Go and complain at the police-station—Pergi-lah mengadu di-balei (orrumah pasong).He has been arrested—Dia sudah kĕna tangkap.He has been locked up—Dia sudah kĕna tutop.What is his offence?—Apa ka-salah-an-nia?What do they charge him with?—Apa di-tudoh-kan di-atas-nia?For how many days has he been detained?—Sudah bĕr-apa, hari dia kĕna tahan?This is not his first offence—Bukan sa-kali ini sahaja yang dia buat jahat.Do you know him?—Tuan kenal-kah dia?No, I see him now for the first time—Tidak, baharu sa-kali ini sahaya me-lihat.People say that he is a great opium-smoker—Kata orang dia kuat makan chandu.He broke into the house of a Chinese in the middle of the night—Dia pechah masok rumah orang China tengah malam.He was not alone; there were several others with him—Bukan dia sa’orang ada juga dua tiga ampat orang kawan-nia.They were all Malays—Melayu belaka41ka-sumua-nia.He was not the principal, but an accomplice—Bukan dia kapala tetapi dia menyerta-i sama.Their intention was to steal the gold ornaments—Kahandak hati-nia mahu churi barang-barang mas.He used abusive and improper language—Dia ber-maki-maki dengan yang ta’patut.What is the name of the defendant?—Siapa nama yang kĕna adu itu?What the prosecutor says is quite right—Benar juga saperti kata adu-an.Exercise.Maka mantri pelanduḳ itu-pun ber-lari-lah pergi men-dapat-kan raja gajah itu seraya ber-pikir di-dalam hati-nia, “handak meng-halau-kan gajah ini ter-lalu susah-kah? ada-pun saperti sagala raja-raja itu jikalau handak mem-bunoh orang itu saperti laku orang ter-tawa bahwa damikian-lah raja ini-pun dengan sa-buntar ini juga aku halau-kan jikalau damikian baik-lah aku naik ka-atas gunong ini,” maka ka-lihat-an-lah raja gajah itu serta dengan sagala tantra-nia maka ber-sĕru-sĕru-lah pelanduḳ itu dengan niaring suara-nia kata-nia“ada-kah tuanku serta tantra tuanku sakalian baik?” maka menulih-lah raja gajah itu serta dengan marah-nia kata-nia “Hei benatang yang kechil lagi hina apa sebab-nia angkaumenyĕru aku di tengah jalan dengan ka-laku-an be-adab42ini siapa-kah angkau ini?”41.Belaka(entirely, completely, altogether) is often used parenthetically in a sentence, corresponding in some degree to such expressions as, “it must be said,” “I should say,” “let me add,” “you must know.”Ka-sumua-nia, the whole of them, a collective substantive formed fromsumua, all. Numerals are dealt with in the same way, as,ka-dua-nia, both of them.42.Be-adab, “unmannerly,” a compound adjective (Hindustani) formed by prefixing the privative particlebe-to the nounadab. Malays also borrow from the same source the wordbe-hosh, “stupified,” generally mispronounced by thembi-us.LESSON XXVII.On what day will the case be commenced?—Pada hari mana handak buka bichara?So-and-so got up and gave evidence.—Ber-diri si-anu jadi saḳsi.Bail was refused—Tiada di-bĕri jamin.43Have you any one who will go bail for you?—Ada-kah orang yang mahu tanggong?This is the surety—Ini-lah aku-an.I will give bail for any amount—Bĕr-apa bĕrat sakali-pun hamba tuan bĕrani tanggong.Is this a man of property?—Orang ber-harta-kah ini?One surety is not enough; there must be two at least—Sa’orang aku ta’jadi sa-korang-korang mahu-lah dua orang.Sign at this place—Di-sini-lah turun tanda tangan.Do you know how to write?—Tahu-kah menyurat?If you cannot write, make a mark—Jikalau ta’tahu menyurat buat-lah goris tanda tangan.That will do; you can go now—Suda-lah, pulang-lah dahulu.What do you call this in Malay?—Bahasa Malayu apa kata ini?He has done it in the English fashion—Dia sudah buat chara Inggris.Speak loud, and let people hear you—Chakap kuat-kuat sapaya buleh orang men-dengar.He was very much afraid (and looked) as if he were about to fall down—Takut-lah sakali dia saperti handak rĕbah ka-bawah.His face grew very pale—Puchat sakali muka-nia.His statement is incoherent—Ta’tuntu per-kata-an-nia.He fell at his master’s feet and asked for pardon—Dia menyămbah kaki tuan-nia lalu me-minta ampun.His master, being very kind-hearted, forgave him—Sebab ter-lalu morah hati tuan-nia langsong di-bĕri-nia ma‘af.Exercise.Maka jawab pelanduk “Dengar-lah tuanku akan per-kata-an patek ini, ada-pun tuan yang menĕrang-kan sagala ‘alam dunia ini serta laut dan darat iya-itu bulan maka patek ini sa-orang hamba-nia yang di-perchaya-nia maka di-suroh-nia patek datang kapada tuanku minta khabar-kan” maka jawab raja gajah itu “apa-kah khabar-nia? Kata-kan-lah uleh-mu” maka pelanduk itu-pun sambil memandang ka-langit pura-pura iya menyămbah bulan seraya kata-nia “adapun tuanku itu-lah bulan yang ampunya gunong dan kulam itu-pun iya-lah yang mem-buat-nia akan tampat mandi maka apabila iya pulang petang ka-langit maka di-suroh-nia jaga kulam itu dengan be-bĕr-apa singa yang garang-garang maka sebab itu-lah apa-bila di-lihat-nia tuanku ber-angkat datang kamari di-suroh-nia akan hamba mem-bĕri tahu maka apabila tuanku datang di-kulam naschaya di-bunoh-lah uleh sagala singa itu maka dosa-nia itu di-atas-nia maka sebab itu-lah iya menyuroh-kan hamba datang ini membĕri tahu tuanku sakalian menyuroh-kan balik sigra”——.43.Jamin, “bail,” a word frequently heard in the Straits Settlements, is a corruption of the Hindustanizamin.LESSON XXVIII.In which direction had we better go?—Sa-bĕlah mana baik kita pergi?There are numbers of snipe in the padi-fields—Di-bendang baniak juga burong berkik.He has a double-barrelled gun—Dia punya snapang dua laras.Both barrels are loaded—Sudah ber-isi ka-dua-nia.You use very small shot—Tuan pakei pengabur yang halus sakali.He is a very good shot—Dia pandei sakali menembak burong.He killed two birds at one shot—Sakali me-letup mati-lah dua ekor burong.Before we could get close the green pigeons all flew away—Belam sămpat dĕkat lagi habis lari-lah burong punei sumua.Perhaps we shall get some on the other side of that thicket—Balik sana belukar itu barang-kali dapat kĕlak.One of its wings is broken.—Patah-lah sayap sa-bĕlah.It is not hit—Ta’kĕna.It is wounded slightly—Kĕna juga sadikit.It has settled on the ground—Sudah hinggap di tanah.It has perched on a cocoanut tree—Sudah hinggap di pokok nior.Don’t speak: how can you expect to get near a wild animal if you make a noise?—Jangan ber-mulut, benatang liyar bukan-kah, jikalau engar-engar macham mana handak dĕkat.The elephant received a ball in his head, and immediately dropped—Kĕna peluru sa-biji di kapala gajah itu, lalu tumbang.Have you ever shot a tiger?—Ada-kah tuan dapat menembak harimau?How many birds have you got?—Tuan sudah buleh bĕr-apa ekor burong?Exercise.“Maka ter-lalu-lah baniak marah-nia akan tuanku tetapi tiada mengapa segra-lah tuanku baliḳ sapaya buleh hamba pergi mem-bujuḳ raja bulan dan mem-baiḳ-ki hati-nia itu dan lagi pikir-lah tuan-tuan sakalian bahawa sakian lama sudah kamarau sagala kulam habis-kah ka-kĕring-an apa sebab-nia kulam44ini baniaḳ ayer-nia? maka sakalian ini-pun sebab kasihan hati hamba akan jiwa tuan-tuan sapaya jangan anyaya masi.” Sa-ber-mula sa-telah di-dengar uleh raja gajah akan sagala per-kata-an pĕlanduḳ itu maka ka-takut-an-lah iya sambil menyămbah ara ka-langit maka sigra-lah iya ber-balik dengan dahaga-nia. Damikian handaḳ-nia orang yang handak menjadi raja apabila di-dengar orang nama-nia menjadi ka-takut-an ada-nia.44.Kulam, Tamil, a tank.LESSON XXIX.Is the tide making or ebbing?—Ayer pasang-kah surut-kah?Is the boat ready?—Prahu ada siap-kah?How many people will this boat carry?—Bĕr-apa orang buleh muat di prahu ini?Ten persons, including two rowers—Buleh muat sa-puloh orang masok anak dayong dua orang.There is a head-wind; we cannot sail—Angin muka ta’buleh ber-laiar.Row hard—Dayong-lah kuat-kuat.When we reach the mouth of the river, you can stop for a moment and rest—Tiba di kuala sakarang buleh berhinti sa-kejap biar hilang penat.Who is steering?—Siapa pegang kamudi?If one is going down-stream paddles are used; for going up-stream poles are required—Kalau kilir pakei pengayu kalau mudik mahu-lah ber-galah.What kind of wood is the best for boat-building?—Kayu mana yang ter-lebeh baik handak mem-buat prahu?The Chinesesampanis calledsampan kotakin Singapore—Sampan China itu kata orang di Singgapura “Sampan kotak.”Of what wood is this dug-out canoe made?—Prahu sagor ini di-buat dengan kayu apa?Steer straight for that point—Tuju betul ka tanjong itu.I shall go on shore at the landing-place—Sahaya handak naik di darat di pengkalan.Give me the line and let us fish a little—Bahagi-lah tali kail biar kita mengail sakejap.Have you got any bait?—Umpan ada-kah?If we have any luck we may catch some big fish—Kalau ada untong kita barang-kali dapat juga ikan besar-besar.The spines of that fish are very poisonous—Duri ikan itu bisa sakali.Exercise.Ada kapada suatu hari sa’orang pem-buru masok ka hutan lalu mem-buru iya ber-keliling hutan itu maka lalu ber-temu-lah iya dengan sa’ekor kijang maka di-kejar-nia akan kijang itu serta di-panah-nia sa-telah mati maka di-angkat-nia handak di-bawa-nia pulang sa-telah sampei ka tengah jalan maka ber-temu-lah iya pula dengan sa’ekor babi hutan maka kijang itu-pun di-letak-kan-nia lalu di-kejar-nia akan babi hutan itu lalu di-panah-nia tiada-lah kena maka handak di-panah-nia sakali lagi maka di-terkam-lah uleh babi itu akan dia serta di-gigit-nia maka mati-lah iya ber-sama-sama dengan babi itu akan tetapi anak panah itu ada juga ter-kena kapada busar-nia yang di-tangan pem-buru itu.LESSON XXX.He is not yet dressed—Dia bĕlum pakei kain lagi.He is dressed like a Malay—Dia pakei chara Malayu.Wake me to-morrow morning at six o’clock—Gĕrak-kan sahaya pukul anam pagi.I want to get up early—Sahaya handak bangun siyang-siyang.He did not do it on purpose—Bukan-nia dia buat sangaja.I was only in play—Sahaya lawak-lawak sahaja.I was very sorry that I could not accompany you—Ter-buku hati sahaya sangat ta‘buleh ber-sama-sama.What are the contents of that letter?—Apa bunyi-nia surat itu?Do you understand the pith of it?—Tuan dapat-kah buku-nia?Has any one been here to look for me?—Ada-kah siapa-siapa datang men-chahari sahaya?Ask that woman where the well is—Choba tanya pada perampuan itu di-mana-kah talaga.Is this good water?—Baik-kah ayer ini?It is excellent water, both clear and cool—Elok sakali ayer ini, jerneh lagi sejuk.Can we get a green cocoanut here?—Nior muda dapat-kah di-sini?There is no one who can climb (the tree)—T’ada orang yang tahu panjat.Let me climb it—Biar aku memanjat.Have you brought cooking-utensils?—Priuk bĕlanga sudah bawa-kah?These sticks are damp and will not burn—Basah kayu ini ta’mahu menyala.Grind the spices—Giling rampah-rampah.Will you smoke?—Tuan mahu minum rokok?I am sleepy, and shall go to bed—Sudah mengantuk, sahaya handak masok tidor.Did you call me?