Chapter 4

Male, 43/4, 8.

From Texas northward, and throughout the interior. Abundant. Migratory.

Blue-eyed Warbler, Sylvia citrinella,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 111.Sylvia æstiva,Bonap.Syn. p. 83.Yellow-poll Warbler, Sylvia æstiva,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 476. Adult Male.Children's Warbler, Sylvia Childrenii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 180. Young.

Blue-eyed Warbler, Sylvia citrinella,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 111.

Sylvia æstiva,Bonap.Syn. p. 83.

Yellow-poll Warbler, Sylvia æstiva,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 476. Adult Male.

Children's Warbler, Sylvia Childrenii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 180. Young.

89. 14. Sylvicola Rathbonii,Aud.Rathbone's Wood-Warbler.

Plate LXV.Male and Female.

Wings of ordinary length, the second quill longest; tail nearly even. The general colour of the plumage bright yellow, the upper parts olivaceous; quills and tail wood-brown, the former yellow on the outer web, the latter margined externally with the same. Female similar.

Male, 41/2.

Mississippi. Only one pair seen.

Rathbone Warbler, Sylvia Rathbonia,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 333.

90. 15. Sylvicola petechia,Lath.Yellow Red-poll Wood-Warbler.

Plate CLXIII.Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Young Male.Plate CLXIV.Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.

Plate CLXIII.Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Young Male.

Plate CLXIV.Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.

Wings of ordinary length, with the outer three quills almost equal, the second longer than the first, which slightly exceeds the fourth; tail emarginate. Male with the crown of the head deep brownish-red, the upper parts yellowish-olive, streaked with brown, the rump greenish-yellow, without streaks; quills dusky brown, primaries edged with whitish, secondaries with yellowish; tail feathers dusky brown, margined with greenish-yellow, the outer two with a white patch on the inner web at the end, sometimes the outer white on both webs at the end; a bright yellow streak from the nostril over the eye; lore dusky; ear-coverts brownish-red; lower parts yellow, the sides of the neck,its lower part, and the sides of the body, streaked with deep red. Female similar to the male, but with the tints duller and paler, the red of the head scarcely apparent, and the fore-neck very faintly streaked. Young dull light greenish-brown, tinged with grey, the head streaked with dusky; lower parts yellowish-grey, the sides of the neck and body, with the breast, faintly streaked with greyish-brown.

Male, 41/2, 81/2.

From Texas northward. Very abundant. Spends the winter in all the Southern States.

Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Sylvia petechia,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 19.Sylvia petechia,Bonap.Syn. p. 83; S. palmarium, p. 78.Sylvicola petechia, Yellow Red-poll Warbler,Swain. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 215.Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Sylvia petechia,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 364.Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Sylvia petechia,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 259, Adult Male and Young; p. 360, Adult Male and Female.

Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Sylvia petechia,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 19.

Sylvia petechia,Bonap.Syn. p. 83; S. palmarium, p. 78.

Sylvicola petechia, Yellow Red-poll Warbler,Swain. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 215.

Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Sylvia petechia,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 364.

Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Sylvia petechia,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 259, Adult Male and Young; p. 360, Adult Male and Female.

91. 16. Sylvicola Americana,Lath.Blue Yellow-backed Wood-Warbler,—Yellow-backed Warbler,—Blue Yellow-back Warbler.

Plate XV.Male and Female.

Bill much attenuated; outer three quills nearly equal, first or second longest; tail almost even, with the feathers pointed. Male with the upper parts light blue, the fore part of the back yellowish-green; two broad bands of white on the wing, formed by the tips of the secondary coverts, and first row of small coverts; quills and tail-feathers dusky, margined with blue; a white spot on the outer three of the latter; loral space black; both eyelids with a white spot; throat yellow, with whitish patches, a lunular band of blackish on the fore neck; breast yellow, spotted with dull orange, the rest of the lower parts yellowish, fading into white, the sides pale greyish-blue. Female similar but paler; the loral band wanting; throat, fore neck, and breast yellow, without the black lunule.

Although the bill of this species is much attenuated, it is not essentially different in form from that of S. Blackburniæ, and others of this genus; the wings are similar to those of the rest, and there seems no reason for setting it apart to form a genus, as has been done by Bonaparte.

Male, 41/6, 61/2.

From Texas, generally distributed. Exceedingly abundant. Migratory.

Blue Yellow-back Warbler, Sylvia pusilla,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 17.Sylvia Americana,Bonap.Syn. p. 33.Blue Yellow-backed Warbler, Sylvia Americana,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 78.

Blue Yellow-back Warbler, Sylvia pusilla,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 17.

Sylvia Americana,Bonap.Syn. p. 33.

Blue Yellow-backed Warbler, Sylvia Americana,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 78.

92. 17. Sylvicola Townsendi,Nutt.Townsend's Wood-Warbler.

Plate CCCXCIII.Fig. 1. Male.

Wings of moderate length, rather pointed, with the second and thirdquills longest, the first and second nearly equal and very little shorter; tail scarcely emarginate. Upper parts light greenish-olive, more yellow behind, all the feathers dusky in the centre; cheeks, ear-coverts, and throat black; a band over the eye, a broader band on the side of the neck, and the fore part of the breast bright yellow; the rest of the lower parts white, but the sides marked with oblong dusky spots; wings blackish-brown; the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts largely tipped with white, the quills margined with light grey; tail-feathers blackish-brown, edged with grey; outer two on each side almost entirely white, the next with a small white spot.

Male, 410/12, wing 28/12.

Columbia River, northward. Migratory.

Sylvia Townsendi, Townsend's Warbler,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 191.Townsend's Warbler, Sylvia Townsendi,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 36.

Sylvia Townsendi, Townsend's Warbler,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 191.

Townsend's Warbler, Sylvia Townsendi,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 36.

93. 18. Sylvicola occidentalis,Towns.Hermit Wood-Warbler.

Plate CCCXCV.Fig. 3. Male. Fig. 4. Female.

Wings of moderate length, the outer three quills almost equal, the third longest; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper parts bluish-grey, spotted with black; the upper part of the head, which is similarly spotted, the cheeks, and sides of the neck, bright yellow; throat black; breast and abdomen white; ground and tail-feathers greyish-dusky; two white bands on the wing formed by the tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; two outer tail-feathers on each side almost entirely white. Female with the upper parts of a duller grey, the yellow of the head less extended and not so bright; throat whitish, spotted with dusky.

Male, 35/12, wing 28/12.

Columbia River. Migratory.

Sylvicola occidentalis, Hermit Wood-Warbler,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 190.Hermit Warbler, Sylvia occidentalis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 55.

Sylvicola occidentalis, Hermit Wood-Warbler,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 190.

Hermit Warbler, Sylvia occidentalis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 55.

94. 19. Sylvia nigrescens,Towns.Black-throated Grey Wood-Warbler.

Plate CCCXCV.Figs. 5 and 6. Male.

Wings of moderate length, with the outer three quills nearly equal, the second longest, the first shorter than the fourth; tail slightly rounded and emarginate. Male with the upper parts bluish ash-grey, the middle of the back and tail-coverts streaked with black; the upper part of the head and neck, the loral space and cheeks, and the fore part of the neck, with a small portion of the breast black; a bandfrom the nostril to near the eye yellow; a band over the eye, and another from the lower mandible along the side of the neck white; breast and abdomen white, the sides tinged with grey, and streaked with black; wings blackish-brown, with two white bands formed by the tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; quills edged with light grey; tail blackish-brown, the two outer feathers on each side almost entirely white, the next with a white patch on the inner web.

