I. THE QUALITY.246.The suffixes-io-,-iā-;-tā-,-tāt-,-tūt-,-tū-din-, are used to denote theQuality: as,Stem.Nominative.From.conlēg-io-conlēgium,colleagueshipconlēgā-, N.conlēga,colleagueaudāc-iā-audācia,boldnessaudāci-, N.audāx,boldcīvi-tāt-cīvitās,citizenshipcīvi-, N.cīvis,citizenmagni-tūdin-magnitūdō,greatnessmagno-, N.magnus,great247.These abstracts are feminine, and come chiefly from adjectives or participles, except those in-io-, which are neuters, and come mostly from substantives. Sometimes the same stem takes two or more of these suffixes: as,clāri-tāt-orclāri-tūdin-,brightness(clāro-);iuven-tūt-, in poetryiuven-tāt-oriuven-tā-,youth(iuven-).(1.)-io-(N.-iu-m),-iā-(N.-ia),-iē-(N.-iēs).248.-iē-sometimes occurs as collateral form to-iā-(604);-io-or-iā-is sometimes attached to other suffixes: thus,-t-io-,-t-iā-(-t-iē-);-mōn-io-,-mōn-iā-;-cin-io-.249.-io-, N.-iu-m, chiefly used in compounds, denotesbelonging to, with a very wide range of meaning; many of these words are clearly neuter adjectives in-io-(305). Suffixed to personal names-io-often denotes the condition, action, or employment, which gives rise to the name; this meaning sometimes passes over to that of result, relation of persons, collection of persons, or place.250.(a.) From simple noun stems:sen-io-, N.sen-iu-m,feeble old age(sen-);somn-iu-m,dream(somno-);sāv-iu-m,love-kiss(suāvi-);silent-iu-m,silence(silenti-);crepund-ia, plural,rattle(*crepundo-);mendāc-iu-m,lie(mendāci-);sōlāc-iu-m,comfort(*sōlāci-,comforting).251.(b.) Direct compounds (377):aequinoct-iu-m,equinox(aequo-,nocti-);contubern-iu-m,companionship(com-,tabernā-);prīvilēg-iu-m,special enactment(prīvo-,lēg-).252.(c.) Indirect compounds (377), chiefly from personal names:cōnsil-iu-m,deliberating together,faculty of deliberation,conclusion,advice,deliberative body(cōnsul-);auspic-iu-m,taking auspices,auspices taken(auspic-);rēmig-iu-m,rowing,oars,oarsmen(rēmig-);conlēg-iu-m,colleagueship,corporation(conlēgā-);aedific-iu-m,building(*aedific-,builder);perfug-iu-m,asylum(perfugā-).253.-t-io-N.-t-iu-m, rare:servi-tio-, N.servi-tiu-m,slavery,slaves(servo-);calvi-tiu-m,baldness(calvo-).254.-mōn-io-, N.-mōn-iu-m(202):testi-mōnio-, N.testi-mōniu-m,evidence(testi-);mātr-imōniu-m,marriage(mātr-);patr-imōniu-m,patrimony(patr-).255.-cin-io-, N.-cin-iu-m, rare:latrō-cinio-, N.latrō-ciniu-m,robbery(latrōn-);patrō-ciniu-m,protection(patrōno-).256.-iā-, N.-ia, is very common indeed, forming abstracts from nouns, mostly adjectives or present participles.audāc-iā-, N.audāc-ia,boldness(audāci-);miser-ia,wretchedness(misero-);abundant-ia,plenty(abundanti-);scient-ia,knowledge(scienti-);mīlit-ia,warfare(mīlit-);victōr-ia,victory(victōr-);māter-ia,timber(māter-);custōd-ia,guard(custōd-).257.-iē-, N.-iē-s:pauper-iē-, N.pauper-iē-s,moderate means(pauper-). Most stems in-iē-are primitive (222).258.-t-iā-, N.-t-ia, is suffixed to a few adjective stems, chiefly in-o-:iūsti-tiā-, N.iūsti-tia,justice(iūsto-);mali-tia,wickedness(malo-);pudīci-tia,shamefastness(pudīco-);trīsti-tia,sadness(trīsti-).259.-t-iē-, N.-t-iē-s, particularly as a collateral form of-t-iā-in the N., Ac., and Ab. singular (604):molli-tiē-, N.molli-tiē-s,softness(molli-).260.-mōn-iā-, N.-mōn-ia(202):ācri-mōniā-, N.ācri-mōnia,sharpness(ācri-);parsi-mōnia,economy(parso-). Analogously from roots,quer-imōnia,complaint(√ques-,complain);al-imōnia,nurture(√al-,nurture).(2.)-tā-(N.-ta),-tāt-(N.-tā-s),-tūt-(N.-tū-s),-tū-din-(N.-tū-dō).261.-tā-, N.-ta: chiefly poetic:iuven-tā-, N.iuven-ta,youth(iuven-);senec-ta,age(sen-ec-).262.-tāt-, N.-tā-s(202), is one of the very commonest suffixes.pie-tāt-, N.pie-tā-s,dutifulness(pio-,105);fēlīci-tā-s,happiness(fēlīci-);cīvi-tā-s,citizenship,the community(cīvi-);facili-tā-s,easiness,facul-tā-s,ability(facili-);cāri-tā-s,dearness(cāro-);auctōr-itā-s,authority(auctōr-);līber-tā-s,freedom(lībro-,111,b);maies-tā-s,grandeur(maiōs-);volun-tā-s,wish(*volunti-,179);venus-tā-s,grace(venusto-,179);ae-tā-s,age(aevo-,111,a);tempes-tā-s,kind of time,weather(tempes-).263.-tūt-, N.-tū-s, only iniuven-tūt-, N.iuven-tū-s,youth(iuven-),senec-tū-s,age(senec-),servi-tū-s,slavery(servo-), andvir-tū-s,manhood(viro-,111).264.-tū-din-, N.-tū-dō, suffixed to adjective stems:magni-tūdin-, N.magni-tūdō,greatness(magno-);forti-túdō,courage(forti-); and to a few participles:cōnsuē-tūdō,custom(cōnsuēto-,179);sollici-tūdō,anxiety(sollicito-); analogouslyvalē-tūdō,health(*valēto-,valēre).II. THE PERSON CONCERNED.265.The suffixes-ārio-,-ōn-,-iōn-,-li-,-no-, and some others, are used to denote thePerson concernedoroccupiedwith a thing: as,Stem.Nominative.From.sīc-ārio-sīcārius,assassinsīcā-, N.sīca,daggerāle-ōn-āleō,gamblerāleā-, N.ālea,dielūd-iōn-lūdiō,playerlūdo-, N.lūdus,playaedī-li-aedīlis,aedileaedi-, N.aedis,housetribū-no-tribūnus,tribunetribu-, Ntribus,tribeIII. THE PLACE.266.Neuters with the suffixes-tōrio-,-ārio-,-īli-,-to-, or-ēto-are often used to denote thePlace: as,Stem.Nominative.From.audī-tōrio-audī-tōrium,lecture-roomaudītōr-, N.audītor,heareraer-ārio-aerārium,treasuryaer-, N.aes,moneyov-īli-ovīle,sheepfoldovi-, N.ovis,sheepmurt-ēto-murtēta,myrtlegrovesmurto-, N.murtus,myrtleIV. DIMINUTIVES.267.The suffixes-lo-,-lā-, or-cu-lo-,-cu-lā-, are used to form substantives with aDiminutivemeaning. Diminutives may denote:268.(1.) Actual smallness: as,secūricula,a little hatchet;ventulus,a bit of wind;spēcula,a ray of hope.269.(2.) Imputed smallness: implying, (a.) admiration, affection, or compassion; (b.) contempt or irony. This diminutive, which usually serves to add point to sentences themselves of a playful, patronizing, or slurring character, is very hard to translate;littleandsmallare often inadequate;oldorpoorwill sometimes do; but usually recourse must be had to free translations adapted to the particular context: as,ōrātiuncula,a gem of a speech,an attempt at a speech;mātercula,an anxious mother,poor mamma,dear mamma;lectulus,one’s own little bed;ānellus aureolus,a gay gold ring;Graeculī,our Greek cousins,the good people in Greece;Graeculus,a regular Greek,your gentleman from Greece;muliercula,a pretty girl,a lady gay,one of the gentler sex,a mere woman,an unprotected female,a maiden all forlorn;lacrimula,a wee tear,a crocodile tear;volpēcula,Master Reynard,dan Russel;tōnstrīcula,a common barber girl;popellus,rabble;nummulī,filthy lucre;mercēdula,an apology for pay;ratiuncula,a first rate reason;caupōnula,a low tavern.270.Some diminutives have entirely lost the diminutive meaning: as,puella,girl, not necessarilylittle girl; others have changed their original meaning: as,avunculus,uncle, originallygrandpapa;anguīlla,eel, originallylittle snake. Some words are only found in the diminutive form: as,stēlla,star(*ster-). Diminutives usually have the gender of their primitives; exceptions are rare: as,rāna,frog,F.,rānunculus,tadpole,M.