PLATE I.Plate IView larger image
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PLATE II.Plate IIView larger image
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PLATE III.Plate IIIView larger image
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PLATE IV.Plate IVView larger image
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PLATE VPlate VView larger image
PLATE V
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PLATE VI.Plate VIView larger image
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PLATE VII.Plate VIIView larger image
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PLATE VIII.Plate VIIIView larger image
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PLATE IX.Plate IXView larger image
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PLATE X.Plate XView larger image
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MAPS AND PLANSOFNOTABLE BATTLES, DISTRICTS, & TOWNSCONNECTED WITHTHE HISTORY OF ASIA
PLANSOF THEFIVE CHIEF BATTLESOF INDIA
Battle of SeringapatamBATTLE OFSERINGAPATAMFebruary 1792BartholomewEdinrView larger image
BATTLE OFSERINGAPATAMFebruary 1792
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Battle of AssayeBATTLE OFASSAYESeptember 1803BartholomewEdinrView larger image
BATTLE OFASSAYESeptember 1803
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Battle of MeaneeBATTLE OFMEANEEFebruary 1843BartholomewEdinrView larger image
BATTLE OFMEANEEFebruary 1843
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Battle of AliwalBATTLE OFALIWALJanuary 1846BartholomewEdinrView larger image
BATTLE OFALIWALJanuary 1846
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Battle of SabraonBATTLE OFSOBRAONFebruary 1846BartholomewEdinrView larger image
BATTLE OFSOBRAONFebruary 1846
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Indian MutinaINDIAN MUTINYSHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF TROOPSMay, 1857BartholomewEdinrView larger image
INDIAN MUTINYSHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF TROOPSMay, 1857
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Aryan Languages of IndiaARYAN LANGUAGESOF INDIABartholomewEdinrView larger image
ARYAN LANGUAGESOF INDIA
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Non-Aryan Languages of IndiaNON-ARYAN LANGUAGESOF INDIABartholomewEdinrView larger image
NON-ARYAN LANGUAGESOF INDIA
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Sites of Ancient Indian TemplesSITES OFANCIENT INDIANTEMPLESBartholomewEdinrView larger image
SITES OFANCIENT INDIANTEMPLES
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Military Divisions of IndiaMILITARY DIVISIONSOF INDIABartholomewEdinrView larger image
MILITARY DIVISIONSOF INDIA
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DelhiDELHIBartholomewEdinrView larger image
DELHI
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LucknowLUCKNOWBartholomewEdinrView larger image
LUCKNOW
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CawnporeCAWNPOREBartholomewEdinrView larger image
CAWNPORE
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LahoreLAHOREBartholomewEdinrView larger image
LAHORE
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RangoonRANGOONBartholomewEdinrView larger image
RANGOON
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LhasaLHASA"THE FORBIDDEN CITY"After Map by Major RyderBartholomewEdinrView larger image
LHASA"THE FORBIDDEN CITY"After Map by Major Ryder
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A GAZETTEEROFTOWNS AND PLACES IN ASIA
A GAZETTEEROF TOWNS AND PLACES IN ASIA[1]
ABBREVIATIONS
F. Founded. | Res. Residence. | Bp. Birthplace. | Provs. Provinces.
Abila, Palestine. 33N.36E.Traditional burial-place of Abel.
Abohar, Punjab. 30N.74E.Said to have been f. by Jaura; visited by Ibn Batuta, 1332.
Aboo, Rajputana. 25N.73E.Contains famous Jain temple, the Vimla Sah, f. in 1032.
Abydos, Asia Minor. 40N.26E.Xerxes entered Europe,B.C.480. Scene of story of Hero and Leander. (See Byron's 'Bride of Abydos.')
Acre, Palestine. 33N.35E.Taken by the Crusaders, 1104; retaken by Saladin, 1187; recovered by Richard Cœur de Lion, 1191; surrendered to Saracens, 1291; unsuccessfully besieged by Napoleon, 1799; stormed by Ibrahim Pasha, 1832; bombarded by a combined English, Austrian, and Turkish fleet, 1840. (See Scott's 'Talisman,' 'Travels of Marco Polo,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
Adalia, Asiatic Turkey. 36N.31E.Visited by Kinglake, who gives an account of the city in 'Eothen.'
Adam's Peak, Ceylon. 7N.80E.Supposed to contain tomb of Adam. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')
Adas, Bombay. 22N.73E.Scene of Hamid Khan's victory over Rustam Ali, 1723; Mahrattas over Raghunath Rao Peshwa, 1775; British over Mahrattas, 1775.
Aden, Arabia. 13N.45E.Taken from the Portuguese by Turks, 1538; annexed to British India, 1839. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' 'Travels of Marco Polo.')
Adoni, Madras. 16N.77E.Seized by Sultan of Bijapur, 1568; by Aurungzebe, 1686; unsuccessfully attacked by Hyder Ali, 1779; taken by Tippoo Sahib, 1786; ceded to British, 1800.
Agra, United Provs. 27N.78E.Contains palace of Shah Jehan, the Pearl Mosque, and the Taj Mahal, and was the supposed scene of incarnation of Vishnu. Capital of Mogul sovereigns, 1526-1658. Taken by British, 1803. (See Sir Edwin Arnold's 'With Sa'di in the Garden,' Whittier's 'Miriam,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')
Ahar, United Provs. 28N.78E.Town from which Rukminí, wife of Krishna, was said to have been taken.
Ahmadabad('the abode of Ahmed'), Bombay. 23N.73E.F. in 1412. Ancient Mohammedan capital, famed for architectural relics. Taken by British, 1818.
Ahmadnagar, Bombay. 19N.75E.F. by Ahmed Nuzam Shah, 1494. Taken by General Wellesley, 1803.
Aivalli, Bombay. 16N.76E.Contains famous temples, and is sacred spot of Vishnu.
Ajmere, Rajputana. 26N.75E.Capital of Ajmere-Merwara. Contains tomb of Mussulman saint, Kwajah. Purchased by Britain, 1818. Mayo College f. 1875.
