Chapter 5

Male, 41/4, 6.

Pennsylvania. Only one specimen found.

Cuvier's Crested Wren, Regulus Cuvierii,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 416.Cuvier's Regulus, Regulus Cuvierii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 288.

Cuvier's Crested Wren, Regulus Cuvierii,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 416.

Cuvier's Regulus, Regulus Cuvierii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 288.

132. 2. Regulus Satrapa,Lichtenstein. American Golden-crested Kinglet.

Plate CLXXXIII.Male and Female.

Male with the upper parts yellowish-green, changing to ash-grey on the neck and sides of the head, to greenish-yellow on the rump; a band of greyish-white across the anterior part of the forehead, which, at the eye, separates into two bands, one extending over, the other under the eye; above this, a broadish band of black, also margining the head on either side; the inner webs and tips of the feathers of this black band pure yellow; the crown of the head, in the included space, bright orange with silky gloss; a dusky spot at the anterior angle of the eye; an obscure dusky line from the angle of the mouth to beneath the eye; quills and coverts dusky, the former margined with greenish-yellow; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts broadly tipped with yellowish-white; base of all the quills, except the four outer yellowish-white; from the seventh primary to the innermost secondary but two, a broad bar of blackish-brown; tail dusky, the feathers edged with greenish-yellow, lower parts greyish-white. Female differs chiefly in having pale yellow substituted for the flame colour of the crown, and less grey on the hind neck. Young without coloured feathers on the head.

Male, 4, 7.

Breeds in Labrador and Newfoundland. In autumn migrates to the Southern States, as far as Texas. Columbia River.

Golden-crested Wren, Sylvia Regulus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 126.Regulus cristatus,Bonap.Syn. p. 91.American Fiery-crowned Wren, Regulus tricolor,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 420.American Golden-crested Wren, Regulus tricolor,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 476.

Golden-crested Wren, Sylvia Regulus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 126.

Regulus cristatus,Bonap.Syn. p. 91.

American Fiery-crowned Wren, Regulus tricolor,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 420.

American Golden-crested Wren, Regulus tricolor,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 476.

133. 3. Regulus Calendula,Linn.Ruby-crowned Kinglet.

Plate CXCV.Male and Female.

Upper parts greenish-olive, anteriorly tinged with grey, on the rump inclining to yellow; a patch of vermilion on the crown of the head; quills and tail dusky, edged with greenish-yellow; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts tipped with greyish-white, a circle of the same round the eye; lower parts greenish-white. Female similar, with the tints duller, especially the greenish-yellow of the wings. Young without the coloured patch on the crown, and more deeply tinged with yellow beneath.

Male, 41/4, 6.

Breeds in Labrador. In autumn migrates to the Southern States, as far as Texas. Abundant.

Ruby-crowned Wren,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 83.Regulus Calendula,Bonap.Syn. p. 91.Ruby-crowned Wren, Sylvia Calendula,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 415.Ruby-crowned Regulus, Regulus Calendula,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 546.

Ruby-crowned Wren,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 83.

Regulus Calendula,Bonap.Syn. p. 91.

Ruby-crowned Wren, Sylvia Calendula,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 415.

Ruby-crowned Regulus, Regulus Calendula,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 546.

GENUS II. SIALIA,Swains.BLUE BIRD.

Bill of ordinary length, nearly straight, broader than high at the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the dorsal line straight and slightly declinate, until near the end, when it becomes convex, the ridge narrow, the sides convex toward the end, the edges overlapping, with a distinct notch close to the narrow deflected tip; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length, and narrow, the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the edges direct, the tip narrow. Nostrils basal, oval. Head rather large, ovate, neck short; body moderately full. Feet of ordinary length, rather slender; tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw, its lower scutella only distinct; toes of moderate length, the first stouter, the lateral equal, the third much longer; the fourth adherent at the base; claws moderate, well curved, compressed, laterally grooved, acute. Plumage soft and blended; short bristles at the base of the upper mandible. Wings verylong, pointed; the first quill very small, second, third, and fourth longest. Tail rather long, emarginate, of twelve rather strong feathers.

134. 1. Sialia Wilsoni,Swains.Common Blue Bird.

Plate CXIII.Male, Female, and Young.

Male with the upper parts ultramarine blue, the lower parts light chestnut-red, excepting the abdomen, which is white. Female with the upper parts dull greyish-blue, brighter behind; lower parts as in the male, but much duller. Young with the upper part of the head, hind neck, and part of the back greyish-brown, the rest as in the female, the lower parts light grey, the feathers on the breast and sides margined with brown.

Male, 7, 10.Female, 61/2.

Generally distributed from Texas to the Fur Countries. Vast numbers spend the winter in the Southern States. Columbia River. Migratory.