Male, 5, wing 28/12.

Columbia River. Migratory.

Sylvia nigrescens, Black-throated Grey Warbler, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 191.Black-throated Grey Warbler, Sylvia nigrescens,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 57.

Sylvia nigrescens, Black-throated Grey Warbler, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 191.

Black-throated Grey Warbler, Sylvia nigrescens,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 57.

95. 20. Sylvicola canadensis,Linn.Canada or Black-throated Blue Wood-Warbler.

Plate CLV.Male.Plate CXLVIII.Female and Young.

Wings rather long, with the third quill longest, the second almost equal, the fourth longer than the first; tail even. Male dull light blue above, white beneath; frontal band, cheeks, throat, and sides, black; a white patch on the wing formed by the bases of the primaries; outer three tail-feathers with a patch of white on the inner web near the end, all the rest with a touch of the same. Female greenish-olive above, light dull-yellow below, with a less extended white patch on the wing, the white on the tail unconspicuous. Young similar to the female.

Male, 5, 71/2.

From Texas northward. Migratory. Abundant.

Motacilla canadensis,Linn.Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 334.Black-throated Blue Warbler, Sylvia canadensis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 115. Male.Sylvia canadensis,Bonap.Syn. p. 84. Male.Black-throated Blue Warbler, Sylvia canadensis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 398. Male.Black-throated Blue Warbler, Sylvia canadensis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 309. Male.Pine-swamp Warbler, Sylvia pusilla,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 100. Young.Sylvia sphagnosa,Bonap.Syn. p. 85. Young.Pine-swamp Warbler, Sylvia sphagnosa,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 406. Young.Pine-swamp Warbler, Sylvia sphagnosa,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 279. Female and Young.

Motacilla canadensis,Linn.Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 334.

Black-throated Blue Warbler, Sylvia canadensis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 115. Male.

Sylvia canadensis,Bonap.Syn. p. 84. Male.

Black-throated Blue Warbler, Sylvia canadensis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 398. Male.

Black-throated Blue Warbler, Sylvia canadensis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 309. Male.

Pine-swamp Warbler, Sylvia pusilla,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 100. Young.

Sylvia sphagnosa,Bonap.Syn. p. 85. Young.

Pine-swamp Warbler, Sylvia sphagnosa,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 406. Young.

Pine-swamp Warbler, Sylvia sphagnosa,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 279. Female and Young.

96. 21. Sylvicola maculosa,Lath.Blue-headed Yellow-rumped Wood-Warbler.—Black-and-Yellow Warbler.

Plate CXXIII.Male and Female.Plate L.Young.

Wings of moderate length, the outer four quills nearly equal, the second and third longest and equal, the fourth longer than the first; tail almost even. Upper part of head and hind neck ash-grey; eyelids, and a band over the eye, white; part of forehead, loral space,and a broad band down the side of the neck, with the fore part of the back, and upper tail-coverts deep black; lower parts and rump bright yellow; the lower part of the throat, the breast and sides, spotted with black; wings and tail-feathers brownish-black, edged with grey; two white bands on the wing; all the tail-feathers, except the middle two, with a large patch of white on the inner web, at about two-thirds of their length. Young yellowish-grey above, with the head light grey, the rump yellow; lower parts of a duller yellow, with only faint dusky streaks on the sides.

Male, 5, 71/2.

From Texas northward. Very abundant. Migratory.

Black-and-Yellow Warbler, Sylvia magnolia,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 63. Adult.Sylvia maculosa,Bonap.Syn. p. 78.Black-and-Yellow Warbler, Sylvia maculosa,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 370.Sylvicola maculosa, Yellow-rump Warbler, F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 213.Black-and-Yellow Warbler, Sylvia maculosa,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 145, Adult; v. i. p. 260, Young; v. v. p. 458.

Black-and-Yellow Warbler, Sylvia magnolia,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 63. Adult.

Sylvia maculosa,Bonap.Syn. p. 78.

Black-and-Yellow Warbler, Sylvia maculosa,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 370.

Sylvicola maculosa, Yellow-rump Warbler, F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 213.

Black-and-Yellow Warbler, Sylvia maculosa,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 145, Adult; v. i. p. 260, Young; v. v. p. 458.

97. 22. Sylvicola discolor,Vieill.Prairie Wood-Warbler.

Plate XIV.Male and Female.

Wings rather short, with the outer four quills nearly equal, the second and third longest; tail emarginate and rounded. Male with the upper parts yellowish-green, the back spotted with chestnut-red; lower parts, and a band over the eye, bright yellow; two bands of dull yellow on the wing; outer four tail-feathers with a white patch on the inner web; a small streak before and behind the eye, one on the cheek, a spot on the side of the neck, and oblong markings on the sides, black. Female similar, but paler, especially beneath, and without the black streaks on the side of the head.

Male, 5, 7.

From Texas to Massachusetts. Migratory. Abundant.

Prairie Warbler, Sylvia minuta,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 87.Sylvia discolor,Bonap.Syn. p. 83.Prairie Warbler, Sylvia discolor,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 294.Prairie Warbler, Sylvia discolor,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 76.

Prairie Warbler, Sylvia minuta,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 87.

Sylvia discolor,Bonap.Syn. p. 83.

Prairie Warbler, Sylvia discolor,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 294.

Prairie Warbler, Sylvia discolor,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 76.

98. 23. Sylvicola montana,Wils.Blue-Mountain Warbler.

Plate CCCCXXXIV.Fig. 3. Male.

No bristles at the base of the bill; wings rather short, the third and fourth quills longest; tail much rounded. Upper parts light greenish-olive; a band across the forehead, one over the eye, the cheeks, throat, fore part and sides of neck bright yellow; the rest of the lower parts yellowish-white, the sides marked with narrow longitudinal dusky streaks; wings dusky brown, all the feathers edged with yellowish-white, the secondary quills more broadly, the first row of small coverts and the secondary coverts tipped with white, forming two conspicuousbands; tail brownish-black, the feathers edged with yellowish-green, the two outer on each side white in their terminal half.

Male, 41/12, wing 26/12.

Blue Mountains. Only one individual seen.

Blue-Mountain Warbler, Sylvia montana,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 113.Sylvia tigrina,Bonap.Syn. p. 83; but not of Gmelin or Latham, as the figure of Edwards, to which reference is made, has the tail not rounded, but emarginate.

Blue-Mountain Warbler, Sylvia montana,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 113.

Sylvia tigrina,Bonap.Syn. p. 83; but not of Gmelin or Latham, as the figure of Edwards, to which reference is made, has the tail not rounded, but emarginate.

99. 24. Sylvicola agilis,Wils.Connecticut Wood Warbler.—Connecticut Warbler.

Plate CXXXVIII.Male and Female.

Wings long, with the first quill longest, and exceeding the first secondary by eleven-twelfths of an inch; middle toe and claw longer than the tarsus; tail of moderate length, nearly even, with acuminate feathers. Male olive-green above; a ring of yellowish-white round the eye; the head, neck all round, and part of the breast ash-grey, the sides greyish-green; the rest of the lower parts bright yellow. Female olive-green above, yellow beneath, the sides of the neck and a band across the breast tinged with brown.

