Ellichpur, Berar. 21N.77E.F. by Rajah Ellon. Besieged by Mahrattas, 1772; taken by Ala-Eddin, 1794.
Ellora, Haidarabad. 20N.75E.Contains wonderful temples to Buddha hewn out of rock. The Kailasa temple possesses sculptures of scenes from the 'Ramayana' and the 'Mahabharata.'
Endor, Palestine. 33N.35E.Place where witch summoned before Saul the spirit of Samuel, who foretold his defeat and death.
Engedi('goat's spring'), Palestine. 31N.35E.Frequently mentioned in the Bible, especially as the wilderness to which David fled from Saul. Pliny refers to it as a ruin.
Enoshima, Japan. 35N.140E.An island near Yokohama containing celebrated shrine. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.')
Ephesus, Asia Minor. 38N.27E.Said to have been f. by Amazons, or by Androcles, son of Codrus. Taken by the Arabs from the Persians, 1283. Famous as a sacred city of Artemis. The first Christian church established here, of which Timothy was bishop. John the Baptist and the Virgin Mary are said to have died in this city. Bp. of Heraclitus, Hermodorus, Hipponax, and Parrhasius. (See Mark Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress.')
Erbil, Asiatic Turkey. 36N.44E.Darius finally defeated by Alexander, 331B.C.
Erivan, Transcaucasia. 40N.45E.Taken by the Turks 1582; by Shah Abbas, 1604; stormed by Turks, 1615; unsuccessfully attacked by Heraclius, 1780; by Russians, 1804; taken by Paskevich, 1827; ceded to Russia, 1828. Partially destroyed by earthquake, 1679. (See Bodenstedt's 'Tausend und ein Tage im Orient' for Tatar poem in celebration of Russian victory.)
Erode, Madras. 11N.78E.Captured by British, 1768; by Hyder Ali, 1768; by General Medows, 1790.
Erzerum, Turkish Armenia. 40N.41E.Taken by Seljuks, 1201; by Mogols, 1242; by Turks, 1517; by Russians, 1828, 1878; but restored to Turks, 1878. Experienced severe earthquake, 1859.
Erzingan, Asiatic Turkey. 40N.40E.Home of St. Gregory. Greatly suffered from earthquake, 1774.
Esdraelon('God has sown'), Palestine. 33N.35E.Plain frequently occurring in biblical history, notably at the time of Barak's defeat of Sisera, Gideon's victory over Midianites, and Philistines over Saul, also in the time of Ahab.
Eskishehr, Asiatic Turkey. 40N.30E.Contains several tombs of Mohammedan saints. Near the city Godfrey of Bouillon defeated Soliman.
Etchmiadsin, Transcaucasia. 40N.44E.Ecclesiastical capital of Armenia, with famous monastery. Taken by Russians during Russo-Persian war, 1827; ceded to Russians, 1828.
Euphrates, Asiatic Turkey. 30N.48E.Most important river of the world. One of the four rivers of Eden; on its banks Nimrod f. the Babylonian empire, and the Old Testament patriarchs dwelt.
Eurymedon, Asia Minor. 37N.31E.River at whose mouth Persians were defeated by Cimon, 466B.C.
Everest, Mount, Nepal. 28N.87E.Highest known peak in the world, the altitude of which was discovered by Sir George Everest, 1841; named in his honour by Sir Andrew Waugh, 1856.
Falta, Bengal. 22N.88E.Scene of British retreat after capture of Calcutta, 1756.
Famagousta, Cyprus. 35N.34E.F. by Ptolemy Philadelphus. Taken by Richard Cœur de Lion, 1191; Guy de Lusignan crowned here. Captured by Genoese, 1376; yielded to Turks, 1571.
Fatehgarh, United Provs. 27N.80E.F. by Nawab Mohammed Khan, c. 1714; stormed by Mahrattas, 1751; Lord Lake defeated Holkar, 1804.
Ferozeshah, Punjab. 31N.75E.Sir Hugh Gough and Sir Henry Hardinge defeated Sikhs, 1845. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
Firospur('city of Firuz'), Punjab. 28N.77E.Battle fought between Sikhs and British, which gave Punjab to Britain, 1845.
Formosa('beautiful'), China. 24N.121E.Portuguese landed, 1590. Dutch f. Fort Zelandia, 1624; withdrew, 1662. Attached to China, 1683; opened to foreigners, 1858; Anping and Zelandia occupied by British, 1868, but restored to China; island invaded by Japanese, 1874; captured by French, 1884; ceded by China to Japan, 1895. (See Diosy's 'New Far East,' Little's 'Far East.')
Fort St. David, Madras. 12N.80E.F. by Hindu, Chinnia Chetti; purchased by British, 1690; Clive became its governor, 1756; captured by French under Lally, 1758; given up, 1760; recaptured, 1782; restored to British, 1785.
Fu-chau('happy region'), China. 26N.119E.The walled capital of Fu-kien. Open to foreign trade, 1842; contains an arsenal constructed by two Frenchmen, 1867; bombarded by French, 1884.
Fuji Yama, Japan. 35N.139E.Supposed to have sprung up in a single night, 285B.C.Highest mountain in Japan, held in religious veneration, famous in legend, poetry, and art. It is volcanic, the last outbreak taking place in 1707. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.')
Fulia, Bengal. 23N.88E.Bp. of Krittibas, translator into Bengali of 'Ramayana.'
Furruckabad('happy abode'), Bengal. 25N.88E.Lord Lake defeated Mahratta Holkar, 1805.
Futtehghur, Rajputana. 26N.75E.Nearly entire European inhabitants massacred, 1857.
Futtipur-Sikri('city of victory'), United Provs. 27N.78E.F. by Akbar, 1570. Res. and burial-place of Saint Salim Chishti. (See Mrs. F. A. Steel's 'Prince of Dreamers.')
Fyzabad, Afghanistan. 37N.70E.Destroyed by Murad Beg, 1829; rebuilt by Faiz Muhammed Khan, 1865.
Galle, Ceylon. 6N.80E.F. by Portuguese, 1518; taken by Dutch, 1642; by British, 1796.
Galna, Bombay. 21N.75E.Pillaged by Sivaji, 1679; captured by Aurungzebe, 1705; by Colonel Wallace, 1804.
Gamala, Palestine. 33N.36E.Unsuccessfully besieged by Agrippa; captured by Vespasian in Jewish war, 66-70.
Gaur, Bengal. 25N.88E.Ancient capital of Bengal. Seized by Mohammedans, 1204; embellished by Akbar, 1575. (See Burton's 'Vikram and the Vampire,' 7th story.)