Akashi, Japan. 35N.135E.Contains Shinto temple in honour of the poet Kakinomoto-no-Hitomaro.
Ak-su, Eastern Turkestan. 41N.81E.Nearly destroyed by earthquake, 1718. Captured by Khan of Kashgar, 1867; retaken by Chinese, 1877.
Alandi, Bombay. 19N.74E.Resort of Hindu pilgrims, and said to have been res. of Jnaneshvar.
Aleppo, Syria. 36N.37E.Taken by Saracens, 636; conquered by Tamerlane, 1402; by Turks, 1517. Visited by earthquakes, 1170, 1822. Contains the Jami Sakarya, or Great Mosque, in which lie alleged remains of Zacharias, father of John the Baptist. Res. of Mutanabbi. (See Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte,'Hakluyt's 'Voyages,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')
Aligarh, United Provs. 28N.78E.Contains Fort Aligarh, captured by General Lake from Mahrattas, 1803. Seat of Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College.
Allahabad('city of God'), United Provs. 25N.82E.F. by Akbar, 1575. Taken by Britain, 1801. Contains Muir Central College. Scene of journeying of Rama and Sita described in the 'Ramayana' as the hermitage of Bharadvaja.
Allah Shehr, Asia Minor. 38N.29E.F. by Attalus Philadelphus, c. 200B.C.; supposed to be one of 'seven churches of Asia' mentioned in Apocalypse.
Amarapura('city of the gods'), Burma. 22N.96E.Former capital of Burma. F. in 1783, by Bodawpaya. Destroyed by fire, 1810; by earthquake, 1839. Contains celebrated temple with colossal bronze statue of Gautama.
Amasia, Asiatic Turkey. 41N.36E.Former capital of kings of Pontus. Bp. of Strabo.
Ambur, Madras. 13N.79E.Muzaffar Jang conquered Anwar-ud-din, Nawab of Arcot, 1749.
Amoy('gallery gate'), China. 24N.118E.Taken by Britain, 1841; opened to foreign trade by Treaty of Nanking, 1842.
Amritsar('pool of immortality'), Punjab. 32N.75E.F. round sacred reservoir by Guru Ram Das, 1574. Contains Darbar Sahib, chief Sikh temple; also fortress of Govindgarh, 1809.
Amroha, United Provs. 29N.78E.Said to have been f. by Hastinapur; res. of Shah Wilayat. In the vicinity the Mongols were conquered, 1304.
Amu Daria, Turkestan. 37N.73E.Ancient river Oxus, occurring as Amoo in 'The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan.' (See Moore's 'Lalla Rookh.')
Anantapur, Madras. 15N.78E.F. by Chikkappa Udaiyar, 1364; attacked by Mahrattas, 1757.
Aneysa, Arabia. 26N.45E.Bp. of Abdul-Wahab, founder of Wahabis. (See Doughty's 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.')
Angkor, Indo-China. 13N.104E.Ruined city, near which are ruins of Angkor-Vat, a famous Cambodian temple. (See Little's 'Far East.')
Angora, Asiatic Turkey. 40N.33E.Supposed to have been f. by Midas. Scene of Christian Councils, 314, 358. Contains temple erected to Augustus. Sultan Bejazet I. captured by Tamerlane, 1402.
Ani, Asiatic Turkey. 41N.43E.Ancient Armenian capital. Taken by Greeks, 1045; by Seljuks, 1064. Destroyed by earthquake, 1319.
Anjangaon, Berar. 21N.77E.Treaty signed between British and Daulat Rao Sindhia after second Mahratta War, 1803.
Anjengo, Madras. 9N.77E.Bp. of historian, Robert Orme, and res. of Eliza Draper, friend of Laurence Sterne.
Anjidiv, Bombay. 15N.74E.Island visited by Ibn Batatu, 1342; by Vasco da Gama, 1498. Occupied by Portuguese, 1505. Mentioned by Ptolemy.
Ankai Tonkai, Bombay. 20N.74E.Conquered by Shah Jehan, 1635; occupied by British, 1818.
Antioch, Syria. 36N.36E.F. by Seleucus Nicator, c. 300B.C.Scene of St. Paul's first ministry. Destroyed by earthquakes, 526, 1872. Ruined by Persians, 538; taken by Saracens, 658; by Turks, 1516. Bp. of Archias, St. Luke, and Chrysostom. (See Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
An-tung, Manchuria. 40N.125E.General Kuroki established here during Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905. (See McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')
Anupshahr, United Provs. 28N.78E.Occupied by Ahmad Shah Durrani, 1757; by British, 1773.
Arafat('the mountain of mercy'), Arabia. 21N.40E.Mountain on which Adam and Eve are alleged to have met after the fall. Scene of many Mohammedan pilgrimages. (See Burton's 'Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Arabia.')
Arantangi, Madras. 10N.79E.Seized by Raghunatha Levan, c. 1646, 1698.
Ararat, Asiatic Turkey. 40N.44E.One of mountains in Asia on which Noah's ark is said to have rested. Parrot first ascended Great Ararat, 1829. Severe earthquake experienced, 1840. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')
Arcot('six deserts'), Madras. 13N.79E.Contains ruins of Nawab's palace. Mentioned by Ptolemy. Clive defended city successfully against siege, 1751.
Ardahan, Asiatic Turkey. 41N.43E.Successfully stormed by Russians, 1877; ceded to Russia by Turkey, 1878.
Argaum, Berar. 21N.77E.Mahrattas defeated by Wellesley, 1803.
Arginusæ Is., off W. coast of Asia Minor. 39N.27E.Spartan fleet defeated by Athenians near these islands, 406B.C.
Arjesh, Turkish Armenia. 39N.43E.Taken by Jelal-ed-Din, 1228. Destroyed by earthquake, 1246.
Arni, Madras. 13N.79E.Clive defeated Raja Sahib and French forces, 1751.
Aror, Bombay. 28N.69E.Captured by Mohammedans, c. 712.
