(B.) Explanatory and Causalcum.
1874.The indicative is often used with explanatorycumwhen the action of the protasis is coincident with that of the apodosis (1733).
In this usecumpasses from the meaning ofwhentothat,in that, orinorbywith a verbal in-ing: as,hoc verbum quom illī quoidam dīcō, praemōstrō tibī̆, Pl.Tri.342,in laying down this lesson for your unknown friend I’m warning you.cum quiēscunt, probant,C.1, 21,their inaction is approval. Denoting the means: as,tūte tibi prōdes plūrumum, quom servitūtem ita fers ut ferrī decet, Pl.Cap.371,you do yourself most good by bearing slavery as it should be borne. For similar uses ofquod,quia, andquī, see1850.
1875.Explanatorycumis also used with verbs of emotion; likewise withgrātulorandgrātiās agō: as,quom tu ’s līber, gaudeō, Pl.Men.1148,that you are free, I’m glad.grātulor tibī̆, cum tantum valēs apud Dolābellam,Fam.9, 14, 3,I give you joy that you stand so well with Dolabella.tibī̆ maximās grātiās agō, cum tantum litterae meae potuērunt,Fam.13, 24, 2,I thank you most heartily in that my letter had such influence. For similar uses ofquodandquia, see1851,1852.
1876.Explanatorycumis also used in the sense ofsince,although, oreven though. In these meanings it introduces the indicative in old Latin (1878): as,
Denoting cause:istō tū pauper es, quom nimis sānctē piu ’s, Pl.R.1234,that’s why you are poor yourself, since you are over-scrupulously good.quom hoc nōn possum, illud minus possem, T.Ph.208,since this I can’t, that even less could I. Adversative cause:īnsānīre mē aiunt, quom ipsī īnsāniunt, Pl.Men.831,they say I’m mad, whereas they are mad themselves. Concession:sat sīc suspectus sum, quom careō noxiā, Pl.B.1005,I am enough distrusted as it is, even though I’m void of wrong.
1877.cum,since,although,even though, usually introduces the subjunctive: as,
Denoting cause:cum in commūnibus suggestīs cōnsistere nōn audēret, contiōnārī ex turrī altā solēbat,TD.5, 59,since he did not dare to stand up on an ordinary platform, he always did his speaking from a lofty tower, of Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse.Aeduī cum sē dēfendere nōn possent, lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittunt, 1, 11, 2,since the Aeduans could not defend themselves, they sent ambassadors to Caesar. Adversative cause:fuit perpetuō pauper, cum dīvitissimus esse posset, N. 19, 1, 2,he was always poor, whereas he might have been very rich, of Phocion.Pyladēs cum sīs, dīcēs tē esse Orestēn?Fin.2, 79,whereas you are Pylades, will you declare yourself Orestes?Concession:ipse Cicerō, cum tenuissimā valētūdine esset, nē nocturnum quidem sibī̆ tempus ad quiētem relinquēbat, 5, 40, 7,Cicero himself, though he was in extremely delicate health, did not allow himself even the night-time for rest.ille Catō, cum esset Tusculī nātus, in populī Rōmānī cīvitātem susceptus est,Leg.2, 5,the great Cato, though born at Tusculum, was received into the citizenship of the Roman nation.
1878.This use of the subjunctive is not found in Plautus. It is thought to have begun in the time of Terence, who may have a couple of instances (disputed). Thereafter, it grew common and was the regular mood used with explanatory and causalcumin the classical period.
1879.Explanatorycumis sometimes introduced byquippe, rarely byut pote,naturally: as,
tum vērō gravior cūra patribus incessit, quippe cum prōdī causam ab suīs cernerent, L. 4, 57, 10,then the senators were still more seriously concerned, and naturally enough, since they beheld their cause betrayed by their own people.valētūdō, ē quā iam ēmerseram, ut pote cum sine febrī labōrāssem,Att.5, 8, 1,an illness from which I had already recovered, naturally, since it was unaccompanied by fever.quippe cumoccurs in Cicero, Nepos, and Livy;ut pote cumis used once in Cicero’s letters, once by Pollio to Cicero, and in late writers. Forquippeandut potewith a causal relative, see1827.