Gaya, Bengal. 25N.85E.Sacred city of the Buddhists, being the bp. of Buddha.
Gaza, Palestine. 32N.34E.City from which Samson is said to have taken the gates. Burnt by Syrian king, Alexander Jannæus, 96B.C.; captured by Omar, 634; occupied by Templars, 1152; taken by Saladin, 1187. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
Gerasa, Palestine. 32N.36E.Taken by Alexander Jannæus, 83B.C.; rebuilt by Romans, 65B.C.
Gethsemane, Palestine. 32N.35E.Scene of Christ's vigil on the eve of his crucifixion. (See Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient.')
Ghaziabad, United Provs. 29N.77E.F. by Ghazi-ud-din, 1740. Suraj Mal killed by Rohillas, 1763.
Ghazipur, United Provs. 26N.84E.Capital of district of Ghazipur; contains many magnificent ruins. Lord Cornwallis died here, 1805. (See Kipling's 'In an Opium Factory.')
Ghazni, Afghanistan. 34N.68E.Seized by Nadir Shah, 1738; by Lord Keane, 1839; by General Nutt, 1842. Contains tomb of Mahmud of Ghazni, 1030.
Gheriah, Bombay. 17N.73E.Bombarded by British fleet under Admiral Watson, and captured by Clive, 1756; British possession, 1818.
Ghodbandar, Bombay. 19N.73E.Mahrattas unsuccessfully stormed town, 1672; captured from Portuguese, 1737.
Ghoraghat, Bengal. 25N.89E.Mentioned in the 'Mahabharata' as place of refuge of Virat Rajah.
Gibeah, Palestine. 32N.35E.Res. of King Saul, and alleged to be his birthplace.
Gibeon, Palestine. 32N.35E.Famous in Old Testament history, especially for Joshua's defence of the city against the Amorites.
Gilboa, Palestine. 32N.35E.Range of hills, on one of which King Saul and his three sons were killed in battle.
Gingi, Madras. 12N.79E.Captured by Bandaullah Khan, 1638; by Sivaji, 1677; besieged for eight years by Zulfikar Khan,1690; taken by French, 1750; by British, 1761; abandoned to Hyder Ali, 1780.
Giria, Bengal. 24N.88E.Celebrated for defeat of Sarfaraz Khan, 1740; and Mir Kasim, 1763.
Giridhi, Bengal. 24N.86E.Centre of Karharbari coal-fields, and described in Kipling's 'Giridih Coal-Fields.'
Goa, Bombay. 15N.74E.Taken by Mohammedans, 1469; by Albuquerque, 1510; by British, 1807; recaptured by Portuguese, 1815. Contains tomb of St. Francis Xavier. (See Marryat's 'Phantom Ship,' Burton's 'Goa and the Blue Mountains,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
Gobardanga, Bengal. 23N.89E.Alleged place where Krishna guarded his flocks.
Gobardhan, Rajputana. 27N.77E.Said to have been a favourite res. of Krishna.
Gokana, Punjab. 29N.77E.Contains tomb of Saint Shah Zia-ud-din Mohammed.
Gokarn, Bombay. 15N.74E.Place of pilgrimage for Hindus; mentioned in 'Mahabharata' and 'Ramayana.'
Golconda, Haidarabad. 18N.78E.A ruined city, f. by Rajah of Warangal; destroyed by Aurungzebe, 1687.
Gooruncondah('horse-hill'), Madras. 14N.79E.Taken by Hyder Ali, 1768; yielded to Trimbak Rao, 1771; captured by Tippoo Sahib, 1773; British possession, 1800.
Granicus, Asia Minor. 40N.27E.River on the banks of which Alexander the Great first defeated the Persians, 334B.C.; Lucullus defeated Mithridates, 74B.C.
Gujranwala, Punjab. 32N.74E.Bp. of Ranjit Singh, and burial-place of his father and of himself.
Gujrat, Punjab. 33N.74E.Sikhs conquered by Sir Hugh Gough, 1849. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
Gulbarga, Haidarabad. 17N.77E.Taken by Zafar Khan, 1347; by Mir Jumla, 1657. Contains tomb of Khwaja Band Nawaz, Mussulman saint.
Gumush-Khaneh('place of silver'), Asiatic Turkey. 41N.38E.Pasha of Trebizond defeated by Russians, 1829.
Gutti, Madras. 15N.78E.Res. of Morari Rao. Fell to Hyder Ali, 1775; British possession, 1800.
Gwalior, Central India. 26N.78E.Contains palace of Man Singh, f. 1486, and Victoria College; also tombs of Sheik Mohammed Ghaus and of Tan Sen. Maharajah faithful to England, though his army rebelled during Mutiny, 1857.
Haidarabad, Haidarabad. 17N.79E.Capital of the Nizam's dominions; f. by Cuttub-Shah, 1585. Taken and plundered by Aurungzebe, 1687.
Hakata, Japan. 34N.130E.Formerly an independent town; now forming part of Tukuoka. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Out of the East.')
Halicarnassus, Asia Minor. 37N.27E.Mausoleum erected here by Artemisia in honour of her husband, Mausolus. Bp. of Herodotus and Dionysius.
Hamadan, Persia. 35N.48E.F. on the site of ancient Ecbatana, containing tombs alleged to be of Mordecai and Esther, also those of Avicenna, Attar, and Abul-Hasi.
Hamah, Syria. 35N.37E.Often mentioned in the Old Testament. Fell into the hands of Tancred, 1108; of Togtekin, 1115; of Saladin, 1178. Abulfeda, the Arabian geographer, was emir, 1342-54.
Hami, China. 43N.94E.Described in the 'Travels of Marco Polo.'
Hang-Chau, China. 30N.120E.Capital of Che-kiang. Visited by Marco Polo and Barrow. Successfully stormed by Taiping rebels, 1861; open to foreign trade and res., 1896. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo,' Little's 'Far East.')
Han-kau('Han-mouth'), China. 31N.114E.Greatest commercial city of empire; mentioned by F. J. Little in 'The Far East.'
Hanoi('within the river'), Indo-China. 21N.106E.F. by a Chinese governor, c. 767, became capital of Annam. Citadel built in 808. Contains a colossal Buddha, also statue to Paul Bert. French possession since 1882. (See Little's 'Far East.')
Hansi, Punjab. 29N.76E.Alleged to have been f. by Anang Pal. Seized by Masud, 1036; by Mohammed of Ghor, 1192. Contains tomb of Kulb Jamal-ud-din.