Arpad, Syria. 37N.37E.Taken by Tiglath Pileser II., 740B.C.
Arrah, Bengal. 26N.85E.In Indian Mutiny 12 Englishmen and 50 Sikhs held out against 3000 Sepoys for 8 days, 1857.
Artaxata, Russian Armenia. 39N.45E.Ancient capital of Armenia, now in ruins. Hannibal supposed to have superintended building of city; named after Artaxis I., c. 180B.C.Destroyed by Romans, 58; by Persians, 370. Joseph, the patriarch, presided over ecclesiastical council, 450.
Ashdod, Palestine. 32N.35E.Captured by Jonathan, 147B.C.Mentioned by Herodotus. Contained famous temple of Dagon. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')
Ashta, Central India. 23N.77E.Contains fort built by Dost Mohammed Khan, 1716; captured by Mahrattas, 1745; stormed by Kudsia Begam, 1837.
Ashta, Bombay. 18N.75E.British defeated Baji Rao Peshwa, 1818.
Asirgarh, Central Provs. 21N.76E.Massacre of garrison by Ala-ud-din Khilji, 1295; captured by Akbar, 1600; by General Wellesley, 1803; besieged by British, 1819.
Askelon, Palestine. 32N.35E.Ancient seat of worship of Astarte, and of Dagon and Dercetis, whose temple was plundered by Scythians, 630B.C.Bp. of Herod I., who embellished it. Godfrey de Bouillon defeated Egyptians, 1099; city taken by Crusaders, 1153; by Saladin, 1187; destroyed by Sultan Bibars, 1270. (See Scott's 'The Talisman.')
Assaye, Haidarabad. 20N.76E.Mahrattas conquered by Sir Arthur Wellesley, 1803. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
Athni, Bombay. 17N.75E.Visited by French traveller Mandelslo, 1639. Yielded to Rajah Sahu of Satara, 1730; British possession, 1839.
Atrauli, N.W. Provs. 28N.78E.Held for three months by Mohammedans during Mutiny, 1857.
Attock, Punjab. 34N.72E.Contains fort built by Akbar, 1581; captured by Ranjit Singh, 1812.
Augur, Central India. 24N.76E.F. by Agra Bhil; destroyed by Bapuji Sindhia, 1801; suffered during Mutiny, 1857.
Aurungabad('the abode of Aurungzebe'), Haidarabad. 20N.75E.F. in 1620. Contains Buddhist caves, and mausoleum built by Aurungzebe in memory of his daughter.
Ava('a fish-pond'), Burma. 22N.96E.F. by Thadominpaya, 1364. Former capital of Burma. Ruined by earthquake, 1839.
Ayodhya, United Provs. 27N.82E.Famous in legend as city of Dasa-ratha, father of Rama. (See 'Ramayana.')
Ayuthia, Siam. 14N.101E.Founded in 1351; capital of Siam until nearly destroyed by Burmese, 1767. Chief ruin is a Buddhist temple, the 'Golden Mount.' (See Little's 'Far East.')
Baalbek('city of Baal'), Syria. 34N.36E.Contains Temple of the Sun, built by Antoninus Pius. Taken by Arabs, 748; by Tamerlane, 1400. Destroyed by earthquake, 1170, 1750. (See Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Moore's 'Lalla Rookh,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')
Babylon('the gate of the god'), Asiatic Turkey. 33N.45E.First mentioned, 3800B.C.; capital of Babylonia, c. 2300B.C.Destroyed by Sennacherib, 689B.C.; attained eminence under Nabopolassar, 625-604B.C.; under Nebuchadnezzar, 604-561B.C.Surrendered to Cyrus, 539B.C.Alexander the Great died in palace of Nebuchadnezzar, 323B.C.(See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
Badami, Bombay. 16N.76E.Contains famous cave-temple, f. 650. Captured by General Munro, 1818; by Arabs, 1840.
Badarpur, Bengal. 25N.93E.British defeated Burmese, 1824.
Badnera, Berar. 21N.78E.Partially destroyed by Rajah Ram, 1822.
Bagalkot, Bombay. 16N.76E.Captured by Peshwa of Savanur, 1775; by Hyder Ali, 1778; by General Munro, 1818.
Baghdad, Asiatic Turkey. 33N.44E.F. by Caliph Al-Mansur, c. 762; embellished by Harun-al-Rashid; taken by Hulaku Khan, 1258; by Tamerlane, 1393; by Amurath IV., 1638. Contains tomb of Zobeida, wife of Harun-al-Rashid, and is famous by means of the 'Arabian Nights.' (See Firdausi's 'Sha Name,' Gosse's 'Firdausi in Exile,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' 'Travels of Marco Polo.')
Baghput, Punjab. 29N.77E.Said to be the Vyaghraprastha mentioned in the 'Mahabharata.'
Bahera, Punjab. 32N.73E.Captured by Babar, 1519; pillaged by Nur-ud-din, 1757.
Bahraich, United Provs. 28N.82E.Contains tomb of Mohammedan saint, Masaud.
Baj-Baj, Bengal. 22N.88E.Fort captured by Clive from Siraj-ud-daula, 1756.
Bajwara, Punjab. 32N.76E.Rajah Sansar Chand conquered Sirdar Bhup Singh, 1801; fort captured by Ranjit Singh, 1825.
Balkh, Afghan Turkestan. 37N.67E.Zoroaster first preached his doctrine, 549B.C.; died at Balkh. Visited by Chinese explorer, Fa Hian, 402; Hiouen Thsang, 643; by Marco Polo, 1263. Besieged and taken by Ninus, 1933B.C.; pillaged by Genghis Khan, 1221; destroyed by Tamerlane, 1390. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')
Bamian, Afghanistan. 35N.68E.Destroyed by Genghis Khan, 1221.
BanderAbbas('harbour of Abbas'), Persia. 27N.56E.Ancient Harmozia. Portuguese driven out by Shah Abbas the Great with help of British, 1623. (See Moore's 'Lalla Rookh,' story of 'The Fire-Worshippers.')
