A bad man—Orang jahat.A pretty woman—Perampuan chantek.A high house—Rumah tinggi.A high wind—Angin bĕsar.Cold water—Ayer sĕjuk.This is my child—Ini anak sahaya(not,Ini ada sahaya punya anak).That bullock-cart is mine—Kreta lumbu itu sahaya punya.That pony-carriage is swift—Kreta kuda itu ada laju.That person has a dog—Orang itu ada sa’ekor anjing.That woman’s cloth is very fine—Kain perampuan itu halus sangat.This man has one son and two daughters—Orang ini ada anak laki-laki sa’orang dan anak perampuan dua orang.The steamer is near—Kapal-api ada dĕkat.His child is very naughty—Anak dia baniak jahat.They have a boat—Dia orang ada sa’buah sampan.There are men and women—Ada orang laki-laki dan perampuan.The old man has a piece of coarse cloth—Orang tuah itu ada kain kasar sa’lei.Exercise.I am a good man. His child is very wise. The moon is round. They have a beautiful horse. My boat is very large. The sea is very deep. The sun and stars are very far off. This person has a vicious dog. That man’s daughter is beautiful. This river is very swift. A small snake. This ox is very old. That person’s boat is small. There are fish. There is a bird. The water of the river is warm. There are stupid people and there are wise people. His ship is very far off.LESSON II.On the Second Person.The use of the wordangkauand similar pronouns is to be avoided as much as possible. When the pronoun of the second person cannot be understood but must be expressed,angkau, or the local or provincial word used in substitution for it (according to the part of the Archipelago in which the speaker finds himself), may be employed. In addressing natives of rank or of superior position, the appropriate forms should be used. The wordlushould never be used to a Malay; it is, however, in common use among those Chinese who use Malay as a medium of communication with other nationalities. On the subject of the second person seesupra, p. 49.Substantives.animal,bĕnatang.father (common form),bapa.father (polite form),ayah,ayahnda.mother (common form),mak,ibu.mother (polite form),bonda.elder brother,abang.elder sister,kakak.younger brother or sister,adek.boy or girl,budak.brother or sister,sudara.husband,laki.wife,bini.forest,hutan.tree,pokok.plain,padang.shop,kĕdei.fruit,buah.sky,langit.ground,tanah.dollar,ringgit.road,jalan.age,‘umur.Adjectives.long,panjang.short,pendek,pandah.sweet,manis.wet,basah.dry,kĕring.many,baniak.rich,kaya.poor,miskin.strong,kuat.hard,kĕras.soft,lumbut.few,sadikit.Verbs.to say,kata.to go,pergi.to run,lari.to talk,chakap.to tell,bilang.to arrive,sampei.to sit,duduk.to dwell,tinggal.to send,kirim.to bring,bawa.Examples.To a Raja.Your house is very large—Rumah tunku baniak besar.Your father is very old—Ayahnda tunku tuah sangat.This is your horse—Ini tunku punya kuda.To a respectable Chinese.There is a quantity of cloth in your shop—Ada baniak kain-kain didalam baba punya kĕdei.When did you arrive?—Towkay bila sampei?Your elder brother is very rich—Towkay punya abang baniak kaya.Your carriage and mine are alike—Kreta baba dengan kreta sahaya ada sama.To a Malay Headman.There are a number of people in your house—Ada baniak orang di-dalam rumah datoh.Your son is very strong—Anak datoh, baniak kuat.Where do you live?—Datoh di-mana tinggal?To a Malay of superior rank.What do you say to it?—Apa kata inche?Who told it to you?—Siapa bilang kapada inche?Your elder sister has a great many fruit-trees—Inche punya kakak ada baniak pokok buah.To a Sayyid or Haji.Where are you going to?—Tuan handak pergi ka-mana?What is your age?—Bĕr-apa ‘umur tuan?I wish to talk a little with you—Sahaya handak chakap sadikit dengan tuan.To Persons of inferior rank.Who are you?—Siapa kamu?Is this yours?—Angkau punya-kah ini?Where is your house?—Di-mana rumah angkau?Bring your hat—Bawa topi sĕndiri.Where do you live?—Di-mana tinggal?Have you got a light?—Ada api?Why are you so late?—Apa buat lambat ini?When you were at the shop just now, who was there?—Apabila angkau di kĕdei tadi siapa ada di-situ?Exercise.Where is your shop? Is this your mother? You and your brother were running. You are very stupid. Have you told your elder sister? Your son has arrived. Was it you who sent fruit? What did you say to him? When will you go? You will bring a boat. You went to the jungle.LESSON III.Substantives.news,khabar.workman,tukang.cat,kuching.rat,tikus.sugar,gula.needle,jarum.form,rupa.elephant,gajah.Adjectives.excellent,endah.careful,jimat.worthless,burok.difficult,susah.Verbs.To do, make,buat.To seek,chăhari.To conceal,sembunyi.To find, obtain,dapat.On the Degrees of Comparison.One form of the comparative degree is similar in construction to the Hindustani comparative, that is to say, the object with which the comparison is made is put in the ablative case (by the use of the prepositionderiorderi-pada), while the adjective remains unmodified by adverb or particle. Thus the phrase “This house is larger than that,” may be renderedBesar rumah ini deri rumah itu(Yih ghar us ghar se baṛā hai).Examples.The rumour is better than the reality—Endah khabar deri rupa.The Chinese workman is more skilful than the Kling—Pandei tukang China deri tukang Kling.The cat is larger than the mouse—Besar kuching deri tikus.This is better than that—Baik ini deri-pada itu.(Note that the adjective always precedes the objects compared.)The comparative degree is also formed by the use of theadverblebehorter-lebeh, more, prefixed to the adjective, which is followed by the prepositionderiorderi-pada.Hotter than before—Lebeh panas deri dahulu.Sweeter than honey—Lebeh manis deri gula.It is better to go than to remain—Ter-lebeh baik pergi deri-pada tinggal.The adverblagi, more, is sometimes used instead oflebeh.You must make it larger—Mahu buat besar lagi.This is better—Ini lagi baik.Another form of comparison is constructed with the adverbkorang, less, prefixed to the adjective; askorang baik, not very good;korang biasa, inexperienced (lit. less accustomed).The superlative degree is formed in several ways: First, by making a comparison of universal application; as—This is the best (lit. this is better than all)—Baik ini deri sumua.The finest needle of all—Jarum yang lebeh halus deri-pada sumua-nia.The hardest of all to obtain—Yang ter-lebeh susah men-dapat deri-pada sumua-nia.Secondly, by the use of the adverbsakali, very, exceedingly, after the adjective when the latter is preceded by the relative pronounyang; as—The best—Yang baik sakali.The worst—Yang burok sakali.Such-a-one was the handsomest—Yang elok sakali si-anu.Thirdly, by duplication of the adjective, which then takes the particlesabefore it; as—The quickest pace of an elephant is the slowest walk of a man—Sa-chepat-chepat jalan-an gajah, sa-lambat-lambat jalan an orang.The very least—Sa-korang-korang.Utterly and completely guilty—Sa-penoh-penoh salah.The most just king—Sa-adil-adil raja.With the greatest care—Dengan sa-habis-habis jimat.You must look out for the very best article—Handak chăhari yang sa-baik-baik-nia.He hides it with the greatest pains—Di-sembunyi-kan-nia dengan sa-buleh-buleh-nia.Exercise.My horse is better than your horse. These people are more stupid than those. The form of the horse is handsomer than that of the elephant. The men are more wicked than the women. The pace of the horse is swifter than that of the elephant. That woman is the handsomest, but this one is the wisest. His house is the worst of all. Bring the slowest elephant of all. The father is wiser than the child. It is better to bring the ox than the horse.LESSON IV.ON INTENSIVES.Substantives.reception-hall,balei.room,bilek.stairs,tangga.a play,per-main-an.conduct,ka-laku-an.body,tuboh.head,kapala.year,tahun.month,bulan.price,harga.country,nĕgri.queen,permeisuri.king,raja.minister,mantri.patience,sabar.Adjectives.ill, painful,sakit.cheap,morah.dear,mahal.wide,luas.astonished,heiran.thin,kurus.fat,gumok.illustrious,mulia.narrow,simpit.glad,suka.Verbs.to see,lihat.to demand,minta.to be able,buleh.to hear,dengar.to play,main.to look,tengok.to enter,masokto order,suroh.On Intensives.