—Tuan panggil-kah?Exercise.Maka sagala hal itu ada-lah di-lihat uleh sa’ekor srigala maka ber-lari iya datang serta ber-kata “bahwa sapuloh hari lama-nia tiada-lah aku men-chahari makan-an lagi” serta datang-lah iya meng-hampir-i pem-buru itu maka di-gigit-nia tali busar itu maka tiba-tiba anak panah itu-pun datang-lah menikam srigala itu maka iya-pun mati-lah maka jikalau kita terlalu tema‘a dan handak ber-lebeh-lebeh naschaya ada-lah hal kita saperti hakayat pem-buru dengan srigala itu ada-nia.PART IV.Tothe more advanced lessons and exercises which are contained in this section, it may be well to prefix a few notes on colloquial Malay, which are suggested by a consciousness of some of the common errors into which European students of Malay are apt to fall.First, Try to observe and imitate the impersonal and elliptical construction of Malay sentences. Notice how much more is left to the imagination than in English, and get rid of the notion that it is necessary to express invariably by nouns or pronouns the agents or objects of the actions spoken of. Ideas are conveyed in Malay in a much less concrete form than in the civilised languages of Europe, and what is lost in accuracy and distinctness is partially compensated for by brevity.Why saykasih sama sahaya(lit. “give to me”), in imitation of the Englishgive me, or the Frenchdonnez-moi, or the Germangeben sie mir, in all of which the pronoun is expressed, when a Malay would simply saybahagi-lah, give, orbawa, bring? It is easy enough to leave tone or gesture to supply any deficiency in meaning. The constant use of this phrase,sama sahaya, orsama kita, is a bad habit, which arises from a natural desire to give the word “me” its due value in Malay. This, as has been shown, is not necessary.Examples.Tell me; don’t be afraid—Bilang-lah, jangan takut; not,bilang sama sahaya, &c.What are you going to give us?—Apa mahu bahagi?not,apa mahu bahagi sama kita?How much must I pay you?—Bĕr-apa nanti kĕna bayar?not,bĕr-apa sahaya mahu bayar sama angkau?I want him to make me a jacket—Sahaya handak suroh dia buat baju; not,sahaya handak suroh dia buat baja sama sahaya.Can you make me a table?—Buleh-kah buat meja?not,buleh-kah buat meja sama sahaya.Afterwards come and tell me—Lepas itu mari-lah khabar-kan; not,mari bilang sama sahaya.In direct narration the personal pronoun “I” should often be left untranslated, and the sentence put in an impersonal form. We are accustomed to commence sentences frequently with “I think,” “I hear,” “I hope,” “I wish,” and there is a temptation therefore to overload Malay sentences with “Sahaya fikir,” “Sahaya dengar khabar,” &c. These, though not ungrammatical, should be used sparingly.Rasa-nia, the feeling is,agak-nia, the guess is,rupa-nia, the appearance is (it seems),khabar-nia, the report is, and similar phrases, should often take their place.Examples.Instead of— I am told, or people tell me,Orang bilang sama sahaya;Say, People say,Kata orang.Instead of— I hear that he is coming here,Sahaya dengar khabar dia handak mari sini;Say, He is coming here, the report goes,Dia handak kamari khabar-nia.Instead of— I think there are five quarts,Sahaya fikir ada lima chupah;Say, There are five quarts, the estimate is,Ada lima chupah agak-nia.Instead of— I think it is going to rain,Sahaya fikir hari handak hujan;Say, It is going to rain, it seems,Hari handak hujan rupa-nia.Instead of— I like driving better than walking,Sahaya lagi suka naik kreta deri-pada jalan kaki;Say, It is better to drive than to walk,Baik ber-kreta deri-pada ber-jalan.Note the impersonal way of putting the statement in the following sentences:—I was very glad to hear it—Sangat-lah suka hati sahaya akan men-dengar.I very much wish to go to Meccah—Niat hati sahaya handak pergi ka-Makah.I should be doing wrong to receive it, and I am ashamed to return it—Handak tĕrima salah, handak pulang-kan malu.I was disappointed—Putus-lah harap sahaya.I hope sincerely that the case will soon be decided—Besar-lah harap sahaya bichara itu akan di-putus-kan dengan sigra.I have made up my mind that, however great the oppression may be, I will hold out—Tetap-lah hati sahaya bageimana bĕrat sakali-pun handak tahan juga.Second, Avoid word-for-word translations of English sentences in which the word “you” occurs. So much has been said on this subject already (supra,pp.49,75) that it is only necessary here to give a few additional illustrations of the mode in which Malays dispense with the pronoun. In most English and Malay phrase-books the use ofangkauis far too frequent.As you like—Mana suka-lah.As you may think best—Mana elok kapada hati sendiri.You can go—Buleh pulang.I have nothing more to ask you—T’ada apa lagi handak tanya.Where have you been?—Pergi ka-mana tadi?If you do so another time you will certainly be punished—Kalau buat lagi sakali bageimana yang sudah ini tuntu-lah kena hukum.Do you want employment?—Handak minta karja-kah?Can you wait at table?—Tahu-kah jaga meja?What are you doing?—Apa buat?You must take great care of it, and see that it is not injured—Mahu-lah jaga baik-baik, jangan di-rosak-kan-nia.Even in reprimanding or scolding another, it is common in Malay to adopt an impersonal and not a direct mode of address. Instead of saying, “You are a lazy, good-for-nothing boy, and deserve a good thrashing,” the Malay says, “What manner of boy is this? If one were to beat him soundly it would be well.”Examples.Are you deaf? Can’t you hear what I say to you?—Tuli-kah budak ini? Orang kata t’ada dengar-kah?(Lit.Is the boy deaf? does he not hear what one is saying?)How slow you are! or, what a time you are taking!—Ai budak ini! bukan lambat-nia!(Lit.Oh, this boy! Isn’t he slow?)How slowly you are rowing! Can’t you pull faster when you are told? Give way, will you!—Ai, bukan lengah dayong budak ini, bukan-kah orang suroh dĕras. Dĕras-lah sadikit.(Lit.Oh, are not these boys rowing slowly! Has not one told them to make haste? Quick! now, a little!)You are behaving exceedingly badly, and it would serve you right if you got a caning—Jahat sakali orang ini, kalau bahagi rasa sadikit dengan rotan baharu dia ingat. (Lit.This person is exceedingly bad; if one were to make him feel with a rattan he would remember.)What an idiot you are! I tell you to bring water, and you bring oil—Budak bedebah ini! Orang suroh bawa ayer di-bawa-nia minyak.Third, Do not be satisfied with one general Malay verb to describe a whole class of actions for which separate specific words exist. It may be possible to make oneself intelligible by usingpukul, to strike, for every kind of blow, but it is preferable to employ the appropriate term for the particular mode of striking.The following lists will illustrate this caution:—1.Pukul, to strike, beat.Gasak, to beat, flog, punish.Hentam, to strike, attack, throw.Balun, to beat, thrash, drub.Palu, to beat, hammer, knock.Kĕtok, to knock, tap, rap.Godam, to thrash, hammer.Lantak, to nail, to drive in.Tinju-kan, to box, strike with the fist.Tumbuk, to pound, strike with the fist.Bĕdal, to switch.Sakal, andsakai, to strike.Tampar, andtampiling, to slap.Tepuk, to pat.2.Chuchuk, to thrust, poke.Merusuk, to thrust, poke, pierce.Radakorrodok, to pierce with a spear.Juluk, to thrust upwards.Tikam, to thrust, pierce, stab.Sigi, to poke with the finger.Merunjang, to lower a spear at the charge.3.Angkat, to lift, carry off, remove.Pikul, to carry on the back, to carry a load.Kandar, to carry on a stick over the shoulder.Bibit, to carry with the fingers.Junjong, to carry on the head.Tanggong, to bear, carry, support.Gendong, to carry slung in a bundle.Usong, to carry in a litter.Julang, to hold aloft, to hoist, to carry with the arm uplifted.Bawa, to carry, convey, bring.Dukong, to carry on the back or hip.Kepit, to carry under the arm.Jinjing, to carry in the arms or hands.Galas, to carry slung over the back or shoulder.Kilik, to carry under the arm.Bebat, to carry in the girdle.Tatang, to carry on the palms of the hands.Kandong, to carry at the waist.4.Jatoh, to fall, drop.Gugur, to drop off, fall, miscarry.Tumbang, to fall, tumble down.Reban, to fall in, give way, tumble down.Runtoh, to come down, to fall.Luroh, to drop off, fall (as fruit).Titek, to drop, distil (as water).Rĕbah,1to tumble, fall.Timpa, to fall against.Chichir, to drop, to spill.Tumpah, to spill.5.Buang, to throw away.Lotarorlontar, to hurl, fling.Lempar, to throw, fling.Humban, to throw down, cast away.Champak, to throw down, cast away.Baling, to throw, fling.Lanting, to throw, cast, propel.6.Lihat, to see.Pandang, to look, to look at.Kelih, to see.Nampa, to see, perceive.Intei, to peep, spy, observe.Petiak, to notice, observe.Tulih, to look, glance.Tengok, to see.Jingok, to peep, look out.Tengadah, to look up.Tampak, to see, perceive.Per-hati-kan, to perceive, notice, take notice of.Tentang, to regard.7.Chakap, to speak.Bilang, to tell.Khabar-kan, to tell, inform.Ber-mulut, to speak, utter.Sabda, to say, command.Cheritra-kan, to relate.Meripit, to chatter, gabble.Mengomong, to chat, gossip.Kata, to say, speak, talk.Tutur, to talk, tell, converse.Sĕbut, to tell, mention.Uchap, to utter, express.Titah, to say, command (as a raja).Merongut, to mutter.Ber-bual, to chat.Ber-sungut, to grumble, to murmur.Fourth, Learn to employ the passive form of the verb which takes the prefixdi-. Easy examples of this have been givenoccasionally in the preceding lessons, and the exercises on pages107and108contain abundant illustrations of it. It is a mistake to suppose that the Malay passive is confined to the written language; it is of common use colloquially among Malays, but, probably because it offers certain difficulties of construction, it is little understood and seldom employed by Europeans in the Straits of Malacca.