Male, 53/4, 8.

New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut. Very rare. Migratory.

Connecticut Warbler, Sylvia agilis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 64.Sylvia agilis,Bonap.Syn. p. 84.Connecticut Warbler, Sylvia agilis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 399.

Connecticut Warbler, Sylvia agilis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 64.

Sylvia agilis,Bonap.Syn. p. 84.

Connecticut Warbler, Sylvia agilis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 399.

This species forms a connecting link betweenSylvicolaandTrichas, having the long pointed wings of the former, and the general appearance of the latter, which it resembles, especially in its tail, which is neither emarginate, nor marked with the white spots seen on that of almost all the other Sylvicolæ, but which do not exist in the genus Trichas. Some of the Sylvicolæ are, in like manner, assimilated to Myiodoctes, and others to Vermivora. Of the former may be mentioned,Sylvicola AuduboniandS. coronata; of the latter,S. Blackburniæ.

GENUS III. TRICHAS,Swains.GROUND-WARBLER.

Bill of moderate length, similar in form to that of Sylvicola, differing only in being a little decurved. The general form does not differ materially from that of Sylvicola, the head being ovate and of moderate size, the neck short, the body rather slender; the feet of moderate length, slender;tarsus slender, much compressed, longer than the middle toe with its claw, anteriorly covered with eight scutella, of which the upper are blended; toes of moderate size, hind toe proportionally large, lateral toes equal, fourth adherent at the base; claws rather long, arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, very acute. Plumage soft and blended. Wings rather short, convex, considerably rounded, the third and fourth quills longest, the fifth little shorter. Tail of moderate length, rounded, always plain, or without white spots.

100. 1. Trichas Macgillivrayi,Aud.Macgillivray's Ground-Warbler.—Macgillivray's Warbler.

Plate CCCXCIX.Fig. 4. Male. Fig. 5. Female.

Wings rather short, the second quill longest, the fourth longer than the first, the tail long, considerably rounded, its feathers rounded; tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw. Male olive-green above; the head, hind part, and sides of the neck bluish-grey; the fore neck and part of the breast greyish-black, lunulated with greyish-white; a black loral band; a conspicuous white spot on each eyelid; the lower parts bright yellow. Female olive-green above, yellow beneath, the sides of the neck and a band across the breast ash-grey.

Male, 51/4, 61/2.Female, 5, wing 24½/12.

Columbia River. Common.

Macgillivray's Warbler, Sylvia Macgillivrayi,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 75.

101. 2. Trichas Philadelphia,Wils.Mourning Ground-Warbler.—Mourning Warbler.

Wings of moderate length, with the second quill longest, the fourth shorter than the first; the tail long, considerably rounded, its feathers scarcely pointed; tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw. Male olive-green above, the head, hind part and sides of the neck, bluish-grey; the fore neck and part of the breast deep black, lunulated with white; a blackish loral band, margins of eyelids dusky grey; the lower parts bright yellow. Female olive-green above, yellow beneath, the sides of the neck and a band across the breast ash-grey, the throat yellowish-white.

Male, 5, 8.

New Jersey and Blue Mountains of Vermont. Rare. Migratory.

Mourning Warbler, Sylvia Philadelphia,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 101.Sylvia Philadelphia,Bonap.Syn. p. 85.Mourning Warbler, Sylvia Philadelphia,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 404.Mourning Warbler, Sylvia Philadelphia,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 79.

Mourning Warbler, Sylvia Philadelphia,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 101.

Sylvia Philadelphia,Bonap.Syn. p. 85.

Mourning Warbler, Sylvia Philadelphia,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 404.

Mourning Warbler, Sylvia Philadelphia,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 79.

102. 3. Trichas Marilandica,Linn.Maryland Ground-Warbler.—Maryland Yellow-throat. Yellow-breasted Warbler.

Plate XXIII.Male and Female.Plate XXIV.Young Male.

Wings rather short, with the third and fourth quills longest, fifth longer than second, first and sixth equal; tail considerably rounded, the lateral feathers being three-twelfths shorter than the middle. Male with a broad band of black across the forehead, including the loral space and eyes, and terminating in a rather pointed form behind the ear-coverts; over this band a narrow one of very pale blue, or bluish-white; upper parts yellowish-green, on the head slightly tinged with red; quills and tail-feathers wood-brown, margined with yellowish-green; the edge of the wing and the margin of the outer primary yellow; fore part of neck bright yellow, as is the anterior part of the breast and the lower tail-coverts, the rest pale, the sides shaded with dull yellowish-brown; the axillaries and some of the lower wing-coverts white. Female with the upper parts lighter, the lower less bright, tinged with reddish-brown, the head of pale brownish-red, without the bands so conspicuous in the male. Young similar to the female, the males with a black mystachial band.

Male, 43/4, 61/2.

From Texas northward to Nova Scotia, and throughout the interior; Columbia River.

Maryland Yellow-throat, Sylvia Marilandica,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 88, Male; v. ii. p. 163, Female.Sylvia Marilandica,Bonap.Syn. p. 85.Maryland Yellow-throat,Nutt.Man. v. i.Yellow-breasted Warbler, or Maryland Yellow-throat, Sylvia Trichas,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 121, Adult; v. v. p. 463.Roscoe's Yellow-throat, Sylvia Roscoe,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 124. Young.

Maryland Yellow-throat, Sylvia Marilandica,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 88, Male; v. ii. p. 163, Female.

Sylvia Marilandica,Bonap.Syn. p. 85.

Maryland Yellow-throat,Nutt.Man. v. i.

Yellow-breasted Warbler, or Maryland Yellow-throat, Sylvia Trichas,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 121, Adult; v. v. p. 463.

Roscoe's Yellow-throat, Sylvia Roscoe,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 124. Young.

103. 4. Trichas Delafieldii,Aud.Delafield's Ground-Warbler.

Wing rather long, much rounded, with the third and fourth quills longest, sixth longer than second, first and tenth about equal; tail much rounded, the lateral feathers being half an inch shorter than the middle. Male with a band of black across the forehead, including the loral space and eyes, and terminating on the ear-coverts; upper part of head light greyish-blue, tinged behind with green; the rest of the upper parts dull yellowish-green; quills and tail-feathers wood-brown on the inner webs, the edge of the wing and margin of the outer primaryyellow; all the lower parts rich yellow, excepting the sides, which are shaded into dull greenish-yellow.

Male, 51/4, wing, 25/12.

North California.

Delafield's Yellow-throat, Sylvia Delafieldii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 307.

GENUS IV. HELINAIA,Aud.SWAMP-WARBLERS.

Bill rather long, being nearly of the same length as the head, straight, or slightly decurved, tapering to a very acute point, much compressed; the upper mandible with the ridge distinct, the sides declinate and flat at the base, the edges somewhat inflected beyond the middle, the notch obsolete; lower mandible with the dorsal line straight, the edges involute, the tip extremely acute. Nostrils oblong; exposed. Feet of moderate length; tarsus about equal to the middle toe and claw, slender, much compressed, with the upper scutella blended; toes slender; claws rather long, moderately arched, slender, much compressed, laterally grooved, extremely acute, plumage soft and blended. Bristles obsolete. Wings rather long, somewhat pointed, the outer three nearly equal, the second longest. Tail of moderate length, nearly even.—Name from [Greek: Helos], a swamp, and [Greek: Naiô], to inhabit.