— To express an intensive degree the particleteris prefixed to adjectives and adverbs; aster-bĕsar, very large;ter-kuasa, very powerful;ter-lebeh, most;ter-lalu, excessively;ter-lampau, surpassing;ter-amat, most exceedingly.The adjective may also be intensified by duplication; asikan yang besar-besar, great big fish;burong kechil-kechil, very small birds;nĕgri jauh-jauh, far-distant lands;dia harti baik-baik, he understands very well.The following adverbs are of frequent use in heightening the sense of words:—baniak, very.amat, exceedingly.sangat, very.sakali, quite, most.ter-lebeh, most.ter-lalu, excessively.ter-langsong,ter-lampau,surpassingly.ter-amat, most exceedingly.All of these precede the positive exceptsakali, which invariably follows it.Amatandsangatare also sometimes placed after the adjective which they qualify.It is common to use more than one of these words with the same adjective, just as we say “the very most.”Examples.There were a very great number of people in the reception-hall—Di balei itu ter-amat-lah baniak orang.His body was very thin—Tuboh-nia sangat kurus.The performance was exceedingly pretty—Sangat-lah chantek itu per-main-an.He was immensely astonished at seeing it—Dia ter-lalu heiran me-lihat-kan.This year all fruit is very plentiful and cheap—Tahun ini sagala buah-buah sangat-lah baniak dan morah harga-nia.You must be exceedingly patient—Handak-lah dengan sabar sangat.Very stupid in appearance—Ter-lalu bodoh rupa-nia.The road is very bad—Jalan itu burok sakali.Most exceedingly painful—Yang ter-lebeh sangat sakit.It was a very large country—Ter-lalu amat besar negri itu.His conduct was too bad—Ter-lampau jahat ka-laku-an-nia.The adjectivemaha, great, is similarly used; asmaha besar, very great;maha mulia, most illustrious;maha kuasa, all-powerful.Exercise.He demanded a very high price. He is very ill. Your father was exceedingly wise. It is a very large river. I am very frightened. The water is very deep. Those Chinese are very wicked. The most illustrious and most mighty queen. The old man’s cow is very thin. I was much surprised at hearing it. He brought some very big horses. Some very large ships have arrived. This month fish is very cheap. The room is very wide. The river was much too narrow, the ship could not enter. I have a very bad headache.LESSON V.Interrogative Sentences.In asking a question, the tone of the voice sometimes marks the interrogation sufficiently.Sometimes the interrogation is marked by the use of the particle-kahaffixed to the emphatic word of the sentence.Sometimes the interrogative form of a sentence is shown by the use of such words as—apa, what?siapa, who?ka-mana, where?bĕr-apa, how many?mana, who, which, how?bagei-mana, how?apa sebab, orapa buat, ormengapawhy?Substantives.time,kali.rain,hujan.market,pasar.stone,batu.use,guna.iron,besi.steel,baja.tin,timah.lead,timah hitam.copper,tambaga.box,pĕti.kind, sort,macham.tobacco,tambakau.coffee,kahwah.tea,teh,cha.tea (dry),daun teh.tea (liquid),ayer teh.money,wang.jacket,baju.trousers,saluar.Examples.What is the matter?—Apa korang?What is to be done? (i.e., there is nothing to be done)—Apa bulik buat?What is the use?—Apa guna?Whence do you come?—Deri-mana datang kamu?Where are you going?—Handak pergi ka-mana?Why did you not tell me sooner?—Apa buat ta’bilang dahulu?What do you say?—Apa kata kamu?Why do ye run?—Mengapa kumu orang lari?Where did you get that?—Di-mana-kah angkau dapat itu?Which tree shall I cut down?—Pokoh mana handak tebang?How many days ago?—Bĕrapa hari sudah?When was he at the market?—Bila-mana dia di pasar?Whose house is this?—Rumah ini siapa punya?Are there many Chinese in Patani?—Baniak-kah orang China di Patani?Was it truly he who did it?—Sunggoh-kah dia yang buat?Is it this one or another?—Ini-kah atau lain-kah?Is it going to rain?—Handak hujan-kah?What is the price of this?—Bĕrapa harga ini?What is the news? (How goes it?)—Apa khabar?How could I dare to do it ?—Macham mana sahaya bĕrani buat?Exercise.Where is my jacket? What did he say? Why do you come here? Are there any dollars in the box? How many times has it rained this month? Whose tin is this? Who brought this tobacco? Did you demand the money from his father? Whence did you obtain this news? Did you order him to bring the coffee? How many miles (lit.stones) is it to the market? Shall I cut down this tree? Have you seen that play? Whowas that who brought the fish? What kind of animal is that? When were you at the house? Why do they not enter?Sometimes the wordapaat the commencement of a sentence gives it an interrogative sense;1asapa, tuan ta’ makan daging karbau?do you not eat buffalo meat?apa tiada-kah sukar leher bangau itu?what! would not the stork’s neck be inconveniently long?apa tiada-kah tuan-hamba kenal akan bangau itu?does not my lord recognise that stork?21.Like the Hindustanikyaor the Latinan,num. Forbes’ Hindustani Manual.2.Sri Rama. Favre’s Grammar, p. 92.LESSON VI.Formation of Negative Sentences.Tidak, no.Tiada, is not (are, was, were, do, did not, &c.).Bukan, no, not.Jangan, don’t, let not.Antah, I know not; who knows? there is no saying.Jangan-kan, not only, not, so far from.Bukanis a more emphatic denial thantidak. It is also used, either alone or with the affix-kah, to signifyis it not?is it not so?Tiadais generally abbreviated colloquially tot’adaandt’a’(in Javatradaandtra).Antahis an expression of doubt.Examples.Yes or no?—Ya atau tidak.That which is he causes not to be; that which is not he causes to be—Yang ada dia tidak-kan, yang tidak dia ada-kan.It is nothing = never mind—Tidak apa.He got no small quantity of fish—Dia men-dapat ikan bukan sadikit.Her beauty was of no ordinary kind—Molek-nia bukan alang-kapalang.Is this his house or not?—Ini-kah rumah dia atau bukan?Indescribable, wonderful—Bukan buat-an lagi(lit.it was no longer doing).You said just now that you went home first, did you not?—Kata kamu tadi sudah pulang ka rumah dahulu, bukan-kah?He is not my child—Bukan-lah iya anak hamba.He will not come—Dia ta’ mahu datang.I asked him a great many times, but he would not—Sahaya minta bĕrapa kali tiada dia mahu.There are no fish in the market—T’ada ikan di pasar.I do not know where he has gone—Antah ka-mana pergi-nia.There is no saying how many of them died—Antah ber-apa baniak-nia yang mati.It cannot be otherwise—Ta’ dapat tiada.He cannot enter—Dia ta’bulih masok.Do not go—Jangan pergi.Do not believe what people say—Jangan perchaya akan perkata-an orang.Shall I enter the house or not?—Masok-kah aku dalam rumah atau jangan-kah?So far from obtaining it, we did not even see it—Jangan-kan dapat, me-lihat-pun tidak.Not to speak ofyou, ofme, even, they are afraid—Jangan-kan tuan, hamba-tuan pun dia orang takut.Exercise.He said no. That conduct is not proper. He cannot write. The children are not in the house. So far from getting a pony-carriage, we cannot even get a bullock-cart. Not to speak of the night, by day even people are afraid to go there. There is no saying how it happened. Do not go near. Shall I give the fruit to the woman or not? There are not many horses here. Do you not know that? The Chinaman will not say yes or no. Do not be afraid. If the seed is good it cannot but be that the fruit is good also. The wind was of no ordinary force (kuat).New words in this Lesson to be learned by heart.Beautiful, beauty,molek; dead, to die,mati; to believe,perchaya; saying, speech,per-kata-an(fromkata, to say); tofear,takut; to write,tulis; night,malam; daylight,siyang; seed,biji; doing, making, fabrication, manufacture,buat-an(frombuat, to do, to make); to go away, go home,pulang.LESSON VII.On the Use of Prepositions.For a list of the most useful prepositions seesupra, p. 63.Examples.We are goingupthe mountain—Kita handak naik ka-atas gunong.Foreveryorlong(land-measure) ten cents—Pada satu orlong sa-puloh duit.3The clerks who areunderhim—Krani-krani yang di-bawah-nia.Many people have settledatthat place—Baniak orang sudah masok di tampat itu.He saw itfromoutside—Deri luar iya me-lihat-kan.People have remarked upon the subjectbeforeme (in my presence)—Ada juga orang ter-kenang-kan hal itu di hadap-an sahaya.The Raja gave a presenttohim—Raja membĕri hadia kapada-nia.Che Ismail has made preparations for marrying his daughterto (with)Haji Daud—Che Ismail sudah siap handak me-nikaḥ-kan anak-nia dengan Haji Daud.They were sentencedbythe judge—Di-ḥukum-kan uleh ḥakim.Amongthe four men three were wounded and one ran away—Di-dalam ampat orang itu tiga luka satu lari.I want to knowaboutthat affair—Sahaya handak tahu deri-pada hal itu.The case was begunonthe first day of the month—Kapada satu hari bulan di-mula-i bichara-nia.Withgreat haste—Dengan sangat gopoh.He has gonetowardsthe kitchen—Sudah dia jalan sa-bĕlah dapor.Onboth sides of the road—Antara ka-dua bĕlah jalan.Regardingthe subject of that document—Akan hal surat itu.Aftera few days—Lepas sadikit hari.He was buriednearhis father—Di-ḳubur-kan dĕkat ayah-nia.According totheir circumstances—Atas ḳadar-nia.According tohis strength—Sa-kadar kuasa-nia.Gotoyour master—Pergi sama tuan kamu.He inquiredabouta murder—Dia preḳsa fasal bunoh.Another versionbehindyour back—Balik bĕlakang lain bichara.Betweenearth and sky—Antara bumi dan langit.To walkthroughthe water—Ber-jalan trus ayer.For the sake ofGod—Karana Allah.As far asthe cross-roads—Hingga sempang jalan.Untilnow—Sampei sakarang.Exercise.He lives upon the hill. On the tenth day of the month. They came before the raja. His master gave a dollar to him. He was buried by his brothers. After that all went away. Among those ten persons six are men and four are women. As regards the subject of that case, inquiry is now being made. Each man received according to his circumstances. In which direction has he gone, towards the right or towards the left? Between the house and the river. How much will you receive for every pikul of tin? The dogs are under the house. They sat upon the ground. He arrived at that place with fifteen men. They remained until night.The following words used in this lesson should be committed to memory:—Clerk,krani; place,tampat; affair, subject,hal; gift, present,hadia; judge,ḥakim; order, sentence,ḥukum; case, negotiation,bichara; hurried, haste,gopoh; kitchen,dapor; a grave,ḳubur; to bury,ḳubur-kan; rate, condition, circumstances,ḳadar; strength, power,kuasa; the back,bĕlakang; the earth,bumi; God,Allah; fork (of a road),sempang; side,bĕlah.To ascend,naik; to reflect, consider,kenang; wounded, to wound,luka; to marry,nikaḥ; to give in marriage,nikaḥ-kan; to examine, inquire into,preḳsa; to kill,bunoh; to receive,tĕrima.3.In Penang 1duit= 1 cent.; in Singapore and Malacca ¼ cent.LESSON VIII.On the WordsSudahandHabis.Substantives.a lock,kunchi.a key,anak kunchi.accounts,kira-kira.skill,ka-pandei-an.anger,ka-marah-an.small-pox,ka-tumboh-an.loss,rugi.disease,penyakit.an egg,tĕlor.an axe,kapak.the foot,kaki.cold (in the head),sardi.dagger, kris,kris.rocks, reef,karang.a fine,denda.blemish,chachat.Verbs.to lock,kunchi-kan.to try, attempt,choba.to expend,bĕlanja.to be silent,diam.to break,pechah.to stab,tikam.to beat,pukul.to be destroyed,binasa.to burn,bakar; burnt,ter-bakar.to be angry,marah.to loose,lepas; loosedter-lepas.to disobey,bantah.to cheat,tipu.to be damaged,rosak.to rob,samun.to bite (as a snake),pagut.Adjectives.guilty,salah.black,hitam.slow,lambat.rotten,busuk.severe,tĕrok.fit, suitable, probable,harus.Adverbs.quickly,lăkas.slowly,perlahan.Sudahis classed as an adverb, but its most common use is to serve as a kind of auxiliary verb in forming the past tenses. It is translateable, according to the context, by the words andphrases, has, had; has, have, and had been, or become; done, finished, completed, &c.Habissignifies done, finished, exhausted, expended; utterly, completely. The use of these words with verbs will be seen from the following examples:—Examples.Have you locked the door?