1880.The adversative idea is often emphasized by the use oftamenin the main clause: as,cum prīmī ōrdinēs hostium concidissent, tamen ācerrimē reliquī resistēbant, 7, 62, 4,though the front ranks of the enemy had fallen, yet the rest made a most spirited resistance.
(C.)cum . . . tum.
1881.A protasis withcumis often followed by an emphatic apodosis introduced bytum.
The protasis denotes what is general or common or old; the apodosis what is special or strange or new. In classical Latintumis often emphasized bymaximē,in prīmīs,vērō, &c.
In this use the mood is more commonly the indicative and the time of the two verbs is apt to be identical: as,quom mihi paveō, tum Antiphō mē excruciat animī, T.Ph.187,whilst for myself I tremble, Antipho puts me in a perfect agony of soul. Butcum anteā distinēbar maximīs occupātiōnibus, tum hōc tempore multō distineor vehementius,Fam.12, 30, 2,I was distracted by most important engagements before, but now I am very much more distracted. Less frequently the subjunctive, to denote cause or concession (1877): as,cum tē ā pueritiā tuā dīlēxerim, tum hōc multō ācrius dīligō,Fam.15, 9, 1,whereas I have always loved you from your boyhood, for this I love you with a far intenser love. By abridgement of the sentence (1057),cum . . . tumcome to be copulative conjunctions (1687): as,mōvit patrēs cōnscrīptōs cum causa tum auctor, L. 9, 10, 1,both the cause and its supporter touched the conscript fathers.
1882.quoniam, compounded ofquomandiam,when now, refers primarily to time, but is seldom so used and only by early writers. The temporal meaning passed early into an exclusively causal meaning,since. In both meanings it regularly introduces the indicative (1721). For special reasons, however, the subjunctive is used, as in indirect discourse (1725), or by attraction (1728).
1883.(1.)quoniam,when now, used of time in early Latin, has sometimes as a correlativecontinuō,subitō, orextemplō; it usually introduces the present indicative (1590): as,
is quoniam moritur, numquam indicāre id fīliō voluit suō, Pl.Aul.9,when he was on his dying bed, he ne’er would point it out to his own son, of a hidden treasure.quoniam sentiō quae rēs gererētur, nāvem extemplō statuimus, Pl.B.290,when now I saw what was doing, we stopped the ship at once.
1884.(2.)quoniam,since,seeing that,now that, with the indicative, introduces a reason, usually one known to the person addressed, or one generally known: as,
vēra dīcō, sed nēquīquam, quoniam nōn vīs crēdere, Pl.Am.835,the truth I speak, but all in vain, since thou wilt not believe.vōs, Quirītēs, quoniam iam nox est, in vestra tecta discēdite,C.3, 29,do you, citizens, since it is now grown dark, depart and go to your own several homes.quoniam in eam ratiōnem vītae nōs fortūna dēdūxit, ut sempiternus sermō dē nōbīs futūrus sit, caveāmus,QFr.1, 1, 38,since fortune has set us in such a walk of life that we are to be eternally talked about, let us be on our guard. Often in transition: as,quoniam dē genere bellī dīxī, nunc dē magnitūdine pauca dīcam,IP.20,since I have finished speaking about the character of the war, I will now speak briefly about its extent. With the subjunctive in indirect discourse (1725): as,crēbrīs Pompēī litterīs castīgābantur, quoniam prīmō venientem Caesarem nōn prohibuissent, Caes.C.3, 25, 3,they were rebuked in numerous letters of Pompey, ‘because they had not kept Caesar off as soon as he came.’