104. 1. Helinaia Swainsonii,Aud.Swainson's Swamp-Warbler.

Plate CXCVIII.Male.

Bill as long as the head, much compressed; wings rather long, second and third quills equal and longest; tail even; upper parts olive-brown, the head strongly tinged with red; lower parts and a band over the eye pale yellowish-grey, the feathers on the cheeks tipped with brown, the sides of the neck and body more grey, the abdomen whitish.

Male, 51/4, 81/2.

South Carolina to Massachusetts. Very rare. Migratory.

Swainson's Warbler, Sylvia Swainsonii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 568; v. v. p. 462.

105. 2. Helinaia vermivora,Lath.Worm-eating Swamp-Warbler.

Plate XXXIV.Male and Female.

Bill nearly as long as the head, less compressed than in the last; wings rather long, second quill longest, first and third equal; tail very slightly rounded. Upper parts light olive-green; head and lower parts pale brownish-yellow, the former with four longitudinal black bands; throat and abdomen nearly white.

Male, 51/2, 81/2.

From Texas northwards, and in the interior to the Missouri. Not very abundant. Migratory.

Worm-eating Warbler, Sylvia vermivora,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 74.Sylvia vermivora,Bonap.Syn. p. 86.Worm-eating Warbler, Sylvia vermivora,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 177; v. v. p. 460.

Worm-eating Warbler, Sylvia vermivora,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 74.

Sylvia vermivora,Bonap.Syn. p. 86.

Worm-eating Warbler, Sylvia vermivora,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 177; v. v. p. 460.

106. 3. Helinaia Protonotarius,Lath.Prothonotary Swamp-Warbler.

Plate III.Male and Female.

Bill nearly as long as the head; first quill longest; tail even. Male with the head, neck, breast, and sides rich yellow, abdomen and lower tail-coverts white; hind neck and fore part of back greenish-yellow, rump, tail-coverts, smaller wing-coverts and margin of the quills and tail-feathers light greyish-blue; the latter, except the middle, having the greater part of their inner webs white.

Male, 51/2, 81/2.

From Texas eastward to Nova Scotia. In the interior to Kentucky. Saskatchewan. Rather rare. Migratory.

Prothonotary Warbler, Sylvia Protonotarius,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 72.Sylvia Protonotarius,Bonap.Syn. p. 86.Prothonotary Warbler, Sylvia Protonotarius, v. i. p. 410.Prothonotary Warbler, Sylvia Protonotarius,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 22; v. v. p. 460.

Prothonotary Warbler, Sylvia Protonotarius,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 72.

Sylvia Protonotarius,Bonap.Syn. p. 86.

Prothonotary Warbler, Sylvia Protonotarius, v. i. p. 410.

Prothonotary Warbler, Sylvia Protonotarius,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 22; v. v. p. 460.

107. 4. Helinaia chrysoptera,Linn.Golden-winged Swamp-Warbler.

Plate CCCCXIV.Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.

Bill slightly shorter than the head, tapering to an acute point; wings with the second and third quills equal and longest, the fourth and first about equal; tail even. Male light ash-grey above, greyish-white beneath; upper part of head, and a patch on the wing, formed by the first row of small coverts and the secondary coverts, bright yellow; a band from the bill to the eye, continued under it, and including the ear-coverts, black, as is the throat; a white band from the upper mandible over the eye, and another from the lower mandible down the neck. Female with the tints less bright, the back tinged with green, the side of the head and the throat grey, and the white bands on the head narrower and less extended.

Male, 51/4, 75/8.Female, 5, 71/4.

From Texas to Nova Scotia. In the interior to Kentucky. Rather rare. Migratory.

Golden-winged Warbler, Sylvia chrysoptera,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 113.Sylvia chrysoptera,Bonap.Syn. p. 87.Golden-winged Warbler, Sylvia chrysoptera,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 411.Golden-winged Warbler, Sylvia chrysoptera,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 154.

Golden-winged Warbler, Sylvia chrysoptera,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 113.

Sylvia chrysoptera,Bonap.Syn. p. 87.

Golden-winged Warbler, Sylvia chrysoptera,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 411.

Golden-winged Warbler, Sylvia chrysoptera,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 154.

108. 5. Helinaia Bachmanii,Aud.Bachman's Swamp-Warbler.

Plate CLXXXV.Male and Female.

Bill nearly as long as the head, slightly decurved, much attenuated; outer four quills nearly equal, second longest, tail even. Male with the upper parts yellowish-green, the feathers of the crown black, with greyish margin; the hind neck grey; forehead, a line over the eye, cheeks, chin, sides of neck, flexure of wing, lower wing-coverts, and breast, yellow; sides greenish-grey, lower tail-coverts white; a patch of black, enlarging beneath, on the fore neck; quills and tail greyish-brown; a patch of white on each of the tail-feathers, excepting the middle. Female with the tints fainter, the forehead yellowish-green, the fore neck dusky.

Male, 41/12, 61/4.Female, 310/12.

South Carolina. Rare. Migratory.

Bachman's Warbler, Sylvia Bachmanii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 483.

109. 6. Helinaia carbonata,Aud.Carbonated Swamp-Warbler.

Plate LX.Male.

Bill shorter than the head, straight, very acute; wing with the second quill longest; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper part of the head black; fore part of back, smaller wing-coverts, and sides dusky green, spotted with black; a line over the eye, the sides of the neck, throat, the rest of the lower parts, and the rump yellow.

Male, 43/4.

Kentucky. Only two specimens procured. Migratory.

Carbonated Warbler, Sylvia carbonata,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 308.

110. 7. Helinaia peregrina,Wils.Tennessee Swamp-Warbler.

Plate CLIV.Male.

Bill shorter than the head, straight, very acute; wing with the second and third quills longest; tail nearly even. Upper parts yellowish-olive, the head darker; lower parts cream-coloured, fading behind into white; a pale yellow line over the eye; quills and tail-feathersdusky, the primaries margined with whitish, the secondaries with greenish-yellow.

Male, 41/2, 8.

Florida to New York, and in the interior to Kentucky. Rare. Migratory.

Tennessee Warbler, Sylvia peregrina,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 83.Sylvia peregrina,Bonap.Syn. p. 87.Tennessee Warbler, Sylvia peregrina,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 412.Tennessee Warbler, Sylvia peregrina,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 307.

Tennessee Warbler, Sylvia peregrina,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 83.

Sylvia peregrina,Bonap.Syn. p. 87.

Tennessee Warbler, Sylvia peregrina,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 412.

Tennessee Warbler, Sylvia peregrina,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 307.

111. 8. Helinaia solitaria,Wils.Blue-winged Yellow Swamp-Warbler.

Plate XX.Male and Female.

Bill shorter than the head, straightish, very acute; wings with the outer four quills almost equal, the second longest; tail nearly even. Forehead, crown, and lower parts bright yellow; hind part of the head, neck, and back light green, rump greenish-yellow; lore black; wings and tail greyish-blue, the feathers margined with greyish-white; two bands of white on the wing, formed by the tips of the first row of small coverts and the secondary coverts; tail-feathers, except the middle, with a patch of white on the inner web. Young with the upper parts, including the forehead, yellowish-green, the lower pale greenish-yellow.