Hanumangarh, Rajputana. 30N.74E.Tamerlane defeated by Dul Chand, 1398; taken by Kamran, 1549.
Harbin, Manchuria. 46N.127E.Military base of Russians during Russo-Japanese War. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia,' Little's 'Far East.')
Hardwar('gate of Vishnu'), United Provs. 30N.78E.Famous resort of pilgrims; battle between two rival sects, 1760; terrible epidemic of cholera, 1847.
Harnai, Bombay. 18N.73E.Attacked by Commodore James, 1755; captured by Colonel Kennedy, 1818.
Hattia, Bengal. 23N.91E.Captured by Portuguese pirates, 1607. Destroyed by cyclone, 1876.
Hayil, Arabia. 28N.42E.Visited by C. M. Doughty, and described in 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.'
Hebron, Palestine. 32N.35E.Frequently mentioned in the Bible, especially in connection with David. Traditionally supposed to have been f. by Adam. The cave of Macpelah reputed to be here, containing Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Sarah, Rebecca, and Leah. The tombs are shown of Ruth, Jesse, and Abner. Conquered by Saladin, 1187; destroyed by Ibrahim Pasha, 1834 and 1837. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')
Hei-ku-tai, Manchuria. 42N.123E.Seized by the Russians, 1904.
Herat, Afghanistan. 34N.62E.Foundation attributed to Alexander the Great. Taken by Arabs, 661; by Nadir Shah, 1730; Persians defeated by British, 1837; fell to Yar Mohammed Khan, 1842; to Dost Mohammed, 1862. (See Rawlinson's 'England and Russia in the East.')
Heshbon, Palestine. 32N.36E.Mentioned in the Bible, and described by C. M. Doughty in 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.'
Hikone, Japan. 35N.137E.Contains remains of ancient Daimio castle. Battle of Sekigahare fought near here, 1600.
Hinomizaki, Japan. 35N.132E.Described by Lafcadio Hearn in 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.'
Hissar, Punjab. 29N.76E.F. by Firoz Shah Tughlak, 1356; captured by the adventurer, George Thomas, 1783; mutinied 1857.
Homs, Syria. 35N.37E.Aurelian conquered Zenobia, 272; city captured by Saracens, 636; by Crusaders, 1099; Turks defeated by Ibrahim Pasha in command of Egyptian forces, 1832. Bp. of Heliogabalus. (See Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
Honawar, Bombay. 14N.74E.Visited by Ibn Batatu, 1342. Occupied by Portuguese, 1505; captured by British, 1783, 1799.
Hong-Kong('fragrant streams'), China. 22N.114E.Occupied by British troops, 1841; ceded to Britain, 1842. (See Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea,' Little's 'Far East.')
Hor('mountain'), Arabia Petræa. 30N.36E.Mountain on which tradition relates the death of Aaron took place.
Horeb, Arabia Petræa. 29N.34E.Mountain on which Moses is said to have seen the burning bush, and to which Elijah fled from Jezebel. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')
Hsi-ngan('west tranquil city'), China. 34N.109E.Visited by Marco Polo; contains oldest mosque in China and tablet with Chinese and Syriac inscription dating from 781. Emperor and dowager empress sought refuge here, 1900.
Hubli('old village'), Bombay. 15N.75E.Captured by Muazzam, 1685; by General Munro, 1818.
Hue, Indo-China. 16N.108E.Capital of Annam; forts taken by French, 1883. (See Little's 'Far East.')
Hugli, Bengal. 22N.88E.F. by Portuguese, 1537; besieged by Shah Jahan, 1629; Mohammedans made it royal port, 1632; East India Company established factory, 1640; destroyed by fire, 1685.
Ida, Asia Minor. 40N.27E.Range of mountains celebrated by Homer. In them the Simois, Granicus and Scamander had their origin, and Troy lay in the valley. Supposed scene of rape of Ganymede and judgment of Paris.
Ipsus, Asia Minor. 39N.31E.Seleucus and Lysimachus conquered Antigonus and Demetrius Poliorcetes, 301B.C.or 300B.C.
Irkutsk, Siberia. 52N.104E.F. by Cossacks, 1653; proclaimed town, and first church built, 1686; government headquarters, 1736; devastated by fire, 1879. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia.')
Isker, Siberia. 58N.67E.Captured by Russians under Yermak, 1579.
Ismid, Asia Minor. 41N.30E.Formerly capital of Bithynia under name of Nicomedia; given to the Romans by Nicomede III. Destroyed by Goths, and by earthquake, 358. Taken by Turks, 1326.
Isnik, Asia Minor. 40N.30E.F. by Antigone. Nicene creed formed here by a council held against Arius, 325.
Ispahan, Persia. 33N.52E.Said to have been f. by Jews who were taken captive by Nebuchadnezzar; former capital of Persia. Tamerlane massacred the inhabitants, 1392; besieged and plundered by Afghans, 1722; re-taken by Nadir Shah, 1729. (See Montesquieu's 'Lettres Persanes,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')
Issus, Asia Minor. 37N.36E.Alexander the Great conquered Darius in a decisive battle, 333B.C.; Septimus Severus defeated Niger, 194; Heraclius overthrew Persians, 622.
Istalif, Afghanistan. 35N.69E.Destroyed by British, 1842.
Jabbok('copious river'), Palestine. 32N.36E.River on the banks of which Jacob is supposed to have wrestled with an angel. (See Doughty's 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.')
Jaffa, Palestine. 32N.35E.Celebrated in heathen mythology as the scene of the adventure of Perseus and Andromeda, in Scripture history as the port from which Jonas embarked and city in which Peter raised Tabitha. Cæsar yielded town to the Jews, but it returned to Rome, 6; taken by El-Malik el-Adil, Saladin's brother, 1188; ceded to Christians, 1204; restored by Frederick II., 1228; fortified by St. Louis, 1252; dismantled by Beybars, 1267; taken by Napoleon, 1799; by Mehemet Ali, 1832; by Turks, 1840. Partially destroyed by earthquake, 1838. (See Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
Jalalabad, Afghanistan. 34N.70E.F. by Akbar, 1570. Sir Robert Sale made a successful resistance against Afghans, 1842.
Jalandhar, Punjab. 31N.76E.Visited by Hiuen Tsiang. Destroyed by Sikhs, 1757; taken by Ranjit Singh, 1811.
Jamalpur, Bengal. 25N.86E.Chief locomotive centre of East Indian Railway, described by Kipling in 'Among the Railway Folk.'