“He did not, or would not, accept it,” would be vulgarly rendereddia ta’ mahu tĕrima; but it may be more elegantly translatedtiada-lah di-tĕrima-nia, “It was not accepted by him.” Here the affix-niahas the force of “by him,” and, as it denotes the agent, immediately follows the verb in accordance with the rule stated onp. 61.Examples.He ordered (it was ordered by him)—Di-suroh-nia.He seized the robber (the robber was seized by him)—Di-tangkap-nia penchuri.They cut away (were cut away by them) the huts and prevented the fire from spreading far—Di-potong-nia rumah-rumah tiada di-bĕri me-larat panjang api itu.The rats ate up three candles—Dian tiga batang habis di-makan tikus.They have not yet erected the house; they are getting the timber ready—Rumah belum di-diri-kan lagi, tengah di buat kayu-kayu-nia.The boat was leaky and the water got in—Bochor prahu itu di-masok ayer dalam-nia.He only allowed him to use it; he did not give it to him out and out—Di-bĕri pakei sahaja bukan di-bĕri-nia langsong.He said that it was too late to send an answer—Handak di-balas pun kata-nia sudah ter-lepas waktu-nia.He asked for information about the house that is being built—Di-tanya-nia deri-pada hal rumah yang di-per-buat itu.When the country becomes populous it will be right to raise the assessment—Apabila negri sudah ramei bahru-lah patut di-per-naik-kan hasil-nia.God, ever to be praised and most high, gave his aid, and on that very day there descended the heaviest shower of rain possible—Di-tulong Allah subhana wa ta‘ala pada waktu hari itu di-turun hujan sa-habis-habis lebat.The people of the village feasted abundantly—Jenoh-lah di-makan orang kampong itu.Fifth, Bear in mind the distinction between the force given to a verb by the particleber-(be-,bel-), and that which is caused by prefixingme-(mem-,meng-,men-, andmeny-); seesupra,p. 55.When the former is employed, the verb describesa state or condition, and is intransitive. The latter generally denotes a verb expressingan action. Apparent departures from this rule are found sometimes, but these often arise from a difficulty in classifying a particular verb. Such a verb, for instance, as “to weep,” may be viewed in two ways—either as descriptive of the condition of the person who weeps or of the act of weeping; the former is expressed in Malay byber-tangisand the latter bymenangis, but practically the distinction is not great. Somemakei(pakei), to wear,merajuk, to sulk,menanti, to wait, and others, seem to describe states or conditions, notwithstanding that they have the particleme-; but this is explained by showing that in their primary meanings they really convey an idea of action,memakeimeaning to put on,merajuk, to show temper, andmenanti, to await somebody or something.The following derivative verbs will illustrate the rule laid down above:—Primitive.Derivative withber-.Derivative withme-.angkat, to lift.ber-angkat, to arise.meng-angkat, to lift.alih, to change.ber-alih, to undergo change.meng-alih, to change.balik, behind, back.ber-balik, to turn (intrans.)mem-balik, to turn, return (trans.)diri, self, being.ber-diri, to stand up.men-diri-kan, to cause to stand, to establish.ganti, instead of.ber-ganti, to take the place of.meng-ganti, to put in the place of.habis, finished.ber-habis, to be finished.meng-habis, to finish, to complete.igau, delirium.ber-igau, to be delirious.meng-igau, to rave.ikat, tie, bond.ber-ikat, to be fastened.meng-ikat, to tie, fasten.ingat, memory, to remember.ber-ingat, to be sensible of.meng-ingat, to call to mind, remember.jaga, to watch, guard.ber-jaga, to be on watch.menjaga, to watch, to guard.keliling, around.ber-keliling, to border, surround.mengeliling, to hem in, to go round.karja, work.ber-karja, to be a workman.mengarja-kan, to work, effect, accomplish.lepas, loosed.ber-lepas, to be free.melepas, to set free.lambat, slow.ber-lambat, to be slow.me-lambat, to retard.labuh, to lower, drop.ber-labuh, to be at anchor.me-labuh, to let fall, to anchor.naung, shade.ber-naung, to be sheltered.me-naung-i, to shelter, to shade, protect.pegang, to hold.ber-pegang, to hold.memegang, to take hold of, to seize.rugi, loss.be-rugi, to suffer loss.me-rugi-kan, to cause loss.sembunyi, to hide.ber-sembunyi, to be concealed.menyembunyi, to hide, conceal.takut, afraid, fear.ber-takut, to be afraid.menyakut-kan, to frighten.ubah, change, to change.ber-ubah, to undergo change.meng-ubah, to change, to alter.Sixth, Notice must be taken of the common native habit (not one to be imitated by Europeans learning the language) of inserting in a sentence words which have no meaning to fill a temporary hiatus while the speaker is thinking of his next word. These prop-words or pillow-words, to borrow a Hindustani phrase,2are numerous in Malay and vary in different localities.Anu,bahasa-nia,misal3-nia, andkata-kanare some of those commonly used.Seventh, The following abbreviations are commonly employed:—Na’forhandak;sikitforsadikit;auatforapa-buat?why?;ta’andt’adafortiada;piandpĕgi(in Patanigi) forpergi.1.Alsoribahandrubuh.2.The Hindustani term issukhan-takya, fromsukhan, a word, andtakyaa pillow.3.Corresponding with the Hindustanimaslan, which is used in a similar way.LESSON XXXI.Phrases of Politeness.Be pleased to——. —Sila,sila-lah, orsila-kan-lah.Please come into the house—Sila-kan naik atas rumah.Be pleased to sit down on a chair—Sila-kan duduk di-atas krusi.My house is not what it should be—Rumah sahaya tiada dengan sapertinia.Treat it as your own house; don’t stand upon ceremony—Buat-lah saperti rumah sendiri, jangan malu.I must beg leave to depart (lit. to rise)—Sahaya handak minta diri-lah dahulu.Pray do as you wish; take care as you go—Sila-kan-lah. Jalan baik-baik.I crave permission to retire, as I wish to go home—Hamba tuan handak mohun-lah dahulu handak balik.Very well (it does not matter)—Ta’ apa-lah.I must ask to be pardoned for going (style of the Court)—Patek handak meng-ampun-lah dahulu.Very well—Baik-lah.Pray come and see me often; don’t hesitate—Mari-lah kĕrap-kĕrap rumah sahaya, jangan-lah segan-segan.I am exceedingly pleased to have seen you at my house—Sangat sudi sahaya tuan-tuan datang ber-landang rumah sahaya.May your journey be safe—Salamat jalan.May you remain in peace—Salamat tinggal.There is something that I want; it is to invite you to a trifling entertainment—Ada hajat sadikit handak jamu makan sadikit ayer-ayer sejuk.I thank you exceedingly (lit. I accept a great favour from you)—Sahaya baniak tĕrima kasih, or, simply,tĕrima kasih.Are you well?—Tuan ada baik?How is so-and-so, who was ill the other day?—Apa khabar si-polan4yang sakit kalmarin itu?He has quite recovered his former health—Sudah sihat balik saperti sedia lama.Thanks to the favouring influence of your good fortune, we are free from all misfortune and sickness—Dengan berkat tuah tuah tulong tiada-lah satu apa-apa mara-bahaya deri-pada sakit demam.Exercise.It is a long time since I saw you last. I did not know that you had arrived here. How did you come, by the river, or by the road? How long do you intend to stay? Don’t be in a hurry to return; stay for a while, and recover from the fatigue of your journey. It is a pity that I did not know beforehand that you were coming. He is a most excellent old man, and it would be hard to find many like him. If nothing occurs to prevent it, I shall come and see you on Monday next. There is no necessity for writing a letter; if you let my clerk know, that will be sufficient.4.Polan, orfulan, such a one, probably from the Hindustanifulana, a word of Arab derivation.LESSON XXXII.Reading and Writing.Malay is a language of which it is very easy to learn to speak a little. It is, however, very difficult to acquire the idioms of the natives.—Bahasa Malayu itu mudah sakali di-dapat chahap sadikit-sadikit, tetapi kalau handak ikut saperti per-kata-an orang Malayu sendiri payah sakali.It is written from right to left, whereas English is written from left to right—Tulis-an Jawi itu deri kanan bawa ka-kiri tulis-an Inggris deri kiri bawa ka kanan.The letters employed are the Arabic letters—Huruf-nia yang di-pakei itu huruf ‘Arab.What do you call that in Malay?—Orang Malayu apa kata ini?What is the name of this object in Malay?—Apa nama barang ini bahasa Malayu?The pronunciation of Malay differs in different states—Chakap orang Malayu itu lain sakali bunyi-nia di-dalam lain-lain tampat.His pronunciation is not good—Chakap-nia ta’ terus, ordia chakap pelet, ortélor.The Malays of that district have a flat pronunciation; they sayapéforapa—Orang Malayu negri itu leper chakap, handak kataapadi-kata-niaapé.How do you spell that word?—Per-kata-an ini apa eja-nia?This word is not correctly spelt—Per-kata-an ini ta’ betul eja-nia.You should read for at least two hours a day, and thus you will soon beable to read fluently—Patut-lah tuan membacha surat Jawi sa-korang-korang dua jam lama nia pada tiap-tiap hari, lama-lama tuntu-lah buleh dapat bacha lanchar.Why do you undertake a thing and give it up when half finished?—Perkara itu apa sebab tuan ta’ mahu bahagi habis, buat sa’ kĕrat-kĕrat sahaja?My son has learned to write Malay, and is now learning the Koran—Anak sahaya sudah dapat tulis Jawi sakarang tengah meng-aji Koran.When he has read it through, he will commence to learn (Arabic) grammar—Tatkala sudah khatam dia handak mengaji nahu.He chants the Koran very well—Pandei juga dia mem-bacha Koran.Exercise.I am not skilled in composition. He ordered the two writings to be compared. If he is diligent, he will soon get instruction. He has been attending school for ever so long, but he knows nothing. After reading the letter he put it away in a box. The raja ordered the letter to be read aloud in the assembly. How were these lines ruled? Just look over this letter and see if it will do. If you will permit me, I will take away this book to read it. His handwriting is exceedingly good.LESSON XXXIII.Housekeeping.There will be no one dining here to-day except the master and myself—T’ ada orang lain makan di rumah hari ini, sahaya ber-dua dengan tuan sahaja.Tell the cook that last night’s dinner was not at all good—Choba bilang kapada tukang-masak makan-an sa-malam ta’ baik sakali masak-nia.What he put into the soup I don’t know, but it had a nasty taste—Apa-apa di-bubok-nia di-dalam tim itu ta’ tahu-lah sahaya, rasa-nia maung sahaja.The rice, too, was burned, and no one could eat it—Nasi pun hangus ta’ lalu (orbuleh) orang makan.What is the price of fowls at the market?—Hayam bĕr-apa harga di pasar?Full-grown hens as much as fifty cents each, half-grown fowls about twenty cents each, and capons so much a catty according to weight—Kalau ibu hayam sampei lima kupang pun ada, hayam sedang agak-nia, dua kupang sa’ ekor, hayam kambiri (orkasi) ikut timbang-an kati.The milk-man has not come yet—Bĕlum orang bawa susu lagi.Choose fish which is quite fresh. What we had yesterday was spoilt before it could be cooked—Pilih ikan yang baharu. Ikan kalmarin belum sămpat di-masak lagi sudah busŭk.Wait a moment. You must have breakfast ready every day at nine o’clock punctually, there must be no delay—Nanti-lah dahulu. Sa-hari-hari mahu-lah sedia-kan hazri waktu pukul sambilan ta’ buleh lambat lagi.Pour this oil into a jar—Minyak ini tuang-lah di-dalam tempayan.Take care not to spill it—Baik-baik jangan tumpah.Are the kitchen utensils complete, pots and pans, cocoanut scraper, stone for grinding spices, &c.?—Chukup-kah per-kakas-an dapor, priuk, bĕlanga, kuali, kukur-an, batu giling rampah-rampah, dan lain-lain-nia?The only things wanting are basket-work frames for the cooking-pots, and a coffee-mill—Yang ada korang sadikit lekar sahaja dengan kisar-an kahwa.I am tired of poultry—Sahaya sudah jĕmu makan daging hayam itek.Exercise.Is the water boiling? Boil two eggs, but take care that they are not hard. What do you call this vegetable in Malay? Tell some one to pull the punkah. This plate is dirty; take it away and bring another. Put the dish down upon that tray. Weigh the meat when it is brought every day. I have weighed the beef; there is half a catty too little. How many months did you work for that gentleman? On what account did you leave?LESSON XXXIV.Preparations for Departure.