(1.)-lo-(N., M.-lu-s, Ne.-lu-m),-lā-(N.-la).271.Stems in-o-,-ā-, or a mute (-g-,-c-,-d-, or-t-), take-lo-or-lā-, which is usually preceded by-u-(202).hortu-lo-, N.hortu-lu-s,little garden(horto-);oppidu-lu-m,hamlet(oppido-);serru-lā-, N.serru-la,little saw(serrā-);rēg-ulu-s,chieftain(rēg-);vōc-ula,a bit of a voice(vōc-);calc-ulu-s,pebble(calci-);nepōt-ulu-s,a grandson dear(nepōt-);aetāt-ula,tender age(aetāt-).272.Stems in-eo-,-io-, or-vo-, retain-o-before-lo-; stems in-eā-,-iā-, or-vā-, also have-o-before-lā-.alveo-lo-, N.alveo-lu-s,little tray(alveo-);gladio-lu-s,little sword(gladio-);servo-lu-s,little slave(servo-);nauseo-lā-, N.nauseo-la,a slight squeamishness(nauseā-);bēstio-la,little animal(bēstiā-);fīlio-la,little daughter(fīliā-).273.Stems in-lo-,-ro-,-no-, and-lā-,-rā-,-nā-, commonly drop the stem vowel and assimilate-r-or-n-to-l-: thus:-el-lo-,-el-lā-(111,b;166, 6, 7).catel-lo-, for*catululo-, N.catel-lu-s,puppy(catulo-);agel-lu-s,little field(agro-);asel-lu-s,donkey(asino-);fābel-lā-, N.fābel-la,short story(fābulā-);umbel-la,sunshade(umbrā-);pāgel-la,short page(pāginā-). A few words are not thus changed:pueru-lo-, N.pueru-lu-s,poor boy(puero-), as well aspuel-lu-s.274.Another vowel thane(172,3) appears in:Hispāl-lu-s(Hispāno-),Messāl-la(Messānā-), proper names;corōl-la,chaplet(corōnā-);ūl-lu-s,the least one,any at all(ūno-);Sūl-la(Sūrā-), proper name;lapil-lu-s, for*lapid-lu-s,pebble(lapid-). Alsohomul-lu-s,son of the dust(homon-).(2.)-cu-lo-(N., M.-cu-lu-s, Ne.-cu-lu-m),-cu-lā-(N.-cu-la).275.Stems in a continuous sound (-l-,-n-,-r-, or-s-), or in-i-,-u-, or-ē-, usually take-cu-lo-or-cu-lā-.sermūn-culo-, N.sermūn-culu-s,small-talk(sermōn-);virgun-culā-, N.virgun-cula,little maid(virgon-);homun-culu-s,son of earth(homon-);arbus-cula,tiny tree(arbos-);cor-culu-m,heart of hearts(cord-,170, 12);igni-culu-s,spark(igni-);ani-cula,grandam(anu-);diē-cula,brief day(diē-); analogously,volpē-cula(vixen),little fox(*volpē-). Rarely withī:canī-cula,little dog(can-).276.-un-culo-, N.-un-culu-s:av-unculo-, N.av-unculu-s,uncle(avo-);rān-unculu-s,tadpole(rānā-).-un-culā-, N.-un-cula:dom-unculā-, N.dom-uncula,little house(domo-).277.Diminutives are sometimes formed from other diminutives:cistel-lu-la,casket(cistel-la,cistu-la,cistā-).278.A few other suffixes have a diminutive meaning: as,-ciōn-,-leo-,-astro-,-ttā-:homun-ciō,manikin,child of dust(homon-);acu-leu-s,sting(acu-);Antōni-aster,regular little Antony;pīn-aster,bastard pine;Iūli-tta,Juliet(Iūliā-);Pōlli-tta,little Polla(Pōllā-).V. PATRONYMICS.279.Patronymics, or proper names which denote descent from a father or ancestor, have stems in-dā-(N.-dē-s), F.-d-(N.-s). These are chiefly Greek names used in poetry.Prīami-dā-, N.Prīami-dē-s,scion of Priam’s house;Tantali-d-, N.Tantali-s,daughter of Tantalus.Pēlī-dē-s(Pēleu-s);Aenea-dē-s(Aenēā-);Thestia-dē-s(Thestio-);Lāertia-dē-s(Lāertā-);Scīpia-dā-s(Scīpiōn-).F.sometimes-īnēor-ōnē:Neptūnīnē(Neptūno-);Acrisiōnē(Acrisio-).II. THE ADJECTIVE.(A.) PRIMITIVES.280.Primitive adjectives may usually be divided into active and passive; but the same suffix often has either an active or a passive meaning. Under primitive adjectives belong the participles; but these will be mentioned in connection with the verb.I. WITH AN ACTIVE MEANING.281.The suffixes-o-,-uo-,-ci-,-lo-, and-do-, are used to form adjectives with anActivemeaning: as,Stem.Nominative.From.vag-o-vagus,wandering√vag-,wandercontig-uo-contiguus,touchingcom-, √tag-,touchminā-ci-mināx,threateningminā-rī,threatencali-do-calidus,warm√cal-,warm(1.)-o-(N.-u-s);-uo-(N.-uu-s).282.-o-(N.-u-s): such words express nature or capacity:vag-o-, N.vag-u-s,roaming(√vag-,roam);vīv-u-s,living(√vīv-,live); many are compounds: as,male-dic-u-s,abusive(male, √dic-,say);pro-fug-u-s,flying on(prō-, √fug-,fly). Passive:fīd-u-s,trustworthy(√fīd-,trust).283.-uo-, N.-uu-s:adsid-uo-, N.adsid-uu-s,unremitting(ad, √sed-,sit);contig-uu-s,touching(com-, √tag-,touch);perpet-uu-s,uninterrupted(per, √pet-,go). Some words are passive: as,sal-vu-s,safe(√sal-,save);vac-uu-s,empty(√vac-,empty);relic-uo-s,left behind(re-, √liqu-,leave), laterreliquos,relicus,reliquus(157).(2.)-ci-(N.-x);-lo-(N.-lu-s);-do-(N.-du-s).284.-ā-ci-, N.-ā-x(202), denotes capacity, habit, or inclination, often implying censure:pugnā-ci-, N.pugnā-x,full of fight(pugnā-re);minā-x,threatening(minā-ri);fer-āx,productive(√fer-,bear);dic-āx,full of mother-wit,quick at a joke(√dic-,say);rap-āx,apt to snatch(√rap-,snatch).285.-u-lo-, N.-u-lu-s(202), denotes simple action: as,pat-ulo-, N.pat-ulu-s,spreading(√pat-,spread); or inclination: as,bib-ulu-s,apt to drink(√bib-,drink).286.The suffixes-undo-(-endo-),-bundo-, and-cundo-form a group and are possibly related to the suffix in-do-.287.-do-, N.-du-s(202), denotes a state, and usually has a parallel verb in-ēre(368):cali-do-, N.cali-du-swarm(cf.calē-re);calli-du-s,knowing(cf.callē-re);niti-du-s,shining(cf.nitē-re); rarely in-ere:cup-idu-s,desirous(cf.cupe-re);flui-du-s,liquid(cf.flue-re);rapi-du-s,hurried(cf.rape-re).-i-do-becomes-i-di-inviri-di-s,green(cf.virē-re).-do-sometimes occurs in denominatives:herbi-du-s,grassy(herbā-).288.-undo-(-endo-), N.-undu-s, (-endu-s) is the suffix of the gerundive, which was originally neither active nor passive (2238). In a few words from reflexives, which have become adjectives, it has a reflexive or active meaning:lāb-undo-, N.lāb-undu-s,gliding,slipping(lābī);ori-undu-s,arising(orīrī);sec-undu-s,following(sequī);volv-endu-s,rolling(volvī). See899.289.-bundo-, N.-bundu-s(202), has the meaning of an exaggerated present participle:freme-bundo-, N.freme-bundu-s,muttering away(√frem-,roar);treme-bundu-s,all in a flutter(√trem-,quiver);fur-ibundu-s,hot with rage(√fur-,rave);cōntiōnā-bundu-s,speaking a speech(cōntiōnā-rī);minitā-bundu-s,breathing out threatenings(minitā-rī);vītā-bundu-s,forever dodging(vītā-re).290.-cundo-, N.