, he was in pain(1864).C. Marius, cum secārētur, ut suprā dīxī, vetuit sē adligārī,TD.2, 53,Marius being under the surgeon’s knife, as above mentioned, refused to be bound(1872).num P. Decius, cum sē dēvovēret et in mediam aciem inruēbat, aliquid dē voluptātibus suīs cōgitābat?Fin.2, 61,did Decius, offering himself up, and while he was dashing straight into the host, have any thought of pleasures of his own?(1872,1864).