Jaypur, Rajputana. 27N.76E.F. by Sawai Jai Singh, 1728; greatest city of Rajputana. (See Kipling's 'Letters of Marque.')
Jericho, Palestine. 32N.35E.Ancient city frequently mentioned in biblical history, and also by Josephus and Strabo. It was destroyed by Joshua, but rebuilt in Ahab's reign. Here Christ healed blind Bartimæus. (See Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')
Jerusalem, Palestine. 32N.35E.Ancient capital of Palestine, mentioned in Egyptian record c. 1400B.C.Destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, 586B.C.; Jews permitted to return by Cyrus, 536B.C.; Jews massacred by Antiochus IV., 168B.C.; fortified by Judas Maccabæus, 165B.C.; captured by Pompey, 63B.C.; taken and destroyed by Titus, 70; new city f. by Hadrian, 71; Godfrey de Bouillon reigned, 1099; passed into hands of Ottoman Turks, 1516. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Firdausi's 'Sha Name,' Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
Jezreel('God sows'), Palestine. 33N.35E.A town near which Saul fell in battle, containing the res. of Jezebel and Ahab.
Jhansi, Central India. 26N.79E.F. by Bir Singh Deo. Massacre of Europeans in the Mutiny, 1857.
Jhelum, Punjab. 31N.72E.The Hydaspes of classical literature, on the banks of which Alexander the Great defeated the Indian chief Porus.
Jidda, Arabia. 22N.39E.Taken by Turks, 1840; massacre of Christian missionaries, 1858. Contains supposed tomb of Eve. (See Doughty's 'Travels in Arabia Deserta,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Arabia.')
Jind, Punjab. 29N.76E.Attacked by Gajpat Singh, 1755; Rahim Dad Khan here met his death, 1775.
Joonir, Bombay. 19N.74E.F. by Malik-ut-Tujar, 1436; pillaged by Sivaji, 1657.
Jordan, Palestine. 32N.36E.Chief river of Palestine, of which mention occurs frequently in biblical history. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient.')
Jugduluk, Afghanistan. 35N.70E.British troops massacred, 1842.
Kabbaldurga, Madras. 12N.77E.Chama Rajah imprisoned here in 1734, and Morari Rao by Hyder Ali.
Kabul, Afghanistan. 35N.69E.Conquered by Nadir Shah, 1739; by British, 1839; massacre of British soldiers, 1842; retaken by British, 1842; by Shere Ali, 1868; massacre of Major Cavagnari, 1879; Lord Roberts subdued city in his campaign, 1878-80. (See Firdausi's 'Sha Name.')
Kagoshima, Japan. 35N.140E.Destroyed by British fleet, 1863; Satsuma Rebellion had its origin here, but was crushed, 1877.
Kaithal, Punjab. 30N.76E.Contains tomb of Mohammedan saint Salah-ud-din of Balkh. Captured by Bhai Desu Singh, 1767.
Kalat, Baluchistan. 29N.67E.Unsuccessfully attacked by Ahmad Shah Durrani, 1758; captured by British, 1839.
Kalgan, China. 41N.115E.Walled city mentioned by A. J. Little in 'The Far East.'
Kallinjar, Bengal. 25N.80E.Connected with worship of Siva. Attacked by Mahmoud of Ghazni, 1023; captured by Kutb-ud-din, 1203; besieged by Humayun, 1530; taken by Akbar, 1569; by British, 1812.
Kalpi, United Provs. 26N.80E.Said to have been f. by Basdeo. Captured by Kutb-ud-din, 1196; by Humayun, 1527; by British, 1798.
Kalyan, Bombay. 19N.73E.Captured by Portuguese, 1536; by Mohammedans, 1660; by British, 1780.
Kamagawa, Japan. 35N.140E.Town at which treaty was signed opening Japan to Europeans, 1854.
Kamakura, Japan. 35N.140E.Former capital of Shogunate, and contains colossal statue of Buddha. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.')
Kampil, Bengal. 28N.79E.Mentioned in 'Mahabharata' as scene of wedding of Draupadi.
Kan-chow, China. 39N.101E.Described in 'Travels of Marco Polo.'
Kanchrapara, Bengal. 22N.88E.Bp. of Iswar Chandra Gupta.
Kandahar, Afghanistan. 32N.66E.F. by Ahmed Shah, 1747, near site of city f. by Alexander the Great, 330B.C.Taken by British, 1839, 1879. Stormed by Ayub Khan, but relieved by Lord Roberts, 1880.
Kandy, Ceylon. 7N.81E.Contained temple in which was supposed to be a tooth of Buddha; destroyed by Portuguese. Capital of Ceylon, 1592; taken by Portuguese, 1796; entered by British, 1803; became British possession, 1815.
Kang-hwa('river-flower'), Korea. 38N.127E.Plundered by French under Admiral Roze, 1866; attacked by Americans, 1871; peace established by treaty, 1875.
Kangra, Punjab. 32N.76E.Pillaged by Firoz Shah, 1360; taken by Sansar Chand, 1785.
Kapilavastu, Nepal. 28N.83E.Site of city not definitely known, but was ancient capital of Sakyas, and bp. of Buddha. (See Sir Edwin Arnold's 'Light of Asia.')
Karachi, Sind. 25N.67E.F. in 1725; ceded by Talpur Amirs to British, 1842.
Karakoram, China. 46N.102E.Said to be ancient capital of Genghis Khan. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')
Karazan, China. 25N.103E.Capital of province of Yun-Nan. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')
Karikal, Madras, 11N.80E.Ceded to French by Rajah of Tanjaur, 1739; seized by British, 1803; restored to French, 1814.
Karnal, Punjab. 30N.77E.Contains tomb of Bu-Ali Kalandar. Pillaged by Ibrahim Husain Mirza, 1573; captured by Mahrattas, 1787; by British, 1805.
Kars, Armenia. 41N.43E.Taken by Turks, 1546; fortified, 1579; conquered by Persians, 1744; by Russians, under Paskevitch, 1828; Ismael Pasha and General Williams held it unsuccessfully against Russians, 1855; stormed by Russians, 1877; and ceded to them, 1878.
Karur('embryo town'), Madras. 11N.78E.Seized by British, 1760; by Hyder Ali, 1768; by General Medows, 1790.
Kashgar, Eastern Turkestan. 39N.76E.Rebelled against China, and became capital of Yakub Beg's dominions, 1865; retaken by Chinese, 1877. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo,' Rawlinson's 'England and Russia in the East,' Little's 'Far East.')