-cundu-s, denotes permanent quality:fā-cundo-, N.fā-cundu-s,eloquent(√fā-,speak);īrā-cundu-s,choleric(īrā-scī);iū-cundu-s,pleasant,interesting(√iuv-,help).II. WITH A PASSIVE MEANING.291.The suffixes-li-,-ti-li-,-bili-,-tīvo-,-no-, and-mino-, are used to form adjectives with aPassivemeaning: as,Stem.Nominative.From.fac-ili-facilis,easy to do√fac-,doduc-tili-ductilis,ductile√duc-,drawamā-bili-amābilis,lovableamā-re,lovemag-no-magnus,great√mag-,increase(1.)-li-, (N.-li-s);-ti-li-,-bili-(N.-ti-li-s,-bili-s).292.-i-li-, N.-i-li-s(202), denotes passive capability:fac-ili-, N.fac-ili-s,easy to do(√fac-,do);frag-ili-s,breakable,frail(√frag-,break);hab-ili-s,manageable,handy(√hab-,hold);nūb-ili-s,marriageable(√nūb-,veil).293.-ti-li-, N.-ti-li-s, or-si-li-, N.-si-li-s(159), denotes capability or quality: as,duc-tili, N.duc-tili-s,capable of being drawn out,ductile(√duc-,draw);fis-sili-s,cleavable(√fid-,split);rā-sili-s,scraped(√rād-,scrape). Rarely active: as,fer-tili-s,productive(√fer-,bear).294.-bili-, N.-bili-s(202), denotes passive capability like-i-li-, but is far more common:horr-ibili-s,exciting a shudder(cf.horrē-re);amā-bili-s,lovable(amā-re);flē-bili-s,lamentable(√flē-,weep). Rarely active: as,sta-bili-s,that can stand(√sta-,stand);penetrā-bili-s,piercing(penetrā-re).-ti-bili-(159), passive, rare:flexibili-s,flexible(√flec-,bend,960).295.-tīvo-, N.-tīvu-s, denotes the way a thing originated: as,cap-tīvu-s,captive(√cap-,take);sta-tīvu-s,set(√sta-,set).(2.)-no-(N.-nu-s);-mino-(N.-minu-s).296.-no-, N.-nu-s, an old passive participle suffix, denotes result:mag-nu-s(enlarged),great(√mag-,great);plē-nus,full(√plē-,fill). Neuter as substantive:dō-nu-m,gift(√dō-,give). Sometimes active:egē-nu-s,needy(egē-re,192).297.The suffix-mino-(for-meno-,103,a) in its weakest form (135, 2) is found in a few substantives: as,alu-mnu-s,nursling(√al-,nurse). The endings-minī(730) and-minō(731) are apparently case forms of the same suffix.-minōwould seem to be an ablative;-minīmay be a nominative plural.(B.) DENOMINATIVES.298.Denominative adjectives may be divided into such as denote: I.MaterialorResemblance. II.Appurtenance: implying sometimespossession, oftenfitness,conformity,character, ororigin. III.Supply.IV. Diminutives. V. Comparatives and Superlatives; a few of these are primitive.I. MATERIAL OR RESEMBLANCE.299.The suffixes-eo-and-n-eo-are used to form adjectives denotingMaterialorResemblance: as,Stem.Nominative.From.aur-eo-aureus,goldenauro-, N.aurum,goldahē-neo-ahēneus,bronze(58)aes-, N.aes,bronze300.-eo-, N.-eu-s:aur-eo-, N.aur-eu-s,golden,all gold,as good as gold(auro-);ferr-eu-s,iron(ferro-);pulver-eu-s,all dust(pulver-);virgin-eu-s,girlish(virgin-).301.-n-eo-, N.-n-eu-s:ahē-neu-s,bronze(ahē-,58;aes-);quer-neu-s,oaken(quercu-).-no-is usually poetical: as,ebur-nu-s,ivory(ebur-);quer-nu-s,oaken(quercu-).-ā-neo-, N.-ā-neu-s:miscell-āneu-s,mixed(miscello-).II. APPURTENANCE.302.The suffixes-o-,-io-,-vo-;-timo-,-li-,-no-;-bri-,-cri-,-tri-;-co-,-ti-,-si-, are used to form adjectives denotingBelonging to: as,Stem.Nominative.From.rēg-io-rēgius,kinglyrēg-, N.rēx,kingmari-timo-maritimus,of the seamari-, N.mare,searēg-āli-rēgālis,of a kingrēg-, N.rēx,kingcan-īno-canīnus,of a dogcan-, N.canis,dogmulie-bri-muliebris,womanlymulier-, N.mulier,womancīvi-co-cīvicus,citizen’scīvi-, N.cīvis,citizen(1.)-o-(N.-u-s),-io-(N.-iu-s),-vo-(N.-vu-s).303.-o-, N.-u-s:decōr-o-, N.decōr-u-s,becoming(decōr-);canōr-u-s,melodious(canōr-);pervius,passable(via-).304.-io-is one of the commonest suffixes, and is often added to other suffixes; thus:-c-io-,-īc-io-;-tōr-io-(-sōr-io-);-ār-io-.305.-io-, N.-iu-s:rēg-io-, N.rēg-iu-s,oforlike a king(rēg-);patr-iu-s,of a father(patr-). Here belong many gentile names: as,Sēst-iu-s(Sexto-). These are used with substantives as adjectives: as,lēx Cornēl-ia,lēx Iūl-ia. Furthermore patrial adjectives: as,Corinth-iu-s,Corinthian(Corintho-). In some, consonant-io-is used:plēbē-iu-s,of the commons(plēbē-).-io-is rare in primitives:exim-iu-s,select(ex, √em-,take).306.-c-io-, N.-c-iu-s(202):aedīli-cio, N.aedīli-ciu-s,of an aedile(aedīli-);patr-iciu-s,of the fathers(patr-);later-iciu-s,of brick(later-).307.-īc-io-, N.-īc-iu-s:nov-īcio-, N.nov-īciu-s,new,new-comer(novo-);nātāl-īciu-s,birthday’s(nātāli-);caement-īciu-s,rubble(caemento-). Usually suffixed to perfect participles to denote the quality derived from the past act:conduct-īciu-s,hired(conducto-);trālāt-īciu-s,transferred(trālāto-).308.-tōr-io-, N.-tōr-iu-s, or-sōr-io-, N.-sōr-iu-s, from the agent (205) in-tōr-(-sōr-), is the commonest ending with-io-:imperā-tōrio-, N.imperā-tōriu-s,of a commander(imperātōr-). The neuter, as substantive, denotes the place where (266):audī-tōriu-m,lecture-room(audītōr-);dēvor-sōriu-m,inn(dēvorsōr-).309.-ār-io-, N.-ār-iu-s, very common, is chiefly added to substantives: as,agr-ārio-, N.agr-āriu-s,of land(agro-). Often as substantive:not-āriu-s(265),stenographer(notā-);aer-āriu-m(266),treastury(aer-);sēmin-āriu-m,nursery(sēmin-);bell-āria, plural,goodies,bonbons(bello-).310.-ī-vo-, N.-ī-vu-s(202):tempest-īvu-s,seasonable(tempestāt-,126);aest-īvu-s,summer’s(aestāt-). See179.(2.)-timo-(N.-timu-s);-li-(N.-li-s);-no-(N.-nu-s).311.-timo-, N.-timu-s(202), for an older-tumo-(28):mari-timo-, N.mari-timu-s,of the sea(mari-);fīni-timu-s,of the border(fīni-);lēg-itimu-s,lawful(lēg-).312.-li-N.-li-s:humi-li-, N.humi-li-s,lowly(humo-); but almost always in denominatives-li-is preceded by a long vowel (202), usually-ā-or-ī-, thus:-ā-li-(-ā-ri-),-ī-li;-ē-li-,-ū-li-.313.-ā-li-, N.-ā-li-s:rēg-āli-, N.rēg-āli-s,kingly(rēg-);decemvir-āli-s,of a decemvir(decemviro-);fāt-āli-s,fated(fāto-);t-āli-s,such(stemto-,that);qu-āli-s,as(quo-),-ā-ri-, N.-ā-ri-s, is used for-āli-if anlprecedes (173): as,mol-āri-, N.mol-āri-s,of a mill(molā-);mīlit-āri-s,of a soldier(mīlit-). Neuters in-āli-and-āri-often become substantives (600):fōc-āle,neckcloth(fauci-);anim-al,breathing thing(animā-);calc-ar,spur(calci-).314.-ī-li-, N.-ī-li-s:cīv-īli-, N.cīv-īli-s,of a citizen(cīvi-);puer-ili-s,boyish(puero-). The neuter, as substantive, sometimes denotes the place where (266):ov-īle,sheepfold(ovi-).315.-ē-li, N.-ē-li-s:fidē-li-, N.fidē-li-s,faithful(fidē-);crūd-ēli-s,cruel(crūdo-);patru-ēli-s,cousin(patruo-).-ū-li-, N.