1885.The relative particlequotiēns(711), orquotiēnscumque,every time that,whenever, introduces the indicative: as,
quotiēns quaeque cohors prōcurrerat, magnus numerus hostium cadēbat, 5, 34, 2,as the cohorts successively charged, a great number of the enemy fell every time.quoius quotiēns sepulcrum vidēs, sacruficās, Pl.E.175,every time you see her tomb, you offer sacrifice.nec quotiēnscumque mē vīderit, ingemīscet,Sest.146,neither shall he fall a-groaning whenever he sees me(1736).quotiēnsqueis late and rare.
1886.quotiēnshas sometimes as a correlativetotiēns, or a combination withtotwhich is equivalent tototiēns: as,quotiēns dīcimus, totiēns dē nōbīs iūdicātur,DO.1, 125,every time we make a speech, the world sits in judgement on us.sī tot cōnsulibus meruisset, quotiēns ipse cōnsul fuit,Balb.47,if he had been in the army as many years as he was consul.
1887.The subjunctive imperfect and pluperfect are common in the later writers to indicate repeated action (1730): as,quotiēns super tālī negōtiō cōnsultāret, ēditā domūs parte ac lībertī ūnīus cōnscientiā ūtēbātur,Ta.6, 27,whenever he had recourse to astrologers, it was in the upper part of his house and with the cognizance of only a single freedman.
1888.quam,asorthan, introduces an indicative protasis in periods of comparison. For special reasons, however, the subjunctive is used, as by attraction (1728), or of action conceivable (1731); see also1896, 1897.
But usually periods of comparison are abridged (1057) by the omission of the verb or of other parts in the protasis (1325).
With the Indicative.
1889.(1.)quam,as, is used in the protasis of a comparative period of equality, generally withtamas correlative in the apodosis: as,
tam facile vincēs quam pirum volpēs comēst, Pl.Most.559,you’ll beat as easily as Reynard eats a pear.tam excoctam reddam atque ātram quam carbōst, T.Ad.849,I’ll have her stewed all out and black as is a coal. From Cicero on, the apodosis is in general negative or interrogative: as,quōrum neutrum tam facile quam tū arbitrāris concēditur,Div.1, 10,neither of these points is as readily granted as you suppose.quid est ōrātōrī tam necessārium quam vōx?DO.1, 251,what is so indispensable to the speaker as voice?Otherwisenōn minus . . . quam,no less than,just as much, ornōn magis . . . quam,just as littleorjust as much, is often preferred totam . . . quam: as,accēpī nōn minus interdum ōrātōrium esse tacēre quam dīcere, Plin.Ep.7, 6, 7,I have observed that silence is sometimes quite as eloquent as speech.nōn magis mihī̆ deerit inimīcus quam Verrī dēfuit,V.3, 162,I shall lack an enemy as little as Verres did.domus erat nōn dominō magis ōrnāmentō quam cīvitātī,V.4, 5,the house was as much a pride to the state as to its owner.
1890.Instead oftam, another correlative is sometimes used in the apodosis. Thus,aequē . . . quamoccurs in Plautus and in Livy and later writers, generally after a negative expression;perinde . . . quamin Tacitus and Suetonius;iūxtā ... quamonce in Livy. Sometimes the apodosis contains no correlative.
1891.tam . . . quambecome by abridgement coordinating words: as,
tam vēra quam falsa cernimus,Ac.2, 111,we make out things both true and false.
