II.Theological Institutions.
TheWestern Theological Seminaryat Alleghany town, opposite Pittsburg, is under the jurisdiction of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church. It commenced operations in 1829. AtCanonsburgis a seminary belonging to the Associate church, of which Dr. Ramsey is Professor. The Associate Reformed church have a theological school in Pittsburg, under charge of the Rev. John T. Pressly D. D. The Baptist denomination are now engaged in establishing a manual labor academy in the vicinity of Pittsburg, for both ministerial and general education.
The theological departments of Oberlin, Granville, and other collegiate institutions,have been noticed already.Lane Seminary, near Cincinnati, was founded in 1830, by Messrs. E. & W. A. Lane, merchants, of New Orleans, who made a very liberal offer of aid. Its location is excellent, two and a half miles from Cincinnati, at Walnut Hills, and is under the charge of the Rev. Dr. Beecher, and a body of professors. Number of students about 40. TheHanover Institutionin Indiana, has been noticed already. In the theological department are three professors and 12 students. The Baptists in this State are about establishing a manual labor seminary for ministerial and general education.
A valuable property has been purchased, adjoining Covington, Ky., opposite Cincinnati, and measures have been put in train to found a theological seminary by the Baptist denomination. The executive committee of the "Western Baptist Education Society," have this object in charge. The "Alton Theological Seminary," located at Upper Alton, Illinois, is under an organization distinct from that ofShurtleff College, already noticed. This institution has 50 acres of valuable land, and a stone edifice of respectable size, occupied at present in joint concern with the college, and a valuable library of several hundred volumes. Its organization has been but recently effected. Rev. L. Colby, is professor, with 8 students. Other institutions, having theological education, either in whole or in part, their object, are in contemplation.
Two remarks, by way of explanation are here necessary. 1. Most of the colleges and theological schools of the Western Valley have facilities for manual labor, or are making that provision. In several, some of the students pay half, and even the whole of their expenses, by their own efforts. Public sentiment is awake to this subject, and is gaining ground. 2. In enumerating the students, the members of the preparatory departments are included, many of whom do not expect to pass through a regular collegiate course. The circumstances and wants of the country, from its rapid growth, seem to require the appendage of a large preparatory department to every college.
It may be well to observe here, that a great and increasing demand exists in all the Western States, and especially those bordering on the Mississippi, for teachers of primary schools. Hundreds and thousands of moral, intelligent, and pious persons, male and female, would meet with encouragement and success in this department of labor. It is altogether unnecessary for such persons to write to their friends, to make inquiries whether there are openings, &c. If they come from the older States with the proper recommendations as to character and qualifications, they will not fail to meet with employment in almost any quarter to which they may direct their course. There is not a county in Missouri, Arkansas, Illinois, or Indiana, where persons would not meet withconstant employment in teaching, and especially where teachers in Sabbath schools are needed. Persons desirous of such a field, of humble, yet useful labor, should come here with the fixed purpose to mix with, and conform to the usages of the Western population, to avoid fastidiousness, and to submit to the plain, frank, social, and hospitable manners of the people.
III.Deaf and Dumb Asylums.
There are two institutions of this description in the West,—one at Columbus, Ohio; the other at Danville, Ky. The one in Ohio contains about 50 pupils.
IV.Medical Institutions.
The medical department in Transylvania University, Kentucky, has six professors, and usually about 200 students to attend the lectures. Fees for an entire course, with matriculation and library, $110. Two medical institutions of respectable standing exist in Cincinnati,—one connected with the Miami university, the other with Cincinnati college.
TheOhio Reformed Medical School, was established at Worthington, 9 miles north of Columbus, in 1830. No specified time is required for study, but when a student will pass examination, he is licensed to practice.
V.Law Schools.
The law department of TransylvaniaUniversity, is under the charge of two able professors, who hear recitations and deliver lectures. The average number of students is about 40.
A law school was established at Cincinnati, in 1833, with four professors,—Messrs. John C. Wright, John M. Goodenow, Edward King, and Timothy Walker. The bar, the institution, and the city have recently sustained a severe loss in the decease of Mr. King.