-ū-li-s:tribū-li-, N.tribū-li-s,tribesman(tribu-).316.The old participle suffix-no-(296) is sometimes added at once to noun stems, sometimes to other suffixes: thus,-ā-no-,-ī-no-;-ti-no-,-tī-no-;-er-no-,-ur-no-.317.-no-, N.-nu-s, is added to stems formed with the comparative suffix-ero-or-tero-(347), denoting place:super-no-, N.super-nu-s,above;inter-nu-s,internal(inter);exter-nu-s,outside; so, also,alter-nu-s,every other(altero-); and to a very few substantives: as,pater-nu-s,fatherly(patr-);frāter-nu-s,brotherly(frātr-);vēr-nu-s,of spring(vēr-). Also to cardinals, making distributives: as,bī-nī,two by two(for*dṷīnī,duo-,161).318.-ā-no-, N.-ā-nu-s(202):arcā-no-, N.arc-ānu-s,secret(arcā-);Rōma-nu-s,of Rome(Rōmā-);mont-ānu-s,of a mountain(monti-);oppid-ānu-s,of a town(oppido-).-i-āno-:Cicerōn-iāno-, N.Cicerōn-iānu-s,Cicero’s. Rarely-ā-neo-:mediterrā-neu-s,midland(medio-,terrā-).319.-ī-no-, N.-ī-nu-s(202):mar-īno-, N.mar-īnu-s,of the sea;repent-īnu-s,sudden(repenti-); oftenest added to names of living beings: as,can-īnu-s,of a dog(can-);dīv-īnu-s,of a god(dīvo-);-ē-no-:lani-ēnu-s,ali-ēnu-s. Also to proper names: as,Plaut-īno-, N.Plaut-īnu-s,of Plautus(Plauto-);Alp-īnu-s,Alpine(Alpi-).320.-ti-no-, N.-ti-nu-s, is used in some adjectives of time:crās-tinu-s,to-morrow’s(crās-);diū-tinu-s,lasting(diū);prīs-tinu-s,of aforetime(prī-,prae).321.-tī-no-, N.-tī-nu-s, is used in a few words of place and time:intes-tīno-, N.intes-tinu-s,inward(intus);vesper-tīnu-s,at eventide(vespero-).322.From words likefrāter-nus(from*fratr(i)-nus,111,b),pater-nus,exter-nus,inter-nus, arose a new suffix-terno-: as,hes-ternus, from the stemhes-(cf.her-ī,154), and-erno-inhodiernus. From the adverb*noctur(νυκτωρ) was derivednoctur-nus, by analogy to whichdiurnuswas formed. Elsewhere the-urof-urnusand the-tur-of-turnusbelong to the stem: as,ebur-nus;tacitur-nus, from the agent*taci-tor(205).(3.)-bri-,-cri-,-tri-(N.-beror-bri-s, &c.).323.-bri-, N.-beror-bri-s:salū-bri-, N.salū-ber,healthy(salūt-);mulie-bri-s,womanly(mulier-).324.-cri-, N.-ceror-cri-s(202):volu-cri-, N.volu-cer,winged(*volo-,flying);medio-cri-s,middling(medio-).325.-tri-, N.-teror-tri-s:eques-tri-, N.eques-ter,of horsemen(equit-,152);sēmēs-tri-s,of six months(sex,mēns-).-es-tri-is used in a few words:camp-ester,of fields(campo-);silv-estri-s,of woods(silvā-).(4.)-co-(N.-cu-s);-ti-,-si-(N.-s,-si-s).326.-co-is often suffixed to-ti-, sometimes to-es-ti-; thus:-ti-co-,-es-ti-co-.327.-co-, N.-cu-s:cīvi-co-, N.cīvi-cu-s,of a citizen(cīvi-);belli-cu-s,of war(bello-);vīli-cu-s,bailiff(vīllā-).-ā-co-,-ī-co-,-ū-co-(202):merā-cu-s,amī-cu-s,antī-cu-s,aprī-cu-s,postī-cu-s,pudī-cu-s,cadū-cu-s.-ti-co-, N.-ti-cu-s:rūs-tico-, N.rūs-ticu-s,of the country(rūs-).-es-ti-co-, N.-es-ti-cu-s:dom-esticu-s,of a house(domo-,domu-).328.-ti-or-si-denotes belonging to a place; usually-ā-ti-,-ī-ti-,-es-ti-,-en-ti-;-ēn-si-, or-i-ēn-si-.329.-ti-, N.-s:Tībur-ti-, N.Tībur-s,Tiburtine(Tībur-).-ā-ti-:quoi-āti-, N.quoi-ā-s,what countryman?(quoio-);Anti-ā-s,of Antium(Antio-);optim-ātēs,good men and true(optimo-).-ī-ti-:Samn-īti-, N.Samn-ī-s,Samnian(Samnio-).-en-ti-:Vēi-enti-, N.Vēi-ēn-s,of Vei(Vēio-).-es-ti-, N.-es-ti-s:agr-esti-, N.agr-esti-s,of the fields(agro-);cael-esti-s,heavenly(caelo-).330.-ēn-si-, N.-ēn-si-s(202), from appellatives of place or proper names of place:castr-ēnsi-, N.castr-ēnsi-s,of a camp(castro-);circ-ēnsi-s,of the circus(circo-);Hispāni-ēnsi-s(temporarily) of Spain.-i-ēnsi-:Karthāgin-iēnsi-s,of Carthage(Karthāgin-).III. SUPPLY.331.The suffixes-to-or-ōso-are used to form adjectives denotingSuppliedorFurnished with: as,Stem.Nominative.From.barbā-to-barbātus,beardedbarbā-, N.barba,beardann-ōso-annōsus,full of yearsanno-, N.annus,year(1.)-to-(N.-tu-s);-len-to-(N.-len-tu-s).332.-to-, the perfect participle suffix, is sometimes added at once to a noun stem, sometimes to other suffixes, thus:-āto-,-īto-,-ēto-,-ūto-,-ento-,-lento-.333.-to-, N.-tu-s:onus-to-, N.onus-tu-s,loaded(onus-);vetus-tu-s,full of years(*vetus-,year);iūs-tu-s,just(iūs-);hones-tu-s,honourable(*hones-);fūnes-tu-s,deadly(fūnes-).-ā-to-:barbā-tu-s,bearded(barbā-);dent-ātu-s,toothed(denti-);-ī-to-:aurī-tu-s,long-eared(auri-);-ū-to-:cornū-tu-s,horned(cornu-).-en-to-, N.-en-tu-s:cru-ento-, N.cru-entu-s,all gore(*cruenti-,*cruēre). As substantive,arg-entu-m(white metal),silver;flu-enta, plural,streams(fluenti-).334.The neuter of stems in-to-, as a substantive, denotes the place where something, generally a plant, is found (266):arbus-tu-m,vineyard(arbos-); commonly preceded by-ē-, forming-ē-to-(202), usually plural:dūm-ēta,thorn-thickets(dūmo-);murt-ēta,myrtle-groves(murto-).335.-len-to-, N.-len-tu-s(202):vīno-lento-, N.vīno-lentu-s,drunken(vīno-);sanguin-olentu-s,all blood(sanguin-);lūcu-lentu-s,bright(lūci-,28);pulver-ulentu-s,dusty(pulver-). A shorter form-lenti-is rare:vi-olenti-, N.vi-olēn-s,violent(vi-);op-ulēn-s,rich(op-).(2.)-ōso-(N.-ōsu-s).336.-ōso-(sometimes-ōnso-,-ōsso-), N.-ōsu-s,full of, is very common indeed,-ōso-is sometimes attached to other suffixes, thus:-c-ōso-,-ul-ōso-,-ūc-ul-ōso-.337.-ōso-, N.-ōsu-s:ann-ōso-, N.ann-ōsu-s,full of years;fōrm-ōnsu-s,fōrm-ōssu-sorfōrm-ōsu-s,shapely(fōrmā-);perīcul-ōsu-s,with danger fraught(perīculo-);mōr-ōsu-s,priggish,cross(mōr-);calamit-ōsu-s,full of damage(calamitāt-,179);superstiti-ōsu-s,superstitious(superstitiōn-,179);frūctu-ōsu-s,fruitful(frūctu-,116,c);mont-uōsu-s,full of mountains(monti-,202);cūri-ōsu-s,full of care(cūrā-);labōr-iōsu-s,toilsome(labōr-,202).338.-c-ōso-, N.-c-ōsu-s:belli-cōso-, N.belli-cōsu-s,warlike(bello-,bellico-).-ul-ōso-, N.-ul-ōsu-s:formīd-ulōso-, N.formid-ulōsu-s,terrible(formīdin-,179).-ūc-ul-ōso-, N.-ūc-ul-ōsu-s:met-ū-culoso-, N.met-ū-culōsu-s,skittish(metu-).IV. DIMINUTIVES.339.Diminutives are formed from adjectives, as from substantives (267).-lo-, N.-lu-s:aureo-lo-, N.aureo-lu-s,all gold,of precious gold,ofred redgold,good as gold(aureo-);ebrio-lu-s,tipsy(ebrio-);parvo-lu-s, orparvu-lu-s,smallish(parvo-);frīgidu-lu-s,chilly(frigido-);vet-ulus,little old(vet-);tenellu-lu-s,soft and sweet(tenello-,tenero-);pulchel-lus,sweet pretty(pulchro-);bel-lu-s,bonny(bono-);novel-lu-s,newborn(*novolo-,novo-).-culo-, N.-culu-s:pauper-culo-, N.pauper-culu-s,poorish(pauper-);levi-culu-s,somewhat vain(levi-).340.A peculiar class of diminutives is formed by adding-culo-to the comparative stem-ius-(346): as,nitidius-culo-, N.nitidius-culu-s,a trifle sleeker(nitidius-);longius-culu-s,a bit longer(longius-).
