Engelmann, rotation of Jupiter's satellites,292
Ericsson, solar temperature,218
Erman, meteoric rings,330
Eros, measures of, for solar parallax,238;discovery,284variability,285
Ertborn, mountain in Venus,253
Espin, spectra of variable stars,379;stars with banded spectra,381Nova Aurigæ,397398
Euler, resisting medium,93
Evershed, eclipse photographs,189200
Evolution, of solar system,308309313-316322;of earth-moon system,316-318of stellar systems,420
Fabricius, David, discovery of Mira Ceti,10
Fabricius, John, detection of sun-spots,52
Faculæ, relation to spots,53,155158;solar rotation from,155photographed,197198377
Faye, nature of prominences,70,166;discovery of a comet,98cyclonic theory of sun-spots,144157solar constitution,150-152maximum of 1883163velocities in prominences,205distance of the sun,240planetary evolution,314315321
Feilitsch, solar appendages,70
Fényi, solar observations,184204
Ferrel, tidal friction,272
Ferrer, nature of corona,67;prominences,69
Fessenden, electrical theory of comets,348
Finlay, transit of great comet,358360
Fizeau, daguerrotype of the sun,153;Doppler's principle,201velocity of light,232
Flammarion, canals of Mars,280;trans-Neptunian planet,306
Flamsteed, solar constitution,57;distance,228
Flaugergues, detection of 1811 comet,99;transit of Mercury,244
Fleming, Mrs., spectrum of β Lyræ,379;preparation of Draper Catalogue,386discoveries of new stars,399
Flint, star-parallaxes,417
Fontana, mountains of Venus,252;satellite,256spots on Mars,274
Forbes, George, trans-Neptunian planets,306307
Forbes, James D., spectrum of annularly eclipsed sun,134;solar constant,225
Foucault, spectrum of voltaic arc,137;photograph of the sun,153velocity of light,232240silvered glass reflectors,429
Fraunhofer, early accident,33;improvement of refractors,34clockwork motion,121spectra of flames,131of sun and stars,133134372objective prism,385diffraction gratings,439
Fraunhofer lines, mapped,133136;origin,135-137171172reflected in coronal spectrum,170173181in cometary spectra,354357shifted by radial motion,201
Freycinet, distribution of minor planets,287
Fritz, auroral periodicity,162
Frost, solar heat radiation,222
Galileo, descriptive astronomy,2;double-star method of parallaxes,16discovery of sun-spots,52solar rotation,146planets and sun-spots,163darkening at sun's edge,221
Galle, discovery of Neptune,81,82;Saturn's dusky ring,86distance of the sun,237path of Andromede meteors,334
Galloway, solar translation,39
Gambart, discovery of comet,95
Gauss, orbits of minor planets,74;Theoria Motus,77magnetic observations,126127cometary orbits,370
Gautier, sun-spot and magnetic periods,126128;sun-spots and weather,129
German Astronomical Society,6,414
Gill, star-parallaxes,37,42,416417;expedition to Ascension,237distance of the sun,237238240constant of aberration,241arc measurements,261262comet of 1882359412oxygen-absorption in stars,384photograph of Argo nebula,404Cape Durchmusterung,412photographic celestial survey,413actinic intensity of galactic stars,425Coudé telescope,438
Gladstone, J. H., spectrum analysis,134136
Glaisher, occultation by Halley's comet,106
Glasenapp, coronal photographs,185;light equation,231241double star measures,419
Glass, optical, excise duty on,112115;Guinand's,113114Jena,431
Gledhill, spot on Jupiter,294[Pg 477]
Goldschmidt, nebulæ in the Pleiades,411
Goodricke, periodicity of Algol,390
Gore, catalogue of variable stars,391;of computed binaries,418
Gothard, bright-line stellar spectra,378379;spectrum of Nova Aurigæ,398photographs of nebulæ,409
Gould, variation of latitude,258;photograph of Mars,281comets of 1807 and 1881349352luminous instability of stars,392photographic measures of the Pleiades,410Uranometria Argentina,415solar cluster,423426
Graham, discovery of Metis,77
Grant, solar envelope,70,167;transit phenomena,254
Green, observation of Mars,280
Greenwich observations,3,27,32
Gregory, David, achromatic lenses, 112note
Gregory, James, double star method of parallaxes,16;reflecting telescopes,109
Groombridge, star catalogue,31