—Sudah kunchi-kan pintu-kah?I have—Sudah.When I reached the house he was already there (lit. had become present before)—Tatkala sahaya sampei di rumah dia sudah ada dahulu.It is not yet finished—Belum sudah.It is half finished (just being finished)—Tengah handak sudah.Nearly finished—Dekat mahu sudah.Long ago—Lama sudah.A month ago, more or less—Lebih korang sa’bulan sudah.That is enough—Sudah-lah.It has gone bad—Sudah busuk.It is over—Sudah habis.His father is an old man (has become old)—Bapa-nia sudah tuah.Try to complete this—Choba-lah bagi sudah.He understands (has arrived at understanding) accounts very well—Pasal kira-kira sudah iya harti baik-baik.Now it is (has become) near—Sakarang sudah dĕkat.They are all dead and gone—Sumua-nia mati habis.Entirely destroyed—Habis binasa.It is all spent—Sudah bĕlanja habis.When he had finished speaking—Apabila sudah habis chakap.All were quite silent—Habis-lah diam sumua.The utmost of his skill—Sa-habis ka-pandei-an dia.Exercise.He is dead. He died long ago. He had made preparations for going away. Are they all ready? The workman says that the box is not yet finished. He has gone to Malacca. I have seen this before. The tea is finished. All the eggs are broken. The house was entirely burnt. He spent all his father’s money. Finish that quickly. They have gone back to their own country. That house is nearly finished. I arrived here a year ago. When you have finished writing that letter go home. It is now at a distance. I am just finishing this letter.LESSON IX.On the VerbKĕna.Kĕna, in the sense of “to incur,” is frequently used with other words to express the passive mood. Thus, instead of “he was fined,” Malays will say “he incurred a fine;” instead of “he was blamed,” “he incurred anger.”Kĕnaalso means to touch, strike, hit, affect.Kĕna apa?“affected by what?” is frequently pronounced as a single word,kenapa, meaning “why?”He was prosecuted—Dia kĕna bichara.They were sentenced to five years each—Kĕna hukum atas sa’orang lima tahun.He incurred the displeasure of his father—Dia kĕna ka-marah-an deri-pada bapa-nia.The axe slipped in his hand and took effect on the back of his leg—Ter lepas di tangan kapak itu, kĕna di bĕlakang kaki-nia.Those who have not yet had small-pox—Orang yang belum kĕna ka-tumboh-an.4If any one disobeys he will be fined five dollars—Kalau ada siapa ban tah nanti kĕna denda lima ringgit.I have been cheated—Sahaya sudah kĕna tipu.He has been found guilty—Dia sudah kĕna salah.He died of a snake-bite—Dia mati kĕna pagut ular.That won’t do (does not hit it)—Ta’ kĕna bagitu.Don’t go there, you may be injured—Jangan pergi sana, barangkali kĕna satu apa-apa.I am always catching cold—Salalu sahaya kĕna sardi.5If the medicine does not take effect it is likely that the disease will take a long time to be cured (i.e., the patient will probably die)—Kalau tiada kĕna ubat-nia harus juga lambat baik penyakit itu.4.The Malay word for small-pox differs in various localities. In Penang the common word iska-tumboh-an(lit.eruption); in Malacca and Singapore,chachar; in Perak,si-tawarandsakit orang baik(lit. “disease of the good people,” a euphuism); in some parts of Borneo,puru nasi.5.Sardi(Persian and Hindustani) is the word used by the Malays of Penang.Selesimaandselimatgenerally mean more than a mere cold in the head.Exercise.He died of a stab with akris. He was put to great expense. The ship was damaged by striking on the rocks. They werefined twenty dollars each. It did not receive a single blemish. Those who disobey will be prosecuted. He was very severely beaten. What has happened to the dog that he limps like that? He has been robbed on the road. He suffered no small loss. That place won’t do. This letter has been blackened by fire. Yesterday he incurred his master’s anger.LESSON X.On the VerbsBuleh,Bahagi, &c.The verbsbuleh, can, or to be able;bahagi, to give (lit. to divide);kasihandbĕri, to give, grant; andbiar, to permit, to suffer, are frequently used to govern other verbs, which they invariably precede.Bulehis a contraction ofber-uleh, a verb formed from the prepositionuleh, by, by means of. The primary meaning ofber-ulehorbulehis to obtain, effect, and hence it has come to mean “to be able.” The original sense of the word may be seen in such sentences asber-uleh per-minta-an, to obtain (compliance with) a request;sudah-kah buleh anak?have you had a child?Examples.How can one know?—Mana buleh tahu?Can you read English?—Kamu buleh-kah mem-bacha surat Inggris?It is not to be calculated—Tiada-lah buleh handak di-kira-kira lagi.Every month I remind (give to remember) him—Tiap-tiap bulan ada hamba-tuan bĕri ingat.To feed (lit. give to eat)—Bĕri makan.Just read that and let me hear it—Choba bacha itu biar sahaya dengar.I wished to speak to him, but they would not let me—Sahaya handak chakap dengan dia orang ta’ bahagi.He informed (gave to know) the Penghulu—Dia bĕri tahu kapada Penghulu.Send those people away—Kasih pulang orang-orang itu.Let it fall—Biar jatoh.Exercise.I cannot open the door. He tried to stab him, but could not touch him. Let him strike. Let the axe drop. His brothercannot understand the accounts. Let that child go back to the house. I wanted to give him a little tea, but they would not permit it. The raja sent (gave to go) messengers. He brought (gave to come) his wife and children. Can I live here? I have searched, but I cannot find it. He lets them come into the house. When can you come?Request,per-minta-an, fromminta, to ask; messenger,lit.one ordered,penyuroh, fromsuroh, to order; to remember,ingat; to read,bacha; to fall,jatoh; every,tiap-tiap.LESSON XI.On the VerbsLangsong,Lalu,&c.In describing a proceeding which involves motion to a place or continuous action on the part of some person or thing, it is common to use the wordslangsong,lanjarorlanchar, andlalu, to proceed, go, direct one’s course. Their signification in a sentence is not easily translateable in English, but it is perhaps best rendered by the English idiom, togo anddo a thing. Sometimes the effect is that of the adverbs “immediately,” “at last,” “incontinently,” “forthwith,” “altogether.”Langsongis generally used in Penang, but in Perak the Malays generally uselanjarin the same sense.Examples.Intending to cook (food), to go and burn it—Handak masak langsong hangus.He went to Meccah and never returned—Dia pergi ka-Makah lanjar ta’ balik.The pony fell down and immediately died—Rĕbah kuda itu langsong mati.He journeyed to Singapore and thence on to Johor—Ber-laiar-lah dia ka-Singgapura lalu ka-Johor.He spat it out and then went and licked it up again—Sudah ludah lalu di-jilat(a proverb).He took a knife and forthwith stabbed him—Dia ambil pisau langsong tikam.He visited the districts down the river and thence went on to Kampar—Dia pergi ka-daira rantau hilir, lanjar ka-Kampar.He has gone altogether—Dia sudah pergi langsong.Laluis often used in the sense of “can,” “able,” instead ofbuleh.I cannot do it—Sahaya ta’ lalu buat.For a day or two past she has been unable to eat—Sudah satu dua hari dia ta’ lalu makan nasi.6Will fish swallow a bare hook?—Ada-kah ikan lalu me-makan mata kail sahaja?Exercise.He got up and forthwith went away. He was very angry, and at once ordered him to go out. The ship struck on a rock and immediately sunk. He ate rice and then went to sleep. He stabbed him twice and immediately ran away. He came out of the house and at once fell down. He returned to his country and died there. Do you intend to go direct to Johor?To cook,masak; to burn,hangus; to fall down,rĕbah; to return,balik; to spit,ludah; to lick,jilat; to take,ambil; to eat,makan; to go out,kaluar; to sink,tinggalam; a sail,laiar; to sail;ber-laiar; a knife,pisau; a district,daira; rice,bĕras; boiled rice,nasi; fish-hook,mata kail; reach of a river,rantau; down-stream,hilir; up-stream,hulu.6.Makan nasi, eat rice. Malays do not, like us, say simply eat, read, write. It is more idiomatic to say, eat rice, read book, write letter.LESSON XII.On the WordsSampatandDan.Sampat, to be able, competent to, opportunity, fit time; anddan, occasion, opportunity, fit time, are two useful words which are employed with verbs in much the same manner asbuleh,lalu, &c.In some parts of the peninsula (Perak, for example),sampangis used instead ofsampat.These words are used more generally to state a negative proposition than an affirmative one.Examples.