I. THE QUALITY.
246.The suffixes-io-,-iā-;-tā-,-tāt-,-tūt-,-tū-din-, are used to denote theQuality: as,
247.These abstracts are feminine, and come chiefly from adjectives or participles, except those in-io-, which are neuters, and come mostly from substantives. Sometimes the same stem takes two or more of these suffixes: as,clāri-tāt-orclāri-tūdin-,brightness(clāro-);iuven-tūt-, in poetryiuven-tāt-oriuven-tā-,youth(iuven-).
(1.)-io-(N.-iu-m),-iā-(N.-ia),-iē-(N.-iēs).
248.-iē-sometimes occurs as collateral form to-iā-(604);-io-or-iā-is sometimes attached to other suffixes: thus,-t-io-,-t-iā-(-t-iē-);-mōn-io-,-mōn-iā-;-cin-io-.
249.-io-, N.-iu-m, chiefly used in compounds, denotesbelonging to, with a very wide range of meaning; many of these words are clearly neuter adjectives in-io-(305). Suffixed to personal names-io-often denotes the condition, action, or employment, which gives rise to the name; this meaning sometimes passes over to that of result, relation of persons, collection of persons, or place.
250.(a.) From simple noun stems:sen-io-, N.sen-iu-m,feeble old age(sen-);somn-iu-m,dream(somno-);sāv-iu-m,love-kiss(suāvi-);silent-iu-m,silence(silenti-);crepund-ia, plural,rattle(*crepundo-);mendāc-iu-m,lie(mendāci-);sōlāc-iu-m,comfort(*sōlāci-,comforting).
251.(b.) Direct compounds (377):aequinoct-iu-m,equinox(aequo-,nocti-);contubern-iu-m,companionship(com-,tabernā-);prīvilēg-iu-m,special enactment(prīvo-,lēg-).
252.(c.) Indirect compounds (377), chiefly from personal names:cōnsil-iu-m,deliberating together,faculty of deliberation,conclusion,advice,deliberative body(cōnsul-);auspic-iu-m,taking auspices,auspices taken(auspic-);rēmig-iu-m,rowing,oars,oarsmen(rēmig-);conlēg-iu-m,colleagueship,corporation(conlēgā-);aedific-iu-m,building(*aedific-,builder);perfug-iu-m,asylum(perfugā-).
253.-t-io-N.-t-iu-m, rare:servi-tio-, N.servi-tiu-m,slavery,slaves(servo-);calvi-tiu-m,baldness(calvo-).
254.-mōn-io-, N.-mōn-iu-m(202):testi-mōnio-, N.testi-mōniu-m,evidence(testi-);mātr-imōniu-m,marriage(mātr-);patr-imōniu-m,patrimony(patr-).
255.-cin-io-, N.-cin-iu-m, rare:latrō-cinio-, N.latrō-ciniu-m,robbery(latrōn-);patrō-ciniu-m,protection(patrōno-).
256.-iā-, N.-ia, is very common indeed, forming abstracts from nouns, mostly adjectives or present participles.
audāc-iā-, N.audāc-ia,boldness(audāci-);miser-ia,wretchedness(misero-);abundant-ia,plenty(abundanti-);scient-ia,knowledge(scienti-);mīlit-ia,warfare(mīlit-);victōr-ia,victory(victōr-);māter-ia,timber(māter-);custōd-ia,guard(custōd-).
257.-iē-, N.-iē-s:pauper-iē-, N.pauper-iē-s,moderate means(pauper-). Most stems in-iē-are primitive (222).
258.-t-iā-, N.-t-ia, is suffixed to a few adjective stems, chiefly in-o-:iūsti-tiā-, N.iūsti-tia,justice(iūsto-);mali-tia,wickedness(malo-);pudīci-tia,shamefastness(pudīco-);trīsti-tia,sadness(trīsti-).
259.-t-iē-, N.-t-iē-s, particularly as a collateral form of-t-iā-in the N., Ac., and Ab. singular (604):molli-tiē-, N.molli-tiē-s,softness(molli-).
260.-mōn-iā-, N.-mōn-ia(202):ācri-mōniā-, N.ācri-mōnia,sharpness(ācri-);parsi-mōnia,economy(parso-). Analogously from roots,quer-imōnia,complaint(√ques-,complain);al-imōnia,nurture(√al-,nurture).
(2.)-tā-(N.-ta),-tāt-(N.-tā-s),-tūt-(N.-tū-s),-tū-din-(N.-tū-dō).
261.-tā-, N.-ta: chiefly poetic:iuven-tā-, N.iuven-ta,youth(iuven-);senec-ta,age(sen-ec-).
262.-tāt-, N.-tā-s(202), is one of the very commonest suffixes.
pie-tāt-, N.pie-tā-s,dutifulness(pio-,105);fēlīci-tā-s,happiness(fēlīci-);cīvi-tā-s,citizenship,the community(cīvi-);facili-tā-s,easiness,facul-tā-s,ability(facili-);cāri-tā-s,dearness(cāro-);auctōr-itā-s,authority(auctōr-);līber-tā-s,freedom(lībro-,111,b);maies-tā-s,grandeur(maiōs-);volun-tā-s,wish(*volunti-,179);venus-tā-s,grace(venusto-,179);ae-tā-s,age(aevo-,111,a);tempes-tā-s,kind of time,weather(tempes-).
263.-tūt-, N.-tū-s, only iniuven-tūt-, N.iuven-tū-s,youth(iuven-),senec-tū-s,age(senec-),servi-tū-s,slavery(servo-), andvir-tū-s,manhood(viro-,111).
264.-tū-din-, N.-tū-dō, suffixed to adjective stems:magni-tūdin-, N.magni-tūdō,greatness(magno-);forti-túdō,courage(forti-); and to a few participles:cōnsuē-tūdō,custom(cōnsuēto-,179);sollici-tūdō,anxiety(sollicito-); analogouslyvalē-tūdō,health(*valēto-,valēre).
II. THE PERSON CONCERNED.
265.The suffixes-ārio-,-ōn-,-iōn-,-li-,-no-, and some others, are used to denote thePerson concernedoroccupiedwith a thing: as,
III. THE PLACE.
266.Neuters with the suffixes-tōrio-,-ārio-,-īli-,-to-, or-ēto-are often used to denote thePlace: as,
IV. DIMINUTIVES.
267.The suffixes-lo-,-lā-, or-cu-lo-,-cu-lā-, are used to form substantives with aDiminutivemeaning. Diminutives may denote:
268.(1.) Actual smallness: as,secūricula,a little hatchet;ventulus,a bit of wind;spēcula,a ray of hope.
269.(2.) Imputed smallness: implying, (a.) admiration, affection, or compassion; (b.) contempt or irony. This diminutive, which usually serves to add point to sentences themselves of a playful, patronizing, or slurring character, is very hard to translate;littleandsmallare often inadequate;oldorpoorwill sometimes do; but usually recourse must be had to free translations adapted to the particular context: as,
ōrātiuncula,a gem of a speech,an attempt at a speech;mātercula,an anxious mother,poor mamma,dear mamma;lectulus,one’s own little bed;ānellus aureolus,a gay gold ring;Graeculī,our Greek cousins,the good people in Greece;Graeculus,a regular Greek,your gentleman from Greece;muliercula,a pretty girl,a lady gay,one of the gentler sex,a mere woman,an unprotected female,a maiden all forlorn;lacrimula,a wee tear,a crocodile tear;volpēcula,Master Reynard,dan Russel;tōnstrīcula,a common barber girl;popellus,rabble;nummulī,filthy lucre;mercēdula,an apology for pay;ratiuncula,a first rate reason;caupōnula,a low tavern.