VI.Benevolent and Religious Societies.
To enumerate and give particulars of all these, would make a volume. We can but barely call the attention of the reader to some of the more prominent organizations, amongst the different Christian denominations in this great Valley, for doing good.
TheForeign Missionary Society of the Valley of the Mississippi, is a prominent auxiliary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Its seat is Cincinnati, but by agencies and branches, it operates throughout the Valley. The Report of November, 1835, states thateighteen thousand six hundred and fifty eight dollarshad been received into the treasury the preceding year. An edition of 3000 copies of the Missionary Herald is republished in Cincinnati, for circulation in the West.
TheWestern Education Society, connected with the American Education Society, has also its seat of operations at Cincinnati.Auxiliaries also exist in most of the Western States. 71 beneficiaries were under its charge at the last anniversary.
TheAmerican Tract Societyhas auxiliaries and agencies in most of the Western States. The operations of theAmerican Bible Society, through its numerous auxiliaries, is felt to the remotest parts of the West.
TheAmerican Sunday School Unionhas recently established a central agency in Cincinnati, and is preparing to renew, and greatly enlarge its very important efforts for the benefit of the rising generation in the West.
A series of very interesting anniversaries are held in Cincinnati, the first week in November, when all the great objects of Christian effort receive a renewed impulse.
TheAmerican Home Missionary Societyhas more than 200 missionaries, laboring in the States, west of the mountains. In 1835, they assisted 217 Presbyterian ministers in this field.
TheTemperance Efforthas not been neglected, and an interesting change is going forward, in a quiet and noiseless way, in the habits of the people, in reference to the use of intoxicating liquors. It is to be hoped that more prompt and vigorous efforts will be made to promote this cause, but even now, there are many thousands, who abstain from the use of spiritous liquors, without any formal pledge.
TheMethodist Episcopal Church, in addition to their regular system of circuits, areextending the influence of their denomination on the frontiers, by missionary operations, and their labors are prospered.
TheBaptist denominationhave made some important movements in the Western Valley within the last three years. Their Home Mission Society has nearly 100 missionaries in the West. In November, 1833, the "General Convention of Western Baptists," was organized by more than 100 ministers and brethren, assembled from various parts of the West. It is not an ecclesiastical body, claiming jurisdiction either over churches or ministers, nor is it strictly a missionary body. Its business, according to the constitution, is "to promote by all lawful means, the following objects, to wit:—Missions both foreign and domestic;—ministerial education, for such as may have first been licensed by the churches; Sunday schools, including Bible classes; religious periodicals; tract and temperance societies, as well as all others warranted by Christ in the gospel."
At its second session, in 1834, the "Western Baptist Education Society" was formed. Its object is "the education of those who give evidence to the churches of which they are members, that God designs them for the ministry." The executive committee are charged temporarily, with establishing the Central Theological Seminary, already mentioned, at Covington, Ky.
Many other interesting associations forhumane, philanthropic, and religious purposes exist in the Valley, which are necessarily omitted.
VII.The Periodical Press.
The number of different periodicals published in the Valley of the Mississippi, must exceed 400, of which 12 or 15 are daily papers. There are 25 weekly periodicals in Mississippi, 116 in Ohio, 38 in Indiana, 19 in Illinois, 17 in Missouri, 3 and probably more, in Arkansas, 2 at least in Wisconsin Territory. TheWestern Monthly Magazine, edited by James Hall, Esq., and published at Cincinnati is well known. TheWestern Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences, edited by Daniel Drake, M. D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine in the Cincinnati College, is published quarterly, in Cincinnati. There are a number of religious weekly, semi-monthly, and monthly periodicals, devoted to the interests of the principal denominations through the Valley. There are known to be at least one in Western Virginia, 2 in Western Pennsylvania, 7 in Ohio, 4 in Kentucky, 4 in Tennessee, 2 in Illinois, 2 in Missouri, and one in New Orleans. Supposing the average number of copies of Western periodicals equalled 750, this, estimating the different periodicals at 400, would give 300,000. We see no marked and essential difference in the talent, with which the editorial press is conducted, betwixtthe Eastern and Western States. The limits of this work will not allow me to add further evidence that our Western population is not all "illiterate," and that "not more than one person in ten can read," than the following epitome of the issues, of one of the publishing houses in Cincinnati, as exhibited in the Cincinnati Journal:
"Western Enterprise.—The enterprise of the West is not generally appreciated. As a specimen, we have procured from Messrs. Corey & Webster the followingLIST OF BOOKSpublished by them within the last three years. These books, with the exception of the Life of Black-Hawk, are of sterling value.