Grosch, corona of 1867176
Grubb, Sir Howard, photographic reflector,409;great refractors,430433siderostat,437
Grubb, Thomas, Melbourne reflector, 110note,428
Gruithuisen, snow-caps of Venus,255;lunar inhabitants,265
Gully, detection of Nova Andromedæ,394
Guthrie, nebulous glow round Venus,253
Hadley, Saturn's dusky ring,86;reflecting telescope,109
Haerdtl, Winnecke's comet,94
Hale, luminous outburst on sun,161;daylight coronal photography,179spectrum of prominences,195198prominence photography,197198photographs of faculæ,198377carbon in chromosphere,200bright lines in fourth-type stars,381reflectors and refractors,432
Hall, Asaph, parallax of the sun,241;discovery of Martian satellites,282rotation of Saturn,302double star measurements,419
Hall, Chester More, invention of achromatic telescope,112
Hall, Maxwell, rotation of Neptune,305
Halley, stellar proper motions,9;composition of nebulæ,22observation of η Carinæ,48eclipse of 171566,68predicted return of comet,88magnetic theory of auroræ,130transits of Venus,233lunar acceleration,271origin of meteors,327
Halm, magnetic relations of latitude variation,259
Hansen, solar parallax from lunar theory,230
Hansky, coronal photographs,188189
Harding, discovery of Juno,75;celestial atlas,77
Harkness, spectrum of corona,170;corona of 1878175shadow of the moon in solar eclipses,182light equation,231distance of the sun,237240241242
Harriot, observations on Halley's comet,29
Hartley, gallium in the sun,200213
Hartwig, Nova Andromedæ,394
Hasselberg, metallic spectra,211;spectra of comets,342357of Nova Andromedæ,395
Hastings, composition of photosphere,152;observations at Caroline Island,181Saturn's dusky ring,299
Hegel, number of the planets,73
Heis, radiant of Andromedes,334
Heliometer,34,234237238240
Helium, a constituent of prominences,194195199;no absorption by, in solar spectrum,213absorptive action in first-type stars,376bright in gaseous stars,377378380in Orion nebula,407
Helmholtz, gravitational theory of sun-heat,311-313
Hencke, discoveries of minor planets,76
Henderson, parallax of α Centauri,36,416;observation of chromosphere,68
Henry, Paul and Prosper, lunar twilight,264;markings on Uranus,303photograph of Saturn,408photographs of nebulæ in the Pleiades,410411stellar photography,413plane mirrors,438
Herrick and Bradley, duplication of Biela's comet,96
Herschel, Alexander S., cometary and meteoric orbits,332
Herschel, Caroline, her brother's assistant,12;observation of Encke's comet,90
Herschel, Colonel, spectrum of prominences,168;of reversing layer,172of corona,174[Pg 478]
Herschel, Sir John, life and work,45-50;Magellanic clouds,47,422sun-spots,58,59,144solar flames,68anticipation of Neptune's discovery,81status of Hyperion,85Biela's comet,95Halley's,102comet of 1843103sixth star in "trapezium,"113grinding of specula,116spectrum analysis,136solar photography,145154solar constitution,151shadow round eclipsed sun,182actinometrical experiments,216solar heat,217climate and eccentricity,259lunar atmosphere,263surface of Mars,276Andromeda nebula,396observations of nebulæ,404double nebulæ,412
Herschel, Sir William, discovery of Uranus,5;founder of sidereal astronomy,9biographical sketch,11-14sun's motion in space,15,39,425revolutions of double stars,18,442structure of Milky Way, 19-21,423nature of nebulæ, 21-26,401results of his observations,25centre of sidereal system,40theory of the sun, 54-56,70asteroids,75discoveries of Saturnian and Uranian satellites,84,87,110comet of 181199reflecting telescopes,109-111sun-spots and weather,129transit of Mercury,244refraction in Venus,252lunar volcanoes,266terrestrial affinity of Mars,274Jovian trade-winds,289rotation of Jupiter's satellites,292ring of Saturn,298rotation of Saturn,302origin of comets,369stellar photometry,420
Herz, comets' tails,348
Hevelius, "Mira" Ceti,10;contraction of comets,92granular structure of comet,362
Higgs, photographs of solar spectrum,211214
Hind, solar flames,70;Iris and Flora discovered by,77distortion of Biela's comet,96transit of a comet,101earth in a comet's tail,326comets of 1843 and 1880349Schmidt's comet,363new star,392variable nebula,403