Kashmir, Vale of, Kashmir. 34N.75E.Scene of the story of 'The Light of the Haram' in Moore's 'Lalla Rookh.'
Kasur, Punjab. 31N.75E.Alleged to have been f. by Kusa, son of Rama. Besieged by Bhangi chiefs, 1763, 1770; Ranjit Singh defeated Kutb-ud-din Khan, 1807.
Katwa, Bengal. 24N.88E.Sacred town as res. of apostle Chaitanya.
Kaveripak, Madras. 13N.79E.Rajah Sahib and French defeated by Clive, 1752. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
Kaveripatnam, Madras. 12N.78E.Taken from Hyder Ali by British, 1767.
Kendubilwa, Bengal. 24N.88E.Bp. and burial-place of Jayadeva, composer of 'Gita Govinda.' (See R. C. Dutt's 'Lit. of Bengal.')
Kerbela, Asiatic Turkey. 33N.44E.Hosein, son of Caliph Ali, killed in battle with rival Yazid, 680; chief building of the city, visited by many pilgrims, is mosque containing Hosein's tomb. Subdued by Turks, 1843.
Kerkouk, Kurdistan. 35N.44E.Stormed and taken by Nadir Shah, 1741. Tomb is shown supposed to be of Daniel and other 'children of the furnace.'
Kerman, Persia. 30N.56E.Taken and plundered by Mahomed Khan, 1794.
Khaiba, Arabia. 26N.40E.Visited by C. M. Doughty, and described in 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.'
Khaibar Pass, Afghanistan. 34N.71E.In Afghan wars opposition to British passage overcome, 1839; terrible loss encountered in retreat, 1842; held by neighbouring Afridis, 1879.
Khatmandu, Nepal. 28N.85E.Believed to have been f. c. 723. Massacre of British, 1846.
Khios, Asiatic Turkey. 38N.26E.Famous as bp. of Ion, Theocritus, and Theopompus; contained the 'school of Homer.'
Khiva, Russian Turkestan. 42N.60E.Captured by Russians under General Kaufmann, 1873. (See Rawlinson's 'England and Russia in the East.')
Khuldabad, Haidarabad. 20N.75E.Contains many tombs of famous men, among others those of Nasir Jang and Aurungzebe.
Kiakhta, Siberia. 50N.107E.Described by Bishop Sheepshanks in 'My Life in Mongolia and Siberia.'
Kidron, Palestine. 32N.35E.Valley which was the scene of many incidents in biblical narratives; David crossed the River Kidron when fleeing from Absalom. Believed will be scene of Last Judgment. Mentioned by Jerome and Eusebius.
Kin-chau, Manchuria. 39N.121E.Japanese defeated Russians, 1904.
King-te-shen, China. 29N.117E.Partially destroyed by Tai-ping rebels, 1855.
Kioto, Japan. 35N.136E.F. by Kuwammu. Former capital of Japan. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Out of the East,' Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')
Kirtipur, Punjab. 32N.75E.Nanek, founder of Sikh religion, and compiler of 'Adi-Granth' died here.
Kishon, Palestine. 33N.35E.Scene of defeat of Sisera, and Elijah's destruction of the prophets of Baal. Battle fought on banks of river between Turks and French, 1799.
Kizuki, Japan. 35N.133E.Great centre of Shinto religion in Japan. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.')
Kobe, Japan. 35N.135E.Formerly an independent town, but united to Hiogo, 1892. (See Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')
Kolar, Mysore. 13N.78E.Contains tomb of father of Hyder Ali. Given to Hyder Ali, 1761; captured by British, 1768; by Mahrattas, 1770; by British, 1791.
Kondapalli, Madras. 17N.81E.F. c. 1360. Seized by Krishna Deva, c. 1515; by Aurungzebe, 1687; by British, 1766.
Konieh, Asia Minor. 38N.33E.City in which Paul and Barnabas preached. Taken by Seljuks 1075; by Frederick Barbarossa, 1190; by Mohammed II., 1466. Mentioned by Xenophon in the 'Anabasis.'
Kos, Asia Minor. 37N.27E.Site of famous temple of Æsculapius. Bp. of Hippocrates, Apelles, Philetas, Ariston. Theocritus also lived here.
Kotagherry, Madras. 11N.77E.Res. of Sir R. Burton, described in 'Goa and the Blue Mountains.'
Koum, Persia. 29N.56E.Celebrated place of pilgrimage and contains shrine of Fatima, sister of Reza. (See Montesquieu's 'Lettres Persanes.')
Kuldja, East Turkestan. 44N.81E.City f. after destruction of Tatar Kulja, 1865; taken by Russians, 1871; restored to China, 1881.
Kumarhatta, Bengal. 24N.89E.Bp. of poet Ram Prasad Sen.
Kunnoj, United Provs. 27N.80E.Contains two Mohammedan mausoleums in memory of Bala Pir and his son, 1650. King of Kanauj conquered by Sultan of Delhi, 1193.
Lahore, Punjab. 32N.74E.Taken by Mahmoud, 1013, 1021; by Mohammed the Gouride, 1186; plundered and destroyed by Moguls, 1241; rebuilt, 1269; conquered by Baber, 1522; by Sikhs, 1758; Sikhs defeated by British, 1846; became incorporated with British Empire, 1849. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Kipling's 'Kim.')
Lampsacus, Asia Minor. 40N.27E.Ancient centre of worship of Priapus. Bp. of Charon, Anaximenus, and Metrodorus.
Lang-son, Indo-China. 22N.107E.Taken by the French under General de Négrier, 1885.
Laswari, Rajputana. 28N.77E.Total defeat of Mahrattas by British, 1803. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
Latakia, Syria. 36N.36E.Scene of Dolabella's last siege, 43B.C.; taken by Tancred, 1102; by Saladin, 1188. Experienced severe earthquakes, 1170, 1287, 1822. (See Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
Lebanon, Mounts., Palestine. 34N.36E.Mountain range mentioned in the Bible as famous for cedars. Visited by Lamartine, 1832. (See 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')
Leh, Kashmir. 34N.78E.Contains tomb of Stolitzka, the Austrian geologist, who died here, 1874.
Leiah, Punjab. 31N.71E.F. by Kamal Khan, c. 1550; Humayun Shah captured near here, 1794.
Lhasa('God's house'), Tibet. 31N.91E.Sacred city of Lamas, containing famous statue of Buddha. Forbidden to European explorers, but has been entered several times. (See Little's 'Far East.')
Liao-yang, Manchuria. 41N.123E.Japanese secured a victory over Russians, 1904. (See McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')
Ligor, Siam. 8N.100E.Taken by Burmese, 1760, 1785.