Bandhogarh, Central India. 24N.81E.Attacked by Asaf Khan, 1563; captured by Patr Das, 1597; yielded to Anup Singh, 1658. Said to be bp. of Akbar.
Banera, Rajputana. 26N.75E.Conquered by Akbar, 1567; fort built in 1726; captured by Rajah of Shahpura, c. 1756.
Bangalore, Mysore. 13N.78E.F. by Hyder Ali, 1537. Taken by Lord Cornwallis, 1791. Contains palace of Tippoo Sahib, and Central College.
Bangkok, Siam. 14N.101E.Ceded to Louis XIV., 1687; became royal residence, 1767. Contains famous temples, and a colossal statue of Buddha. (See Little's 'Far East.')
Banias, Syria. 33N.36E.Visited by W. M. Thomson, and described in 'The Land and the Book.'
Bankapur, Bombay. 15N.76E.First mentioned, 898. Stormed by Firoz Shah, 1406; conquered by Hyder Ali, 1776; ceded to British, 1802.
Bantam, East Indies. 6S.106E.Described in first part of 'Purchas His Pilgrimes' as celebrated town of Java.
Baragaon, Bengal. 25N.85E.Visited by Hiuen Tsiang, who here studied religion.
Bardwan, Bengal. 23N.88E.Scene of the third story of the vampire in Burton's 'Vikram and the Vampire.'
Bareilly, United Provs. 28N.79E.New town f. by Rajah Makrand-Mughals, 1657. Taken by English, 1801; Europeans massacred during Mutiny, 1857; recaptured by Sir Colin Campbell, 1858.
Baroda, Bombay, 22N.73E.Tributary to Great Britain, 1802; Malhar Rao succeeded Sayaji Rao III., 1875.
Barpeta, Bengal. 26N.91E.Sankar Deb, follower of Vishnu, here f. a religious college. Partially destroyed by earthquake, 1897.
Barrackpur, Bengal. 23N.88E.Prominent town in Sepoy mutinies, 1824, 1857. Contains Lady Canning's tomb.
Barsana, United Provs. 28N.77E.Fabled to be a res. of Radha, mistress of Kishna. Pillaged by imperial troops, 1774.
Barwani, Central India. 22N.75E.Said to have been f. by Rana Chandra Singh, c. 1650. Near town is sacred hill of Jains, and temple with inscription dating from 1166.
Basarh, Bengal. 26N.85E.Visited by Buddha, and sacred town of Buddhists. Visited by explorers Fa Hian and Hieun Tsiang.
Basavapatna, Mysore. 14N.76E.Captured by Bijapurs, 1637; destroyed by Hyder Ali, 1763; plundered by Mahrattas, 1791. Ancient res. of Baba Budan.
Basra('fortress'), Asiatic Turkey. 30N.48E.F. under Omar, 656. Contains tomb of Zobeir. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')
Bassein, Bombay. 19N.73E.Ceded to Portuguese, 1534; taken by Mahrattas, 1765; by British, 1780.
Batala, Punjab. 32N.75E.F. by Rai Ram Deo, c. 1465. Contains tomb of Shamsher Khan, foster-brother of Akbar.
Batavia('good land'), East Indies. 6S.107E.First European settlement f. by Pieter Both, 1610; new city f. by Jean Koen, 1621. Unsuccessfully besieged by Kings of Bantam and Jacantra, 1619. Earthquake experienced, 1699.
Bayana, Punjab. 26N.77E.Contains temple with inscription dated 1043. Fort near captured by Mohammed Ghori, 1196; by Sikanda Lodi, 1492; by Humayun, 1535.
Bayazid, Turkish Armenia. 39N.44E.Captured by Russians, 1828, 1854, 1877. Yielded to Turkey by Treaty of Berlin, 1878.
Bednore('bamboo city'), Mysore. 14N.75E.Capital of Rajah of Ikari, 1645. Taken by Hyder Ali, 1763; by General Matthews, 1783; by Tippoo Sahib, 1784.
Beer-Sheba('well of the oath'), Palestine. 31N.35E.Only ruins remain of ancient city famous in Biblical history from time of Abraham's digging a well and planting a grove.
Begampur, Bombay. 18N.76E.Contains tomb of daughter of Aurungzebe.
Behar('monastery'), Bengal. 25N.86E.Famous as ancient centre of Buddhism, and as city in which Buddha preached.
Behistun('place of the gods'), Persia. 34N.47E.Rock on which cuneiform inscriptions recounting deeds of Darius I. are engraved; discovered by Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1835.
Beit Jibrin, Syria. 32N.35E.Visited by W. M. Thomson, and described in 'The Land and the Book.'
Bela, Baluchistan. 26N.66E.Contains tomb of Sir Robert Sandeman.
Belgaum, Bombay. 16N.75E.Taken by Aurungzebe, 1686; by Hyder Ali, 1776; by British, 1818.
Bellary, Madras. 15N.77E.Captured by Sivaji, the Mahratta, c. 1678; ceded to British, 1800.
Benares('the splendid'), N.W. Provs. 25N.83E.Visited by Hsuan Tsang in 7th centuryA.D.Religious capital of India, containing many temples. Taken by Sultan Mahmoud, 1190; ceded to England, 1775; outbreak during Indian Mutiny, 1857. (See Sir Edwin Arnold's 'Light of Asia,' Burton's 'Vikram and the Vampire.')
Bencoolen, Sumatra. 4S.102E.F. by British, 1685; Fort Marlborough built, 1714. Formerly chief British possession in Sumatra; ceded to Holland in exchange for Malacca, 1824.
Bendemeer, Persia. 30N.52E.(See Thos. Moore's 'Lalla Rookh,' story of the 'Veiled Prophet of Khorassan.')
Berasia, Central India. 24N.77E.Contains tomb of his father built by Dost Mohammed.
Berea, Palestine. 32N.35E.Battle fought in which Judas Maccabæus was killed, 161B.C.