Male, 43/4, 7.

From Texas to Massachusetts. In the interior, to Kentucky. Rather rare. Migratory.

Blue-winged Yellow Warbler,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 109.Sylvia solitaria,Bonap.Syn. p. 87.Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, Sylvia solitaria,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 410.Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, Sylvia solitaria,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 102.

Blue-winged Yellow Warbler,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 109.

Sylvia solitaria,Bonap.Syn. p. 87.

Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, Sylvia solitaria,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 410.

Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, Sylvia solitaria,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 102.

112. 9. Helinaia celata,Say. Orange-crowned Swamp-Warbler.

Plate CLXXVIII.Male and Female.

Bill shorter than the head, very much attenuated; wings with the outer four quills almost equal, the second longest; tail even. Male with the upper parts dull green, the rump yellowish-green; a patch of dull reddish-orange on the crown, concealed by the grey tips of the feathers; lower parts dull olivaceous yellow; lower tail-coverts light yellow; quills and tail-feathers greyish-brown, edged with yellowish-green. Female similar, with the orange on the crown duller. Young with the lower parts paler, and without red on the head.

This species and the next seem to form the transition from the Sylvicolinæ to the Reguli, asMniotilta variadoes to the Certhiæ.

Male, 51/2, 711/12.

In summer from Texas to Nova Scotia. Winters in the southern states. Columbia River. Rather common.

Sylvia celata,Say, Long's Exped. v. i. p. 169.Sylvia celata,Bonap.Syn. p. 38.Orange-crowned Warbler, Sylvia celata,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 45.Orange-crowned Warbler, Sylvia celata,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 413.Orange-crowned Warbler, Sylvia celata,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 449.

Sylvia celata,Say, Long's Exped. v. i. p. 169.

Sylvia celata,Bonap.Syn. p. 38.

Orange-crowned Warbler, Sylvia celata,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 45.

Orange-crowned Warbler, Sylvia celata,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 413.

Orange-crowned Warbler, Sylvia celata,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 449.

113. 10. Helinaia rubricapilla,Wils.Nashville Swamp-Warbler.

Plate LXXXIX.Male and Female.

Bill shorter than the head, very much attenuated; wings with the outer four quills almost equal, the second longest; tail slightly emarginate. Upper part of the head, cheeks, hind part and sides of neck light bluish-grey; a patch of dull red on the crown, concealed by the grey tips of the feathers; upper parts of the body yellowish-green, lower parts greenish-yellow; quills and tail-feathers greyish-brown, edged with yellowish-green, the primaries with greyish-white. Female similar but paler, and with faint indications of red on some of the feathers on the crown. Young similar to the female.

Male, 41/2, 7.

Texas to Massachusetts. Inland to Kentucky. Columbia River. Rare. Migratory.

Nashville Warbler, Sylvia rubricapilla.Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 120.Sylvia rubricapilla,Bonap.Syn. p. 87.Nashville Warbler, Sylvia rubricapilla,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 412.Nashville Warbler, Sylvia rubricapilla,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 450.

Nashville Warbler, Sylvia rubricapilla.Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 120.

Sylvia rubricapilla,Bonap.Syn. p. 87.

Nashville Warbler, Sylvia rubricapilla,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 412.

Nashville Warbler, Sylvia rubricapilla,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 450.

GENUS V. MNIOTILTA,Vieill.CREEPING-WARBLER.

Bill rather long, straight, very slender, nearly as broad as high at the base, much compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the dorsal line very slightly convex, the edges a little inflected toward the end, the notches obsolete, the tip acute; lower mandible with the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the edges involute, the tip attenuated. General form slender. Feet of moderate length, very slender; tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw, much compressed, the upper scutella blended; toes rather long, extremely compressed, the first very long, the second shorter than the third, which is adherent at the base, claws ratherlong, well arched, extremely compressed, and acute. Plumage very soft and blended. Bristles obsolete. Wings long, with the second and third quills longest and about equal, the first slightly shorter, and exceeding the fourth. Tail of moderate length, nearly even. This genus connects the Sylvicolinæ with the Certhianæ.

114. 1. Mniotilta varia,Linn.Black-and-white Creeping Warbler.

Plate XC.Male.

Male with the plumage white, variegated with glossy black, longitudinally disposed; a band along the middle of the head and hind neck, a streak over the eyes, a band along the sides of the neck, two bars on the wings, the middle of the breast and abdomen, with a patch at the end of the outer two tail-feathers, white. Female with the upper parts similar, but with the black less deep, the lower parts greyish-white, the sides and lower tail-coverts marked with black. Young light brownish-grey above, paler beneath, with the abdomen white.

Male, 51/2, 71/2.

Generally distributed. Migratory.

Black-and-white Creeper, Certhia varia,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 23.Sylvia varia,Bonap.Syn. p. 81.Black-and-white Creeper, Certhia varia,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 452; v. v. p. 471.

Black-and-white Creeper, Certhia varia,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 23.

Sylvia varia,Bonap.Syn. p. 81.

Black-and-white Creeper, Certhia varia,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 452; v. v. p. 471.

FAMILY IX. CERTHIANÆ. CREEPERS.

Bill of moderate length or rather long, slender, slightly arched, much compressed, acute; upper mandible with its dorsal outline convex or arched, the ridge narrow, the notches slight or obsolete, lower mandible with the angle rather long and narrow, the dorsal line straight or slightly decurved, the edges inclinate, the tip acute. Head moderate, ovate; neck short, body slender. Feet of moderate length, or rather short; tarsus about the same length as the middle toe, compressed, with eight anterior scutella, toes of moderate length, much compressed, hind toe proportionally long, outer adherent at the base; claws rather long, extremely compressed, arched, acute. Wings short or of moderate length. Tail of twelvefeathers, generally much rounded. Tongue slender, emarginate and papillate at the base, very narrow, tapering to a lacerated point. Œsophagus of moderate width, without crop; proventriculus bulbiform; stomach of moderate size, oblong, or elliptical, moderately muscular, with the muscles distinct; epithelium dense, longitudinally rugous; intestine short, rather wide; cœca very small; cloaca globular. Trachea simple, with four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles.

GENUS I. CERTHIA,Linn.TREE-CREEPER.

Bill about the same length as the head, very slender, arched, much compressed, acute; upper mandible with the dorsal line arched, the ridge narrow, the sides sloping at the base, nearly erect in the rest of their extent, the edges sharp, arched, without notch, the tip acute; lower mandible with the angle rather long, narrow, and pointed, the outline decurved, the sides erect and convex, the edges inclinate, the tip acute. Nostrils linear-oblong, operculate. Head ovate; neck short; body slender. Feet rather short, very slender, tarsus rather shorter than the middle toe, very slender, much compressed; toes extremely compressed; the first comparatively large, longer than the middle toe, including the claw; the inner toe shorter than the outer; claws long, moderately arched, slender, extremely compressed, laterally grooved, acute, that of the hind toe very long. Plumage long, loose, very soft. Bristles obsolete. Wings of moderate length, very broad; the first quill very short, the fourth and fifth longest. Tail long, graduated, of twelve moderately stiff pointed feathers.

115. 1. Certhia familiaris,Linn.Brown Tree-Creeper.

Plate CCCCXV.Male and Female.