Go and complain at the police-station—Pergi-lah mengadu di-balei (orrumah pasong).He has been arrested—Dia sudah kĕna tangkap.He has been locked up—Dia sudah kĕna tutop.What is his offence?—Apa ka-salah-an-nia?What do they charge him with?—Apa di-tudoh-kan di-atas-nia?For how many days has he been detained?—Sudah bĕr-apa, hari dia kĕna tahan?This is not his first offence—Bukan sa-kali ini sahaja yang dia buat jahat.Do you know him?—Tuan kenal-kah dia?No, I see him now for the first time—Tidak, baharu sa-kali ini sahaya me-lihat.People say that he is a great opium-smoker—Kata orang dia kuat makan chandu.He broke into the house of a Chinese in the middle of the night—Dia pechah masok rumah orang China tengah malam.He was not alone; there were several others with him—Bukan dia sa’orang ada juga dua tiga ampat orang kawan-nia.They were all Malays—Melayu belaka41ka-sumua-nia.He was not the principal, but an accomplice—Bukan dia kapala tetapi dia menyerta-i sama.Their intention was to steal the gold ornaments—Kahandak hati-nia mahu churi barang-barang mas.He used abusive and improper language—Dia ber-maki-maki dengan yang ta’patut.What is the name of the defendant?—Siapa nama yang kĕna adu itu?What the prosecutor says is quite right—Benar juga saperti kata adu-an.
Go and complain at the police-station—Pergi-lah mengadu di-balei (orrumah pasong).
He has been arrested—Dia sudah kĕna tangkap.
He has been locked up—Dia sudah kĕna tutop.
What is his offence?—Apa ka-salah-an-nia?
What do they charge him with?—Apa di-tudoh-kan di-atas-nia?
For how many days has he been detained?—Sudah bĕr-apa, hari dia kĕna tahan?
This is not his first offence—Bukan sa-kali ini sahaja yang dia buat jahat.
Do you know him?—Tuan kenal-kah dia?
No, I see him now for the first time—Tidak, baharu sa-kali ini sahaya me-lihat.
People say that he is a great opium-smoker—Kata orang dia kuat makan chandu.
He broke into the house of a Chinese in the middle of the night—Dia pechah masok rumah orang China tengah malam.
He was not alone; there were several others with him—Bukan dia sa’orang ada juga dua tiga ampat orang kawan-nia.
They were all Malays—Melayu belaka41ka-sumua-nia.
He was not the principal, but an accomplice—Bukan dia kapala tetapi dia menyerta-i sama.
Their intention was to steal the gold ornaments—Kahandak hati-nia mahu churi barang-barang mas.
He used abusive and improper language—Dia ber-maki-maki dengan yang ta’patut.
What is the name of the defendant?—Siapa nama yang kĕna adu itu?
What the prosecutor says is quite right—Benar juga saperti kata adu-an.
Maka mantri pelanduḳ itu-pun ber-lari-lah pergi men-dapat-kan raja gajah itu seraya ber-pikir di-dalam hati-nia, “handak meng-halau-kan gajah ini ter-lalu susah-kah? ada-pun saperti sagala raja-raja itu jikalau handak mem-bunoh orang itu saperti laku orang ter-tawa bahwa damikian-lah raja ini-pun dengan sa-buntar ini juga aku halau-kan jikalau damikian baik-lah aku naik ka-atas gunong ini,” maka ka-lihat-an-lah raja gajah itu serta dengan sagala tantra-nia maka ber-sĕru-sĕru-lah pelanduḳ itu dengan niaring suara-nia kata-nia“ada-kah tuanku serta tantra tuanku sakalian baik?” maka menulih-lah raja gajah itu serta dengan marah-nia kata-nia “Hei benatang yang kechil lagi hina apa sebab-nia angkaumenyĕru aku di tengah jalan dengan ka-laku-an be-adab42ini siapa-kah angkau ini?”
41.Belaka(entirely, completely, altogether) is often used parenthetically in a sentence, corresponding in some degree to such expressions as, “it must be said,” “I should say,” “let me add,” “you must know.”Ka-sumua-nia, the whole of them, a collective substantive formed fromsumua, all. Numerals are dealt with in the same way, as,ka-dua-nia, both of them.42.Be-adab, “unmannerly,” a compound adjective (Hindustani) formed by prefixing the privative particlebe-to the nounadab. Malays also borrow from the same source the wordbe-hosh, “stupified,” generally mispronounced by thembi-us.
41.Belaka(entirely, completely, altogether) is often used parenthetically in a sentence, corresponding in some degree to such expressions as, “it must be said,” “I should say,” “let me add,” “you must know.”
Ka-sumua-nia, the whole of them, a collective substantive formed fromsumua, all. Numerals are dealt with in the same way, as,ka-dua-nia, both of them.
42.Be-adab, “unmannerly,” a compound adjective (Hindustani) formed by prefixing the privative particlebe-to the nounadab. Malays also borrow from the same source the wordbe-hosh, “stupified,” generally mispronounced by thembi-us.
On what day will the case be commenced?—Pada hari mana handak buka bichara?So-and-so got up and gave evidence.—Ber-diri si-anu jadi saḳsi.Bail was refused—Tiada di-bĕri jamin.43Have you any one who will go bail for you?—Ada-kah orang yang mahu tanggong?This is the surety—Ini-lah aku-an.I will give bail for any amount—Bĕr-apa bĕrat sakali-pun hamba tuan bĕrani tanggong.Is this a man of property?—Orang ber-harta-kah ini?One surety is not enough; there must be two at least—Sa’orang aku ta’jadi sa-korang-korang mahu-lah dua orang.Sign at this place—Di-sini-lah turun tanda tangan.Do you know how to write?—Tahu-kah menyurat?If you cannot write, make a mark—Jikalau ta’tahu menyurat buat-lah goris tanda tangan.That will do; you can go now—Suda-lah, pulang-lah dahulu.What do you call this in Malay?—Bahasa Malayu apa kata ini?He has done it in the English fashion—Dia sudah buat chara Inggris.Speak loud, and let people hear you—Chakap kuat-kuat sapaya buleh orang men-dengar.He was very much afraid (and looked) as if he were about to fall down—Takut-lah sakali dia saperti handak rĕbah ka-bawah.His face grew very pale—Puchat sakali muka-nia.His statement is incoherent—Ta’tuntu per-kata-an-nia.He fell at his master’s feet and asked for pardon—Dia menyămbah kaki tuan-nia lalu me-minta ampun.His master, being very kind-hearted, forgave him—Sebab ter-lalu morah hati tuan-nia langsong di-bĕri-nia ma‘af.
On what day will the case be commenced?—Pada hari mana handak buka bichara?
So-and-so got up and gave evidence.—Ber-diri si-anu jadi saḳsi.
Bail was refused—Tiada di-bĕri jamin.43
Have you any one who will go bail for you?—Ada-kah orang yang mahu tanggong?
This is the surety—Ini-lah aku-an.
I will give bail for any amount—Bĕr-apa bĕrat sakali-pun hamba tuan bĕrani tanggong.
Is this a man of property?—Orang ber-harta-kah ini?
One surety is not enough; there must be two at least—Sa’orang aku ta’jadi sa-korang-korang mahu-lah dua orang.
Sign at this place—Di-sini-lah turun tanda tangan.
Do you know how to write?—Tahu-kah menyurat?
If you cannot write, make a mark—Jikalau ta’tahu menyurat buat-lah goris tanda tangan.
That will do; you can go now—Suda-lah, pulang-lah dahulu.
What do you call this in Malay?—Bahasa Malayu apa kata ini?
He has done it in the English fashion—Dia sudah buat chara Inggris.
Speak loud, and let people hear you—Chakap kuat-kuat sapaya buleh orang men-dengar.
He was very much afraid (and looked) as if he were about to fall down—Takut-lah sakali dia saperti handak rĕbah ka-bawah.
His face grew very pale—Puchat sakali muka-nia.
His statement is incoherent—Ta’tuntu per-kata-an-nia.
He fell at his master’s feet and asked for pardon—Dia menyămbah kaki tuan-nia lalu me-minta ampun.
His master, being very kind-hearted, forgave him—Sebab ter-lalu morah hati tuan-nia langsong di-bĕri-nia ma‘af.
Maka jawab pelanduk “Dengar-lah tuanku akan per-kata-an patek ini, ada-pun tuan yang menĕrang-kan sagala ‘alam dunia ini serta laut dan darat iya-itu bulan maka patek ini sa-orang hamba-nia yang di-perchaya-nia maka di-suroh-nia patek datang kapada tuanku minta khabar-kan” maka jawab raja gajah itu “apa-kah khabar-nia? Kata-kan-lah uleh-mu” maka pelanduk itu-pun sambil memandang ka-langit pura-pura iya menyămbah bulan seraya kata-nia “adapun tuanku itu-lah bulan yang ampunya gunong dan kulam itu-pun iya-lah yang mem-buat-nia akan tampat mandi maka apabila iya pulang petang ka-langit maka di-suroh-nia jaga kulam itu dengan be-bĕr-apa singa yang garang-garang maka sebab itu-lah apa-bila di-lihat-nia tuanku ber-angkat datang kamari di-suroh-nia akan hamba mem-bĕri tahu maka apabila tuanku datang di-kulam naschaya di-bunoh-lah uleh sagala singa itu maka dosa-nia itu di-atas-nia maka sebab itu-lah iya menyuroh-kan hamba datang ini membĕri tahu tuanku sakalian menyuroh-kan balik sigra”——.
43.Jamin, “bail,” a word frequently heard in the Straits Settlements, is a corruption of the Hindustanizamin.