A bad man—Orang jahat.A pretty woman—Perampuan chantek.A high house—Rumah tinggi.A high wind—Angin bĕsar.Cold water—Ayer sĕjuk.This is my child—Ini anak sahaya(not,Ini ada sahaya punya anak).That bullock-cart is mine—Kreta lumbu itu sahaya punya.That pony-carriage is swift—Kreta kuda itu ada laju.That person has a dog—Orang itu ada sa’ekor anjing.That woman’s cloth is very fine—Kain perampuan itu halus sangat.This man has one son and two daughters—Orang ini ada anak laki-laki sa’orang dan anak perampuan dua orang.The steamer is near—Kapal-api ada dĕkat.His child is very naughty—Anak dia baniak jahat.They have a boat—Dia orang ada sa’buah sampan.There are men and women—Ada orang laki-laki dan perampuan.The old man has a piece of coarse cloth—Orang tuah itu ada kain kasar sa’lei.
A bad man—Orang jahat.
A pretty woman—Perampuan chantek.
A high house—Rumah tinggi.
A high wind—Angin bĕsar.
Cold water—Ayer sĕjuk.
This is my child—Ini anak sahaya(not,Ini ada sahaya punya anak).
That bullock-cart is mine—Kreta lumbu itu sahaya punya.
That pony-carriage is swift—Kreta kuda itu ada laju.
That person has a dog—Orang itu ada sa’ekor anjing.
That woman’s cloth is very fine—Kain perampuan itu halus sangat.
This man has one son and two daughters—Orang ini ada anak laki-laki sa’orang dan anak perampuan dua orang.
The steamer is near—Kapal-api ada dĕkat.
His child is very naughty—Anak dia baniak jahat.
They have a boat—Dia orang ada sa’buah sampan.
There are men and women—Ada orang laki-laki dan perampuan.
The old man has a piece of coarse cloth—Orang tuah itu ada kain kasar sa’lei.
I am a good man. His child is very wise. The moon is round. They have a beautiful horse. My boat is very large. The sea is very deep. The sun and stars are very far off. This person has a vicious dog. That man’s daughter is beautiful. This river is very swift. A small snake. This ox is very old. That person’s boat is small. There are fish. There is a bird. The water of the river is warm. There are stupid people and there are wise people. His ship is very far off.
The use of the wordangkauand similar pronouns is to be avoided as much as possible. When the pronoun of the second person cannot be understood but must be expressed,angkau, or the local or provincial word used in substitution for it (according to the part of the Archipelago in which the speaker finds himself), may be employed. In addressing natives of rank or of superior position, the appropriate forms should be used. The wordlushould never be used to a Malay; it is, however, in common use among those Chinese who use Malay as a medium of communication with other nationalities. On the subject of the second person seesupra, p. 49.
animal,bĕnatang.
father (common form),bapa.
father (polite form),ayah,ayahnda.
mother (common form),mak,ibu.
mother (polite form),bonda.
elder brother,abang.
elder sister,kakak.
younger brother or sister,adek.
boy or girl,budak.
brother or sister,sudara.
husband,laki.
wife,bini.
forest,hutan.
tree,pokok.
plain,padang.
shop,kĕdei.
fruit,buah.
sky,langit.
ground,tanah.
dollar,ringgit.
road,jalan.
age,‘umur.
long,panjang.
short,pendek,pandah.
sweet,manis.
wet,basah.
dry,kĕring.
many,baniak.
rich,kaya.
poor,miskin.
strong,kuat.
hard,kĕras.
soft,lumbut.
few,sadikit.
to say,kata.
to go,pergi.
to run,lari.
to talk,chakap.
to tell,bilang.
to arrive,sampei.
to sit,duduk.
to dwell,tinggal.
to send,kirim.
to bring,bawa.
To a Raja.Your house is very large—Rumah tunku baniak besar.Your father is very old—Ayahnda tunku tuah sangat.This is your horse—Ini tunku punya kuda.To a respectable Chinese.There is a quantity of cloth in your shop—Ada baniak kain-kain didalam baba punya kĕdei.When did you arrive?—Towkay bila sampei?Your elder brother is very rich—Towkay punya abang baniak kaya.Your carriage and mine are alike—Kreta baba dengan kreta sahaya ada sama.To a Malay Headman.There are a number of people in your house—Ada baniak orang di-dalam rumah datoh.Your son is very strong—Anak datoh, baniak kuat.Where do you live?—Datoh di-mana tinggal?To a Malay of superior rank.What do you say to it?—Apa kata inche?Who told it to you?—Siapa bilang kapada inche?Your elder sister has a great many fruit-trees—Inche punya kakak ada baniak pokok buah.To a Sayyid or Haji.Where are you going to?—Tuan handak pergi ka-mana?What is your age?—Bĕr-apa ‘umur tuan?I wish to talk a little with you—Sahaya handak chakap sadikit dengan tuan.To Persons of inferior rank.Who are you?—Siapa kamu?Is this yours?—Angkau punya-kah ini?Where is your house?—Di-mana rumah angkau?Bring your hat—Bawa topi sĕndiri.Where do you live?—Di-mana tinggal?Have you got a light?—Ada api?Why are you so late?—Apa buat lambat ini?When you were at the shop just now, who was there?—Apabila angkau di kĕdei tadi siapa ada di-situ?
Your house is very large—Rumah tunku baniak besar.
Your father is very old—Ayahnda tunku tuah sangat.
This is your horse—Ini tunku punya kuda.
There is a quantity of cloth in your shop—Ada baniak kain-kain didalam baba punya kĕdei.
When did you arrive?—Towkay bila sampei?
Your elder brother is very rich—Towkay punya abang baniak kaya.
Your carriage and mine are alike—Kreta baba dengan kreta sahaya ada sama.
There are a number of people in your house—Ada baniak orang di-dalam rumah datoh.
Your son is very strong—Anak datoh, baniak kuat.
Where do you live?—Datoh di-mana tinggal?
What do you say to it?—Apa kata inche?
Who told it to you?—Siapa bilang kapada inche?
Your elder sister has a great many fruit-trees—Inche punya kakak ada baniak pokok buah.
Where are you going to?—Tuan handak pergi ka-mana?
What is your age?—Bĕr-apa ‘umur tuan?
I wish to talk a little with you—Sahaya handak chakap sadikit dengan tuan.
Who are you?—Siapa kamu?
Is this yours?—Angkau punya-kah ini?
Where is your house?—Di-mana rumah angkau?
Bring your hat—Bawa topi sĕndiri.
Where do you live?—Di-mana tinggal?
Have you got a light?—Ada api?
Why are you so late?—Apa buat lambat ini?
When you were at the shop just now, who was there?—Apabila angkau di kĕdei tadi siapa ada di-situ?
Where is your shop? Is this your mother? You and your brother were running. You are very stupid. Have you told your elder sister? Your son has arrived. Was it you who sent fruit? What did you say to him? When will you go? You will bring a boat. You went to the jungle.
news,khabar.
workman,tukang.
cat,kuching.
rat,tikus.
sugar,gula.
needle,jarum.
form,rupa.
elephant,gajah.
excellent,endah.
careful,jimat.
worthless,burok.
difficult,susah.