The Western Primer, 60,000; Webster's Spelling Book, 600,000; the Primary Reader, 7,500; the Elementary Reader, 37,000; Western Reader, 16,000; Webster's History of the United States, 4000; Miss Beecher's Geography, 15,000; Pocket Testament, 6,500; Watts' and Select Hymns, 8000; Dr. Beecher's Lectures on Scepticism, three editions, 1000 each; Prof. Stowe's Introduction to the Study of the Bible, 1500; the Christian Lyre, 2000; Mitchell's Chemistry, 1000; Eberle on the Diseases of Children, 2000; Ditto Notes of Practice, 1500; Young Lady's Assistant in Drawing, 1000;, Munsell's Map, 3,500; Chase's Statutes of Ohio, three volumes, 1000; Hammond's Reports, 6th vol. 500; total,seven hundred and seventy eight thousand two hundred and fifty!!!Probably someof the many other publishers in the city have got out nearly or quite as many books. Truly, we are a book-making and book-reading nation."
VIII.Religious Denominations.
In exhibiting the following statistics, entire correctness is not attempted. In some of the States, the latest reports have been had,—in others, the author has taken data of two or three years date. Of the numbers of some of the numerous sects existing, the opinions of individuals have been the chief data he could obtain.
1.Baptists.
Churches.Ministers.Communicants.Western Pennsylvania,50302,569Western Virginia,89483,306Ohio,33217513,926Michigan,60301,700Indiana,32017515,000Illinois,2401636,741Missouri,1801156,990Arkansas,2518700Louisiana,20121,000Mississippi,100464,000North Alabama,125535,700Tennessee,34829222,868Kentucky,55829638,817
Total, 2447 churches, 1353 ministers, and 123,317 communicants.
Periodicals.—TheCross and Journal, weekly, andBaptist Advocate, monthly, at Cincinnati;—theBaptist Banner, weekly, at Shelbyville, Ky.;—theBaptist, a large monthly quarto, at Nashville, Ten.;—thePioneer, semi-monthly, at Rock Spring, but shortly to be enlarged,removed to Upper Alton, and published weekly;—and theWitness, a small quarto, published weekly at Pittsburg.
2.Methodists, (Episcopal.) This denomination is divided into Conferences, which are not arranged exactly with the boundaries of the States. A large book and printing-office is established at Cincinnati, where all the society's publications are kept for sale. Another depository is kept at Nashville.
Conferences.Circuit Preachers, &c.White members.Colored.Indians.Total number of members.Mississippi,556,3582,6227279,707Alabama, (one districtin the Valley,)163,0514923,543Pittsburg,15640,15529640,451Ohio,20462,68654421763,447Missouri, (includingArkansas,)577,9481,0618899,898Kentucky,10025,7775,59231,369Illinois,6115,0385915,097Indiana,7024,98422925,213Holston,6221,5592,47824,031Tennessee,12029,7945,04350835,345Total,901237,35018,4162,341258,101
Allowing twolocalto onecircuitpreacher, which is rather under than over the proportion, would make 1802, which, added to the number of those whose names are on the Minutes of the Conferences, would make 2703 Methodist Episcopal ministers of the gospel in the Valley of the Mississippi. The Pittsburg Conference Journal, Western ChristianAdvocate, and Western Methodist, are their periodicals.
3.Methodist Protestants.—There are two conferences of this denomination in the West,—the Pittsburg, and Ohio conferences, and their circuits, preaching stations and members extend through the States north of the Ohio river, with a few stations and churches south.