In which direction had we better go?—Sa-bĕlah mana baik kita pergi?There are numbers of snipe in the padi-fields—Di-bendang baniak juga burong berkik.He has a double-barrelled gun—Dia punya snapang dua laras.Both barrels are loaded—Sudah ber-isi ka-dua-nia.You use very small shot—Tuan pakei pengabur yang halus sakali.He is a very good shot—Dia pandei sakali menembak burong.He killed two birds at one shot—Sakali me-letup mati-lah dua ekor burong.Before we could get close the green pigeons all flew away—Belam sămpat dĕkat lagi habis lari-lah burong punei sumua.Perhaps we shall get some on the other side of that thicket—Balik sana belukar itu barang-kali dapat kĕlak.One of its wings is broken.—Patah-lah sayap sa-bĕlah.It is not hit—Ta’kĕna.It is wounded slightly—Kĕna juga sadikit.It has settled on the ground—Sudah hinggap di tanah.It has perched on a cocoanut tree—Sudah hinggap di pokok nior.Don’t speak: how can you expect to get near a wild animal if you make a noise?—Jangan ber-mulut, benatang liyar bukan-kah, jikalau engar-engar macham mana handak dĕkat.The elephant received a ball in his head, and immediately dropped—Kĕna peluru sa-biji di kapala gajah itu, lalu tumbang.Have you ever shot a tiger?—Ada-kah tuan dapat menembak harimau?How many birds have you got?—Tuan sudah buleh bĕr-apa ekor burong?
In which direction had we better go?—Sa-bĕlah mana baik kita pergi?
There are numbers of snipe in the padi-fields—Di-bendang baniak juga burong berkik.
He has a double-barrelled gun—Dia punya snapang dua laras.
Both barrels are loaded—Sudah ber-isi ka-dua-nia.
You use very small shot—Tuan pakei pengabur yang halus sakali.
He is a very good shot—Dia pandei sakali menembak burong.
He killed two birds at one shot—Sakali me-letup mati-lah dua ekor burong.
Before we could get close the green pigeons all flew away—Belam sămpat dĕkat lagi habis lari-lah burong punei sumua.
Perhaps we shall get some on the other side of that thicket—Balik sana belukar itu barang-kali dapat kĕlak.
One of its wings is broken.—Patah-lah sayap sa-bĕlah.
It is not hit—Ta’kĕna.
It is wounded slightly—Kĕna juga sadikit.
It has settled on the ground—Sudah hinggap di tanah.
It has perched on a cocoanut tree—Sudah hinggap di pokok nior.
Don’t speak: how can you expect to get near a wild animal if you make a noise?—Jangan ber-mulut, benatang liyar bukan-kah, jikalau engar-engar macham mana handak dĕkat.
The elephant received a ball in his head, and immediately dropped—Kĕna peluru sa-biji di kapala gajah itu, lalu tumbang.
Have you ever shot a tiger?—Ada-kah tuan dapat menembak harimau?
How many birds have you got?—Tuan sudah buleh bĕr-apa ekor burong?
“Maka ter-lalu-lah baniak marah-nia akan tuanku tetapi tiada mengapa segra-lah tuanku baliḳ sapaya buleh hamba pergi mem-bujuḳ raja bulan dan mem-baiḳ-ki hati-nia itu dan lagi pikir-lah tuan-tuan sakalian bahawa sakian lama sudah kamarau sagala kulam habis-kah ka-kĕring-an apa sebab-nia kulam44ini baniaḳ ayer-nia? maka sakalian ini-pun sebab kasihan hati hamba akan jiwa tuan-tuan sapaya jangan anyaya masi.” Sa-ber-mula sa-telah di-dengar uleh raja gajah akan sagala per-kata-an pĕlanduḳ itu maka ka-takut-an-lah iya sambil menyămbah ara ka-langit maka sigra-lah iya ber-balik dengan dahaga-nia. Damikian handaḳ-nia orang yang handak menjadi raja apabila di-dengar orang nama-nia menjadi ka-takut-an ada-nia.
44.Kulam, Tamil, a tank.
Is the tide making or ebbing?—Ayer pasang-kah surut-kah?Is the boat ready?—Prahu ada siap-kah?How many people will this boat carry?—Bĕr-apa orang buleh muat di prahu ini?Ten persons, including two rowers—Buleh muat sa-puloh orang masok anak dayong dua orang.There is a head-wind; we cannot sail—Angin muka ta’buleh ber-laiar.Row hard—Dayong-lah kuat-kuat.When we reach the mouth of the river, you can stop for a moment and rest—Tiba di kuala sakarang buleh berhinti sa-kejap biar hilang penat.Who is steering?—Siapa pegang kamudi?If one is going down-stream paddles are used; for going up-stream poles are required—Kalau kilir pakei pengayu kalau mudik mahu-lah ber-galah.What kind of wood is the best for boat-building?—Kayu mana yang ter-lebeh baik handak mem-buat prahu?The Chinesesampanis calledsampan kotakin Singapore—Sampan China itu kata orang di Singgapura “Sampan kotak.”Of what wood is this dug-out canoe made?—Prahu sagor ini di-buat dengan kayu apa?Steer straight for that point—Tuju betul ka tanjong itu.I shall go on shore at the landing-place—Sahaya handak naik di darat di pengkalan.Give me the line and let us fish a little—Bahagi-lah tali kail biar kita mengail sakejap.Have you got any bait?—Umpan ada-kah?If we have any luck we may catch some big fish—Kalau ada untong kita barang-kali dapat juga ikan besar-besar.The spines of that fish are very poisonous—Duri ikan itu bisa sakali.
Is the tide making or ebbing?—Ayer pasang-kah surut-kah?
Is the boat ready?—Prahu ada siap-kah?
How many people will this boat carry?—Bĕr-apa orang buleh muat di prahu ini?
Ten persons, including two rowers—Buleh muat sa-puloh orang masok anak dayong dua orang.
There is a head-wind; we cannot sail—Angin muka ta’buleh ber-laiar.
Row hard—Dayong-lah kuat-kuat.
When we reach the mouth of the river, you can stop for a moment and rest—Tiba di kuala sakarang buleh berhinti sa-kejap biar hilang penat.
Who is steering?—Siapa pegang kamudi?
If one is going down-stream paddles are used; for going up-stream poles are required—Kalau kilir pakei pengayu kalau mudik mahu-lah ber-galah.
What kind of wood is the best for boat-building?—Kayu mana yang ter-lebeh baik handak mem-buat prahu?
The Chinesesampanis calledsampan kotakin Singapore—Sampan China itu kata orang di Singgapura “Sampan kotak.”
Of what wood is this dug-out canoe made?—Prahu sagor ini di-buat dengan kayu apa?
Steer straight for that point—Tuju betul ka tanjong itu.
I shall go on shore at the landing-place—Sahaya handak naik di darat di pengkalan.
Give me the line and let us fish a little—Bahagi-lah tali kail biar kita mengail sakejap.
Have you got any bait?—Umpan ada-kah?
If we have any luck we may catch some big fish—Kalau ada untong kita barang-kali dapat juga ikan besar-besar.
The spines of that fish are very poisonous—Duri ikan itu bisa sakali.
Ada kapada suatu hari sa’orang pem-buru masok ka hutan lalu mem-buru iya ber-keliling hutan itu maka lalu ber-temu-lah iya dengan sa’ekor kijang maka di-kejar-nia akan kijang itu serta di-panah-nia sa-telah mati maka di-angkat-nia handak di-bawa-nia pulang sa-telah sampei ka tengah jalan maka ber-temu-lah iya pula dengan sa’ekor babi hutan maka kijang itu-pun di-letak-kan-nia lalu di-kejar-nia akan babi hutan itu lalu di-panah-nia tiada-lah kena maka handak di-panah-nia sakali lagi maka di-terkam-lah uleh babi itu akan dia serta di-gigit-nia maka mati-lah iya ber-sama-sama dengan babi itu akan tetapi anak panah itu ada juga ter-kena kapada busar-nia yang di-tangan pem-buru itu.
He is not yet dressed—Dia bĕlum pakei kain lagi.He is dressed like a Malay—Dia pakei chara Malayu.Wake me to-morrow morning at six o’clock—Gĕrak-kan sahaya pukul anam pagi.I want to get up early—Sahaya handak bangun siyang-siyang.He did not do it on purpose—Bukan-nia dia buat sangaja.I was only in play—Sahaya lawak-lawak sahaja.I was very sorry that I could not accompany you—Ter-buku hati sahaya sangat ta‘buleh ber-sama-sama.What are the contents of that letter?—Apa bunyi-nia surat itu?Do you understand the pith of it?—Tuan dapat-kah buku-nia?Has any one been here to look for me?—Ada-kah siapa-siapa datang men-chahari sahaya?Ask that woman where the well is—Choba tanya pada perampuan itu di-mana-kah talaga.Is this good water?—Baik-kah ayer ini?It is excellent water, both clear and cool—Elok sakali ayer ini, jerneh lagi sejuk.Can we get a green cocoanut here?—Nior muda dapat-kah di-sini?There is no one who can climb (the tree)—T’ada orang yang tahu panjat.Let me climb it—Biar aku memanjat.Have you brought cooking-utensils?—Priuk bĕlanga sudah bawa-kah?These sticks are damp and will not burn—Basah kayu ini ta’mahu menyala.Grind the spices—Giling rampah-rampah.Will you smoke?—Tuan mahu minum rokok?I am sleepy, and shall go to bed—Sudah mengantuk, sahaya handak masok tidor.Did you call me?—Tuan panggil-kah?
He is not yet dressed—Dia bĕlum pakei kain lagi.
He is dressed like a Malay—Dia pakei chara Malayu.
Wake me to-morrow morning at six o’clock—Gĕrak-kan sahaya pukul anam pagi.
I want to get up early—Sahaya handak bangun siyang-siyang.
He did not do it on purpose—Bukan-nia dia buat sangaja.
I was only in play—Sahaya lawak-lawak sahaja.
I was very sorry that I could not accompany you—Ter-buku hati sahaya sangat ta‘buleh ber-sama-sama.
What are the contents of that letter?—Apa bunyi-nia surat itu?
Do you understand the pith of it?—Tuan dapat-kah buku-nia?
Has any one been here to look for me?—Ada-kah siapa-siapa datang men-chahari sahaya?
Ask that woman where the well is—Choba tanya pada perampuan itu di-mana-kah talaga.
Is this good water?—Baik-kah ayer ini?
It is excellent water, both clear and cool—Elok sakali ayer ini, jerneh lagi sejuk.
Can we get a green cocoanut here?—Nior muda dapat-kah di-sini?
There is no one who can climb (the tree)—T’ada orang yang tahu panjat.
Let me climb it—Biar aku memanjat.
Have you brought cooking-utensils?—Priuk bĕlanga sudah bawa-kah?
These sticks are damp and will not burn—Basah kayu ini ta’mahu menyala.
Grind the spices—Giling rampah-rampah.
Will you smoke?—Tuan mahu minum rokok?
I am sleepy, and shall go to bed—Sudah mengantuk, sahaya handak masok tidor.
Did you call me?—Tuan panggil-kah?