1892.The highest possible degree is expressed bytam . . . quam quīand a superlative without a verb; or byquamand a superlative with or without a form ofpossum(1466); sometimes byquantusorut: as,
(a.)tam sum misericors quam vōs; tam mītis quam quī lēnissimus,Sull.87,I am as tender-hearted as you; as mild as the gentlest man living.tam sum amīcus rē̆ī pūblicae quam quī maximē,Fam.5, 2, 6,I am as devoted a patriot as anybody can be. (b.)quam maximīs potest itineribus in Galliam contendit, 1, 7, 1,he pushes into Gaul by as rapid marches as he can.cōnstituērunt iūmentōrum quam maximum numerum coëmere, 1, 3, 1,they determined to buy up the greatest possible number of beasts of burden. (c.)tanta est inter eōs, quanta maxima potest esse, mōrum distantia,L.74,there is the greatest possible difference of character between them. Or without any superlative:fuge domum quantum potest, Pl.Men.850,run home as quick as e’er you can.ut potuī accūrātissimē tē tūtātus sum,Fam.5, 17, 2,I defended you as carefully as I could.
1893.quam . . . tam, with two comparatives or superlatives, is equivalent to the more commonquō . . . eōwith two comparatives (1973): as,
(a.)magis quam id reputō, tam magis ūror, Pl.B.1091,the more I think it over, the sorer do I feel. This use is found in Plautus, Lucretius, and Vergil. (b.)quam quisque pessumē fēcit, tam maxumē tūtus est, S.I.31, 14,the worse a man has acted, the safer he always is. This use is found in Plautus, Terence, Cato, Varro, and Sallust.
1894.(2.)quam,than, is used in the protasis of a comparative period of inequality, with a comparative in the apodosis: as,
meliōrem quam ego sum suppōnō tibī̆, Pl.Cu.256,I give you in my place a better man than I am.plūra dīxī quam voluī,V.5, 79,I have said more than I intended.Antōniō quam est, volō peius esse,Att.15, 3, 2,I hope Antony may be worse off than he is.doctrīna paulō dūrior quam nātūra patitur,Mur.60,principles somewhat sterner than nature doth support.potius sērō quam numquam, L. 4, 2, 11,better late than never.corpus patiēns algōris suprā quam cuiquam crēdibile est, S.C.5, 3,a constitution capable of enduring cold beyond what anybody could believe.suprā quamis found in Cicero, Sallust, and often in late writers;īnfrāandultrā quamin Cicero, Livy, and late writers (īnfrā quamalso in Varro);extrā quamin Ennius, Cato, and in legal and official language in Cicero and Livy.
1895.quamis also used with some virtual comparatives: thus,nihil aliud,nōn aliud quam,no other than, often as adverb,only;secus quamwith a negative,not otherwise than;bis tantō quam,twice as much as; andprae quamin old Latin,in comparison with how; and similar phrases: as,
(a.)per bīduum nihil aliud quam stetērunt parātī ad pugnandum, L. 34, 46, 7,for two days they merely stood in battle array. This use occurs first in Sallust, then in Nepos, Livy, and later writers. (b.)mihī̆ erit cūrae nē quid fīat secus quam volumus,Att.6, 2, 2,I will see to it that nothing be done save as we wish. This use occurs in Plautus, Terence, Sallust, Cicero, Livy, and later writers. With bothaliudandsecusthe clause is rarely positive, withaliudnot before Livy. Foratque(ac) instead ofquamwhen the first clause is negative, see1654. (c.)bis tantō valeō quam valuī prius, Pl.Merc.297,I am twice as capable as I was before. (d.)nīl hōc quidem est trīgintā minae, prae quam aliōs sūmptūs facit, Pl.Most.981,oh, this is nothing, thirty minae, when you think what other sums he spends.prae quamis found only in Plautus rarely. Similar phrases are:contrā quam, in Cicero, Livy, and later writers;praeter quam, in Plautus, Naevius, and frequently in other writers when followed byquod(1848);super quam quod(1848) andīnsuper quamin Livy;prō quamin Lucretius;advorsum quam, once in Plautus.prae quamis sometimes followed by a relative clause: as,prae quam quod molestumst, Pl.Am.634,compared with what is painful. Forante(orprius) andpost quam, see1911,1923.
With the Subjunctive.