Pittsburg Conferencehas 28 circuits, and 85 local preachers and licentiates, 25 circuits, 4 stations, and 2 mission circuits, with 6,902 members in society.
Ohio Conference, has 28 circuit, 90 local preachers, 22 circuits, 3 stations, 3 missionary circuits, and 3667 members. The Methodist Correspondent, a neat semi-monthly quarto periodical, published at Zanesville, Ohio, is devoted to their interests.
4.Presbyterians.—The following table (with the exception of Illinois) is constructed from the returns to the General Assembly in 1834,—the Minutes of 1835, we understand, have not been printed.
Churches.Ministers.Communicants.W. Pennsylvania and W. Va.21213522,687Michigan,32201,397Ohio,40025527,821Indiana,99554,339Illinois,71502,000Missouri,33291,549Arkansas,129390Kentucky,120838,378Tennessee,121909,926North Alabama,1512725Mississippi,3324761
Total, 56 Presbyteries, 1,148 churches, 753 ministers, and 79,973 communicants.
Periodicals.—TheCincinnati Journal and Western Luminary, published at Cincinnati;—Christian Herald, at Pittsburg;—Ohio Observer, at Hudson, Ohio;—Western Presbyterian Herald, at Louisville, Ky.;—New Orleans Observer, at New Orleans;—andSt. Louis Observer, at St. Louis, Mo.,—all weekly;—and theMissionary Herald, republished at Cincinnati, monthly.
5.Cumberland Presbyterians.—This sect originated from the Presbyterian church in 1804, in Kentucky, but did not increase much till 1810, or 12. They are spread through most of the Western States, and have 34 Presbyteries, 7 Synods, and one General Assembly. The Minutes of their General Assembly, now before me, are not sufficiently definite to give the number of congregations. These probably exceed 300. An intelligent member of that denomination states the number of ordained preachers to be 300, licentiates, 100, candidates for the ministry, 150, and communicants, 50,000.
Periodicals.—TheCumberland Presbyterianis a weekly paper, published at Nashville, Tenn. Another has been recently started at Pittsburg.
6.Congregationalists.—In Ohio, especially in the northern part, are a number of Congregational churches and some ministers, as there are in Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois. There are 2 or 3 ministers, 12 or 15 congregations, and about 500 communicants in Illinois, who are organized into an association in Illinois.
7.Protestant Episcopal Church.—This denomination has 7 Diocesses in the Western or south-western States, exclusive of Western Pennsylvania, and Western Virginia, which belong to the Diocesses of those States. They are, Ohio,—Michigan,—Illinois,—Kentucky,—Tennessee,—Mississippi, and Indiana, and Missouri. There are about 75 or 80 ministers, and twice as many churches in the West. Provision has been made in part, for the endowment of the theological seminary at Gambier, O., in England, and Bishop McIlvaine has obtained about $12,600, to be appropriated in the erection of a gothic edifice to be called "Bexley Hall," with three stories, and accommodations for fifty students. A weekly periodical is issued at the same place to support the interests of the denomination.
8.German Lutherans.—We have no data to give the statistics of this denomination. There is a Synod in Ohio, another in Western Pennsylvania, and perhaps others. There are probably 50 or 60 ministers in the West, and 150 congregations.
9.German Reformed Church.—There are 80 congregations in Ohio, 20 in Indiana, and probably 50 others in the West, with 40 or 50 ministers.
10. TheTunkers, orDunkards, have 40 or 50 churches, and about half as many ministers in the Western States.
11. TheShakershave villages in several places in Ohio, and Kentucky, but are losing ground.
12. TheMormonshave a large community at Kirkland, Ohio, where, under the direction of their prophet, Joseph Smith, they are building a vast temple. They have probably 200 preachers, and as many congregations in the West, and still make proselytes.
13.Christian Sect, orNewlights, have become to a considerable extent amalgamated with the "Reformers," or "Campbellites." I have not data on which to construct a tabular view of this sect,—but from general information, estimate the number of their "bishops," and "proclaimers," at 300, and their communicants at 10,000 or 12,000. They have three or four monthly periodicals.