Blue Bird, Sylvia Sialis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 56.Saxicola Sialis,Bonap.Syn. p. 39.Erythaca (Sialia) Wilsonii,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 210.Blue Bird, Ampelis Sialis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 444.Blue Bird, Sylvia Sialis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 84; v. v. p. 452.

Blue Bird, Sylvia Sialis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 56.

Saxicola Sialis,Bonap.Syn. p. 39.

Erythaca (Sialia) Wilsonii,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 210.

Blue Bird, Ampelis Sialis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 444.

Blue Bird, Sylvia Sialis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 84; v. v. p. 452.

135. 2. Sialia occidentalis,Townsend. Western Blue Bird.

Plate CCCXCIII.Fig. 4. Male. Fig. 5. Female.

Male with the upper parts and throat ultramarine blue; fore part of back, breast, and sides, light chestnut-red; rest of lower parts light blue, the abdomen whitish. Female with the upper parts dull greyish-blue, the back tinged with brown, the wing-coverts and rump brighter; lower parts pale red, the abdomen light grey.

Male, 7; wing, 45/12.Female, 63/4.

North California, and Oregon Territory. Abundant. Migratory.

Sialia occidentalis, Western Blue Bird,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 188.Western Blue Bird, Sylvia occidentalis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 41.

Sialia occidentalis, Western Blue Bird,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 188.

Western Blue Bird, Sylvia occidentalis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 41.

136. 3. Sialia arctica,Swains.Arctic Blue Bird.

Plate CCCXCIII.Fig. 2. Male. Fig. 3. Female.

Male with the upper parts light ultramarine, with a tinge of green; sides of the head, fore neck, and sides of neck, and the anterior half of the breast, light greenish-blue, that colour gradually fading into white behind. Female with the upper parts light greyish-brown, the rump and wing-coverts blue; fore part of neck and anterior portionof the breast reddish-grey, the rest of the lower parts pale brownish-grey.

Male, 71/4; wing, 47½/12.Female, 63/4; wing, 42/12.

Columbia River, Rocky Mountains, and Fur Countries. Abundant. Migratory.

Erythaca (Sialia) Arctica, Arctic Blue Bird,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 209.Arctic Blue Bird, Sialia Arctica,Nutt.Man. v. ii. p. 573.Arctic Blue Bird, Sylvia Arctica,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 38.

Erythaca (Sialia) Arctica, Arctic Blue Bird,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 209.

Arctic Blue Bird, Sialia Arctica,Nutt.Man. v. ii. p. 573.

Arctic Blue Bird, Sylvia Arctica,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 38.

FAMILY XII. TURDINÆ. THRUSHES.

Bill short, or of moderate length, rather strong, straight, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with its dorsal outline a little convex and declinate, the tip small, rather acute, the notches small; lower mandible with the angle rather short, of moderate width, the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the tip acute. Head oblong, compressed, of moderate size; neck rather short; body moderate. Eyes of moderate size. External aperture of ear large and roundish. Feet of moderate strength; tarsus compressed, with seven anterior scutella; toes rather strong, compressed; first, second, and fourth, nearly equal, third much longer, and adherent to the fourth at the base; claws rather long, arched, compressed, laterally grooved, acute. Plumage rather blended. Bristles small. Wings of moderate length, broad, rounded; the first quill very small, third and fourth longest. Tail of twelve feathers, varying in length. Tongue sagittate, and papillate at the base, slender, tapering, its tip slit. Œsophagus rather narrow, without crop; proventriculus oblong; stomach a gizzard of moderate strength, its lateral and lower muscles distinct; the epithelium dense and rugous; intestine of moderate length; cœca very small, cylindrical. Trachea simple, with four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles.

GENUS I. CINCLUS,Bechst.DIPPER.

Bill rather short, slender, slightly ascending, much compressed toward the end; upper mandible with its dorsal line straight until toward the end, the ridge rounded, the sides convex, the edges somewhat inflected, with an obscure notch close to the narrow deflected tip; lower mandible slightly bent upwards, the angle medial and very narrow, the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the tip narrow and rather acute. Nostrils linear, direct, exposed. General form short, full, and compact. Head oblong, compressed. Legs strong; tarsus of moderate length, compressed, covered anteriorly with a long undivided plate and four inferior scutella; toes rather large and strong; claws arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, that of the hind toe considerably larger. Plumage ordinary, rather blended. Bristles obsolete. Wings rather short, convex, rounded. Tail short, even.

137. 1. Cinclus Americanus,Swains. American Dipper.

Plate CCCLXX.Adult.Plate CCCCXXXV.Young.