Upper parts reddish-brown, the head darker, the rump light brownish-red; all the feathers with a central dull whitish streak; wings deep brown, the coverts tipped, the secondaries barred at the base with dull yellow, of which a broad band, in the midst of a brownish-black space,crosses both webs of the quills, excepting the inner webs of the outer four, and the outer webs of the outer three; most of the quills also with a greyish-yellow patch along the outer web toward the tip, which is dull white; tail-feathers yellowish-brown; with shafts of a lighter tint, the webs darker toward the end; a silvery white band over the eye; cheeks dark brown; lower parts silvery white, sides tinged with brown.

Male, 51/2, 81/2.

From Louisiana to Maryland, and in the interior to Kentucky, during winter. From Pennsylvania eastward to Nova Scotia, in summer, breeding in all the intermediate parts. Common.

Brown Creeper, Certhia familiaris,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 122.Certhia familiaris,Bonap.Syn. p. 280.Brown Creeper,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 585.Brown Creeper, Certhia familiaris,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 158.

Brown Creeper, Certhia familiaris,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 122.

Certhia familiaris,Bonap.Syn. p. 280.

Brown Creeper,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 585.

Brown Creeper, Certhia familiaris,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 158.

GENUS II. TROGLODYTES,Cuv.WREN.

Bill of moderate length, or nearly as long as the head, slender, slightly arched, much compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly convex, the edges a little inflected toward the end, the notches slight, the tip rather acute; lower mandible with the angle rather long and narrow, the outline slightly decurved, the sides erect and convex, the edges inclinate, the tip acute. Nostrils oblong, operculate, exposed. Head oblong; neck short; body slender. Feet of ordinary length, rather strong; tarsus longer than the middle toe, compressed, with eight anterior distinct scutella; toes of moderate size, the third and fourth united at the base, the first very large, the lateral nearly equal; claws rather long, moderately arched, much compressed, very acute. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles obsolete. Wings of moderate length, or short, convex, much rounded; the first quill very small, the fourth and fifth longest. Tail rather short, rounded, of twelve slightly arched, weak, rounded feathers.

116. 1. Troglodytes obsoletus,Say.Rock-Wren.

Plate CCCLX.Fig. 4. Female.

Upper parts dull yellowish-brown, and, excepting the rump, barred with greyish-brown; wings similarly barred, excepting the primaries;secondary coverts with a small white spot near the tip; tail-coverts and two middle tail-feathers barred with dusky; the rest broadly tipped with pale yellowish-red, undulated with dusky, behind which is a broad band of brownish-black, the remaining or basal part banded like the central feathers, the outer with four reddish-white spots or bars on the outer web, the intervals being brownish-black, and a spot of white on the inner web; lower parts greyish-white, tinged with sienna, the sides inclining to yellowish-red; lower tail-coverts barred with dusky.

Female, 6, wing 211/12.

Rocky Mountains and Columbia River. Abundant. Migratory.

Troglodytes obsoleta,Say, Long's Exped.Troglodytes obsoleta,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 6.Rocky Mountain Wren, Troglodytes obsoleta,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 435.Rock Wren, Troglodytes obsoletus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 443.

Troglodytes obsoleta,Say, Long's Exped.

Troglodytes obsoleta,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 6.

Rocky Mountain Wren, Troglodytes obsoleta,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 435.

Rock Wren, Troglodytes obsoletus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 443.

117. 2. Troglodytes ludovicianus,Bonap.Great Carolina Wren.

Plate LXXVIII.Male and Female.

Bill stouter than in the last, nearly as long as the head; wing with the fourth and fifth quills longest; tail much rounded; upper parts brownish-red; a yellowish-white streak over the eye, extending far down the neck, and edged above with dark brown; a broader band of reddish-brown behind the eye; quills, coverts, and tail barred with blackish-brown; secondary and first row of small coverts tipped with white, shafts of the latter also white; throat greyish-white, lower parts light reddish-buff, deeper behind; lower tail-coverts white, barred with black. Female lighter above, tinged with grey beneath, without white on the wing-coverts.

Male, 51/2, 71/2.

From Texas to New York, along the Atlantic coast. In the interior to the Missouri, and up the Ohio to Pittsburgh. Resident in the Southern States. Abundant.

Great Carolina Wren, Certhia Caroliniana,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 61.Troglodytes ludovicianus,Bonap.Syn. p. 93.Great Carolina Mocking Wren,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 429.Great Carolina Wren, Troglodytes ludovicianus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 399; v. v. p. 466.

Great Carolina Wren, Certhia Caroliniana,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 61.

Troglodytes ludovicianus,Bonap.Syn. p. 93.

Great Carolina Mocking Wren,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 429.

Great Carolina Wren, Troglodytes ludovicianus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 399; v. v. p. 466.

118. 3. Troglodytes Bewickii,Aud.Bewick's Wren.

Plate XVIII.Male.

Bill more slender than that of the last, nearly as long as the head, slightly arched; wing very short, with the fifth quill longest, but little exceeding the fourth and sixth; tail rather long, graduated. Upper parts dusky brown tinged with grey; lower greyish-white, the sides tinged with brown; a band of yellowish-white from the uppermandible over the eye to half-way down the neck; quills and wing-coverts barred with dusky, as are the tail-coverts and two middle tail-feathers; outer web of the lateral tail-feathers, and the terminal portions of the others whitish, barred with black, their middle parts black, toward the base barred with reddish-brown.

Male, 5, 61/2.

From Louisiana to Columbia River on the one hand, and to Pennsylvania on the other, principally on high grounds. Not very common. Migratory.

Bewick's Wren,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 434.Bewick's Wren, Troglodytes Bewickii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 96; v. v. p. 467.

Bewick's Wren,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 434.

Bewick's Wren, Troglodytes Bewickii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 96; v. v. p. 467.

119. 4. Troglodytes Americanus,Aud.Wood-Wren.

Plate CLXXIX.Male.

Bill of moderate length, nearly straight; wings short, with the third, fourth, and fifth quills almost equal, the fourth longest; tail rather long, much rounded. Upper parts dark reddish-brown, duller and tinged with grey on the head, indistinctly barred with dusky; lower parts brownish-grey, faintly barred on the fore neck, breast, and sides, the abdomen and lower tail-coverts distinctly barred; feathers of the cheeks light grey tipped with brown, wings and tail undulatingly banded with blackish-brown.

Male, 47/8, 63/4.

Northern parts of Vermont and Maine, during summer. Winters in South Carolina. Not very rare.

Wood-Wren, Troglodytes Americana.Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 452; v. v. p. 469.

120. 5. Troglodytes ædon,Vieill.House-Wren.

Plate LXXXIII.Male, Female, and Young.

Bill of moderate length, nearly straight, a little stouter than that of the last; wings short, with the third, fourth, and fifth quills almost equal, the fourth longest; tail rather short, much rounded. Upper parts dull reddish-brown, darker on the head, brighter on the tail-coverts, indistinctly barred with dusky; lower parts brownish-grey, faintly barred on the fore neck and breast, the sides, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts distinctly barred; feathers of the cheeks grey, tipped with brown; wings and tail undulatingly banded with blackish-brown. This species differs from the last in being considerably smaller, in having the bill shorter and stouter, the lower parts more tinged with brown; but the colouring of the two is extremely similar.

Male, 41/2, 51/2.