1896.The subjunctive is used withquamorquam utafter comparatives denoting disproportion (1461): as,
quicquid erat oneris Segestānīs impōnēbat, aliquantō amplius quam ferre possent,V.4, 76,he would impose every possible burden on the Segestans, far too much for them to bear.quis nōn intellegit Canachī sīgna rigidiōra esse, quam ut imitentur vēritātem?Br.70,who does not feel that the statues of Canachus are too stiff to be true to nature?clārior rēs erat quam ut dissimulārī posset, L. 26, 51, 11,the thing was too notorious to be hushed up. Instead ofut,quīis also used by Livy and later writers: as,maior sum quam cui possit Fortūna nocēre, O. 6, 195,too strong am I for Fortune to break down, says infatuated Niobe. All these sentences are extensions of the subjunctive of action conceivable (1554,1818).
1897.The subjunctive is used in clauses introduced bypotius quam,rather than, to denote action merely assumed.citius,ante, orprius,sooner, is sometimes used in the sense ofpotius: as,
potius quam tē inimīcum habeam, faciam ut iusseris, T.Eu.174,rather than make you my enemy, I will do as you tell me.dēpugnā potius quam serviās,Att.7, 7, 7,fight it out rather than be a slave.potius vituperātiōnem incōnstantiae suscipiam, quam in tē sim crūdēlis,V.5, 105,I will submit to the charge of inconsistency rather than be cruel towards you.animam omittunt prius quam locō dēmigrent, Pl.Am.240,they lose their lives sooner than yield their ground. Livy has alsopotius quam ut. All these sentences are extensions of the subjunctive of desire (1540,1817).
With the Infinitive.
1898.When the main clause is an infinitive,quamis often followed by an infinitive: as,
mālim morīrī me͡os quam mendīcārier, Pl.Vid.96,better my bairns be dead than begging bread.vōcēs audiēbantur prius sē cortice ex arboribus vīctūrōs, quam Pompēium ē manibus dīmissūrōs, Caes.C.3, 49, 1,shouts were heard that they would live on the bark of trees sooner than let Pompey slip through their fingers.
1899.(1.)quamquamis used in old Latin as an indefinite adverb,ever so much,however much: as,
quamquam negōtiumst, sī quid veis, Dēmiphō, nōn sum occupātus umquam amīcō operam dare, Pl.Mer.287,however busy I may be(1814),if anything you wish, dear Demipho, I’m not too busy ever to a friend mine aid to lend.id quoque possum ferre, quamquam iniūriumst, T.Ad.205,that also I can bear, however so unfair. From an adverb,quamquambecame a conjunction,although.
1900.(2.)quamquam,although, introduces the indicative in the concession of a definite fact. In the later writers it is also sometimes used with the subjunctive, sometimes with a participle or an adjective.
(a.)quamquam premuntur aere aliēnō, dominātiōnem tamen exspectant,C.2, 19,though they are staggering under debt, they yet look forward to being lords and masters.quamquam nōn vēnit ad fīnem tam audāx inceptum, tamen haud omnīnō vānum fuit, L. 10, 32, 5,though the bold attempt did not attain its purpose, yet it was not altogether fruitless. This is the classical use; but see1901. (b.)nam et tribūnīs plēbis senātūs habendī iūs erat, quamquam senātōrēs nōn essent, Varro in Gell. 14, 8, 2,for even the tribunes of the people, though they were not senators, had the right to hold a meeting of the senate.haud cunctātus est Germānicus, quamquam fingī ea intellegeret, Ta. 2, 26,Germanicus did not delay, though he was aware this was all made up. This use is found first in Varro, often in the Augustan poets, sometimes in Livy, always in Juvenal. It does not become common before Tacitus and the younger Pliny. (c.)sequente, quamquam nōn probante, Amynandrō, L. 31, 41, 7,Amynander accompanying though not approving(1374).nē Aquītānia quidem, quamquam in verba Othōnis obstricta, diū mānsit, Ta.H.1, 76,Aquitania, though bound by the oath of allegiance to Otho, did not hold out long either. This use is found once each in Cicero and Sallust, half a dozen times in Livy, oftener in Tacitus.