Hirn, solar temperature,220;resistance in space,348
Hodgson, outburst on the sun,160
Hoeffler, star-drift in Ursa Major,426
Hoek, cometary systems,362
Holden, Uranian satellites,87;eclipse expedition,180coronal extensions,186solar rotation,203transit of Mercury,245intra-Mercurian planets,250drawing of Venus,252lunar photographs,268canals on Mars,279surface of Mars,281transits of Jupiter's satellites,292markings on Uranus,304disintegration of comet,362colours of double stars,374Nova Aurigæ,398Orion and Trifid nebulæ,403404director of Lick Observatory,435
Holden and Schaeberle, observations of nebulæ,433
Holmes, discovery of a comet,337
Homann, solar translation,406
Hooke, solar translation,10;stellar parallax,16repulsive action on comets, 102noteautomatic movement of telescopes,120spots on Mars,274275
Hopkins, solidity of the earth,257
Horrebow, sun-spot periodicity,125;satellite of Venus,256
Hough, G. W., red spot on Jupiter,295430;observations of double stars,419
Houzeau, solar parallax,240
Howlett, sun-spot observations,155
Hubbard, period of comet of 1843105351
Huggins, Sir William, spectroscopic observations of prominences,170195hydrogen spectrum in stars,178198daylight coronal photography,178179repulsive action in corona,191stellar motions in line of sight,201386387transit of Mercury,245occultation of a star,263snowcaps on Mars,276spectrum of Mars,277of Jupiter,290Jovian markings and sun-spots,297spectrum of Uranus,304of comets,342343photographs,354357stellar spectroscopy,373colours of stars,374classification of star spectra,376photographs,382383438stellar chemistry,381382spectra of new stars,393395theory of Nova Aurigæ,397spectra of nebulæ,401402407nebular radial movement,405
Huggins, Sir William and Lady, photograph of Uranian spectrum,305;spectra of Wolf-Rayet stars,380ultra-violet spectrum of Sirius,383nitrogen in stars,384spectrum of Nova Aurigæ,396-398of Andromeda nebula,403of Orion nebula,407[Pg 479]
Humboldt, sun-spot period,126;magnetic observations,127meteoric shower,329
Hussey, T. J., search for Neptune,79
Hussey, W. J., cloud effects on Mars,281;cometary appendages,369period of δ Equulei,419discoveries of double stars,419433
Huygens, stellar parallax,16;Orion nebula,22discovery of Titan,84Saturn's ring,85,301spot on Mars,275
Hydrogen, a constituent of prominences,168195199;spectrum,178198383384absorption in stars,198373381-383in sun,211theoretical material of comets' tails,347emissions in stars,377-380384393397in nebulæ,402407
Innes, Southern double stars,419
Jacoby, measurement of Rutherfurd's plates,410;Pritchard's parallax work,417
Janssen, photographs of the sun,165;spectroscopic observations of prominences,168169escape from Paris in a balloon,171coronal spectrum,173181coronal photographs,181rarefaction of chromospheric gases,182oxygen absorption in solar spectrum,214transit of 1874234spectrum of Venus,254of Saturn,303photographs of Tebbutt's comet,353354of Orion nebula,407
Japetus, eclipse of,300;variability in light,302
Jewell, solar spectroscopy,200211
Joule, heat and motion,309
Jupiter, mass corrected,77,92;conjectured influence on sun-spot development,163physical condition,289290spectrum,290291satellite-transits,291292discovery of inner satellite,293red spot,293-296photographs,297408periodicity of markings,297
Kaiser, rotation of Mars,275;map of Mars,278
Kammermann, observation of Maia nebula,410
Kant, status of nebulæ,14;Sirius the central sun,40planetary intervals,71tidal friction,272condition of Jupiter,289cosmogony,308
Kapteyn, solar translation,40;Cape Durchmusterung,412stellar parallaxes,417418actinic intensity of galactic stars,425solar cluster,426
Kayser and Runge, spectroscopic investigations,211213
Keeler, red spot on Jupiter,296;spectroscopic determination of movements in Saturn's rings,300spectrum of Uranus,304of third type stars,382of nebulæ,402photographs of nebulæ,403411412432nebular radial movements,405434440grating spectroscope,440