Berezov, Siberia. 64N.65E.F. in 1593. Partially burnt, 1719, 1808. Prince Menshikov died in exile, 1729; Prince Dolgoruki, 1730. General Ostermann exiled, 1742; died, 1747.
Berghama, Asiatic Turkey. 39N.27E.Ancient capital of Pergamus, and contains many magnificent ruins; bequeathed to Romans by Attalus III., 133B.C.Bp. of Galen and Apollodorus.
Berhampur, Bengal. 24N.88E.Indian Mutiny originated here, 1857.
Besika, Asia Minor. 40N.26E.Bay used as station for British fleet, 1853-1854, 1877-1878.
Bethany, Palestine. 32N.35E.Frequently mentioned in the Bible as the house of Lazarus, Martha and Mary, Simon the leper. Contains alleged tomb of Lazarus, and village is now called 'El-Azariyeh,' the 'Place of Lazarus.'
Bethel('house of God'), Palestine. 32N.35E.Supposed to have been f. by Abraham or Jacob. Rachel and Deborah died at Bethel.
Beth-horon('place of caves'), Palestine. 32N.35E.The Syrians under Prince Sorom vanquished by Judas Maccabæus.
Bethlehem('house of bread'), Palestine. 33N.35E.Bp. of David and of Christ. Devastated by Hadrian, 132. Contains Church of the Nativity built by Constantine; enlarged by Justinian; embellished by Manuel Comnenus, 1170; by Edward IV. and Philip of Burgundy, 1482. Burial-place of Jerome. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')
Beyrout, Syria. 34N.35E.Destroyed by Tryphon, 140B.C.; taken by Arabs, 635; by Baldwin, 1111; re-captured by Saladin, 1187; by Turks, 1763. Lamartine's only daughter died here, 1832. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
Bhadaur, Punjab. 30N.75E.F. by Sirdar Dunna Singh, 1718; res. of Bhadaur chiefs.
Bhagalpur, Bengal. 25N.87E.Contains famous Jain temples, and native monument to Augustus Cleveland.
Bhagwangola, Bengal. 24N.88E.Unsuccessfully besieged by Mahrattas, 1743; burnt by Mahrattas, 1750. Temporary res. of Surajah Dowlah.
Bhainsrorgarh, Rajputana. 25N.76E.Said to have been f. by Bhainsa Sah; captured by Ala-ud-din, c. 1303.
Bhanpura, Rajputana. 25N.76E.Res. and burial-place of Jaswant Rao Holkar.
Bhartpur('city of Bhurat'), Rajputana. 27N.78E.Unsuccessfully stormed by Lord Lake, 1805; taken by Lord Combermere, 1826. Under British administration, 1853. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
Bhatner, Punjab. 30N.74E.Captured and partially destroyed by Tamerlane, 1398.
Bhilsa, Rajputana. 24N.78E.Contains mosques built by Akbar, 1583; by Aurungzebe, 1682. Plundered by Altamsh, 1235; seized by Ala-ud-din, 1290.
Bhojpur, Bombay. 19N.74E.Contains stones bearing ancient carvings and inscription dating from c. 200B.C.
Bhubaneswar, Bengal. 20N.86E.Sacred city of the followers of Siva; of great antiquity.
Bhuj, Bombay. 23N.70E.Taken by storm by Sir William Kier, 1819.
Bidar, Haidarabad. 18N.78E.Captured by Ulugh Khan, 1321; by Aurungzebe, 1656.
Biderra, Bengal. 23N.88E.Colonel Forde conquered Dutch under Colonel Roussel, 1759. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
Bijanagur('city of triumph'), Madras. 16N.77E.F. in 1336; destroyed by Mohammedan kings, 1564. Contains temples made of granite.
Bijapur('city of victory'), Bombay. 17N.76E.Taken by Aurungzebe, 1686; given to Rajah of Satara by British, 1818.
Bilsa, Bengal. 24N.88E.Remarkable Buddhist remains discovered by English travellers, 1822; contains tomb of Mussulman, Djelal-ed-din Bhokhary.
Bimlipatam, Madras. 18N.83E.Captured by Mahrattas, 1754; ceded to British by Dutch, 1825.
Bindraban, Bengal. 26N.88E.Krishna is supposed to have passed his childhood here, and several temples are erected in his honour.
Birsinha, Bengal. 23N.88E.Bp. of Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, writer of 'Sitar Banabas.'
Bisauli, United Provs. 28N.79E.Res. and burial-place of Dunde Khan.
Bithur, United Provs. 27N.80E.One of chief centres of worship of Brahma. Nana Sahib here defeated by Havelock during Mutiny, 1857.
Bitlis, Asiatic Turkey. 38N.42E.Supposed to have been f. by Alexander the Great. Taken by Arabs, 648. Scene of defeat of Solyman by Persians, 1554.
Blagovieshtchensk('city of the annunciation'), Siberia. 76N.146E.F. in 1856; capital of Amur district, 1858. Attacked unsuccessfully by Chinese, 1900. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia.')
Boca Tigris('the tiger's mouth'), China. 23N.114E.Entrance to the Canton river, containing fortified islands taken by British, 1841, 1856.
Bodinayakkanur, Madras. 10N.77E.Captured by Hyder Ali, 1776.
Bokhara('a church'), Turkestan. 40N.65E.Burnt by Djenghis-Khan, 1221. Contains 360 mosques and many colleges. Scene of youth of Zelica and Azim in Moore's 'Lalla Rookh.'
Bombay, Bombay. 19N.73E.Ceded to Portugal, 1530; part of marriage-portion of Catherine of Portugal, 1661; British established themselves here, 1666.
Borsad, Bombay. 22N.73E.Res. of Rangoji, 1741; here made prisoner, 1748.
Botad, Bombay. 22N.72E.Town near which is tomb of Pir Hamir Khan, Mussulman saint.
Brahmakund, Bengal. 28N.96E.Pool which was the scene of an incident in which Parasu Rama, an incarnation of Vishnu, took part.