1901.The subjunctive is also used often withquamquamfor special reasons, as by attraction (1728), in indirect discourse (1725), and of action conceivable (1731).
1902.Forquamquamappending a fresh main sentence, see2153; for its use with the infinitive, 2317.
1903.quam vīsorquamvīsis used as an indefinite adverb (712),as much as you please, and is often joined with an adjective or other adverb to take the place of a superlative: as,
quam vīs rīdiculus est, ubī̆ uxor nōn adest, Pl.Men.318,he’s as droll as you please when his wife isn’t by.quamveis īnsipiēns poterat persentīscere, Pl.Merc.687,the veriest dullard could detect.quamvīs paucī adīre audent, 4, 2, 5,the merest handful dares attack.quamvīs callidē,V.2, 134,ever so craftily.quamvīsis also sometimes used to strengthen a superlative (1466), though not in classical prose.
1904.(1.) The indefinite adverbquam vīs,as much as you please, is often used in subjunctive clauses of concession or permission; such subjunctives are sometimes coordinated withlicet: as,
quod turpe est, id quam vīs occultētur, tamen honestum fierī nūllō modō potest,Off.3, 78,if a thing is base, let it be hidden as much as you will, yet it cannot be made respectable(1553).locus hīc apud nōs, quam vīs subitō veniās, semper līber est, Pl.B.82,our house is always open, come as sudden as you may(1553).praeter eōs quam vīs ēnumerēs multōs licet, nōnnūllōs reperiēs perniciōsōs tribūnōs,Leg.3, 24,besides these you may tell off as many as you please, you will still find some dangerous tribunes(1710). The combination withlicetoccurs first in Lucretius, then in Cicero.
Instead ofvīs, other forms are sometimes used: as,volumus,volent,velit, &c.: thus,quam volent facētī sint,Cael.67,they may be as witty as they please(1735).quam volet Epicūrus iocētur et dīcat sē nōn posse intellegere, numquam mē movēbit,DN.2, 46,Epicurus may joke and say he can’t understand it as much as he likes, he will never shake me. From an adverb,quam vīsbecame a conjunction,however much,even if.
1905.(2.) The subjunctive with the conjunctionquamvīs,however much,even if,though, denotes action merely assumed; when the action is to be denoted as real,utorsīcutor the like, with the indicative, usually follows in the best prose (1943): as,
(a.)quamvīs sint hominēs quī Cn. Carbōnem ōderint, tamen hī dēbent quid metuendum sit cōgitāre,V.1, 39,though there may be men who hate Carbo, still these men ought to consider what they have to fear.nōn enim possīs, quamvīs excellās,L.73,you may not have the power, however eminent you may be. This use begins with Cicero and Varro, and gets common in late writers. Not in Livy. (b.)illa quamvīs rīdicula essent, sīcut erant, mihī̆ tamen rīsum nōn mōvērunt,Fam.7, 32, 3,droll as this really was, it nevertheless did not make me laugh.quamvīs enim multīs locīs dīcat Epicūrus, sīcutī dīcit, satis fortiter dē dolōre, tamen nōn id spectandum est quid dīcat,Off.3, 117,even though Epicurus really does speak in many places pretty heroically about pain, still we must not have an eye to what he says. In the Augustan poets rarely, and often in Tacitus, the younger Pliny, and late writers, the subjunctive, without a parenthetical phrase introduced byutor the like, is used of an action denoted as real: as,expalluit notābiliter, quamvīs palleat semper, Plin.Ep.1, 5, 13,he grew pale perceptibly, though he is always a pale man.maestus erat, quamvīs laetitiam simulāret, Ta. 15, 54,sad he was, though he pretended to be gay.