To do, make,buat.
To seek,chăhari.
To conceal,sembunyi.
To find, obtain,dapat.
One form of the comparative degree is similar in construction to the Hindustani comparative, that is to say, the object with which the comparison is made is put in the ablative case (by the use of the prepositionderiorderi-pada), while the adjective remains unmodified by adverb or particle. Thus the phrase “This house is larger than that,” may be renderedBesar rumah ini deri rumah itu(Yih ghar us ghar se baṛā hai).
The rumour is better than the reality—Endah khabar deri rupa.The Chinese workman is more skilful than the Kling—Pandei tukang China deri tukang Kling.The cat is larger than the mouse—Besar kuching deri tikus.This is better than that—Baik ini deri-pada itu.(Note that the adjective always precedes the objects compared.)
The rumour is better than the reality—Endah khabar deri rupa.
The Chinese workman is more skilful than the Kling—Pandei tukang China deri tukang Kling.
The cat is larger than the mouse—Besar kuching deri tikus.
This is better than that—Baik ini deri-pada itu.
(Note that the adjective always precedes the objects compared.)
The comparative degree is also formed by the use of theadverblebehorter-lebeh, more, prefixed to the adjective, which is followed by the prepositionderiorderi-pada.
Hotter than before—Lebeh panas deri dahulu.Sweeter than honey—Lebeh manis deri gula.It is better to go than to remain—Ter-lebeh baik pergi deri-pada tinggal.
Hotter than before—Lebeh panas deri dahulu.
Sweeter than honey—Lebeh manis deri gula.
It is better to go than to remain—Ter-lebeh baik pergi deri-pada tinggal.
The adverblagi, more, is sometimes used instead oflebeh.
You must make it larger—Mahu buat besar lagi.This is better—Ini lagi baik.
You must make it larger—Mahu buat besar lagi.
This is better—Ini lagi baik.
Another form of comparison is constructed with the adverbkorang, less, prefixed to the adjective; askorang baik, not very good;korang biasa, inexperienced (lit. less accustomed).
The superlative degree is formed in several ways: First, by making a comparison of universal application; as—
This is the best (lit. this is better than all)—Baik ini deri sumua.The finest needle of all—Jarum yang lebeh halus deri-pada sumua-nia.The hardest of all to obtain—Yang ter-lebeh susah men-dapat deri-pada sumua-nia.
This is the best (lit. this is better than all)—Baik ini deri sumua.
The finest needle of all—Jarum yang lebeh halus deri-pada sumua-nia.
The hardest of all to obtain—Yang ter-lebeh susah men-dapat deri-pada sumua-nia.
Secondly, by the use of the adverbsakali, very, exceedingly, after the adjective when the latter is preceded by the relative pronounyang; as—
The best—Yang baik sakali.The worst—Yang burok sakali.Such-a-one was the handsomest—Yang elok sakali si-anu.
The best—Yang baik sakali.
The worst—Yang burok sakali.
Such-a-one was the handsomest—Yang elok sakali si-anu.
Thirdly, by duplication of the adjective, which then takes the particlesabefore it; as—
The quickest pace of an elephant is the slowest walk of a man—Sa-chepat-chepat jalan-an gajah, sa-lambat-lambat jalan an orang.The very least—Sa-korang-korang.Utterly and completely guilty—Sa-penoh-penoh salah.The most just king—Sa-adil-adil raja.With the greatest care—Dengan sa-habis-habis jimat.You must look out for the very best article—Handak chăhari yang sa-baik-baik-nia.He hides it with the greatest pains—Di-sembunyi-kan-nia dengan sa-buleh-buleh-nia.
The quickest pace of an elephant is the slowest walk of a man—Sa-chepat-chepat jalan-an gajah, sa-lambat-lambat jalan an orang.
The very least—Sa-korang-korang.
Utterly and completely guilty—Sa-penoh-penoh salah.
The most just king—Sa-adil-adil raja.
With the greatest care—Dengan sa-habis-habis jimat.
You must look out for the very best article—Handak chăhari yang sa-baik-baik-nia.
He hides it with the greatest pains—Di-sembunyi-kan-nia dengan sa-buleh-buleh-nia.
My horse is better than your horse. These people are more stupid than those. The form of the horse is handsomer than that of the elephant. The men are more wicked than the women. The pace of the horse is swifter than that of the elephant. That woman is the handsomest, but this one is the wisest. His house is the worst of all. Bring the slowest elephant of all. The father is wiser than the child. It is better to bring the ox than the horse.
reception-hall,balei.
room,bilek.
stairs,tangga.
a play,per-main-an.
conduct,ka-laku-an.
body,tuboh.
head,kapala.
year,tahun.
month,bulan.
price,harga.
country,nĕgri.
queen,permeisuri.
king,raja.
minister,mantri.
patience,sabar.
ill, painful,sakit.
cheap,morah.
dear,mahal.
wide,luas.
astonished,heiran.
thin,kurus.
fat,gumok.
illustrious,mulia.
narrow,simpit.
glad,suka.
to see,lihat.
to demand,minta.
to be able,buleh.
to hear,dengar.
to play,main.
to look,tengok.
to enter,masok
to order,suroh.
On Intensives.— To express an intensive degree the particleteris prefixed to adjectives and adverbs; aster-bĕsar, very large;ter-kuasa, very powerful;ter-lebeh, most;ter-lalu, excessively;ter-lampau, surpassing;ter-amat, most exceedingly.
The adjective may also be intensified by duplication; asikan yang besar-besar, great big fish;burong kechil-kechil, very small birds;nĕgri jauh-jauh, far-distant lands;dia harti baik-baik, he understands very well.
The following adverbs are of frequent use in heightening the sense of words:—
baniak, very.
amat, exceedingly.
sangat, very.
sakali, quite, most.
ter-lebeh, most.
ter-lalu, excessively.
ter-amat, most exceedingly.
All of these precede the positive exceptsakali, which invariably follows it.Amatandsangatare also sometimes placed after the adjective which they qualify.
It is common to use more than one of these words with the same adjective, just as we say “the very most.”
There were a very great number of people in the reception-hall—Di balei itu ter-amat-lah baniak orang.His body was very thin—Tuboh-nia sangat kurus.The performance was exceedingly pretty—Sangat-lah chantek itu per-main-an.He was immensely astonished at seeing it—Dia ter-lalu heiran me-lihat-kan.This year all fruit is very plentiful and cheap—Tahun ini sagala buah-buah sangat-lah baniak dan morah harga-nia.You must be exceedingly patient—Handak-lah dengan sabar sangat.Very stupid in appearance—Ter-lalu bodoh rupa-nia.The road is very bad—Jalan itu burok sakali.Most exceedingly painful—Yang ter-lebeh sangat sakit.It was a very large country—Ter-lalu amat besar negri itu.His conduct was too bad—Ter-lampau jahat ka-laku-an-nia.
There were a very great number of people in the reception-hall—Di balei itu ter-amat-lah baniak orang.
His body was very thin—Tuboh-nia sangat kurus.
The performance was exceedingly pretty—Sangat-lah chantek itu per-main-an.
He was immensely astonished at seeing it—Dia ter-lalu heiran me-lihat-kan.
This year all fruit is very plentiful and cheap—Tahun ini sagala buah-buah sangat-lah baniak dan morah harga-nia.
You must be exceedingly patient—Handak-lah dengan sabar sangat.
Very stupid in appearance—Ter-lalu bodoh rupa-nia.
The road is very bad—Jalan itu burok sakali.
Most exceedingly painful—Yang ter-lebeh sangat sakit.
It was a very large country—Ter-lalu amat besar negri itu.
His conduct was too bad—Ter-lampau jahat ka-laku-an-nia.
The adjectivemaha, great, is similarly used; asmaha besar, very great;maha mulia, most illustrious;maha kuasa, all-powerful.
He demanded a very high price. He is very ill. Your father was exceedingly wise. It is a very large river. I am very frightened. The water is very deep. Those Chinese are very wicked. The most illustrious and most mighty queen. The old man’s cow is very thin. I was much surprised at hearing it. He brought some very big horses. Some very large ships have arrived. This month fish is very cheap. The room is very wide. The river was much too narrow, the ship could not enter. I have a very bad headache.
In asking a question, the tone of the voice sometimes marks the interrogation sufficiently.
Sometimes the interrogation is marked by the use of the particle-kahaffixed to the emphatic word of the sentence.
Sometimes the interrogative form of a sentence is shown by the use of such words as—
apa, what?
siapa, who?
ka-mana, where?
bĕr-apa, how many?
mana, who, which, how?
bagei-mana, how?
time,kali.
rain,hujan.
market,pasar.
stone,batu.
use,guna.
iron,besi.
steel,baja.
tin,timah.
lead,timah hitam.
copper,tambaga.
box,pĕti.
kind, sort,macham.
tobacco,tambakau.
coffee,kahwah.
tea,teh,cha.
tea (dry),daun teh.
tea (liquid),ayer teh.
money,wang.
jacket,baju.
trousers,saluar.