270.Some diminutives have entirely lost the diminutive meaning: as,puella,girl, not necessarilylittle girl; others have changed their original meaning: as,avunculus,uncle, originallygrandpapa;anguīlla,eel, originallylittle snake. Some words are only found in the diminutive form: as,stēlla,star(*ster-). Diminutives usually have the gender of their primitives; exceptions are rare: as,rāna,frog,F.,rānunculus,tadpole,M.
(1.)-lo-(N., M.-lu-s, Ne.-lu-m),-lā-(N.-la).
271.Stems in-o-,-ā-, or a mute (-g-,-c-,-d-, or-t-), take-lo-or-lā-, which is usually preceded by-u-(202).
hortu-lo-, N.hortu-lu-s,little garden(horto-);oppidu-lu-m,hamlet(oppido-);serru-lā-, N.serru-la,little saw(serrā-);rēg-ulu-s,chieftain(rēg-);vōc-ula,a bit of a voice(vōc-);calc-ulu-s,pebble(calci-);nepōt-ulu-s,a grandson dear(nepōt-);aetāt-ula,tender age(aetāt-).
272.Stems in-eo-,-io-, or-vo-, retain-o-before-lo-; stems in-eā-,-iā-, or-vā-, also have-o-before-lā-.
alveo-lo-, N.alveo-lu-s,little tray(alveo-);gladio-lu-s,little sword(gladio-);servo-lu-s,little slave(servo-);nauseo-lā-, N.nauseo-la,a slight squeamishness(nauseā-);bēstio-la,little animal(bēstiā-);fīlio-la,little daughter(fīliā-).
273.Stems in-lo-,-ro-,-no-, and-lā-,-rā-,-nā-, commonly drop the stem vowel and assimilate-r-or-n-to-l-: thus:-el-lo-,-el-lā-(111,b;166, 6, 7).
catel-lo-, for*catululo-, N.catel-lu-s,puppy(catulo-);agel-lu-s,little field(agro-);asel-lu-s,donkey(asino-);fābel-lā-, N.fābel-la,short story(fābulā-);umbel-la,sunshade(umbrā-);pāgel-la,short page(pāginā-). A few words are not thus changed:pueru-lo-, N.pueru-lu-s,poor boy(puero-), as well aspuel-lu-s.
274.Another vowel thane(172,3) appears in:Hispāl-lu-s(Hispāno-),Messāl-la(Messānā-), proper names;corōl-la,chaplet(corōnā-);ūl-lu-s,the least one,any at all(ūno-);Sūl-la(Sūrā-), proper name;lapil-lu-s, for*lapid-lu-s,pebble(lapid-). Alsohomul-lu-s,son of the dust(homon-).
(2.)-cu-lo-(N., M.-cu-lu-s, Ne.-cu-lu-m),-cu-lā-(N.-cu-la).
275.Stems in a continuous sound (-l-,-n-,-r-, or-s-), or in-i-,-u-, or-ē-, usually take-cu-lo-or-cu-lā-.
sermūn-culo-, N.sermūn-culu-s,small-talk(sermōn-);virgun-culā-, N.virgun-cula,little maid(virgon-);homun-culu-s,son of earth(homon-);arbus-cula,tiny tree(arbos-);cor-culu-m,heart of hearts(cord-,170, 12);igni-culu-s,spark(igni-);ani-cula,grandam(anu-);diē-cula,brief day(diē-); analogously,volpē-cula(vixen),little fox(*volpē-). Rarely withī:canī-cula,little dog(can-).
276.-un-culo-, N.-un-culu-s:av-unculo-, N.av-unculu-s,uncle(avo-);rān-unculu-s,tadpole(rānā-).-un-culā-, N.-un-cula:dom-unculā-, N.dom-uncula,little house(domo-).
277.Diminutives are sometimes formed from other diminutives:cistel-lu-la,casket(cistel-la,cistu-la,cistā-).
278.A few other suffixes have a diminutive meaning: as,-ciōn-,-leo-,-astro-,-ttā-:homun-ciō,manikin,child of dust(homon-);acu-leu-s,sting(acu-);Antōni-aster,regular little Antony;pīn-aster,bastard pine;Iūli-tta,Juliet(Iūliā-);Pōlli-tta,little Polla(Pōllā-).
V. PATRONYMICS.
279.Patronymics, or proper names which denote descent from a father or ancestor, have stems in-dā-(N.-dē-s), F.-d-(N.-s). These are chiefly Greek names used in poetry.
Prīami-dā-, N.Prīami-dē-s,scion of Priam’s house;Tantali-d-, N.Tantali-s,daughter of Tantalus.Pēlī-dē-s(Pēleu-s);Aenea-dē-s(Aenēā-);Thestia-dē-s(Thestio-);Lāertia-dē-s(Lāertā-);Scīpia-dā-s(Scīpiōn-).F.sometimes-īnēor-ōnē:Neptūnīnē(Neptūno-);Acrisiōnē(Acrisio-).
(A.) PRIMITIVES.
280.Primitive adjectives may usually be divided into active and passive; but the same suffix often has either an active or a passive meaning. Under primitive adjectives belong the participles; but these will be mentioned in connection with the verb.
I. WITH AN ACTIVE MEANING.
281.The suffixes-o-,-uo-,-ci-,-lo-, and-do-, are used to form adjectives with anActivemeaning: as,
(1.)-o-(N.-u-s);-uo-(N.-uu-s).
282.-o-(N.-u-s): such words express nature or capacity:vag-o-, N.vag-u-s,roaming(√vag-,roam);vīv-u-s,living(√vīv-,live); many are compounds: as,male-dic-u-s,abusive(male, √dic-,say);pro-fug-u-s,flying on(prō-, √fug-,fly). Passive:fīd-u-s,trustworthy(√fīd-,trust).
283.-uo-, N.-uu-s:adsid-uo-, N.adsid-uu-s,unremitting(ad, √sed-,sit);contig-uu-s,touching(com-, √tag-,touch);perpet-uu-s,uninterrupted(per, √pet-,go). Some words are passive: as,sal-vu-s,safe(√sal-,save);vac-uu-s,empty(√vac-,empty);relic-uo-s,left behind(re-, √liqu-,leave), laterreliquos,relicus,reliquus(157).
(2.)-ci-(N.-x);-lo-(N.-lu-s);-do-(N.-du-s).
284.-ā-ci-, N.-ā-x(202), denotes capacity, habit, or inclination, often implying censure:pugnā-ci-, N.pugnā-x,full of fight(pugnā-re);minā-x,threatening(minā-ri);fer-āx,productive(√fer-,bear);dic-āx,full of mother-wit,quick at a joke(√dic-,say);rap-āx,apt to snatch(√rap-,snatch).
285.-u-lo-, N.-u-lu-s(202), denotes simple action: as,pat-ulo-, N.pat-ulu-s,spreading(√pat-,spread); or inclination: as,bib-ulu-s,apt to drink(√bib-,drink).
286.The suffixes-undo-(-endo-),-bundo-, and-cundo-form a group and are possibly related to the suffix in-do-.
287.-do-, N.-du-s(202), denotes a state, and usually has a parallel verb in-ēre(368):cali-do-, N.cali-du-swarm(cf.calē-re);calli-du-s,knowing(cf.callē-re);niti-du-s,shining(cf.nitē-re); rarely in-ere:cup-idu-s,desirous(cf.cupe-re);flui-du-s,liquid(cf.flue-re);rapi-du-s,hurried(cf.rape-re).-i-do-becomes-i-di-inviri-di-s,green(cf.virē-re).-do-sometimes occurs in denominatives:herbi-du-s,grassy(herbā-).
288.-undo-(-endo-), N.-undu-s, (-endu-s) is the suffix of the gerundive, which was originally neither active nor passive (2238). In a few words from reflexives, which have become adjectives, it has a reflexive or active meaning:lāb-undo-, N.lāb-undu-s,gliding,slipping(lābī);ori-undu-s,arising(orīrī);sec-undu-s,following(sequī);volv-endu-s,rolling(volvī). See899.
289.-bundo-, N.-bundu-s(202), has the meaning of an exaggerated present participle:freme-bundo-, N.freme-bundu-s,muttering away(√frem-,roar);treme-bundu-s,all in a flutter(√trem-,quiver);fur-ibundu-s,hot with rage(√fur-,rave);cōntiōnā-bundu-s,speaking a speech(cōntiōnā-rī);minitā-bundu-s,breathing out threatenings(minitā-rī);vītā-bundu-s,forever dodging(vītā-re).
290.-cundo-, N.-cundu-s, denotes permanent quality:fā-cundo-, N.fā-cundu-s,eloquent(√fā-,speak);īrā-cundu-s,choleric(īrā-scī);iū-cundu-s,pleasant,interesting(√iuv-,help).
II. WITH A PASSIVE MEANING.
291.The suffixes-li-,-ti-li-,-bili-,-tīvo-,-no-, and-mino-, are used to form adjectives with aPassivemeaning: as,
(1.)-li-, (N.-li-s);-ti-li-,-bili-(N.-ti-li-s,-bili-s).