Maka sagala hal itu ada-lah di-lihat uleh sa’ekor srigala maka ber-lari iya datang serta ber-kata “bahwa sapuloh hari lama-nia tiada-lah aku men-chahari makan-an lagi” serta datang-lah iya meng-hampir-i pem-buru itu maka di-gigit-nia tali busar itu maka tiba-tiba anak panah itu-pun datang-lah menikam srigala itu maka iya-pun mati-lah maka jikalau kita terlalu tema‘a dan handak ber-lebeh-lebeh naschaya ada-lah hal kita saperti hakayat pem-buru dengan srigala itu ada-nia.
Tothe more advanced lessons and exercises which are contained in this section, it may be well to prefix a few notes on colloquial Malay, which are suggested by a consciousness of some of the common errors into which European students of Malay are apt to fall.
First, Try to observe and imitate the impersonal and elliptical construction of Malay sentences. Notice how much more is left to the imagination than in English, and get rid of the notion that it is necessary to express invariably by nouns or pronouns the agents or objects of the actions spoken of. Ideas are conveyed in Malay in a much less concrete form than in the civilised languages of Europe, and what is lost in accuracy and distinctness is partially compensated for by brevity.
Why saykasih sama sahaya(lit. “give to me”), in imitation of the Englishgive me, or the Frenchdonnez-moi, or the Germangeben sie mir, in all of which the pronoun is expressed, when a Malay would simply saybahagi-lah, give, orbawa, bring? It is easy enough to leave tone or gesture to supply any deficiency in meaning. The constant use of this phrase,sama sahaya, orsama kita, is a bad habit, which arises from a natural desire to give the word “me” its due value in Malay. This, as has been shown, is not necessary.
Tell me; don’t be afraid—Bilang-lah, jangan takut; not,bilang sama sahaya, &c.What are you going to give us?—Apa mahu bahagi?not,apa mahu bahagi sama kita?How much must I pay you?—Bĕr-apa nanti kĕna bayar?not,bĕr-apa sahaya mahu bayar sama angkau?I want him to make me a jacket—Sahaya handak suroh dia buat baju; not,sahaya handak suroh dia buat baja sama sahaya.Can you make me a table?—Buleh-kah buat meja?not,buleh-kah buat meja sama sahaya.Afterwards come and tell me—Lepas itu mari-lah khabar-kan; not,mari bilang sama sahaya.
Tell me; don’t be afraid—Bilang-lah, jangan takut; not,bilang sama sahaya, &c.
What are you going to give us?—Apa mahu bahagi?not,apa mahu bahagi sama kita?
How much must I pay you?—Bĕr-apa nanti kĕna bayar?not,bĕr-apa sahaya mahu bayar sama angkau?
I want him to make me a jacket—Sahaya handak suroh dia buat baju; not,sahaya handak suroh dia buat baja sama sahaya.
Can you make me a table?—Buleh-kah buat meja?not,buleh-kah buat meja sama sahaya.
Afterwards come and tell me—Lepas itu mari-lah khabar-kan; not,mari bilang sama sahaya.
In direct narration the personal pronoun “I” should often be left untranslated, and the sentence put in an impersonal form. We are accustomed to commence sentences frequently with “I think,” “I hear,” “I hope,” “I wish,” and there is a temptation therefore to overload Malay sentences with “Sahaya fikir,” “Sahaya dengar khabar,” &c. These, though not ungrammatical, should be used sparingly.Rasa-nia, the feeling is,agak-nia, the guess is,rupa-nia, the appearance is (it seems),khabar-nia, the report is, and similar phrases, should often take their place.
Instead of— I am told, or people tell me,Orang bilang sama sahaya;Say, People say,Kata orang.Instead of— I hear that he is coming here,Sahaya dengar khabar dia handak mari sini;Say, He is coming here, the report goes,Dia handak kamari khabar-nia.Instead of— I think there are five quarts,Sahaya fikir ada lima chupah;Say, There are five quarts, the estimate is,Ada lima chupah agak-nia.Instead of— I think it is going to rain,Sahaya fikir hari handak hujan;Say, It is going to rain, it seems,Hari handak hujan rupa-nia.Instead of— I like driving better than walking,Sahaya lagi suka naik kreta deri-pada jalan kaki;Say, It is better to drive than to walk,Baik ber-kreta deri-pada ber-jalan.
Instead of— I am told, or people tell me,Orang bilang sama sahaya;Say, People say,Kata orang.
Instead of— I hear that he is coming here,Sahaya dengar khabar dia handak mari sini;Say, He is coming here, the report goes,Dia handak kamari khabar-nia.
Instead of— I think there are five quarts,Sahaya fikir ada lima chupah;Say, There are five quarts, the estimate is,Ada lima chupah agak-nia.
Instead of— I think it is going to rain,Sahaya fikir hari handak hujan;Say, It is going to rain, it seems,Hari handak hujan rupa-nia.
Instead of— I like driving better than walking,Sahaya lagi suka naik kreta deri-pada jalan kaki;Say, It is better to drive than to walk,Baik ber-kreta deri-pada ber-jalan.
Note the impersonal way of putting the statement in the following sentences:—
I was very glad to hear it—Sangat-lah suka hati sahaya akan men-dengar.I very much wish to go to Meccah—Niat hati sahaya handak pergi ka-Makah.I should be doing wrong to receive it, and I am ashamed to return it—Handak tĕrima salah, handak pulang-kan malu.I was disappointed—Putus-lah harap sahaya.I hope sincerely that the case will soon be decided—Besar-lah harap sahaya bichara itu akan di-putus-kan dengan sigra.I have made up my mind that, however great the oppression may be, I will hold out—Tetap-lah hati sahaya bageimana bĕrat sakali-pun handak tahan juga.
I was very glad to hear it—Sangat-lah suka hati sahaya akan men-dengar.
I very much wish to go to Meccah—Niat hati sahaya handak pergi ka-Makah.
I should be doing wrong to receive it, and I am ashamed to return it—Handak tĕrima salah, handak pulang-kan malu.
I was disappointed—Putus-lah harap sahaya.
I hope sincerely that the case will soon be decided—Besar-lah harap sahaya bichara itu akan di-putus-kan dengan sigra.
I have made up my mind that, however great the oppression may be, I will hold out—Tetap-lah hati sahaya bageimana bĕrat sakali-pun handak tahan juga.
Second, Avoid word-for-word translations of English sentences in which the word “you” occurs. So much has been said on this subject already (supra,pp.49,75) that it is only necessary here to give a few additional illustrations of the mode in which Malays dispense with the pronoun. In most English and Malay phrase-books the use ofangkauis far too frequent.
As you like—Mana suka-lah.As you may think best—Mana elok kapada hati sendiri.You can go—Buleh pulang.I have nothing more to ask you—T’ada apa lagi handak tanya.Where have you been?—Pergi ka-mana tadi?If you do so another time you will certainly be punished—Kalau buat lagi sakali bageimana yang sudah ini tuntu-lah kena hukum.Do you want employment?—Handak minta karja-kah?Can you wait at table?—Tahu-kah jaga meja?What are you doing?—Apa buat?You must take great care of it, and see that it is not injured—Mahu-lah jaga baik-baik, jangan di-rosak-kan-nia.
As you like—Mana suka-lah.
As you may think best—Mana elok kapada hati sendiri.
You can go—Buleh pulang.
I have nothing more to ask you—T’ada apa lagi handak tanya.
Where have you been?—Pergi ka-mana tadi?
If you do so another time you will certainly be punished—Kalau buat lagi sakali bageimana yang sudah ini tuntu-lah kena hukum.
Do you want employment?—Handak minta karja-kah?
Can you wait at table?—Tahu-kah jaga meja?
What are you doing?—Apa buat?
You must take great care of it, and see that it is not injured—Mahu-lah jaga baik-baik, jangan di-rosak-kan-nia.
Even in reprimanding or scolding another, it is common in Malay to adopt an impersonal and not a direct mode of address. Instead of saying, “You are a lazy, good-for-nothing boy, and deserve a good thrashing,” the Malay says, “What manner of boy is this? If one were to beat him soundly it would be well.”
Are you deaf? Can’t you hear what I say to you?—Tuli-kah budak ini? Orang kata t’ada dengar-kah?(Lit.Is the boy deaf? does he not hear what one is saying?)How slow you are! or, what a time you are taking!—Ai budak ini! bukan lambat-nia!(Lit.Oh, this boy! Isn’t he slow?)How slowly you are rowing! Can’t you pull faster when you are told? Give way, will you!—Ai, bukan lengah dayong budak ini, bukan-kah orang suroh dĕras. Dĕras-lah sadikit.(Lit.Oh, are not these boys rowing slowly! Has not one told them to make haste? Quick! now, a little!)You are behaving exceedingly badly, and it would serve you right if you got a caning—Jahat sakali orang ini, kalau bahagi rasa sadikit dengan rotan baharu dia ingat. (Lit.This person is exceedingly bad; if one were to make him feel with a rattan he would remember.)What an idiot you are! I tell you to bring water, and you bring oil—Budak bedebah ini! Orang suroh bawa ayer di-bawa-nia minyak.
Are you deaf? Can’t you hear what I say to you?—Tuli-kah budak ini? Orang kata t’ada dengar-kah?(Lit.Is the boy deaf? does he not hear what one is saying?)
How slow you are! or, what a time you are taking!—Ai budak ini! bukan lambat-nia!(Lit.Oh, this boy! Isn’t he slow?)
How slowly you are rowing! Can’t you pull faster when you are told? Give way, will you!—Ai, bukan lengah dayong budak ini, bukan-kah orang suroh dĕras. Dĕras-lah sadikit.(Lit.Oh, are not these boys rowing slowly! Has not one told them to make haste? Quick! now, a little!)
You are behaving exceedingly badly, and it would serve you right if you got a caning—Jahat sakali orang ini, kalau bahagi rasa sadikit dengan rotan baharu dia ingat. (Lit.This person is exceedingly bad; if one were to make him feel with a rattan he would remember.)
What an idiot you are! I tell you to bring water, and you bring oil—Budak bedebah ini! Orang suroh bawa ayer di-bawa-nia minyak.
Third, Do not be satisfied with one general Malay verb to describe a whole class of actions for which separate specific words exist. It may be possible to make oneself intelligible by usingpukul, to strike, for every kind of blow, but it is preferable to employ the appropriate term for the particular mode of striking.
The following lists will illustrate this caution:—
Pukul, to strike, beat.
Gasak, to beat, flog, punish.
Hentam, to strike, attack, throw.
Balun, to beat, thrash, drub.
Palu, to beat, hammer, knock.
Kĕtok, to knock, tap, rap.
Godam, to thrash, hammer.
Lantak, to nail, to drive in.
Tinju-kan, to box, strike with the fist.
Tumbuk, to pound, strike with the fist.
Bĕdal, to switch.
Sakal, andsakai, to strike.
Tampar, andtampiling, to slap.
Tepuk, to pat.
Chuchuk, to thrust, poke.
Merusuk, to thrust, poke, pierce.
Radakorrodok, to pierce with a spear.
Juluk, to thrust upwards.
Tikam, to thrust, pierce, stab.
Sigi, to poke with the finger.
Merunjang, to lower a spear at the charge.
Angkat, to lift, carry off, remove.