Lohogarh, Bombay. 19N.73E.Mentioned by Ptolemy. Taken by Sivaji, 1648; by British, 1818.
Lonar, Berar. 20N.77E.Scene of struggle between Lonasur and an incarnation of Vishnu.
Lucknow, United Provs. 27N.81E.Contains mausoleum of Asaf-ud-Daula. Seized by Humayun, 1526; by Babar, 1528; native insurrection against British, 1857; recaptured by British, 1858. (See Mrs. F. A. Steel's 'On the Face of the Waters,' Kipling's 'Kim.')
Macao, China. 22N.114E.Portuguese bought right to settle here, 1557; Chinese barricaded it from rest of island, 1573; occupied by British, 1802, 1808; port declared free, 1846. Camöens res. here in exile, and wrote part of his 'Lusiad.'
Madakasira, Madras. 14N.77E.Captured by Mahrattas, 1728; by Hyder Ali, 1762; by Morari Rao, 1764; recaptured by Hyder Ali, 1776.
Madras, Madras. 13N.80E.British established here, 1639; besieged by Aurungzebe's general, 1702; by the Mahrattas, 1741; Fort George f. by Francis Day, 1744; taken by French, 1746; recovered by British, 1748; San Thomé, Portuguese settlement, f. in 1504, annexed, 1749; unsuccessfully attacked by French under General Lally, 1758, 1759. Cathedral of Saint Thomé supposed to contain remains of Saint Thomas.
Madura, Madras, 10N.78E.Taken by Malik Kafur, 1324; by Nawab of Carnatic, 1736; held by British for Mohammed Ali, 1764; ceded to British, 1801.
Mahaban, Bengal. 27N.78E.Alleged scene of childhood of Krishna.
Mahe, Madras. 12N.76E.Taken by French, 1722; by British, 1761, 1779, 1793; restored to French, 1815.
Malatiyeh, Asiatic Turkey. 38N.38E.Khosros I. defeated by Romans, 577; taken by Bajazet, 1396; by Tamerlane, 1401. Polyeuctus martyred here; great massacre of Christians, 1895. (See Corneille's 'Polyeucte.')
Mandalay, Upper Burma. 22N.96E.F. in 1859; became capital of Burma, 1878; occupied by British, 1885; partially destroyed by fire, 1892.
Mandawar, United Provs. 29N.78E.Taken by Tamerlane, 1399; plundered by Amir Khan, 1805.
Mangalore, Madras. 13N.75E.Visited by Ibn Batatu. Occupied by Portuguese, 1596; sustained terrible siege against Tippoo Sahib, 1782-3; taken by British, 1799.
Manila, Luzon. 15N.121E.Capital of Philippine Islands; f. by Spaniard, Legazpi, 1571. Plundered by Chinese pirates, 1574; blockaded by Dutch, 1602; taken by British, 1762; Spanish fleet destroyed by Dewey off coast, 1898. Severe earthquakes, 1675, 1824, 1863.
Manissa, Asiatic Turkey. 39N.27E.Ancient Magnesia, near which were supposed to be kingdom of Tantalulus, and scene of Niobe's sorrow. Antiochus the Great defeated by Romans, 190B.C.; city occupied by Osman Turks, 1398.
Maraglak, Persia. 37N.46E.Contains tomb of Hulaka Khan, and remains of observatory built by him for the great astronomer, Nasr-ud-din of Tus.
Masulipatam, Madras. 16N.81E.British settled here, 1611; successfully stormed by Colonel Forde, 1759. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')
Matsuye, Japan. 36N.133E.Former capital of Idzumo, and contains numerous temples. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.')
Mecca, Arabia. 21N.40E.Bp. of Mohammed, c. 570. Contains the Kaaba, said to be built by Abraham and Ishmael with help from Angel Gabriel. Taken by Wahabis, 1803, 1807; by Mehemet Ali, 1813. (See Sir R. Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents' and 'Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Arabia.')
Medina('the city'), Arabia. 25N.40E.Sacred city of Islam, whence Mohammed fled from Mecca, 622; contains tomb supposed to hold remains of the prophet, his daughter Fatima, Abu Bekr, and Omar. Forbidden city to all not Mohammedans, but visited by Burckhardt, 1811; Burton, 1852. (See Sir R. Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents' and 'Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Arabia.')
Meerut, United Provs. 29N.78E.Plundered by Mahmud of Ghazni, 1017; by Tamerlane, 1399; taken by British, 1803; first outbreak of Indian Mutiny, 1857.
Megiddo, Palestine. 32N.35E.Ancient city of Syria. Mentioned in Bible as being fortified by Solomon; refuge of Ahaziah fleeing from Jehu, 843B.C.; Necho overcame Josiah, c. 609B.C.
Menderes, Asia Minor. 38N.28E.Said to be ancient Scamander, flowing past Troy, and sung of by Homer.
Merta, Rajputana. 27N.74E.F. by Duda, c. 1488. Captured by Akbar, 1562.
Merv, Turkestan. 38N.62E.Colonised by Alexander the Great, occupied by Arabs, 666; taken by Mongols, 1221; by Bokharians from Persians, 1787; occupied by Tekke-Turkomans, 1856; under Russian authority, 1884.
Meshed, Persia. 36N.59E.Contains magnificent mausoleum of Imam Riza and Caliph Haroun-al-Raschid.
Meshed Ali, Asiatic Turkey. 32N.44E.Contains tomb of Ali.
Miana, Persia. 37N.47E.The French traveller, Thévenot, died here, 1667.
Miani, Sind. 26N.68E.Sir Charles Napier twice defeated Mohammedan emirs, 1843.
Michmash, Palestine. 32N.35E.Mentioned by Josephus and Eusebius, and in the Old Testament as the camping-place of the Philistines in the early part of reign of Saul.
Midagesidurga, Madras. 14N.77E.Seized by Hyder Ali, 1761; by Mahrattas, 1767; by Tippoo Sahib, 1774.
Miletus, Asia Minor. 38N.27E.Cyrus defeated, 548B.C.; city destroyed by Persians, 494B.C.Res. of St. Paul for several days. Bp. of historians Cadmus and Hecatæus, philosophers Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes; also of poet Timothy, of Aristides, Æschines, and Aspasia.
Mionoseki, Japan. 36N.132E.Described by Lafcadio Hearn in 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.'