292.-i-li-, N.-i-li-s(202), denotes passive capability:fac-ili-, N.fac-ili-s,easy to do(√fac-,do);frag-ili-s,breakable,frail(√frag-,break);hab-ili-s,manageable,handy(√hab-,hold);nūb-ili-s,marriageable(√nūb-,veil).
293.-ti-li-, N.-ti-li-s, or-si-li-, N.-si-li-s(159), denotes capability or quality: as,duc-tili, N.duc-tili-s,capable of being drawn out,ductile(√duc-,draw);fis-sili-s,cleavable(√fid-,split);rā-sili-s,scraped(√rād-,scrape). Rarely active: as,fer-tili-s,productive(√fer-,bear).
294.-bili-, N.-bili-s(202), denotes passive capability like-i-li-, but is far more common:horr-ibili-s,exciting a shudder(cf.horrē-re);amā-bili-s,lovable(amā-re);flē-bili-s,lamentable(√flē-,weep). Rarely active: as,sta-bili-s,that can stand(√sta-,stand);penetrā-bili-s,piercing(penetrā-re).-ti-bili-(159), passive, rare:flexibili-s,flexible(√flec-,bend,960).
295.-tīvo-, N.-tīvu-s, denotes the way a thing originated: as,cap-tīvu-s,captive(√cap-,take);sta-tīvu-s,set(√sta-,set).
(2.)-no-(N.-nu-s);-mino-(N.-minu-s).
296.-no-, N.-nu-s, an old passive participle suffix, denotes result:mag-nu-s(enlarged),great(√mag-,great);plē-nus,full(√plē-,fill). Neuter as substantive:dō-nu-m,gift(√dō-,give). Sometimes active:egē-nu-s,needy(egē-re,192).
297.The suffix-mino-(for-meno-,103,a) in its weakest form (135, 2) is found in a few substantives: as,alu-mnu-s,nursling(√al-,nurse). The endings-minī(730) and-minō(731) are apparently case forms of the same suffix.-minōwould seem to be an ablative;-minīmay be a nominative plural.
(B.) DENOMINATIVES.
298.Denominative adjectives may be divided into such as denote: I.MaterialorResemblance. II.Appurtenance: implying sometimespossession, oftenfitness,conformity,character, ororigin. III.Supply.IV. Diminutives. V. Comparatives and Superlatives; a few of these are primitive.
I. MATERIAL OR RESEMBLANCE.
299.The suffixes-eo-and-n-eo-are used to form adjectives denotingMaterialorResemblance: as,
300.-eo-, N.-eu-s:aur-eo-, N.aur-eu-s,golden,all gold,as good as gold(auro-);ferr-eu-s,iron(ferro-);pulver-eu-s,all dust(pulver-);virgin-eu-s,girlish(virgin-).
301.-n-eo-, N.-n-eu-s:ahē-neu-s,bronze(ahē-,58;aes-);quer-neu-s,oaken(quercu-).-no-is usually poetical: as,ebur-nu-s,ivory(ebur-);quer-nu-s,oaken(quercu-).-ā-neo-, N.-ā-neu-s:miscell-āneu-s,mixed(miscello-).
II. APPURTENANCE.
302.The suffixes-o-,-io-,-vo-;-timo-,-li-,-no-;-bri-,-cri-,-tri-;-co-,-ti-,-si-, are used to form adjectives denotingBelonging to: as,
(1.)-o-(N.-u-s),-io-(N.-iu-s),-vo-(N.-vu-s).
303.-o-, N.-u-s:decōr-o-, N.decōr-u-s,becoming(decōr-);canōr-u-s,melodious(canōr-);pervius,passable(via-).
304.-io-is one of the commonest suffixes, and is often added to other suffixes; thus:-c-io-,-īc-io-;-tōr-io-(-sōr-io-);-ār-io-.
305.-io-, N.-iu-s:rēg-io-, N.rēg-iu-s,oforlike a king(rēg-);patr-iu-s,of a father(patr-). Here belong many gentile names: as,Sēst-iu-s(Sexto-). These are used with substantives as adjectives: as,lēx Cornēl-ia,lēx Iūl-ia. Furthermore patrial adjectives: as,Corinth-iu-s,Corinthian(Corintho-). In some, consonant-io-is used:plēbē-iu-s,of the commons(plēbē-).-io-is rare in primitives:exim-iu-s,select(ex, √em-,take).
306.-c-io-, N.-c-iu-s(202):aedīli-cio, N.aedīli-ciu-s,of an aedile(aedīli-);patr-iciu-s,of the fathers(patr-);later-iciu-s,of brick(later-).
307.-īc-io-, N.-īc-iu-s:nov-īcio-, N.nov-īciu-s,new,new-comer(novo-);nātāl-īciu-s,birthday’s(nātāli-);caement-īciu-s,rubble(caemento-). Usually suffixed to perfect participles to denote the quality derived from the past act:conduct-īciu-s,hired(conducto-);trālāt-īciu-s,transferred(trālāto-).
308.-tōr-io-, N.-tōr-iu-s, or-sōr-io-, N.-sōr-iu-s, from the agent (205) in-tōr-(-sōr-), is the commonest ending with-io-:imperā-tōrio-, N.imperā-tōriu-s,of a commander(imperātōr-). The neuter, as substantive, denotes the place where (266):audī-tōriu-m,lecture-room(audītōr-);dēvor-sōriu-m,inn(dēvorsōr-).
309.-ār-io-, N.-ār-iu-s, very common, is chiefly added to substantives: as,agr-ārio-, N.agr-āriu-s,of land(agro-). Often as substantive:not-āriu-s(265),stenographer(notā-);aer-āriu-m(266),treastury(aer-);sēmin-āriu-m,nursery(sēmin-);bell-āria, plural,goodies,bonbons(bello-).
310.-ī-vo-, N.-ī-vu-s(202):tempest-īvu-s,seasonable(tempestāt-,126);aest-īvu-s,summer’s(aestāt-). See179.
(2.)-timo-(N.-timu-s);-li-(N.-li-s);-no-(N.-nu-s).
311.-timo-, N.-timu-s(202), for an older-tumo-(28):mari-timo-, N.mari-timu-s,of the sea(mari-);fīni-timu-s,of the border(fīni-);lēg-itimu-s,lawful(lēg-).
312.-li-N.-li-s:humi-li-, N.humi-li-s,lowly(humo-); but almost always in denominatives-li-is preceded by a long vowel (202), usually-ā-or-ī-, thus:-ā-li-(-ā-ri-),-ī-li;-ē-li-,-ū-li-.
313.-ā-li-, N.-ā-li-s:rēg-āli-, N.rēg-āli-s,kingly(rēg-);decemvir-āli-s,of a decemvir(decemviro-);fāt-āli-s,fated(fāto-);t-āli-s,such(stemto-,that);qu-āli-s,as(quo-),-ā-ri-, N.-ā-ri-s, is used for-āli-if anlprecedes (173): as,mol-āri-, N.mol-āri-s,of a mill(molā-);mīlit-āri-s,of a soldier(mīlit-). Neuters in-āli-and-āri-often become substantives (600):fōc-āle,neckcloth(fauci-);anim-al,breathing thing(animā-);calc-ar,spur(calci-).
314.-ī-li-, N.-ī-li-s:cīv-īli-, N.cīv-īli-s,of a citizen(cīvi-);puer-ili-s,boyish(puero-). The neuter, as substantive, sometimes denotes the place where (266):ov-īle,sheepfold(ovi-).
315.-ē-li, N.-ē-li-s:fidē-li-, N.fidē-li-s,faithful(fidē-);crūd-ēli-s,cruel(crūdo-);patru-ēli-s,cousin(patruo-).-ū-li-, N.-ū-li-s:tribū-li-, N.tribū-li-s,tribesman(tribu-).
316.The old participle suffix-no-(296) is sometimes added at once to noun stems, sometimes to other suffixes: thus,-ā-no-,-ī-no-;-ti-no-,-tī-no-;-er-no-,-ur-no-.
317.-no-, N.-nu-s, is added to stems formed with the comparative suffix-ero-or-tero-(347), denoting place:super-no-, N.super-nu-s,above;inter-nu-s,internal(inter);exter-nu-s,outside; so, also,alter-nu-s,every other(altero-); and to a very few substantives: as,pater-nu-s,fatherly(patr-);frāter-nu-s,brotherly(frātr-);vēr-nu-s,of spring(vēr-). Also to cardinals, making distributives: as,bī-nī,two by two(for*dṷīnī,duo-,161).