What is the matter?—Apa korang?What is to be done? (i.e., there is nothing to be done)—Apa bulik buat?What is the use?—Apa guna?Whence do you come?—Deri-mana datang kamu?Where are you going?—Handak pergi ka-mana?Why did you not tell me sooner?—Apa buat ta’bilang dahulu?What do you say?—Apa kata kamu?Why do ye run?—Mengapa kumu orang lari?Where did you get that?—Di-mana-kah angkau dapat itu?Which tree shall I cut down?—Pokoh mana handak tebang?How many days ago?—Bĕrapa hari sudah?When was he at the market?—Bila-mana dia di pasar?Whose house is this?—Rumah ini siapa punya?Are there many Chinese in Patani?—Baniak-kah orang China di Patani?Was it truly he who did it?—Sunggoh-kah dia yang buat?Is it this one or another?—Ini-kah atau lain-kah?Is it going to rain?—Handak hujan-kah?What is the price of this?—Bĕrapa harga ini?What is the news? (How goes it?)—Apa khabar?How could I dare to do it ?—Macham mana sahaya bĕrani buat?
What is the matter?—Apa korang?
What is to be done? (i.e., there is nothing to be done)—Apa bulik buat?
What is the use?—Apa guna?
Whence do you come?—Deri-mana datang kamu?
Where are you going?—Handak pergi ka-mana?
Why did you not tell me sooner?—Apa buat ta’bilang dahulu?
What do you say?—Apa kata kamu?
Why do ye run?—Mengapa kumu orang lari?
Where did you get that?—Di-mana-kah angkau dapat itu?
Which tree shall I cut down?—Pokoh mana handak tebang?
How many days ago?—Bĕrapa hari sudah?
When was he at the market?—Bila-mana dia di pasar?
Whose house is this?—Rumah ini siapa punya?
Are there many Chinese in Patani?—Baniak-kah orang China di Patani?
Was it truly he who did it?—Sunggoh-kah dia yang buat?
Is it this one or another?—Ini-kah atau lain-kah?
Is it going to rain?—Handak hujan-kah?
What is the price of this?—Bĕrapa harga ini?
What is the news? (How goes it?)—Apa khabar?
How could I dare to do it ?—Macham mana sahaya bĕrani buat?
Where is my jacket? What did he say? Why do you come here? Are there any dollars in the box? How many times has it rained this month? Whose tin is this? Who brought this tobacco? Did you demand the money from his father? Whence did you obtain this news? Did you order him to bring the coffee? How many miles (lit.stones) is it to the market? Shall I cut down this tree? Have you seen that play? Whowas that who brought the fish? What kind of animal is that? When were you at the house? Why do they not enter?
Sometimes the wordapaat the commencement of a sentence gives it an interrogative sense;1asapa, tuan ta’ makan daging karbau?do you not eat buffalo meat?apa tiada-kah sukar leher bangau itu?what! would not the stork’s neck be inconveniently long?apa tiada-kah tuan-hamba kenal akan bangau itu?does not my lord recognise that stork?2
1.Like the Hindustanikyaor the Latinan,num. Forbes’ Hindustani Manual.2.Sri Rama. Favre’s Grammar, p. 92.
1.Like the Hindustanikyaor the Latinan,num. Forbes’ Hindustani Manual.
2.Sri Rama. Favre’s Grammar, p. 92.
Tidak, no.Tiada, is not (are, was, were, do, did not, &c.).Bukan, no, not.Jangan, don’t, let not.Antah, I know not; who knows? there is no saying.Jangan-kan, not only, not, so far from.
Tidak, no.
Tiada, is not (are, was, were, do, did not, &c.).
Bukan, no, not.
Jangan, don’t, let not.
Antah, I know not; who knows? there is no saying.
Jangan-kan, not only, not, so far from.
Bukanis a more emphatic denial thantidak. It is also used, either alone or with the affix-kah, to signifyis it not?is it not so?
Tiadais generally abbreviated colloquially tot’adaandt’a’(in Javatradaandtra).
Antahis an expression of doubt.
Yes or no?—Ya atau tidak.That which is he causes not to be; that which is not he causes to be—Yang ada dia tidak-kan, yang tidak dia ada-kan.It is nothing = never mind—Tidak apa.He got no small quantity of fish—Dia men-dapat ikan bukan sadikit.Her beauty was of no ordinary kind—Molek-nia bukan alang-kapalang.Is this his house or not?—Ini-kah rumah dia atau bukan?Indescribable, wonderful—Bukan buat-an lagi(lit.it was no longer doing).You said just now that you went home first, did you not?—Kata kamu tadi sudah pulang ka rumah dahulu, bukan-kah?He is not my child—Bukan-lah iya anak hamba.He will not come—Dia ta’ mahu datang.I asked him a great many times, but he would not—Sahaya minta bĕrapa kali tiada dia mahu.There are no fish in the market—T’ada ikan di pasar.I do not know where he has gone—Antah ka-mana pergi-nia.There is no saying how many of them died—Antah ber-apa baniak-nia yang mati.It cannot be otherwise—Ta’ dapat tiada.He cannot enter—Dia ta’bulih masok.Do not go—Jangan pergi.Do not believe what people say—Jangan perchaya akan perkata-an orang.Shall I enter the house or not?—Masok-kah aku dalam rumah atau jangan-kah?So far from obtaining it, we did not even see it—Jangan-kan dapat, me-lihat-pun tidak.Not to speak ofyou, ofme, even, they are afraid—Jangan-kan tuan, hamba-tuan pun dia orang takut.
Yes or no?—Ya atau tidak.
That which is he causes not to be; that which is not he causes to be—Yang ada dia tidak-kan, yang tidak dia ada-kan.
It is nothing = never mind—Tidak apa.
He got no small quantity of fish—Dia men-dapat ikan bukan sadikit.
Her beauty was of no ordinary kind—Molek-nia bukan alang-kapalang.
Is this his house or not?—Ini-kah rumah dia atau bukan?
Indescribable, wonderful—Bukan buat-an lagi(lit.it was no longer doing).
You said just now that you went home first, did you not?—Kata kamu tadi sudah pulang ka rumah dahulu, bukan-kah?
He is not my child—Bukan-lah iya anak hamba.
He will not come—Dia ta’ mahu datang.
I asked him a great many times, but he would not—Sahaya minta bĕrapa kali tiada dia mahu.
There are no fish in the market—T’ada ikan di pasar.
I do not know where he has gone—Antah ka-mana pergi-nia.
There is no saying how many of them died—Antah ber-apa baniak-nia yang mati.
It cannot be otherwise—Ta’ dapat tiada.
He cannot enter—Dia ta’bulih masok.
Do not go—Jangan pergi.
Do not believe what people say—Jangan perchaya akan perkata-an orang.
Shall I enter the house or not?—Masok-kah aku dalam rumah atau jangan-kah?
So far from obtaining it, we did not even see it—Jangan-kan dapat, me-lihat-pun tidak.
Not to speak ofyou, ofme, even, they are afraid—Jangan-kan tuan, hamba-tuan pun dia orang takut.
He said no. That conduct is not proper. He cannot write. The children are not in the house. So far from getting a pony-carriage, we cannot even get a bullock-cart. Not to speak of the night, by day even people are afraid to go there. There is no saying how it happened. Do not go near. Shall I give the fruit to the woman or not? There are not many horses here. Do you not know that? The Chinaman will not say yes or no. Do not be afraid. If the seed is good it cannot but be that the fruit is good also. The wind was of no ordinary force (kuat).
Beautiful, beauty,molek; dead, to die,mati; to believe,perchaya; saying, speech,per-kata-an(fromkata, to say); tofear,takut; to write,tulis; night,malam; daylight,siyang; seed,biji; doing, making, fabrication, manufacture,buat-an(frombuat, to do, to make); to go away, go home,pulang.
For a list of the most useful prepositions seesupra, p. 63.
We are goingupthe mountain—Kita handak naik ka-atas gunong.Foreveryorlong(land-measure) ten cents—Pada satu orlong sa-puloh duit.3The clerks who areunderhim—Krani-krani yang di-bawah-nia.Many people have settledatthat place—Baniak orang sudah masok di tampat itu.He saw itfromoutside—Deri luar iya me-lihat-kan.People have remarked upon the subjectbeforeme (in my presence)—Ada juga orang ter-kenang-kan hal itu di hadap-an sahaya.The Raja gave a presenttohim—Raja membĕri hadia kapada-nia.Che Ismail has made preparations for marrying his daughterto (with)Haji Daud—Che Ismail sudah siap handak me-nikaḥ-kan anak-nia dengan Haji Daud.They were sentencedbythe judge—Di-ḥukum-kan uleh ḥakim.Amongthe four men three were wounded and one ran away—Di-dalam ampat orang itu tiga luka satu lari.I want to knowaboutthat affair—Sahaya handak tahu deri-pada hal itu.The case was begunonthe first day of the month—Kapada satu hari bulan di-mula-i bichara-nia.Withgreat haste—Dengan sangat gopoh.He has gonetowardsthe kitchen—Sudah dia jalan sa-bĕlah dapor.Onboth sides of the road—Antara ka-dua bĕlah jalan.Regardingthe subject of that document—Akan hal surat itu.Aftera few days—Lepas sadikit hari.He was buriednearhis father—Di-ḳubur-kan dĕkat ayah-nia.According totheir circumstances—Atas ḳadar-nia.According tohis strength—Sa-kadar kuasa-nia.Gotoyour master—Pergi sama tuan kamu.He inquiredabouta murder—Dia preḳsa fasal bunoh.Another versionbehindyour back—Balik bĕlakang lain bichara.Betweenearth and sky—Antara bumi dan langit.To walkthroughthe water—Ber-jalan trus ayer.For the sake ofGod—Karana Allah.As far asthe cross-roads—Hingga sempang jalan.Untilnow—Sampei sakarang.