Brahmapuri, Bombay. 18N.76E.Res. of Aurungzebe from 1695 to 1700.
Brahmini, Bengal. 21N.86E.Famous as scene of wooing of Matsya Gandha, mother of alleged compiler of 'Mahabharata' and the Vedas.
Broach, Bombay. 22N.73E.Captured by British, 1772; ceded to Scindia, 1783; re-captured by British, 1803.
Brusa, Asiatic Turkey. 40N.29E.Former capital of Bithynia. F. by Prusus II., King of Bithynia. Captured by Sultan Orkhan of Turkey, 1326; plundered by Tartars, 1402; suffered from earthquakes, 1855.
Budaun, United Provs. 28N.78E.Supposed to have been f. c. 905. Seized by Kutb-ud-din, 1196; joined in Mutiny, 1857. Res. of Ala-ud-din.
Buddha-Gaya, Bengal. 25N.85E.Formerly centre of worship of Buddha, and contains sacred pipal-tree under which Sakyamuni reached Buddhahood. Visited by Hieun Tsiang, 635.
Budihaul, Madras. 14N.76E.Captured by Hyder Ali, 1761; by Mahrattas, 1771, 1790.
Budrum, Asiatic Turkey. 37N.27E.F. on site of ancient Halicarnassus. Contains a fortress built by the knights of Rhodes, 1402. Bp. of Herodotus and Dionysius.
Burhanpur, Central Provs. 21N.76E.F. by Nasir Khan, c. 1400; adorned by Akbar, 1600. Pillaged by Mahrattas, 1685; captured by Wellesley, 1803.
Buxar, Bengal. 26N.84E.Mir Kasim defeated by Sir Hector Munro, 1764. Of literary interest as res. of writers of Vedic hymns.
Cæsarea, Palestine. 32N.35E.F. by Herod the Great on site of Strato's Tower. Famous in biblical history as city in which St. Peter preached to Cornelius, and St. Paul was incarcerated for two years. Vespasian became emperor, 69; Eusebius was bishop, 315-318; captured by Crusaders but regained by Saladin, 1101; destroyed by Sultan Bibars, 1265. (See Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')
Calah, Asiatic Turkey. 36N.43E.One of ancient capitals of Assyria; f. by Shalmaneser I., c. 1300B.C.; rebuilt by Asurnazirpal, 880B.C.Ruins discovered by Sir A. H. Layard, 1845.
Calcutta, Bengal. 23N.88E.F. by Governor Job Charnock, 1686; Fort William established, 1696; besieged by Surajah Dowlah, Nawab of Bengal, and captives imprisoned in the 'Black Hole,' 1756; recaptured by Clive, 1757; chief seat of British government, 1773. (See Kipling's 'City of Dreadful Night.')
Calicut, Madras. 11N.76E.Covilham landed here, 1486; Vasco da Gama, 1498; Captain Keeling, 1615. Don Fernando Coutinho repulsed, 1509; devastated by Hyder Ali, 1765; taken by British, 1782; by Tippoo Sahib, 1788; re-taken by British, 1790. (See Burton's 'Goa and the Blue Mountains,' also 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')
Cambay, Bombay. 22N.73E.Taken by General Goddard, 1780; given to Mahrattas, 1783; ceded to British, 1803. (See Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
Cana, Palestine. 33N.35E.Famous in biblical history as scene of Christ's first miracle. Bp. of his disciple Simon.
Cannanore, Madras. 12N.75E.Visited by Vasco de Gama, 1498.
Canton, China. 23N.113E.Bogue forts captured by British, 1841; city occupied by French and British forces, 1857. (See Little's 'Far East,' Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')
Capernaum('village of Nahum'), Palestine. 33N.36E.City in which Christ resided, and performed many miracles; home of St. Matthew. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')
Carchemish, Asiatic Turkey. 37N.38E.Captured by Tiglath-pileser I., c. 1120B.C.; Josiah killed by Necho II. of Egypt, 609B.C.; Necho vanquished by Nebuchadnezzar, 605B.C.
Carmel, Palestine. 33N.35E.Mountain on which Elijah slaughtered the priests of Baal. Napoleon used one of the monasteries situated here as a hospital, 1799. Visited by Lamartine, 1832.
Cawnpur('city of Krishna'), United Provs. 26N.80E.Scene of the massacre of Europeans by Nana Sahib during Mutiny, 1857. (See Trevelyan's 'Cawnpore.')
Cayster, Asia Minor. 38N.28E.River made famous by Virgil in the 'Georgics' and Ovid in the 'Metamorphoses.' Remains of Ephesus are near its mouth.
Celebes, Malay Archipelago. 4S.121E.Discovered by Portuguese, 1512; established fort at Macassar, 1525; driven out by Dutch, 1660; taken by British, but yielded to Dutch, 1814.
Ceylon, Indian Ocean. 8N.81E.Visited by Portuguese, 1505; driven from island by Dutch, 1658; ceded to Britain by Treaty of Amiens, 1802; annexed, 1815.
Chakan, Bombay. 19N.74E.Captured by Malik Ahmad, 1486; by Shaista Khan, 1662; by Lieut.-Col. Deacon, 1818.
Chakdaha, Bengal. 23N.89E.Bp. of Karta Baba, who f. the Kartabhaja sect.
Champaner, Bombay. 22N.74E.Taken by Mahmoud Begara, 1484; plundered by Humayun, 1535.
Chanar, United Provs. 25N.83E.Supposed to have been f. by Bhartrinath. Taken by Humayun, 1537; by Akbar, 1575; attempted seizure by Major Munro, 1763. Near fort is tomb of Saint Shah Kasim Sulaimani.
Chandaur, Bombay. 20N.74E.Taken by the Mogols, 1635; by Aurungzebe, 1665; by Colonel Wallace, 1804; British possession, 1818.
Chanderi, Central India. 25N.78E.Seized by Ghiyas-ud-din, 1251; by Mahmoud Khilji I., 1438; by Jean Baptiste Filose, 1811; by Sir Hugh Rose, 1858.