318.-ā-no-, N.-ā-nu-s(202):arcā-no-, N.arc-ānu-s,secret(arcā-);Rōma-nu-s,of Rome(Rōmā-);mont-ānu-s,of a mountain(monti-);oppid-ānu-s,of a town(oppido-).-i-āno-:Cicerōn-iāno-, N.Cicerōn-iānu-s,Cicero’s. Rarely-ā-neo-:mediterrā-neu-s,midland(medio-,terrā-).
319.-ī-no-, N.-ī-nu-s(202):mar-īno-, N.mar-īnu-s,of the sea;repent-īnu-s,sudden(repenti-); oftenest added to names of living beings: as,can-īnu-s,of a dog(can-);dīv-īnu-s,of a god(dīvo-);-ē-no-:lani-ēnu-s,ali-ēnu-s. Also to proper names: as,Plaut-īno-, N.Plaut-īnu-s,of Plautus(Plauto-);Alp-īnu-s,Alpine(Alpi-).
320.-ti-no-, N.-ti-nu-s, is used in some adjectives of time:crās-tinu-s,to-morrow’s(crās-);diū-tinu-s,lasting(diū);prīs-tinu-s,of aforetime(prī-,prae).
321.-tī-no-, N.-tī-nu-s, is used in a few words of place and time:intes-tīno-, N.intes-tinu-s,inward(intus);vesper-tīnu-s,at eventide(vespero-).
322.From words likefrāter-nus(from*fratr(i)-nus,111,b),pater-nus,exter-nus,inter-nus, arose a new suffix-terno-: as,hes-ternus, from the stemhes-(cf.her-ī,154), and-erno-inhodiernus. From the adverb*noctur(νυκτωρ) was derivednoctur-nus, by analogy to whichdiurnuswas formed. Elsewhere the-urof-urnusand the-tur-of-turnusbelong to the stem: as,ebur-nus;tacitur-nus, from the agent*taci-tor(205).
(3.)-bri-,-cri-,-tri-(N.-beror-bri-s, &c.).
323.-bri-, N.-beror-bri-s:salū-bri-, N.salū-ber,healthy(salūt-);mulie-bri-s,womanly(mulier-).
324.-cri-, N.-ceror-cri-s(202):volu-cri-, N.volu-cer,winged(*volo-,flying);medio-cri-s,middling(medio-).
325.-tri-, N.-teror-tri-s:eques-tri-, N.eques-ter,of horsemen(equit-,152);sēmēs-tri-s,of six months(sex,mēns-).-es-tri-is used in a few words:camp-ester,of fields(campo-);silv-estri-s,of woods(silvā-).
(4.)-co-(N.-cu-s);-ti-,-si-(N.-s,-si-s).
326.-co-is often suffixed to-ti-, sometimes to-es-ti-; thus:-ti-co-,-es-ti-co-.
327.-co-, N.-cu-s:cīvi-co-, N.cīvi-cu-s,of a citizen(cīvi-);belli-cu-s,of war(bello-);vīli-cu-s,bailiff(vīllā-).-ā-co-,-ī-co-,-ū-co-(202):merā-cu-s,amī-cu-s,antī-cu-s,aprī-cu-s,postī-cu-s,pudī-cu-s,cadū-cu-s.-ti-co-, N.-ti-cu-s:rūs-tico-, N.rūs-ticu-s,of the country(rūs-).-es-ti-co-, N.-es-ti-cu-s:dom-esticu-s,of a house(domo-,domu-).
328.-ti-or-si-denotes belonging to a place; usually-ā-ti-,-ī-ti-,-es-ti-,-en-ti-;-ēn-si-, or-i-ēn-si-.
329.-ti-, N.-s:Tībur-ti-, N.Tībur-s,Tiburtine(Tībur-).-ā-ti-:quoi-āti-, N.quoi-ā-s,what countryman?(quoio-);Anti-ā-s,of Antium(Antio-);optim-ātēs,good men and true(optimo-).-ī-ti-:Samn-īti-, N.Samn-ī-s,Samnian(Samnio-).-en-ti-:Vēi-enti-, N.Vēi-ēn-s,of Vei(Vēio-).-es-ti-, N.-es-ti-s:agr-esti-, N.agr-esti-s,of the fields(agro-);cael-esti-s,heavenly(caelo-).
330.-ēn-si-, N.-ēn-si-s(202), from appellatives of place or proper names of place:castr-ēnsi-, N.castr-ēnsi-s,of a camp(castro-);circ-ēnsi-s,of the circus(circo-);Hispāni-ēnsi-s(temporarily) of Spain.-i-ēnsi-:Karthāgin-iēnsi-s,of Carthage(Karthāgin-).
III. SUPPLY.
331.The suffixes-to-or-ōso-are used to form adjectives denotingSuppliedorFurnished with: as,
(1.)-to-(N.-tu-s);-len-to-(N.-len-tu-s).
332.-to-, the perfect participle suffix, is sometimes added at once to a noun stem, sometimes to other suffixes, thus:-āto-,-īto-,-ēto-,-ūto-,-ento-,-lento-.
333.-to-, N.-tu-s:onus-to-, N.onus-tu-s,loaded(onus-);vetus-tu-s,full of years(*vetus-,year);iūs-tu-s,just(iūs-);hones-tu-s,honourable(*hones-);fūnes-tu-s,deadly(fūnes-).-ā-to-:barbā-tu-s,bearded(barbā-);dent-ātu-s,toothed(denti-);-ī-to-:aurī-tu-s,long-eared(auri-);-ū-to-:cornū-tu-s,horned(cornu-).-en-to-, N.-en-tu-s:cru-ento-, N.cru-entu-s,all gore(*cruenti-,*cruēre). As substantive,arg-entu-m(white metal),silver;flu-enta, plural,streams(fluenti-).
334.The neuter of stems in-to-, as a substantive, denotes the place where something, generally a plant, is found (266):arbus-tu-m,vineyard(arbos-); commonly preceded by-ē-, forming-ē-to-(202), usually plural:dūm-ēta,thorn-thickets(dūmo-);murt-ēta,myrtle-groves(murto-).
335.-len-to-, N.-len-tu-s(202):vīno-lento-, N.vīno-lentu-s,drunken(vīno-);sanguin-olentu-s,all blood(sanguin-);lūcu-lentu-s,bright(lūci-,28);pulver-ulentu-s,dusty(pulver-). A shorter form-lenti-is rare:vi-olenti-, N.vi-olēn-s,violent(vi-);op-ulēn-s,rich(op-).
(2.)-ōso-(N.-ōsu-s).
336.-ōso-(sometimes-ōnso-,-ōsso-), N.-ōsu-s,full of, is very common indeed,-ōso-is sometimes attached to other suffixes, thus:-c-ōso-,-ul-ōso-,-ūc-ul-ōso-.
337.-ōso-, N.-ōsu-s:ann-ōso-, N.ann-ōsu-s,full of years;fōrm-ōnsu-s,fōrm-ōssu-sorfōrm-ōsu-s,shapely(fōrmā-);perīcul-ōsu-s,with danger fraught(perīculo-);mōr-ōsu-s,priggish,cross(mōr-);calamit-ōsu-s,full of damage(calamitāt-,179);superstiti-ōsu-s,superstitious(superstitiōn-,179);frūctu-ōsu-s,fruitful(frūctu-,116,c);mont-uōsu-s,full of mountains(monti-,202);cūri-ōsu-s,full of care(cūrā-);labōr-iōsu-s,toilsome(labōr-,202).
338.-c-ōso-, N.-c-ōsu-s:belli-cōso-, N.belli-cōsu-s,warlike(bello-,bellico-).-ul-ōso-, N.-ul-ōsu-s:formīd-ulōso-, N.formid-ulōsu-s,terrible(formīdin-,179).-ūc-ul-ōso-, N.-ūc-ul-ōsu-s:met-ū-culoso-, N.met-ū-culōsu-s,skittish(metu-).
IV. DIMINUTIVES.
339.Diminutives are formed from adjectives, as from substantives (267).
-lo-, N.-lu-s:aureo-lo-, N.aureo-lu-s,all gold,of precious gold,ofred redgold,good as gold(aureo-);ebrio-lu-s,tipsy(ebrio-);parvo-lu-s, orparvu-lu-s,smallish(parvo-);frīgidu-lu-s,chilly(frigido-);vet-ulus,little old(vet-);tenellu-lu-s,soft and sweet(tenello-,tenero-);pulchel-lus,sweet pretty(pulchro-);bel-lu-s,bonny(bono-);novel-lu-s,newborn(*novolo-,novo-).-culo-, N.-culu-s:pauper-culo-, N.pauper-culu-s,poorish(pauper-);levi-culu-s,somewhat vain(levi-).
340.A peculiar class of diminutives is formed by adding-culo-to the comparative stem-ius-(346): as,nitidius-culo-, N.nitidius-culu-s,a trifle sleeker(nitidius-);longius-culu-s,a bit longer(longius-).