Alexander Campbell, who may be justly considered the leader of this sect, (though they disclaim the termsect,) is a learned, talented, and voluminous writer. He conducts their leading periodical, theMillennial Harbinger.
14. The "United Brethren in Christ," are a pious, moral and exemplary sect, chiefly in Ohio, but scattered somewhat in other Western States. They are mostly of German descent, and in their doctrinal principles and usages, very much resemble the Methodists. They have about 300 ministers in the West, and publish theReligious Telescope, a large weekly paper, of evangelical principles, and well conducted. It is printed at Circleville, Ohio.
15.Reformed Presbyterians, orCovenanters,have 20 or 30 churches, and as many ministers, but are much dispersed through the Northern Valley.
16. TheAssociate Church, orSeceders, are more numerous than the Covenanters.
17. TheAssociate Reformed Church. The Western Synod of this body still exists as a separate denomination. Their theological school, at Pittsburg, has already been noticed. I know not their numbers, but suppose they exceed considerably theAssociate Church.
18. TheFriendsorQuakers, have a number of societies in Western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, &c.
19. TheUnitarianshave societies and ministers at Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, and probably in other places.
There are many other sects and fragments in the West. The Valley of the Mississippi, like all new countries, is a wide and fertile field for the propagation of error, as it is for the display of truth.
IX.Roman Catholics.
The number of Papal Diocesses in the Valley, including the one at Mobile, isseven, of each of which a very brief sketch will be given, commencing with,
1.Detroit, including Michigan and the North-Western Territory,—1 bishop, with sub-officers, 18 priests, and as many chapels. At Detroit and vicinity, for 2 or 3 miles, including the French, Irish and Germans,Roman Catholic families make up one third of the population; probably 3,500, of all ages. At Ann Arbor, and in the towns of Webster, Scio, Northfield, Lima and Dexter are many. At and near Bert rand on the St. Joseph's river, adjoining Indiana, they have a school established and an Indian mission. Including the fur traders, and Indians, they may be estimated at 10,000 in this Diocess.[12]
2.Cincinnati.—A large cathedral has been built in this place, and 15 or 520 chapels in the Diocess. Ten years ago, the late bishop Fenwick could not count up 500. The emigration of foreigners, and the laborers on the Ohio canals, and not a little success in proselyting, account for the increase. There are 25 congregations, and 18 priests. A literary institution, called theAthenæum, is established at Cincinnati, where the students are required to attend the forms of worship, and the Superior inspects all their letters. St. Peter's Orphan Asylum is under charge of 4 "Sisters of Charity." The number of Catholics in Cincinnati is variously estimated, the medium of which is 6000, and as many more dispersed through the State.
3.Bardstown.—This includes the State of Kentucky, and has a bishop, with the usual subordinates, 27 congregations, and 33 priests,11 of whom reside at Bardstown. A convent of 6 Jesuit priests at Lebanon; another of 5 Dominicans, called St. Rose, in Washington county; the college at Bardstown, already noticed, and St. Mary's Seminary in Washington county, for the education of priests. Offemaleinstitutions, there are theFemale Academy of Nazarethat Bardstown, conducted by the "Sisters of Charity," and superintended by the bishop and professors of St. Joseph's college,—150 pupils; the female academy of Loretto, Washington county, with accommodation for 100 boarders, and directed by the "Sisters of Mary at the foot of the cross." This order have six other places for country schools, and are said to be 135 in number. TheConvent of Holy Mary, and theMonastery of St. Magdalene, at St. Rose, Washington county, by Dominican nuns, 15 in number, and in 1831, 30 pupils. The Catholics have a female academy at Lexington with 100 pupils.
I have no data to show the Roman Catholic population of this State, but it is by no means proportionate to the formidable machinery here exhibited. All this array of colleges, seminaries, monasteries, convents and nunneries is for the work of proselyting, and if they are not successful, it only shows that the current of popular sentiment sets strongly in another direction.