From Maryland to Nova Scotia, and across the continent to the Columbia River. Very abundant. Migratory.

House Wren, Sylvia domestica,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 129.Troglodytes ædon,Bonap.Syn. p. 92.House Wren,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 422.Troglodytes ædon, House Wren,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 316.House Wren, Troglodytes ædon,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 427; v. v. p. 470.

House Wren, Sylvia domestica,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 129.

Troglodytes ædon,Bonap.Syn. p. 92.

House Wren,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 422.

Troglodytes ædon, House Wren,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 316.

House Wren, Troglodytes ædon,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 427; v. v. p. 470.

121. 6. Troglodytes hyemalis,Vieill.Winter-Wren.

Plate CCCLX.Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. Fig. 3. Young.

Bill of moderate length, nearly straight; wings shortish, with the fourth quill longest; tail short, much rounded. Upper parts reddish-brown, faintly barred with dusky, darker on the head, brighter on the tail-coverts, quills, and tail; lower parts pale reddish-brown, the sides and abdomen barred with brownish-black and greyish-white; fore neck and breast more faintly barred; lower wing-coverts and axillars greyish-white, barred with dusky, lower tail-coverts brownish-red, barred with dusky, and having the tip white; a whitish streak over the eye; cheeks brown, spotted with brownish-white; secondary coverts, and first small coverts, each with a white spot at the tip, forming two inconspicuous bands; wing-coverts and quills banded with blackish-brown and brownish-red; tail with twelve dusky bands.

This species is very nearly allied toTroglodytes Europæus.

Male, 37/8, 61½/12.Female, 35/8, 53/8.

Generally distributed in the middle and southern districts during winter. Breeds from Pennsylvania northwards to Hudson's Bay. Columbia River.

Winter-Wren, Sylvia Troglodytes,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 139.Troglodytes europæus,Bonap.Syn. p. 93.Troglodytes hyemalis, Winter Wren,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 318.Winter-Wren, Troglodytes hyemalis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 427.Winter-Wren, Troglodytes hyemalis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 430.

Winter-Wren, Sylvia Troglodytes,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 139.

Troglodytes europæus,Bonap.Syn. p. 93.

Troglodytes hyemalis, Winter Wren,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 318.

Winter-Wren, Troglodytes hyemalis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 427.

Winter-Wren, Troglodytes hyemalis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 430.

122. 7. Troglodytes Parkmanii,Aud.Parkman's Wren.

Bill rather long, slightly arched (much longer, stouter, and more curved than that of the last species); wings of moderate length, with the fourth quill longest; tail rather long, much rounded, (half an inch longer, and more rounded). Upper parts reddish-brown, faintly barred with dusky; lower parts dull brownish-white, sides barred with brownish-black and greyish-white, fore neck and breast with scarcely any markings, lower wing-coverts and axillars greyish-white, obscurely barred with dusky.

Length, 42/12, wing 21/4.

Columbia River. Not very rare.

Parkman's Wren, Troglodytes Parkmanii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 310.

123. 8. Troglodytes palustris,Wils.Marsh Wren.

Plate C.Male and Female.

Bill rather long, slightly arched; wings short, with the fourth quill longest. Upper parts dark brown, the sides of the head deeper, the fore part of the back brownish-black, longitudinally and conspicuously streaked with white, the quills externally margined with lighter brown, the tail barred with dark brown; a white line over the eye, extending down the neck; the sides of the latter mottled with light brown and grey; the lower parts of a silvery greyish-white; abdominal feathers and lower tail-coverts tipped with brown. Female differs only in having the black of the back of a less deep tint, the white lines less conspicuous, and the lower parts of a duller white.

Male, 5, 61/4.

Breeds from Texas to Massachusetts, along all the shores of the Atlantic. Resident in Louisiana. Occurs accidentally far in the interior.

Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes palustris,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 58.Troglodytes palustris,Bonap.Syn. p. 93.Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes palustris,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 439.Troglodytes palustris, Marsh Wren,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 319.Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes palustris,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 500; v. v. p. 467.

Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes palustris,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 58.

Troglodytes palustris,Bonap.Syn. p. 93.

Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes palustris,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 439.

Troglodytes palustris, Marsh Wren,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 319.

Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes palustris,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 500; v. v. p. 467.

124. 9. Troglodytes brevirostris,Nutt.Short-billed Marsh-Wren.

Plate CLXXV.Male and Female.

Bill comparatively very short, nearly straight; wings short, very convex, with the third, fourth, and fifth quills almost equal. Upper parts blackish-brown, each feather with a brownish-white line along the shaft, and the outer edge toward the end reddish-brown; quills dusky, the outer webs barred with pale yellowish-brown; upper tail-coverts and tail similarly barred; a pale yellowish streak over the eye; throat and central part of the breast greyish-white, the rest of the lower parts pale reddish-brown, the sides under the wings faintly barred with dusky.

Male, 43/8, 55/8.

Resident during winter from Texas to South Carolina. In spring proceeds as far eastward as Massachusetts, breeding in all the fresh-water marshes.

Short-billed Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes brevirostris,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 436.Nuttall's Short-billed Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes brevirostris,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 427; v. v. p. 469.

Short-billed Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes brevirostris,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 436.

Nuttall's Short-billed Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes brevirostris,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 427; v. v. p. 469.

FAMILY X. PARINÆ. TITS.

Bill very short or of moderate length, straight, strong, compressed, rather sharp; both mandibles with the dorsal line sloping and slightly convex, the sides convex, the edgessharp; notches obsolete. Nostrils basal, roundish, concealed by the feathers. Head rather large, roundish; neck short; body short, and rather full. Feet of moderate length, rather stout; tarsus rather short, compressed, with eight distinct scutella; toes large, the three anterior united as far as the second joint, the hind toe much stronger and flattened beneath; claws rather long, stout, arched, much compressed, acute. Plumage very soft, blended, and full. Feathers at the base of the bill directed forwards. Wings of moderate length, much rounded, with the first quill very small, the fourth and fifth longest. Tail rather long, slender, of twelve narrow rounded feathers. Tongue emarginate and papillate at the base, abrupt at the tip, with four bristles. Œsophagus narrow, without dilatation; proventriculus oblong; stomach a rather strong oblong gizzard, with the muscles distinct, the epithelium dense, thin, longitudinally rugous; intestine short, of moderate width; cœca very small; cloaca oblong. Trachea simple, with four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles.

GENUS I. PARUS,Linn.TIT.

Bill short, stout; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly decurved toward the end, the edges overlapping, with a slight lobe or festoon near the base, destitute of notch, rather acute; lower mandible with the dorsal outline slightly convex, the edges direct, the tip rather acute. Nostrils roundish, covered by bristly feathers. Head rather large, roundish; neck short. Feet proportionally large; tarsus of moderate length; hind toe very large and strong, the two lateral nearly equal, the outer adherent at the base; claws large, much compressed, very acute. Wings of moderate length, convex. Tail long, or of moderate length, rounded or graduated, of twelve rather narrow feathers.

125. 1. Parus bicolor,Linn.Tufted Titmouse.—Crested Titmouse. Great Chicadee.

Plate XXXIX.Male and Female.

Bill very stout; feathers of the upper part of the head elongated into a crest; tail long, slightly rounded; upper parts leaden-blue, forehead black, lower parts greyish-white, the sides light red.