Chandernagore('city of the moon'), Bengal. 23N.88E.Ceded to French by Aurungzebe, 1688; taken by British, 1757; restored to French, 1816.
Chandragiri, Madras. 14N.79E.Said to have been f. by Immadi Narashima Yadava Rayalu, 1000. Res. of deposed Vijayanagar kings. Conquered by Hyder Ali, 1782.
Charsadda, Punjab. 34N.72E.Mentioned by Ptolemy and Arrian; visited by Hieun Tsiang.
Chaul, Bombay. 19N.73E.Occupied by Portuguese, 1516; pillaged by Gujerat troops, 1529; Ahmadnagar army defeated by Portuguese, 1594; taken by Mahrattas, 1740.
Chemulpo, Korea. 37N.127E.In Russian-Japanese war, Russians defeated by Admiral Urin, 1904. (See McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')
Chengalput, Madras. 13N.80E.Said to have been f. by Timmarajah. Captured by French, 1751; by Clive, 1752; place of refuge of British troops, 1780.
Chetwai, Madras. 11N.76E.Occupied by Dutch, 1717; taken by Hyder Ali, 1776; British possession, 1790.
Chhapia, United Provs. 27N.82E.Bp. of Swami Narayan, incarnation of Krishna.
Chidambaram('the atmosphere of wisdom'), Madras. 11N.80E.Taken by French, 1753; unsuccessfully attacked by British, 1759; captured by Major Monson, 1760; unsuccessfully attacked by Sir Eyre Coote, 1781.
Chi-fu, China. 38N.122E.Convention held between Sir Thomas Wade and Li Hung Chang, 1876; meeting-place of blockade runners, 1904-5.
Chiknayakanhilli, Madras. 13N.77E.Pillaged by Mahrattas, 1791. Burial-place of Dodda Deva Rajah.
Chillianwallah, Punjab. 33N.74E.Sikhs defeated in doubtful battle by Lord Gough, 1849. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
Chinchvad, Bombay. 19N.74E.Res. of Moroba, incarnation of Ganpati, and scene of his miracles.
Chin-Kiang, China. 35N.108E.Partially destroyed by Tai-pings, 1853.
Chinsurah, Bengal. 23N.88E.F. by Dutch, 1656; routed by British under Colonel Forde, 1758; occupied by British, 1795; restored to Dutch, 1814; ceded to British, 1825.
Chitakul, Bombay. 15N.74E.Captured by Portuguese, 1752; by Fazl-ullah Khan, 1763.
Chitrakut, United Provs. 25N.81E.Mentioned in the 'Ramayana' as scene of wanderings of Rama and Sita, and here they were sought out by Bharat.
Chittagong, Burma. 22N.92E.Visited by Portuguese, 1618; belonged to Mogol empire, 1666; taken by British, 1760.
Chupni, Bengal. 25N.92E.Bp. of Akhay Kumar Datta, prose-writer of Bengal.
Cnidus, Asia Minor. 37N.27E.Supposed to have been f. by Triopas. Famous for the worship of Venus. Near the coast of Cnidus Conon defeated the Spartan fleet, 314B.C.Bp. of Eudoxus, Ctesias, and Sostratus.
Cochin, Madras. 10N.76E.Taken from the Portuguese by Dutch, 1633; captured by British, 1795; ceded by treaty to British, 1814. Visited by Vasco da Gama, 1502; by St. Francis Xavier, 1530. (See Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
Coimbatore, Madras. 11N.77E.Taken by British from Tippoo Sahib, 1799.
Colgong, Bengal. 25N.87E.Death of Ghiyas-ud-din Mahmoud, last king of Bengal, took place here, 1539.
Colombo, Ceylon. 7N.80E.Taken by Portuguese, 1517; ousted by Dutch, 1603; conquered by British, 1796.
Colophon, Asia Minor. 38N.27E.Supposed to have been f. by Andracmon of Pylos or by Mopsus. Bp. of Homer, Mimnermus, and Nicander.
Colossæ, Asia Minor. 38N.29E.Now represented by Khonas, bp. of Nicetas Khoniates. Mentioned by Xenophon and Herodotus. St. Paul sent a letter to its church during his imprisonment at Rome.
Conjeveram, Madras. 13N.80E.Captured by Mussulmans, 1310, 1646; by Mahrattas, 1677; by Clive, 1752; burnt by French, 1757.
Coringa, Madras. 17N.82E.Became British possession, 1759. Inundated and partially destroyed by ocean, 1787, 1832.
Cossimbazar, Bengal. 24N.88E.British defeated by Surajah Dowlah, 1757. Contains tomb of first wife of Warren Hastings.
Covelong, Madras. 13N.80E.Captured by French, 1750; by Clive, 1752.
Cranganore, Madras. 10N.76E.Fortress erected by Portuguese, 1505; ceded to Dutch, 1660; sold to Rajah of Travancore.
Cunaxa, Asiatic Turkey. 33N.44E.Cyrus the Younger killed here in a battle with his brother, Artaxerxes Mnemon, 401B.C.
Cydnus, Asia Minor. 37N.35E.River up which Cleopatra sailed to meet Antony.
Cyprus, Asiatic Turkey. 35N.33E.Seat of worship of Aphrodite; bp. of Barnabas. Conquered by Arabs, 646; retaken by Greeks, 648; secured by Haroun-al-Raschid, 802; by Comnenus, 1184; ruled by Guy de Lusignan, 1193; occupied by Turks, 1570; ruled by British, 1878. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
Dafar, Arabia. 17N.54E.Described in 'Travels of Marco Polo' as Dulfar.
Damalcheruvu Pass, Madras. 13N.79E.Mahrattas defeated and killed Nawab Dost Ali, 1740.
Daman, Bombay. 20N.73E.Portuguese possession since 1531.