We are goingupthe mountain—Kita handak naik ka-atas gunong.
Foreveryorlong(land-measure) ten cents—Pada satu orlong sa-puloh duit.3
The clerks who areunderhim—Krani-krani yang di-bawah-nia.
Many people have settledatthat place—Baniak orang sudah masok di tampat itu.
He saw itfromoutside—Deri luar iya me-lihat-kan.
People have remarked upon the subjectbeforeme (in my presence)—Ada juga orang ter-kenang-kan hal itu di hadap-an sahaya.
The Raja gave a presenttohim—Raja membĕri hadia kapada-nia.
Che Ismail has made preparations for marrying his daughterto (with)Haji Daud—Che Ismail sudah siap handak me-nikaḥ-kan anak-nia dengan Haji Daud.
They were sentencedbythe judge—Di-ḥukum-kan uleh ḥakim.
Amongthe four men three were wounded and one ran away—Di-dalam ampat orang itu tiga luka satu lari.
I want to knowaboutthat affair—Sahaya handak tahu deri-pada hal itu.
The case was begunonthe first day of the month—Kapada satu hari bulan di-mula-i bichara-nia.
Withgreat haste—Dengan sangat gopoh.
He has gonetowardsthe kitchen—Sudah dia jalan sa-bĕlah dapor.
Onboth sides of the road—Antara ka-dua bĕlah jalan.
Regardingthe subject of that document—Akan hal surat itu.
Aftera few days—Lepas sadikit hari.
He was buriednearhis father—Di-ḳubur-kan dĕkat ayah-nia.
According totheir circumstances—Atas ḳadar-nia.
According tohis strength—Sa-kadar kuasa-nia.
Gotoyour master—Pergi sama tuan kamu.
He inquiredabouta murder—Dia preḳsa fasal bunoh.
Another versionbehindyour back—Balik bĕlakang lain bichara.
Betweenearth and sky—Antara bumi dan langit.
To walkthroughthe water—Ber-jalan trus ayer.
For the sake ofGod—Karana Allah.
As far asthe cross-roads—Hingga sempang jalan.
Untilnow—Sampei sakarang.
He lives upon the hill. On the tenth day of the month. They came before the raja. His master gave a dollar to him. He was buried by his brothers. After that all went away. Among those ten persons six are men and four are women. As regards the subject of that case, inquiry is now being made. Each man received according to his circumstances. In which direction has he gone, towards the right or towards the left? Between the house and the river. How much will you receive for every pikul of tin? The dogs are under the house. They sat upon the ground. He arrived at that place with fifteen men. They remained until night.
The following words used in this lesson should be committed to memory:—
Clerk,krani; place,tampat; affair, subject,hal; gift, present,hadia; judge,ḥakim; order, sentence,ḥukum; case, negotiation,bichara; hurried, haste,gopoh; kitchen,dapor; a grave,ḳubur; to bury,ḳubur-kan; rate, condition, circumstances,ḳadar; strength, power,kuasa; the back,bĕlakang; the earth,bumi; God,Allah; fork (of a road),sempang; side,bĕlah.
To ascend,naik; to reflect, consider,kenang; wounded, to wound,luka; to marry,nikaḥ; to give in marriage,nikaḥ-kan; to examine, inquire into,preḳsa; to kill,bunoh; to receive,tĕrima.
3.In Penang 1duit= 1 cent.; in Singapore and Malacca ¼ cent.
a lock,kunchi.
a key,anak kunchi.
accounts,kira-kira.
skill,ka-pandei-an.
anger,ka-marah-an.
small-pox,ka-tumboh-an.
loss,rugi.
disease,penyakit.
an egg,tĕlor.
an axe,kapak.
the foot,kaki.
cold (in the head),sardi.
dagger, kris,kris.
rocks, reef,karang.
a fine,denda.
blemish,chachat.
to lock,kunchi-kan.
to try, attempt,choba.
to expend,bĕlanja.
to be silent,diam.
to break,pechah.
to stab,tikam.
to beat,pukul.
to be destroyed,binasa.
to burn,bakar; burnt,ter-bakar.
to be angry,marah.
to loose,lepas; loosedter-lepas.
to disobey,bantah.
to cheat,tipu.
to be damaged,rosak.
to rob,samun.
to bite (as a snake),pagut.
guilty,salah.
black,hitam.
slow,lambat.
rotten,busuk.
severe,tĕrok.
fit, suitable, probable,harus.
quickly,lăkas.
slowly,perlahan.
Sudahis classed as an adverb, but its most common use is to serve as a kind of auxiliary verb in forming the past tenses. It is translateable, according to the context, by the words andphrases, has, had; has, have, and had been, or become; done, finished, completed, &c.
Habissignifies done, finished, exhausted, expended; utterly, completely. The use of these words with verbs will be seen from the following examples:—
Have you locked the door?—Sudah kunchi-kan pintu-kah?I have—Sudah.When I reached the house he was already there (lit. had become present before)—Tatkala sahaya sampei di rumah dia sudah ada dahulu.It is not yet finished—Belum sudah.It is half finished (just being finished)—Tengah handak sudah.Nearly finished—Dekat mahu sudah.Long ago—Lama sudah.A month ago, more or less—Lebih korang sa’bulan sudah.That is enough—Sudah-lah.It has gone bad—Sudah busuk.It is over—Sudah habis.His father is an old man (has become old)—Bapa-nia sudah tuah.Try to complete this—Choba-lah bagi sudah.He understands (has arrived at understanding) accounts very well—Pasal kira-kira sudah iya harti baik-baik.Now it is (has become) near—Sakarang sudah dĕkat.They are all dead and gone—Sumua-nia mati habis.Entirely destroyed—Habis binasa.It is all spent—Sudah bĕlanja habis.When he had finished speaking—Apabila sudah habis chakap.All were quite silent—Habis-lah diam sumua.The utmost of his skill—Sa-habis ka-pandei-an dia.
Have you locked the door?—Sudah kunchi-kan pintu-kah?
I have—Sudah.
When I reached the house he was already there (lit. had become present before)—Tatkala sahaya sampei di rumah dia sudah ada dahulu.
It is not yet finished—Belum sudah.
It is half finished (just being finished)—Tengah handak sudah.
Nearly finished—Dekat mahu sudah.
Long ago—Lama sudah.
A month ago, more or less—Lebih korang sa’bulan sudah.
That is enough—Sudah-lah.
It has gone bad—Sudah busuk.
It is over—Sudah habis.
His father is an old man (has become old)—Bapa-nia sudah tuah.
Try to complete this—Choba-lah bagi sudah.
He understands (has arrived at understanding) accounts very well—Pasal kira-kira sudah iya harti baik-baik.
Now it is (has become) near—Sakarang sudah dĕkat.
They are all dead and gone—Sumua-nia mati habis.
Entirely destroyed—Habis binasa.
It is all spent—Sudah bĕlanja habis.
When he had finished speaking—Apabila sudah habis chakap.
All were quite silent—Habis-lah diam sumua.
The utmost of his skill—Sa-habis ka-pandei-an dia.
He is dead. He died long ago. He had made preparations for going away. Are they all ready? The workman says that the box is not yet finished. He has gone to Malacca. I have seen this before. The tea is finished. All the eggs are broken. The house was entirely burnt. He spent all his father’s money. Finish that quickly. They have gone back to their own country. That house is nearly finished. I arrived here a year ago. When you have finished writing that letter go home. It is now at a distance. I am just finishing this letter.
Kĕna, in the sense of “to incur,” is frequently used with other words to express the passive mood. Thus, instead of “he was fined,” Malays will say “he incurred a fine;” instead of “he was blamed,” “he incurred anger.”Kĕnaalso means to touch, strike, hit, affect.Kĕna apa?“affected by what?” is frequently pronounced as a single word,kenapa, meaning “why?”