Mityleni, Asiatic Turkey. 39N.27E.Rebellion crushed by Athenians, 428B.C.; ceded to Genoese family, 1355; taken by Mohammed II., 1462; unsuccessful rebellion against Turks, 1468; Venetian naval victories over Turks, 1690, 1698; Greek victory, 1821. Bp. of Sappho, Alcæus, Terpander, and Theophrastus; place of retirement of Agrippa.
Monghyr, Bengal. 25N.86E.Taken by Mohammedans, 1195; became res. of Todar Mal, 1590; taken by British from Nawab Mir Kasim, 1763.
Mosul, Asiatic Turkey. 36N.43E.Taken by Moslems, 636; stormed by Saladin, 1182; occupied by Persians, 1623; unsuccessfully besieged by Nadir Shah, 1741.
Mukden, Manchuria. 42N.124E.Contains relics of Nurhachu, and near town is his tomb. Boxer outbreak, 1900; in Russo-Japanese War, Russians defeated and Japanese occupied Mukden, 1905. (See Père Amiot for French translation of Emperor K'ien Lung's poem 'En Mukden.')
Multan, Punjab. 30N.71E.Contains tombs of Rukn-i-Alam, Bhawal Hakk and Shams-i-Tabriz. Mahmud of Ghazni took it, 1005; Ranjit Singh, 1818; British, in Sikh War, 1849.
Murshidabad, Bengal. 24N.88E.Contains tomb of Jagath Singh. Last Mohammedan capital of Bengal; plundered by Mahrattas, 1742; entered by Clive, 1757; Warren Hastings removed civil and criminal courts to Calcutta, 1772.
Muscat, Arabia. 24N.59E.Occupied by Albuquerque, 1507; besieged by Imam of Oman, 1648; Portuguese expelled by Oman, 1650.
Mush, Asiatic Turkey. 39N.42E.Turks massacred Armenians, 1894. Visited by Xenophon, and supposed burial-place of Moses of Chorene.
Muttra, United Provs. 27N.78E.Contains ruins of Jey Singh's observatory and of Akbar's fort. Supposed bp. of Krishna, whose childhood was spent here, and Balarama. Pillaged by Mahmud of Ghazni, 1017; taken by British, 1803; Sepoys murdered British officers, 1857.
Nabadwip, Bengal. 23N.88E.Bp. of Chaitanya, supposed to be incarnation of Krishna; res. of Nityananda, Vasudeb, and Raghumath.
Nabulus, Palestine. 32N.33E.On site of ancient Shechem mentioned in biblical history; later was rebuilt as Neapolis by Vespasian. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Mark Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
Nagar('the city'), Madras. 14N.75E.Captured by Hyder Ali, 1763; taken by British, 1783.
Nagasaki, Japan. 33N.130E.Scene of Pierre Loti's 'Madame Chrysanthème.' (See also Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea,' Little's 'Far East.')
Nagpur('town of serpents'), Central Provs. 21N.79E.Former capital of Mahratta principality, crushed by British, 1817.
Nain, Palestine. 33N.35E.Scene of Christ's miracle of raising from the dead the widow's son. (See Mark Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress.')
Najibabad, United Provs. 30N.78E.F. by Najib-ud-dowlah, 1755. Destroyed by Mahrattas, 1772.
Nakhitchevan, Asiatic Russia. 40N.45E.Said to be oldest city in world, f. by Noah. Taken by Seljuk Sultan, 1064; ceded to Russia by Persia, 1828.
Nandidrug, Madras. 13N.78E.Captured by Lord Cornwallis, 1791.
Nan-king('southern capital'), China. 32N.119E.Treaty which ended Opium War signed, 1842; city taken by Taipings, 1853; by Imperialists, 1864. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Little's 'Far East.')
Nannur, Bengal. 24N.88E.Bp. of Chandidas, the poet.
Narnaul, Punjab. 28N.76E.Said to have been f. by Rajah Launkarn, and to be bp. of Sher Shah.
Nasik, Bombay. 20N.74E.Noted for Lena caves with Buddhistic sculptures. Here, according to the 'Ramayana,' Ravana carried away Siva, Rama's wife.
Nazareth, Palestine. 33N.35E.Res. of the Virgin Mary and of Christ; Church of Annunciation f., c. 1620. Town captured by Moslems, 1291; Junot vanquished combined army of Turks and Arabs, 1799. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')
Negapatam, Madras. 11N.80E.Conquered by Dutch, 1660; by British, 1781. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')
Nehavend, Persia. 34N.48E.Great victory of Saracens which brought Persia under their sway, 641.
Nellore, Madras. 14N.80E.Ancient fort of Sinhapur, 'the lion city;' repulsed British, 1757.
Nertchinsk, Siberia. 52N.117E.Treaty signed between Russians and Chinese, 1689. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia.')
Nicæa('city of victory'), Asia Minor. 40N.30E.F. by Antigonus, c. 316B.C.Taken by Seljuks, 1078; by Crusaders, 1097; by the Osmanlis, 1326. Bp. of historian Dion Cassius and astronomer Hipparchus. Council met, 325.
Nicomedia, Asiatic Turkey. 41N.30E.F. by Nicomedes I., 264B.C.; contains ruins of which Pliny the Younger boasted. Bp. of Arrian; res. of Diocletian, and of Constantine who died here; scene of Hannibal's suicide.
Nicosia, Cyprus. 35N.33E.Capital of Cyprus since time of Lusignan kings. Taken by Richard Cœur de Lion, 1191; besieged by Turks, 1570.
Nikaria, Asiatic Turkey. 38N.26E.Island near which it is fabled Icarus met his death.
Nikko('sun's brightness'), Japan. 37N.140E.Contains tomb of Iyeyasu, 1617; and that of his grandson, Iyemitsu, slain while visiting tomb of Iyeyasu, 1650. (See Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')
Nineveh, Asiatic Turkey. 36N.43E.Said to have been f. c. 2680B.C.; enlarged by Ninus, 1968B.C.Conquered by Arbaces, 759B.C.; by Nabopolassar, 625B.C.; destroyed by Medes and Babylonians, c. 607B.C.Excavations by Botta, 1842; Layard, 1845; also by Hormuzd Rassam and George Smith. Tobit said to have died here. (See 'Apocrypha.')
Ning-po('calm waves'), China. 30N.121E.Occupied by Portuguese, 1522; Portuguese massacred, 1545; taken by British, 1842. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')
Nishapur, Persia. 36N.59E.Famous as bp. of Omar Khayyam, whose tomb is also here. Res. of Nidhami-i-Arudi.
Nisib, Asiatic Turkey. 37N.38E.Turks defeated by Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha, 1839.