Damascus, Syria. 34N.36E.Supposed to have been f. by Uz. Conquered by David, by Jeroboam II., Tiglath-Pileser, Sennacherib, and Nebuchadnezzar. Subdued by Pompey, 64B.C.; by Mohammedans, 635; conquered by Nureddin, 1154; Saladin died here, 1193; Egyptians defeated by Tamerlane, 1401; taken from Turks by Selim I., 1516; captured by Ibrahim Pasha, 1832; ceded to Turkey, 1840. Massacre of Jews, 1840; of Christians, 1860. The English historian Buckle died here. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents,' Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')
Daminya, Bengal. 25N.88E.Bp. of Mukunda Ram Chakrabarti.
Daulatabad('abode of prosperity'), Haidarabad. 20N.75E.F. by Bhillama I., c. 1187A.D.; seized by Ala-ud-din Khilji, 1294; by Mohammedans, 1307, 1310; Rajah Harpal flayed alive, 1318; captured by Nijam Shakis from Bahmanis, 1526; from Emperor Akbar, 1595; taken by Malik Amber, 1607; by Shah Jahan, 1633; Abul Hasan imprisoned here by Aurungzebe, 1687.
Dead Sea, Palestine. 32N.36E.Frequently mentioned in biblical history. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient.')
Deglur, Haidarabad. 19N.78E.Contains tomb of Shah Zia-ud-din Rifai.
Delhi, Punjab. 29N.77E.Captured by Mohammedans, 1193; by Tamerlane, 1398; Sultan Baber established Mogol dynasty, 1526; burnt by Mahrattas, 1736; taken by Persians, who plundered it of treasures, including Koh-i-noor diamond, 1739; recaptured by Mahrattas, 1789; seized by Lord Lake, 1803; scene of terrible massacre of British in Mutiny, 1857; Durbar of Edward VII. held here, 1903; of George V., 1911. (See Mrs. F. A. Steel's 'On the Face of the Waters' and 'India through the Ages,' Madhu Sudan Datta's 'Captive Ladie,' Moore's 'Lalla Rookh.')
Deogarh, United Provs. 25N.78E.Contains carvings dating from 1097. Captured by Colonel Baptiste, 1811.
Deogurk, Bengal. 25N.87E.Contains many temples to Siva, and is famous place of pilgrimage.
Deraiyeh, Arabia. 25N.46E.Ancient capital of Wahabis; destroyed by Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha, 1818.
Devanhalli, Madras. 15N.78E.F. in 1501; captured by Lord Cornwallis, 1791. Bp. of Tippoo Sahib.
Devikottai, Madras. 11N.80E.Taken from Pratap Singh by British, 1749; occupied by British garrison, 1760.
Dhampur, United Provs. 29N.79E.Captured by Dunde Khan, c. 1750; by Amir Khan, 1805.
Dhar, Central India. 23N.75E.Destroyed by Jaya Sinha, 1020; yielded to Aurungzebe, 1658. Bp. of Baji Rao II., and contains mausoleum of Abdullah Shah Changal, Mohammedan saint.
Dharapuram, Madras. 11N.78E.Taken by Colonel Wood, 1768; by Hyder Ali, 1768; by General Medows, 1790.
Dharwar, Bombay. 15N.75E.Fort said to have been f. by Dhar Rao, 1403; captured by Ali Adil Shah, 1573; by Aurungzebe, 1685; by Hyder Ali, 1778; British possession, 1818.
Dholka, Bombay. 23N.72E.Captured by Mahrattas, 1736; ceded to British, 1804.
Dholpur('the town of Dholan'), Rajputana. 27N.78E.Alleged to have been f. by Dholan Deo. Taken by Sikander Lodi, 1501; by Babar, 1526.
Dhulia, Bombay. 21N.75E.Devastated by Holkar, 1803; British possession, 1818.
Diarbekr, Asiatic Turkey. 38N.40E.F. on the site of ancient city of Amida. Fortified by Constantius, 340; captured by Persians, 502; by Arabs, 640; by Sultan Selim I., 1515.
Dig, Rajputana. 27N.77E.Fell to Najaf Khan, 1776; General Frazer conquered Holkar in the vicinity, 1804.
Dindigull, Madras. 10N.78E.Overcome by Rajah of Mysore, 1755; taken by British from Tippoo Sahib, 1783, but given back, 1784; ceded to British, 1792.
Dipalpur, Punjab. 31N.74E.Conquered by Tamerlane, 1398; besieged by Babar, 1524; by Mahrattas, 1758.
Diu, Bombay. 21N.71E.Occupied by Portuguese, 1515; fortified, 1535; plundered by Arabs, 1670.
Dolon-nor, Mongolia. 42N.116E.Contains many Buddhist temples, and the ruins of Changtou described by Marco Polo are near this city.
Dondra Head('island's end'), Ceylon. 6N.80E.Most southernly point of island, considered sacred by the Hindus. Ibn Batouka, the Arabian geographer, visited this place, 1344. Destroyed by Portuguese, 1587.
Dumdum, Bengal. 23N.88E.Scene of Sepoy rising in Mutiny, 1857.
Dwarka, Bombay. 22N.69E.Taken by British, 1816. Associated with Krishna, and sometimes said to be his birthplace.
Ecbatana('an assembly'), Persia. 35N.48E.Ancient capital of Media, supposed to have been f. by Deioces, c. 705B.C.; now known as Hamadan. Conquered and plundered by Seleucus, 313; by Alexander, 331B.C.Contains tombs alleged to be those of Mordecai and Esther, also mosque of Avicenna.
Efsene, Turkestan. 40N.65E.Bp. of Avicenna, Persian philosopher and physician.
Ekron, Palestine. 32N.35E.Ancient city of Philistia, frequently mentioned in the Bible. Taken by Thothmes III., c. 1500B.C.; by Sennacherib, 701B.C.
Elburz, Persia. 37N.50E.Mountains, on one of which Saum exposed his son Zalzer. (See Firdausi's 'Sha Name.')
El Elah, Arabia. 26N.39E.Visited by C. M. Doughty, and described in 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.'
Elephanta, Bombay. 19N.73E.Sacred island in Hindu mythology, containing many temples.