Male, 61/2, 9.

From Texas, where it breeds, to the Fur Countries, generally distributed eastward of the Rocky Mountains. Resident in the middle, southern, and western districts. Abundant.

Crested Titmouse, Parus bicolor,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 187.Parus bicolor,Bonap.Syn. p. 100.Tufted Titmouse, Parus bicolor,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 236.Crested Titmouse, Parus bicolor,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 199; v. v. p. 472.

Crested Titmouse, Parus bicolor,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 187.

Parus bicolor,Bonap.Syn. p. 100.

Tufted Titmouse, Parus bicolor,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 236.

Crested Titmouse, Parus bicolor,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 199; v. v. p. 472.

126. 2. Parus atricapillus,Linn.Black-cap Tit.—Black-cap Titmouse, or Chicadee.

Plate CCCLIII.Fig. 3. Male. Fig. 4. Female.

Bill moderately stout; tail long, emarginate, and rounded. Upper part of the head and hind neck, with a large patch on the fore neck, black; cheeks and sides of the neck white; back yellowish-grey; quills and tail-feathers dark greyish-brown, margined with bluish-white; the secondaries broadly edged with white; lower parts pale yellowish-red, the breast white.

Male, 51/8, 81/4.

From Maryland eastward and northward to Lat. 65°. In Kentucky during winter. Never in the southern parts.

Black-capt Titmouse, Parus atricapillus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 134.Parus atricapillus,Bonap.Syn. p. 100.Black-capt Titmouse,Nutt.Man. p. 241.Black-capt Titmouse, Parus atricapillus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 374.

Black-capt Titmouse, Parus atricapillus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 134.

Parus atricapillus,Bonap.Syn. p. 100.

Black-capt Titmouse,Nutt.Man. p. 241.

Black-capt Titmouse, Parus atricapillus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 374.

127. 3. Parus Carolinensis,Aud.Carolina Tit.

Plate CLX.Male and Female.

Bill very short, moderately stout; tail rather long, emarginate, and rounded. Upper part of the head and hind neck, with a large patch on the fore neck, black; cheeks and sides of the neck greyish-white; back yellowish-grey; quills and tail-feathers dark greyish-brown, margined with bluish-white, secondaries not conspicuously; lower parts greyish-white, tinged with yellow. This species is very similar to the last, but much inferior in size.

Male, 41/4, 6.

Breeds from Texas to New Jersey. Rather abundant. Resident.

Carolina Titmouse, Parus Carolinensis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 341; v. v. p. 474.

128. 4. Parus Hudsonicus,Lath.Hudson's Bay Tit.

Plate CXCIV.Male, Female, and Young.

Bill short, moderately stout; tail long, emarginate, and considerably rounded. Upper parts dull light brown, tinged with grey; fore neck black; cheeks and sides of the neck white; breast and abdomen white, sides light yellowish-brown.

Male, 5, 7.

Northern parts of Maine, during winter. Breeds from New Brunswick to Labrador and Hudson's Bay. Common. Migratory.

Parus Hudsonicus,Lath.Ind. Orn. v. ii. p. 566.Hudson's Bay Titmouse,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 543.

Parus Hudsonicus,Lath.Ind. Orn. v. ii. p. 566.

Hudson's Bay Titmouse,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 543.

129. 5. Parus rufescens,Towns.Chestnut-backed Tit.

Plate CCCLIII.Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.

Bill moderately stout; tail rather long, emarginate, scarcely rounded; upper part of head and hind neck dark brown, fore neck of a deeper tint of the same; cheeks and sides of neck white; back, rump, and sides of the body under the wings bright chestnut; the rest of the lower parts greyish-white.

Male, 41/2, wing, 23/8.

Columbia River. Abundant. Resident.

Parus rufescens, Chestnut-backed Titmouse,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 190.Chestnut-backed Titmouse, Parus rufescens,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 371.

Parus rufescens, Chestnut-backed Titmouse,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 190.

Chestnut-backed Titmouse, Parus rufescens,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 371.

130. 6. Parus minimus,Towns.Chestnut-crowned Tit.

Plate CCCLIII.Fig. 5. Male. Fig. 6. Female.

Upper mandible with its outline more arched, the tip acute and considerably elongated; tail very long, emarginate, and much rounded; upper part of the head and hind neck pale brown; upper parts brownish-grey; wings and tail dusky, margined with greyish-white; cheeks of a paler tint than the head; all the lower parts brownish-white, the sides tinged with reddish.

Male, 41/2, wing, 110½/12.

Columbia River. Common. Migratory.

Parus minimus, Chestnut-crowned Titmouse,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 190.Chestnut-crowned Titmouse, Parus minimus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 382.

Parus minimus, Chestnut-crowned Titmouse,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 190.

Chestnut-crowned Titmouse, Parus minimus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 382.

FAMILY XI. SYLVIANÆ. WARBLERS.

Bill of moderate length, slender, straight, a little broader than high at the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with its dorsal line straight and declinate, convex at the end, the tip small, acute, the notches small; lowermandible with the angle of moderate length and narrow, the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the tip narrow. Nostrils basal, oval or oblong. Head rather large, ovate; neck short; body rather slender. Feet of ordinary length, slender; tarsus compressed, with seven anterior scutella; toes moderate, compressed; first stouter, second and fourth nearly equal, third much longer, and adherent at the base; claws moderate, arched, slender, compressed, acute. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles short or weak. Wings of moderate length or long; the first quill very small, the second, third, and fourth longest. Tail long or of moderate length, of twelve feathers. Tongue, sagittate, slender, tapering to a slit and lacerated point. Œsophagus rather narrow, without crop; proventriculus oblong; stomach a gizzard of moderate strength, with the muscles distinct, the epithelium dense and rugous; intestine of moderate length; cœca very small. Trachea simple, with four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles.

Of this family, which in Europe is so numerous, there are in North America only two genera,RegulusandSialia, the former composed of very small birds, allied in manners to the Tits, the latter approaching the Thrushes in form. The connecting links being wanting with us, these genera might seem at first sight very dissimilar.

GENUS I. REGULUS,Cuv.KINGLET.

Bill short, straight, very slender, a little broader than high at the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible nearly straight in its dorsal outline, the edges slightly notched, the tip a little declinate, acute; lower mandible with its outline ascending, nearly straight, the tip acute. Nostrils basal, elliptical, concealed by the reversed feathers. Head large, broadly ovate; neck short; body short. Legs rather long; tarsus slender, longer than the middle toe, much compressed, scutella blended, excepting the lower four toes, rather small, much compressed, hind toe large; lateral equal;claws rather long, arched, much compressed, acute. Plumage very loose and full. Short bristles at the base of the bill. Feathers of the head elongated and silky in the adults. Wings of ordinary length, with the first quill very small, the fourth and fifth longest. Tail of ordinary length, emarginate.

131. 1. Regulus Cuvieri,Aud.Cuvier's Kinglet.

Plate LV.Male.

Upper parts dull greyish-olive; anterior part of forehead, lore, and a line behind the eye, black; a greyish-white band across the forehead over the eye; a semilunar band of black on the forehead and sides of the head, enclosing a vermilion space; wings and tail dusky, edged with greenish-yellow; secondary coverts, and first row of small coverts tipped with greyish-white; lower parts greyish-white.

Back to Index Next