He was prosecuted—Dia kĕna bichara.They were sentenced to five years each—Kĕna hukum atas sa’orang lima tahun.He incurred the displeasure of his father—Dia kĕna ka-marah-an deri-pada bapa-nia.The axe slipped in his hand and took effect on the back of his leg—Ter lepas di tangan kapak itu, kĕna di bĕlakang kaki-nia.Those who have not yet had small-pox—Orang yang belum kĕna ka-tumboh-an.4If any one disobeys he will be fined five dollars—Kalau ada siapa ban tah nanti kĕna denda lima ringgit.I have been cheated—Sahaya sudah kĕna tipu.He has been found guilty—Dia sudah kĕna salah.He died of a snake-bite—Dia mati kĕna pagut ular.That won’t do (does not hit it)—Ta’ kĕna bagitu.Don’t go there, you may be injured—Jangan pergi sana, barangkali kĕna satu apa-apa.I am always catching cold—Salalu sahaya kĕna sardi.5If the medicine does not take effect it is likely that the disease will take a long time to be cured (i.e., the patient will probably die)—Kalau tiada kĕna ubat-nia harus juga lambat baik penyakit itu.
He was prosecuted—Dia kĕna bichara.
They were sentenced to five years each—Kĕna hukum atas sa’orang lima tahun.
He incurred the displeasure of his father—Dia kĕna ka-marah-an deri-pada bapa-nia.
The axe slipped in his hand and took effect on the back of his leg—Ter lepas di tangan kapak itu, kĕna di bĕlakang kaki-nia.
Those who have not yet had small-pox—Orang yang belum kĕna ka-tumboh-an.4
If any one disobeys he will be fined five dollars—Kalau ada siapa ban tah nanti kĕna denda lima ringgit.
I have been cheated—Sahaya sudah kĕna tipu.
He has been found guilty—Dia sudah kĕna salah.
He died of a snake-bite—Dia mati kĕna pagut ular.
That won’t do (does not hit it)—Ta’ kĕna bagitu.
Don’t go there, you may be injured—Jangan pergi sana, barangkali kĕna satu apa-apa.
I am always catching cold—Salalu sahaya kĕna sardi.5
If the medicine does not take effect it is likely that the disease will take a long time to be cured (i.e., the patient will probably die)—Kalau tiada kĕna ubat-nia harus juga lambat baik penyakit itu.
4.The Malay word for small-pox differs in various localities. In Penang the common word iska-tumboh-an(lit.eruption); in Malacca and Singapore,chachar; in Perak,si-tawarandsakit orang baik(lit. “disease of the good people,” a euphuism); in some parts of Borneo,puru nasi.5.Sardi(Persian and Hindustani) is the word used by the Malays of Penang.Selesimaandselimatgenerally mean more than a mere cold in the head.
4.The Malay word for small-pox differs in various localities. In Penang the common word iska-tumboh-an(lit.eruption); in Malacca and Singapore,chachar; in Perak,si-tawarandsakit orang baik(lit. “disease of the good people,” a euphuism); in some parts of Borneo,puru nasi.
5.Sardi(Persian and Hindustani) is the word used by the Malays of Penang.Selesimaandselimatgenerally mean more than a mere cold in the head.
He died of a stab with akris. He was put to great expense. The ship was damaged by striking on the rocks. They werefined twenty dollars each. It did not receive a single blemish. Those who disobey will be prosecuted. He was very severely beaten. What has happened to the dog that he limps like that? He has been robbed on the road. He suffered no small loss. That place won’t do. This letter has been blackened by fire. Yesterday he incurred his master’s anger.
The verbsbuleh, can, or to be able;bahagi, to give (lit. to divide);kasihandbĕri, to give, grant; andbiar, to permit, to suffer, are frequently used to govern other verbs, which they invariably precede.
Bulehis a contraction ofber-uleh, a verb formed from the prepositionuleh, by, by means of. The primary meaning ofber-ulehorbulehis to obtain, effect, and hence it has come to mean “to be able.” The original sense of the word may be seen in such sentences asber-uleh per-minta-an, to obtain (compliance with) a request;sudah-kah buleh anak?have you had a child?
How can one know?—Mana buleh tahu?Can you read English?—Kamu buleh-kah mem-bacha surat Inggris?It is not to be calculated—Tiada-lah buleh handak di-kira-kira lagi.Every month I remind (give to remember) him—Tiap-tiap bulan ada hamba-tuan bĕri ingat.To feed (lit. give to eat)—Bĕri makan.Just read that and let me hear it—Choba bacha itu biar sahaya dengar.I wished to speak to him, but they would not let me—Sahaya handak chakap dengan dia orang ta’ bahagi.He informed (gave to know) the Penghulu—Dia bĕri tahu kapada Penghulu.Send those people away—Kasih pulang orang-orang itu.Let it fall—Biar jatoh.
How can one know?—Mana buleh tahu?
Can you read English?—Kamu buleh-kah mem-bacha surat Inggris?
It is not to be calculated—Tiada-lah buleh handak di-kira-kira lagi.
Every month I remind (give to remember) him—Tiap-tiap bulan ada hamba-tuan bĕri ingat.
To feed (lit. give to eat)—Bĕri makan.
Just read that and let me hear it—Choba bacha itu biar sahaya dengar.
I wished to speak to him, but they would not let me—Sahaya handak chakap dengan dia orang ta’ bahagi.
He informed (gave to know) the Penghulu—Dia bĕri tahu kapada Penghulu.
Send those people away—Kasih pulang orang-orang itu.
Let it fall—Biar jatoh.
I cannot open the door. He tried to stab him, but could not touch him. Let him strike. Let the axe drop. His brothercannot understand the accounts. Let that child go back to the house. I wanted to give him a little tea, but they would not permit it. The raja sent (gave to go) messengers. He brought (gave to come) his wife and children. Can I live here? I have searched, but I cannot find it. He lets them come into the house. When can you come?
Request,per-minta-an, fromminta, to ask; messenger,lit.one ordered,penyuroh, fromsuroh, to order; to remember,ingat; to read,bacha; to fall,jatoh; every,tiap-tiap.
In describing a proceeding which involves motion to a place or continuous action on the part of some person or thing, it is common to use the wordslangsong,lanjarorlanchar, andlalu, to proceed, go, direct one’s course. Their signification in a sentence is not easily translateable in English, but it is perhaps best rendered by the English idiom, togo anddo a thing. Sometimes the effect is that of the adverbs “immediately,” “at last,” “incontinently,” “forthwith,” “altogether.”Langsongis generally used in Penang, but in Perak the Malays generally uselanjarin the same sense.
Intending to cook (food), to go and burn it—Handak masak langsong hangus.He went to Meccah and never returned—Dia pergi ka-Makah lanjar ta’ balik.The pony fell down and immediately died—Rĕbah kuda itu langsong mati.He journeyed to Singapore and thence on to Johor—Ber-laiar-lah dia ka-Singgapura lalu ka-Johor.He spat it out and then went and licked it up again—Sudah ludah lalu di-jilat(a proverb).He took a knife and forthwith stabbed him—Dia ambil pisau langsong tikam.He visited the districts down the river and thence went on to Kampar—Dia pergi ka-daira rantau hilir, lanjar ka-Kampar.He has gone altogether—Dia sudah pergi langsong.
Intending to cook (food), to go and burn it—Handak masak langsong hangus.
He went to Meccah and never returned—Dia pergi ka-Makah lanjar ta’ balik.
The pony fell down and immediately died—Rĕbah kuda itu langsong mati.
He journeyed to Singapore and thence on to Johor—Ber-laiar-lah dia ka-Singgapura lalu ka-Johor.
He spat it out and then went and licked it up again—Sudah ludah lalu di-jilat(a proverb).
He took a knife and forthwith stabbed him—Dia ambil pisau langsong tikam.
He visited the districts down the river and thence went on to Kampar—Dia pergi ka-daira rantau hilir, lanjar ka-Kampar.
He has gone altogether—Dia sudah pergi langsong.
Laluis often used in the sense of “can,” “able,” instead ofbuleh.
I cannot do it—Sahaya ta’ lalu buat.For a day or two past she has been unable to eat—Sudah satu dua hari dia ta’ lalu makan nasi.6Will fish swallow a bare hook?—Ada-kah ikan lalu me-makan mata kail sahaja?
I cannot do it—Sahaya ta’ lalu buat.
For a day or two past she has been unable to eat—Sudah satu dua hari dia ta’ lalu makan nasi.6
Will fish swallow a bare hook?—Ada-kah ikan lalu me-makan mata kail sahaja?
He got up and forthwith went away. He was very angry, and at once ordered him to go out. The ship struck on a rock and immediately sunk. He ate rice and then went to sleep. He stabbed him twice and immediately ran away. He came out of the house and at once fell down. He returned to his country and died there. Do you intend to go direct to Johor?
To cook,masak; to burn,hangus; to fall down,rĕbah; to return,balik; to spit,ludah; to lick,jilat; to take,ambil; to eat,makan; to go out,kaluar; to sink,tinggalam; a sail,laiar; to sail;ber-laiar; a knife,pisau; a district,daira; rice,bĕras; boiled rice,nasi; fish-hook,mata kail; reach of a river,rantau; down-stream,hilir; up-stream,hulu.
6.Makan nasi, eat rice. Malays do not, like us, say simply eat, read, write. It is more idiomatic to say, eat rice, read book, write letter.
Sampat, to be able, competent to, opportunity, fit time; anddan, occasion, opportunity, fit time, are two useful words which are employed with verbs in much the same manner asbuleh,lalu, &c.
In some parts of the peninsula (Perak, for example),sampangis used instead ofsampat.
These words are used more generally to state a negative proposition than an affirmative one.