Nisibin, Asiatic Turkey. 37N.41E.Captured by Parthians, 149B.C.; by Lucullus, 68B.C.; by Trajan, 116; by Lucius Verus, 165; given to Persians by Jovian, 363.
Oki Shima, Japan. 36N.133E.An island off the west coast of Houdo, fully described by Lafcadio Hearn in 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.'
Omsk, Asiatic Russia. 55N.74E.Capital of Akmolinsk. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia.')
Ophir, Mount, Malay Peninsula. 2N.103E.Gold-producing mountain often identified with the Ophir of the Bible. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')
Opon, Philippine Islands. 11N.124E.Magellan killed here by natives, 1521.
Ormuz, Persia. 27N.56E.Visited by Nearchus, 325B.C.Captured by Albuquerque, 1507, 1514; by Shah Abbas and British, 1622. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' 'Travels of Marco Polo,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
Osaka, Japan. 35N.136E.F. by Rennio Shonin, 1495; captured by Hideyoshi, 1580; castle secured by Iyeyasu, 1615; burnt by Tokugawa retainers, 1868. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Out of the East,' Diosy's 'New Far East,' Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')
Padang, Sumatra. 1S.100E.First Dutch settlement in Sumatra, 1666; captured by British, 1781; surrendered to Dutch, 1783; recaptured, 1794; yielded to Dutch, 1814.
Padmanabham, Madras. 18N.83E.British defeated and killed Rajah of Vizianagram, 1794.
Pakpatan('the holy ferry'), Punjab. 30N.73E.Contains tomb of saint Farid-ul-Hakkwa-ud-din. Visited by Ibn Batuta; in subjection to Tamerlane, 1398.
Palakkat, Madras. 11N.77E.Fort f. by Hyder Ali taken by British, 1768.
Palembang, Sumatra. 3S. 105E.Visited by Marco Polo, and contains an alleged tomb of Alexander the Great. Taken by British, 1812; by Dutch, 1821.
Palmyra('city of palms'), Syria. 34N.39E.Supposed to have been f. by Solomon; rebuilt by Hadrian, 130; Queen Zenobia conquered by Aurelian, 273; city taken by Arabs, 634; pillaged by Tamerlane, 1401. (See Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
Pandavgarh, Bombay. 18N.74E.Seized by Sivaji, 1673; by Aurungzebe, 1701; by British, 1818.
Pandharpur, Bombay. 18N.75E.Contains famous temple of Vishnu incarnation.
Pandua, Bengal. 25N.88E.Bp. of poet Bharat Chandra Rai. Contains tombs of Jalal-ud-din Tabrizi and of Mir Kutb Alam.
Panipat, Punjab. 29N.77E.Afghans under Ibrahim Lodi defeated by Mogols under Baber, 1526; Afghans under Hermu defeated by Akbar, 1556; Ahmed Shah conquered Mahrattas, 1761.
Panjim, Bombay. 15N.74E.(See Sir Richard Burton's 'Goa and the Blue Mountains.')
Paphos, Cyprus. 35N.32E.Scene of conversion of Sergius Paulus by Saint Paul. Famous for worship of Aphrodite and scene of story of Pygmalion.
Pasargada, Persia. 30N.53E.Ancient capital of Persia; said to have been f. by Cyrus, c. 555B.C.Alleged tomb of Cyrus in vicinity.
Patan, Baroda. 24N.72E.F. by Vanarajah, c. 746. Conquered by Mahmoud of Ghazni, 1024; by Ulugh Khan, 1298. Contains many Jain temples and has fine collection of Jain MSS.
Patna, Bengal. 26N.85E.Buddha said to have assisted in foundation of city; mentioned by Strabo, Pliny, and Arrian; contains shrine of Shah Arzani. Entered by Clive, 1759; captured by Major Adam, 1761; massacre of British, 1763; conspiracy of Sepoys, 1857; of Wahabis, 1864.
Pegu, Burma. 18N.96E.Destroyed by Alompra, 1757; occupied by British, 1852.
Peking('the northern capital'), China. 40N.116E.Seized by Ghengis Khan, 1215; res. of Kubla Khan, 1264; occupied by British and French, 1860; by British and Americans in Boxer rising, 1900. (See Little's 'Far East.')
Penukonda, Madras. 14N.78E.Res. of Krishna Deva. Seized by Hyder Ali, 1762.
Perambakkam, Madras. 13N.80E.Hyder Ali overcame British, 1780.
Petra, Syria. 30N.36E.Mentioned by Strabo and Pliny, and probably Sela of the Bible. (See Doughty's 'Travels in Arabia Deserta,' Whittier's '"The Rock" in El Ghor.')
Petropavlovsk, Kamtchatka. 53N.159E.French and British allies engaged in naval battle with Russians under Muravieff, 1854.
Phyeng-yang, Korea. 39N.126E.Japanese won a victory over Chinese, 1894. (See Diosy's 'New Far East,' McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')
Pinjaur, Punjab. 31N.77E.Besieged by Patiala, 1769; taken by Bourquin, 1793.
Plassy, Bengal. 24N.88E.Siraj-ud-Daula suffered great defeat at hands of Clive, 1757. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
Pollanarrua, Ceylon. 8N.82E.Capital of Ceylon, 769; taken by Malabars, c. 1204.
Pondicherri, Madras. 12N.80E.First French settlement, 1674; taken by Dutch, 1693; unsuccessfully besieged by Admiral Boscawen, 1748; taken by Eyre Coote, 1761; restored to French, 1763; recaptured by Sir Hector Monro, 1778; restored, 1783; retaken by British, 1793; finally restored to French, 1816.
Poona, Bombay. 19N.74E.Destroyed by Nizam Ali, 1763; captured by British, 1818.
Port Arthur, Manchuria. 39N.121E.Fortified by Chinese, 1891; seized by Japanese, 1894; leased to Russia, 1898; besieged during Russo-Japanese War, 1904; surrendered to Japanese, 1905. (See Diosy's 'New Far East.')
Porto Novo, Madras. 11N.80E.Occupied by Danes and English, 1682; Sir Eyre Coote defeated Hyder Ali, 1781; ceded to British by Dutch, 1823. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
Pratapgarh, Bombay. 18N.74E.Res. of Sivaji, and scene of his murder of Afzal Khan, 1659.
Priene, Asia Minor. 38N.27E.One of twelve cities of Ionian League, supposed to have been f. by Æpytus. Bp. of Bias and Achelaus.
Prome, Burma. 19N.95E.Captured by British, 1825, 1852; partially destroyed by fire, 1856.