4.Vincennes.—This is a new Diocess, recently carved out of Indiana and Illinois bythe authority of an old gentleman, who lives in the city of Rome! It includes a dozen chapels, 4 or 5 priests, the St. Claire convent at Vincennes, with several other appendages. The Roman Catholic population of this State is not numerous, probably not exceeding 3000. Illinois has about 5000, a part of which is under the jurisdiction of St. Louis Diocess. In Illinois there are 10 churches, and 6 priests, a part of which are included in the Diocess of Indiana. A convent of nuns of the "Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary," at Kaskaskia, who conduct a female school, with a few boarders and about 30 or 40 day scholars.
5.St. Louis.—This Diocess includes 18 congregations and 19 priests, with the following appendages:
1.St. Louis University, already noticed, with 6 priests for instructors, and 150 students, of which, about 80 are boarders. The rules require their attendance on morning and evening prayers, the catechism, and divine service on Sundays and holidays. 2. St. Mary's College, also noticed in our description of colleges. 3. Noviciate forJesuits under St. Stanislaus, in St. Louis county. Of female institutions there are,—1. Convent of the "Ladies of the Sacred Heart," at St. Louis; 2. another of the same description, and their noviciate, at Florrissant;—3. another of the same order at St. Charles;—4. a female academy at Carondalet, six miles below St.Louis, by the "Sisters of Charity;"—5. a convent and academy of the "Sisters of Loretto," at New Madrid;—6. a convent and female academy at Frederickstown, under supervision of a priest;—7. a convent and female academy of the "Sisters of Loretto," in Perry county. The Roman Catholic population in Missouri does not exceed 15,000. Their pupils, of both sexes, may be estimated at 700. To the above may be added the hospital, and the asylum for boys, in St. Louis, under the management of the Sisters of Charity.
Roman Catholic teachers, usually foreigners, disperse themselves through the country, and engage in teaching primary schools; availing themselves of intercourse with the families of their employers to instruct them in the dogmas of their religion. The greatest success that has attended the efforts of the priests in converting others, has been during the prevalence of the cholera, and especially after collapse and insensibility had seized the person! We know of more than 60 Roman Catholics who have been converted to the faith of Christ and joined Christian churches within 3 or 4 years past, in this State.
6.New Orleans.—The Roman Catholics in Louisiana are numerous, probably including one third of the population. Relatively, Protestants are increasing, as a large proportion of the emigration from the other States, who care any thing about religion, areProtestants. There are 26 congregations, and 27 priests with several convents, female seminaries, asylums, &c.
7.Mobile.—A splendid cathedral has been commenced here. This Diocess extends into Florida.
[12]The reader will note that our estimates of Roman Catholics include the whole family of every age. Whereas, our statistics of Protestant denominations included only communicants.
[12]The reader will note that our estimates of Roman Catholics include the whole family of every age. Whereas, our statistics of Protestant denominations included only communicants.
Suggestions to Emigrants—Canal, Steamboat and Stage Routes—Other Modesof Travel—Expenses—Roads, Distances, &c. &c.
In the concluding chapter to thisGuide, it is proposed to give such information as is always desirable to emigrants upon removing, or travelling for any purpose, to the West.
1. Persons in moderate circumstances, or who would save time and expense, need not make a visit to the West, to ascertain particulars previous to removal. A few general facts, easily collected from a hundred sources, will enable persons to decide the great question whether they will emigrate to the Valley. By the same means, emigrants may determine to what State, and to what part of that State, their course shall be directed. There are many things that a person of plain, common sense will take for granted without inquiry,—such as facilities for obtaining all the necessaries of life; the readiness with which property of any description may be obtained for a fair value, and especially farms and wild land; thatthey can live where hundreds of thousands of others of similar habits and feelings live; and above all, they should take it for granted, that there are difficulties to be encountered in every country, and in all business,—that these difficulties can be surmounted with reasonable effort, patience and perseverance, and that in every country, people sicken and die.