Pikul, to carry on the back, to carry a load.
Kandar, to carry on a stick over the shoulder.
Bibit, to carry with the fingers.
Junjong, to carry on the head.
Tanggong, to bear, carry, support.
Gendong, to carry slung in a bundle.
Usong, to carry in a litter.
Julang, to hold aloft, to hoist, to carry with the arm uplifted.
Bawa, to carry, convey, bring.
Dukong, to carry on the back or hip.
Kepit, to carry under the arm.
Jinjing, to carry in the arms or hands.
Galas, to carry slung over the back or shoulder.
Kilik, to carry under the arm.
Bebat, to carry in the girdle.
Tatang, to carry on the palms of the hands.
Kandong, to carry at the waist.
Jatoh, to fall, drop.
Gugur, to drop off, fall, miscarry.
Tumbang, to fall, tumble down.
Reban, to fall in, give way, tumble down.
Runtoh, to come down, to fall.
Luroh, to drop off, fall (as fruit).
Titek, to drop, distil (as water).
Rĕbah,1to tumble, fall.
Timpa, to fall against.
Chichir, to drop, to spill.
Tumpah, to spill.
Buang, to throw away.
Lotarorlontar, to hurl, fling.
Lempar, to throw, fling.
Humban, to throw down, cast away.
Champak, to throw down, cast away.
Baling, to throw, fling.
Lanting, to throw, cast, propel.
Lihat, to see.
Pandang, to look, to look at.
Kelih, to see.
Nampa, to see, perceive.
Intei, to peep, spy, observe.
Petiak, to notice, observe.
Tulih, to look, glance.
Tengok, to see.
Jingok, to peep, look out.
Tengadah, to look up.
Tampak, to see, perceive.
Per-hati-kan, to perceive, notice, take notice of.
Tentang, to regard.
Chakap, to speak.
Bilang, to tell.
Khabar-kan, to tell, inform.
Ber-mulut, to speak, utter.
Sabda, to say, command.
Cheritra-kan, to relate.
Meripit, to chatter, gabble.
Mengomong, to chat, gossip.
Kata, to say, speak, talk.
Tutur, to talk, tell, converse.
Sĕbut, to tell, mention.
Uchap, to utter, express.
Titah, to say, command (as a raja).
Merongut, to mutter.
Ber-bual, to chat.
Ber-sungut, to grumble, to murmur.
Fourth, Learn to employ the passive form of the verb which takes the prefixdi-. Easy examples of this have been givenoccasionally in the preceding lessons, and the exercises on pages107and108contain abundant illustrations of it. It is a mistake to suppose that the Malay passive is confined to the written language; it is of common use colloquially among Malays, but, probably because it offers certain difficulties of construction, it is little understood and seldom employed by Europeans in the Straits of Malacca.
“He did not, or would not, accept it,” would be vulgarly rendereddia ta’ mahu tĕrima; but it may be more elegantly translatedtiada-lah di-tĕrima-nia, “It was not accepted by him.” Here the affix-niahas the force of “by him,” and, as it denotes the agent, immediately follows the verb in accordance with the rule stated onp. 61.
He ordered (it was ordered by him)—Di-suroh-nia.He seized the robber (the robber was seized by him)—Di-tangkap-nia penchuri.They cut away (were cut away by them) the huts and prevented the fire from spreading far—Di-potong-nia rumah-rumah tiada di-bĕri me-larat panjang api itu.The rats ate up three candles—Dian tiga batang habis di-makan tikus.They have not yet erected the house; they are getting the timber ready—Rumah belum di-diri-kan lagi, tengah di buat kayu-kayu-nia.The boat was leaky and the water got in—Bochor prahu itu di-masok ayer dalam-nia.He only allowed him to use it; he did not give it to him out and out—Di-bĕri pakei sahaja bukan di-bĕri-nia langsong.He said that it was too late to send an answer—Handak di-balas pun kata-nia sudah ter-lepas waktu-nia.He asked for information about the house that is being built—Di-tanya-nia deri-pada hal rumah yang di-per-buat itu.When the country becomes populous it will be right to raise the assessment—Apabila negri sudah ramei bahru-lah patut di-per-naik-kan hasil-nia.God, ever to be praised and most high, gave his aid, and on that very day there descended the heaviest shower of rain possible—Di-tulong Allah subhana wa ta‘ala pada waktu hari itu di-turun hujan sa-habis-habis lebat.The people of the village feasted abundantly—Jenoh-lah di-makan orang kampong itu.
He ordered (it was ordered by him)—Di-suroh-nia.
He seized the robber (the robber was seized by him)—Di-tangkap-nia penchuri.
They cut away (were cut away by them) the huts and prevented the fire from spreading far—Di-potong-nia rumah-rumah tiada di-bĕri me-larat panjang api itu.
The rats ate up three candles—Dian tiga batang habis di-makan tikus.
They have not yet erected the house; they are getting the timber ready—Rumah belum di-diri-kan lagi, tengah di buat kayu-kayu-nia.
The boat was leaky and the water got in—Bochor prahu itu di-masok ayer dalam-nia.
He only allowed him to use it; he did not give it to him out and out—Di-bĕri pakei sahaja bukan di-bĕri-nia langsong.
He said that it was too late to send an answer—Handak di-balas pun kata-nia sudah ter-lepas waktu-nia.
He asked for information about the house that is being built—Di-tanya-nia deri-pada hal rumah yang di-per-buat itu.
When the country becomes populous it will be right to raise the assessment—Apabila negri sudah ramei bahru-lah patut di-per-naik-kan hasil-nia.
God, ever to be praised and most high, gave his aid, and on that very day there descended the heaviest shower of rain possible—Di-tulong Allah subhana wa ta‘ala pada waktu hari itu di-turun hujan sa-habis-habis lebat.
The people of the village feasted abundantly—Jenoh-lah di-makan orang kampong itu.
Fifth, Bear in mind the distinction between the force given to a verb by the particleber-(be-,bel-), and that which is caused by prefixingme-(mem-,meng-,men-, andmeny-); seesupra,p. 55.
When the former is employed, the verb describesa state or condition, and is intransitive. The latter generally denotes a verb expressingan action. Apparent departures from this rule are found sometimes, but these often arise from a difficulty in classifying a particular verb. Such a verb, for instance, as “to weep,” may be viewed in two ways—either as descriptive of the condition of the person who weeps or of the act of weeping; the former is expressed in Malay byber-tangisand the latter bymenangis, but practically the distinction is not great. Somemakei(pakei), to wear,merajuk, to sulk,menanti, to wait, and others, seem to describe states or conditions, notwithstanding that they have the particleme-; but this is explained by showing that in their primary meanings they really convey an idea of action,memakeimeaning to put on,merajuk, to show temper, andmenanti, to await somebody or something.
The following derivative verbs will illustrate the rule laid down above:—
angkat, to lift.
ber-angkat, to arise.
meng-angkat, to lift.
alih, to change.
ber-alih, to undergo change.
meng-alih, to change.
balik, behind, back.
ber-balik, to turn (intrans.)
mem-balik, to turn, return (trans.)
diri, self, being.
ber-diri, to stand up.
men-diri-kan, to cause to stand, to establish.
ganti, instead of.
ber-ganti, to take the place of.
meng-ganti, to put in the place of.
habis, finished.
ber-habis, to be finished.
meng-habis, to finish, to complete.
igau, delirium.
ber-igau, to be delirious.
meng-igau, to rave.
ikat, tie, bond.
ber-ikat, to be fastened.
meng-ikat, to tie, fasten.
ingat, memory, to remember.
ber-ingat, to be sensible of.
meng-ingat, to call to mind, remember.
jaga, to watch, guard.
ber-jaga, to be on watch.
menjaga, to watch, to guard.
keliling, around.
ber-keliling, to border, surround.
mengeliling, to hem in, to go round.
karja, work.
ber-karja, to be a workman.
mengarja-kan, to work, effect, accomplish.
lepas, loosed.
ber-lepas, to be free.
melepas, to set free.
lambat, slow.
ber-lambat, to be slow.
me-lambat, to retard.
labuh, to lower, drop.
ber-labuh, to be at anchor.
me-labuh, to let fall, to anchor.
naung, shade.
ber-naung, to be sheltered.
me-naung-i, to shelter, to shade, protect.
pegang, to hold.
ber-pegang, to hold.
memegang, to take hold of, to seize.
rugi, loss.
be-rugi, to suffer loss.
me-rugi-kan, to cause loss.
sembunyi, to hide.
ber-sembunyi, to be concealed.
menyembunyi, to hide, conceal.
takut, afraid, fear.
ber-takut, to be afraid.
menyakut-kan, to frighten.
ubah, change, to change.
ber-ubah, to undergo change.
meng-ubah, to change, to alter.
Sixth, Notice must be taken of the common native habit (not one to be imitated by Europeans learning the language) of inserting in a sentence words which have no meaning to fill a temporary hiatus while the speaker is thinking of his next word. These prop-words or pillow-words, to borrow a Hindustani phrase,2are numerous in Malay and vary in different localities.Anu,bahasa-nia,misal3-nia, andkata-kanare some of those commonly used.
Seventh, The following abbreviations are commonly employed:—
Na’forhandak;sikitforsadikit;auatforapa-buat?why?;ta’andt’adafortiada;piandpĕgi(in Patanigi) forpergi.
1.Alsoribahandrubuh.2.The Hindustani term issukhan-takya, fromsukhan, a word, andtakyaa pillow.3.Corresponding with the Hindustanimaslan, which is used in a similar way.
1.Alsoribahandrubuh.
2.The Hindustani term issukhan-takya, fromsukhan, a word, andtakyaa pillow.
3.Corresponding with the Hindustanimaslan, which is used in a similar way.
Be pleased to——. —Sila,sila-lah, orsila-kan-lah.Please come into the house—Sila-kan naik atas rumah.Be pleased to sit down on a chair—Sila-kan duduk di-atas krusi.My house is not what it should be—Rumah sahaya tiada dengan sapertinia.Treat it as your own house; don’t stand upon ceremony—Buat-lah saperti rumah sendiri, jangan malu.I must beg leave to depart (lit. to rise)—Sahaya handak minta diri-lah dahulu.Pray do as you wish; take care as you go—Sila-kan-lah. Jalan baik-baik.I crave permission to retire, as I wish to go home—Hamba tuan handak mohun-lah dahulu handak balik.Very well (it does not matter)—Ta’ apa-lah.I must ask to be pardoned for going (style of the Court)—Patek handak meng-ampun-lah dahulu.Very well—Baik-lah.Pray come and see me often; don’t hesitate—Mari-lah kĕrap-kĕrap rumah sahaya, jangan-lah segan-segan.I am exceedingly pleased to have seen you at my house—Sangat sudi sahaya tuan-tuan datang ber-landang rumah sahaya.May your journey be safe—Salamat jalan.May you remain in peace—Salamat tinggal.There is something that I want; it is to invite you to a trifling entertainment—Ada hajat sadikit handak jamu makan sadikit ayer-ayer sejuk.I thank you exceedingly (lit. I accept a great favour from you)—Sahaya baniak tĕrima kasih, or, simply,tĕrima kasih.Are you well?—Tuan ada baik?How is so-and-so, who was ill the other day?—Apa khabar si-polan4yang sakit kalmarin itu?He has quite recovered his former health—Sudah sihat balik saperti sedia lama.Thanks to the favouring influence of your good fortune, we are free from all misfortune and sickness—Dengan berkat tuah tuah tulong tiada-lah satu apa-apa mara-bahaya deri-pada sakit demam.