1906.quamvīs,even if,though, is also sometimes used with the indicative (1900): as,
erat dignitāte rēgiā, quamvīs carēbat nōmine, N. 1, 2, 3,he had the authority of a king, though not the title.quamvīs tacet Hermogenēs, cantor est, H.S.1, 3, 129,though he open not his mouth, Hermogenes remains a singer still. This use occurs twice in Lucretius, once in Cicero, Nepos, and Livy each, in Varro, in the Augustan poets, and sometimes in late writers. Not in Tacitus, Pliny the younger, Juvenal, Martial, or Suetonius.
1907.It may be mentioned here that the indefinite adverbquamlibet,however you please, is used in subjunctive clauses of concession or permission (1904) once or twice by Lucretius, Ovid, and Quintilian. Velleius has it with the participle, a construction sometimes found withquamvīsin late writers.
1908.tamquam,just as, introduces an indicative protasis in periods of comparison.
Thetamproperly belongs to the apodosis and is attracted to the protasis.tamquamhas sometimes as correlativesīcorita.
tē hortor ut tamquam poētae bonī solent, sīc tū in extrēmā parte mūneris tuī dīligentissimus sīs,QFr.1, 1, 46,I urge you to be very particular at the end of your task, just as good poets always are.tamquam philosophōrum habent disciplinae ex ipsīs vocābula, parasītī ita ut Gnathōnicī vocentur, T.Eu.263,that so parasites may be called Gnathonites even as schools of philosophy are named from the masters. Usually, however,ut(1944) orquemadmodumis used in this sense; andtamquamoccurs oftenest in abridged sentences (1057), particularly to show that an illustration is untrue or figurative: as,Odyssīa Latīna est sīc tamquam opus aliquod Daedalī,Br.71,the Odyssey in Latin is, you may say, a regular work of Daedalus.oculī tamquam speculātōrēs altissimum locum obtinent,DN.2, 140,the eyes occupy the highest part, as a sort of watchmen.
1909.In late writers, especially in Tacitus,tamquamis often used to introduce a reason or motive, or a thought indirectly expressed: as,
invīsus tamquam plūs quam cīvīlia agitāret, Ta. 1, 12,hated on the ground that his designs were too lofty for a private citizen(1725).lēgātōs increpuit, tamquam nōn omnēs reōs perēgissent, Plin.Ep.3, 9, 36,he reproved the embassy ‘for not having completed the prosecution of all the defendants’(1852,1725).suspectus tamquam ipse suās incenderit aedīs, J. 3, 222,suspected of having set his own house afire.
1910.Fortamquaminstead oftamquam sī, see2118; with a participle, 2121.
1911.antequamandpriusquamaccompany both the indicative and the subjunctive.
anteandpriusproperly belong to the apodosis, and regularly stand with it if it is negative; but otherwise they are usually attracted to the protasis.
antequamis very seldom found in old Latin, and it is in general much rarer thanpriusquam, except in Tacitus.
IN GENERAL STATEMENTS.
1912.In general present statements,antequamandpriusquamregularly introduce the perfect indicative or the present subjunctive: as,
membrīs ūtimur priusquam didicimus cuius ea causā ūtilitātis habeāmus,Fin.3, 66,we always use our limbs before we learn for what purposes of utility we have them(1613).priusquam lūcet, adsunt, Pl.MG.709,before ’tis light they’re always here; herelūcetis equivalent toinlūxit.ante vidēmus fulgōrem quam sonum audiāmus, Sen.QN.2, 12, 6,we always see the flash before we hear the sound.priusquam sēmen mātūrum siet, secātō, Cato,RR.53,always cut before the seed is ripe(1575). With the perfect subjunctive in the indefinite second person (1030): as,hoc malum opprimit antequam prōspicere potuerīs,V.1, 39,this calamity always overwhelms you before you can anticipate it(1731,1558). Forprius quam,sooner than, see1897.