2. Having decided to what State and part of the State an emigrant will remove, let him then conclude to take as little furniture and other luggage as he can do with, especially if he comes by public conveyances. Those who reside within convenient distance of a sea port, would find it both safe and economical to ship by New Orleans, in boxes, such articles as are not wanted on the road, especially if they steer for the navigable waters of the Mississippi. Bed and other clothing, books, &c., packed in boxes, like merchants' goods, will go much safer and cheaper by New Orleans, than by any of the inland routes. I have received more than one hundred packages and boxes, from eastern ports, by that route, within 20 years, and never lost one. Boxes should be marked to the owner or his agent at the river port where destined, and to the charge of some forwarding house in New Orleans. The freight and charges may be paid when the boxes are received.
3. If a person designs to remove to the north part of Ohio, and Indiana, to Chicago and vicinity, or to Michigan, or Greenbay,his course would be by the New York canal, and the lakes. The following table, showing the time of the opening of the canal at Albany and Buffalo, and the opening of the lake, from 1827 to 1835, is from a report of a committee at Buffalo to the common council of that city. It will be of use to those who wish to take the northern route in the spring.
Year.Canal opened at Buffalo.Canal opened at Albany.Lake Erie opened at Buffalo.1827April 21April 21April 211828April 1April 1April 11829April 25April 29May 101830April 15April 20April 61831April 16April 16May 81832April 18April 25April 271833April 22April 22April 231834April 16April 17April 61835April 15April 15May 8
The same route will carry emigrants to Cleveland and by the Ohio canal to Columbus, or to the Ohio river at Portsmouth, from whence by steamboat, direct communications will offer to any river port in the Western States. From Buffalo, steamboats run constantly, (when the lake is open,) to Detroit, stopping at Erie, Ashtabula, Cleveland, Sandusky and many other ports from whence stages run to every prominent town. Transportation wagons are employed in forwarding goods.
Schedule from Buffalo to Detroit by water.
Miles.Dunkirk, N. Y.,39Portland, N. Y.,18— 57Erie, Pa.,35— 92Ashtabula, Ohio,39—131Fairport, Ohio,32—163Cleveland, Ohio,30—193Sandusky, Ohio,54—247Amherstburg, N. C.,52—299Detroit, Mich.,18—317
From thence to Chicago, Illinois.
Miles.St. Clair River, Michigan,40Palmer,17— 57Fort Gratiot,14— 71White Rock,40—111Thunder Island,70—181Middle Island,25—206Presque Isle,65—271Mackinaw,58—329Isle Brule,75—404Fort Howard, W. Territory,100—504Milwaukee, W. T.,310—814Chicago, Ill.,90—904
From Cleveland to Portsmouth, via Ohio canal.
Miles.Cuyahoga Aqueduct,22Old Portage,12— 34Akron,4— 38New Portage,5— 43Clinton,11— 54Massillon,11— 65Bethlehem,6— 71Bolivar,8— 79Zoar,3— 82Dover,7— 89New Philadelphia,4— 93New-Comers' Town,22—115Coshocton,17—132Irville,26—158Newark,13—171Hebron,10—181Licking Summit,5—186Lancaster Canaan,11—197Columbus, side cut,18—215Bloomfield,8—223Circleville,9—232Chillicothe,23—255Piketon,25—280Lucasville,14—294Portsmouth, (Ohio river,)13—307
The most expeditious, pleasant and direct route for travellers to the southern parts of Ohio and Indiana; to the Illinois river, as farnorth as Peoria; to the Upper Mississippi, as Quincy, Rock Island, Galena and Prairie du Chien; to Missouri; and to Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Natches and New Orleans is one of the southern routes. There are, 1st, from Philadelphia to Pittsburg by rail-roads and the Pennsylvania canal; 2nd, by Baltimore,—the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road,—and stages to Wheeling; or, 3dly, for people living to the south of Washington, by stage, via Charlottesville, Va., Staunton, the hot, warm, and white sulphur springs, Lewisburg, Charlestown, to Guyandotte, from whence a regular line of steamboats run 3 times a week to Cincinnati. Intermediate routes from Washington city to Wheeling; or to Harper's ferry, to Fredericksburg, and intersect the route through Virginia at Charlottesville.
From Philadelphia to Pittsburg, via rail-road and canal.