Be pleased to——. —Sila,sila-lah, orsila-kan-lah.
Please come into the house—Sila-kan naik atas rumah.
Be pleased to sit down on a chair—Sila-kan duduk di-atas krusi.
My house is not what it should be—Rumah sahaya tiada dengan sapertinia.
Treat it as your own house; don’t stand upon ceremony—Buat-lah saperti rumah sendiri, jangan malu.
I must beg leave to depart (lit. to rise)—Sahaya handak minta diri-lah dahulu.
Pray do as you wish; take care as you go—Sila-kan-lah. Jalan baik-baik.
I crave permission to retire, as I wish to go home—Hamba tuan handak mohun-lah dahulu handak balik.
Very well (it does not matter)—Ta’ apa-lah.
I must ask to be pardoned for going (style of the Court)—Patek handak meng-ampun-lah dahulu.
Very well—Baik-lah.
Pray come and see me often; don’t hesitate—Mari-lah kĕrap-kĕrap rumah sahaya, jangan-lah segan-segan.
I am exceedingly pleased to have seen you at my house—Sangat sudi sahaya tuan-tuan datang ber-landang rumah sahaya.
May your journey be safe—Salamat jalan.
May you remain in peace—Salamat tinggal.
There is something that I want; it is to invite you to a trifling entertainment—Ada hajat sadikit handak jamu makan sadikit ayer-ayer sejuk.
I thank you exceedingly (lit. I accept a great favour from you)—Sahaya baniak tĕrima kasih, or, simply,tĕrima kasih.
Are you well?—Tuan ada baik?
How is so-and-so, who was ill the other day?—Apa khabar si-polan4yang sakit kalmarin itu?
He has quite recovered his former health—Sudah sihat balik saperti sedia lama.
Thanks to the favouring influence of your good fortune, we are free from all misfortune and sickness—Dengan berkat tuah tuah tulong tiada-lah satu apa-apa mara-bahaya deri-pada sakit demam.
It is a long time since I saw you last. I did not know that you had arrived here. How did you come, by the river, or by the road? How long do you intend to stay? Don’t be in a hurry to return; stay for a while, and recover from the fatigue of your journey. It is a pity that I did not know beforehand that you were coming. He is a most excellent old man, and it would be hard to find many like him. If nothing occurs to prevent it, I shall come and see you on Monday next. There is no necessity for writing a letter; if you let my clerk know, that will be sufficient.
4.Polan, orfulan, such a one, probably from the Hindustanifulana, a word of Arab derivation.
Malay is a language of which it is very easy to learn to speak a little. It is, however, very difficult to acquire the idioms of the natives.—Bahasa Malayu itu mudah sakali di-dapat chahap sadikit-sadikit, tetapi kalau handak ikut saperti per-kata-an orang Malayu sendiri payah sakali.It is written from right to left, whereas English is written from left to right—Tulis-an Jawi itu deri kanan bawa ka-kiri tulis-an Inggris deri kiri bawa ka kanan.The letters employed are the Arabic letters—Huruf-nia yang di-pakei itu huruf ‘Arab.What do you call that in Malay?—Orang Malayu apa kata ini?What is the name of this object in Malay?—Apa nama barang ini bahasa Malayu?The pronunciation of Malay differs in different states—Chakap orang Malayu itu lain sakali bunyi-nia di-dalam lain-lain tampat.His pronunciation is not good—Chakap-nia ta’ terus, ordia chakap pelet, ortélor.The Malays of that district have a flat pronunciation; they sayapéforapa—Orang Malayu negri itu leper chakap, handak kataapadi-kata-niaapé.How do you spell that word?—Per-kata-an ini apa eja-nia?This word is not correctly spelt—Per-kata-an ini ta’ betul eja-nia.
Malay is a language of which it is very easy to learn to speak a little. It is, however, very difficult to acquire the idioms of the natives.—Bahasa Malayu itu mudah sakali di-dapat chahap sadikit-sadikit, tetapi kalau handak ikut saperti per-kata-an orang Malayu sendiri payah sakali.
It is written from right to left, whereas English is written from left to right—Tulis-an Jawi itu deri kanan bawa ka-kiri tulis-an Inggris deri kiri bawa ka kanan.
The letters employed are the Arabic letters—Huruf-nia yang di-pakei itu huruf ‘Arab.
What do you call that in Malay?—Orang Malayu apa kata ini?
What is the name of this object in Malay?—Apa nama barang ini bahasa Malayu?
The pronunciation of Malay differs in different states—Chakap orang Malayu itu lain sakali bunyi-nia di-dalam lain-lain tampat.
His pronunciation is not good—Chakap-nia ta’ terus, ordia chakap pelet, ortélor.
The Malays of that district have a flat pronunciation; they sayapéforapa—Orang Malayu negri itu leper chakap, handak kataapadi-kata-niaapé.
How do you spell that word?—Per-kata-an ini apa eja-nia?
This word is not correctly spelt—Per-kata-an ini ta’ betul eja-nia.
You should read for at least two hours a day, and thus you will soon be
Why do you undertake a thing and give it up when half finished?—Perkara itu apa sebab tuan ta’ mahu bahagi habis, buat sa’ kĕrat-kĕrat sahaja?My son has learned to write Malay, and is now learning the Koran—Anak sahaya sudah dapat tulis Jawi sakarang tengah meng-aji Koran.When he has read it through, he will commence to learn (Arabic) grammar—Tatkala sudah khatam dia handak mengaji nahu.He chants the Koran very well—Pandei juga dia mem-bacha Koran.
Why do you undertake a thing and give it up when half finished?—Perkara itu apa sebab tuan ta’ mahu bahagi habis, buat sa’ kĕrat-kĕrat sahaja?
My son has learned to write Malay, and is now learning the Koran—Anak sahaya sudah dapat tulis Jawi sakarang tengah meng-aji Koran.
When he has read it through, he will commence to learn (Arabic) grammar—Tatkala sudah khatam dia handak mengaji nahu.
He chants the Koran very well—Pandei juga dia mem-bacha Koran.
I am not skilled in composition. He ordered the two writings to be compared. If he is diligent, he will soon get instruction. He has been attending school for ever so long, but he knows nothing. After reading the letter he put it away in a box. The raja ordered the letter to be read aloud in the assembly. How were these lines ruled? Just look over this letter and see if it will do. If you will permit me, I will take away this book to read it. His handwriting is exceedingly good.
There will be no one dining here to-day except the master and myself—T’ ada orang lain makan di rumah hari ini, sahaya ber-dua dengan tuan sahaja.Tell the cook that last night’s dinner was not at all good—Choba bilang kapada tukang-masak makan-an sa-malam ta’ baik sakali masak-nia.What he put into the soup I don’t know, but it had a nasty taste—Apa-apa di-bubok-nia di-dalam tim itu ta’ tahu-lah sahaya, rasa-nia maung sahaja.The rice, too, was burned, and no one could eat it—Nasi pun hangus ta’ lalu (orbuleh) orang makan.What is the price of fowls at the market?—Hayam bĕr-apa harga di pasar?Full-grown hens as much as fifty cents each, half-grown fowls about twenty cents each, and capons so much a catty according to weight—Kalau ibu hayam sampei lima kupang pun ada, hayam sedang agak-nia, dua kupang sa’ ekor, hayam kambiri (orkasi) ikut timbang-an kati.The milk-man has not come yet—Bĕlum orang bawa susu lagi.Choose fish which is quite fresh. What we had yesterday was spoilt before it could be cooked—Pilih ikan yang baharu. Ikan kalmarin belum sămpat di-masak lagi sudah busŭk.Wait a moment. You must have breakfast ready every day at nine o’clock punctually, there must be no delay—Nanti-lah dahulu. Sa-hari-hari mahu-lah sedia-kan hazri waktu pukul sambilan ta’ buleh lambat lagi.Pour this oil into a jar—Minyak ini tuang-lah di-dalam tempayan.Take care not to spill it—Baik-baik jangan tumpah.Are the kitchen utensils complete, pots and pans, cocoanut scraper, stone for grinding spices, &c.?—Chukup-kah per-kakas-an dapor, priuk, bĕlanga, kuali, kukur-an, batu giling rampah-rampah, dan lain-lain-nia?The only things wanting are basket-work frames for the cooking-pots, and a coffee-mill—Yang ada korang sadikit lekar sahaja dengan kisar-an kahwa.I am tired of poultry—Sahaya sudah jĕmu makan daging hayam itek.
There will be no one dining here to-day except the master and myself—T’ ada orang lain makan di rumah hari ini, sahaya ber-dua dengan tuan sahaja.
Tell the cook that last night’s dinner was not at all good—Choba bilang kapada tukang-masak makan-an sa-malam ta’ baik sakali masak-nia.
What he put into the soup I don’t know, but it had a nasty taste—Apa-apa di-bubok-nia di-dalam tim itu ta’ tahu-lah sahaya, rasa-nia maung sahaja.
The rice, too, was burned, and no one could eat it—Nasi pun hangus ta’ lalu (orbuleh) orang makan.
What is the price of fowls at the market?—Hayam bĕr-apa harga di pasar?
Full-grown hens as much as fifty cents each, half-grown fowls about twenty cents each, and capons so much a catty according to weight—Kalau ibu hayam sampei lima kupang pun ada, hayam sedang agak-nia, dua kupang sa’ ekor, hayam kambiri (orkasi) ikut timbang-an kati.
The milk-man has not come yet—Bĕlum orang bawa susu lagi.
Choose fish which is quite fresh. What we had yesterday was spoilt before it could be cooked—Pilih ikan yang baharu. Ikan kalmarin belum sămpat di-masak lagi sudah busŭk.
Wait a moment. You must have breakfast ready every day at nine o’clock punctually, there must be no delay—Nanti-lah dahulu. Sa-hari-hari mahu-lah sedia-kan hazri waktu pukul sambilan ta’ buleh lambat lagi.
Pour this oil into a jar—Minyak ini tuang-lah di-dalam tempayan.
Take care not to spill it—Baik-baik jangan tumpah.
Are the kitchen utensils complete, pots and pans, cocoanut scraper, stone for grinding spices, &c.?—Chukup-kah per-kakas-an dapor, priuk, bĕlanga, kuali, kukur-an, batu giling rampah-rampah, dan lain-lain-nia?
The only things wanting are basket-work frames for the cooking-pots, and a coffee-mill—Yang ada korang sadikit lekar sahaja dengan kisar-an kahwa.
I am tired of poultry—Sahaya sudah jĕmu makan daging hayam itek.
Is the water boiling? Boil two eggs, but take care that they are not hard. What do you call this vegetable in Malay? Tell some one to pull the punkah. This plate is dirty; take it away and bring another. Put the dish down upon that tray. Weigh the meat when it is brought every day. I have weighed the beef; there is half a catty too little. How many months did you work for that gentleman? On what account did you leave?