Head and neck chocolate-brown, upper parts very deep bluish-grey, lower somewhat lighter, and tinged anteriorly with brown. Young with the upper parts deep bluish-grey, the head and hind neck slightly tinged with brown; lower parts lighter, the feathers margined with whitish, the throat with a slight tinge of brown.

Male, 71/2, 101/2.

Rocky Mountains. Oregon Territory. North California. Not abundant.

Cinclus Pallasii,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 173.Cinclus Americanus, American Dipper,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 173.Black Water-Ouzel or Dipper,Nutt.Man. v. ii. p. 358.American Dipper, Cinclus Americanus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 493; v. v. p. 303.

Cinclus Pallasii,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 173.

Cinclus Americanus, American Dipper,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 173.

Black Water-Ouzel or Dipper,Nutt.Man. v. ii. p. 358.

American Dipper, Cinclus Americanus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 493; v. v. p. 303.

GENUS II. ORPHEUS,Swains.MOCKING-BIRD.

Bill of moderate length or longish, rather slender, straight or slightly arched, broader than high at the base, compressedtoward the end, acute; upper mandible with the ridge rather narrow, the sides convex toward the end, the notches very slight, the tip narrow; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length, the dorsal line straight or slightly decurved toward the end, the sides nearly erect, the tip narrow. Nostrils oblong, partially concealed by the feathers. Head of ordinary size, ovato-oblong; neck of moderate length; body rather slender. Feet of ordinary length, slender; tarsus scarcely so long as the middle toe and claw; hind toe of moderate length, stout, lateral toes equal; claws moderate, arched, compressed, acute. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles rather long. Wings of ordinary length, broad, rounded, the first quill very small, the fourth and fifth longest. Tail very long, straight, much rounded, or graduated.

138. 1. Orpheus polyglottus,Linn.Grey Mocking-Bird.

Plate XXI.Male and Female.

Upper parts light grey tinged with yellowish-brown; feathers of the wings and tail greyish-black; primary coverts white, as are the primary quills in their proximal part; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts tipped with white; outer tail-feather white, as are the greater part of the next, and a portion of the third toward the end; lower parts greyish-white, on the breast tinged with brown, on the sides and under the tail with yellow. Female smaller, with the tints duller, and the white markings on the wings less extended.

Male, 91/2, 131/2.Female, 9, 121/2.

From Texas to Massachusetts. In the interior up the Mississippi and Ohio, to Henderson in Kentucky. Abundant and resident in the southern parts.

Mocking Bird, Turdus polyglottus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 14.Turdus polyglottus,Bonap.Syn. p. 74.Mocking Bird, Turdus polyglottus,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 320.Mocking Bird, Turdus polyglottus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 108; v. v. p. 438.

Mocking Bird, Turdus polyglottus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 14.

Turdus polyglottus,Bonap.Syn. p. 74.

Mocking Bird, Turdus polyglottus,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 320.

Mocking Bird, Turdus polyglottus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 108; v. v. p. 438.

139. 2. Orpheus montanus,Townsend. Mountain Mocking-Bird.

Plate CCCLXIX.Fig. 1. Male.

Upper parts greyish-brown; feathers of the wings and tail greyish-black; tips of secondary coverts, edges of primary quills, and a largespot at the end of the three lateral tail-feathers, white; lower parts whitish, marked with triangular dusky spots, of which there is a distinct line from the base of the bill; throat, middle of the breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts, unspotted.

Male, 8; wing, 39/12.

Rocky Mountains. Common. Migratory.

Orpheus montanus, Mountain Mocking-Bird,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 192.Mountain Mocking Bird, Turdus montanus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 487.

Orpheus montanus, Mountain Mocking-Bird,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 192.

Mountain Mocking Bird, Turdus montanus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 487.

140. 3. Orpheus Carolinensis,Linn.Black-capped Mocking-Bird.—Cat Bird.

Plate CXXVIII.Male and Female.

Blackish-grey, lighter beneath; upper part of head black; lower tail-coverts deep red. Female with the tints duller. Lateral tail-feathers more or less banded with lighter, sometimes whitish tints.

Male, 9, 12.

From Texas to Massachusetts, inland to the Missouri. Accidental in the Fur Countries. Constant resident in the Southern States. Abundant.

Cat Bird, Turdus lividus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 90.Turdus felivox,Bonap.Syn. p. 75.Orpheus felivox, Cat Bird,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 192.Cat Bird, Turdus felivox,Nutt.Man. v. ii. p. 332.Cat Bird, Turdus felivox,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 171; v. v. p. 440.

Cat Bird, Turdus lividus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 90.

Turdus felivox,Bonap.Syn. p. 75.

Orpheus felivox, Cat Bird,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 192.

Cat Bird, Turdus felivox,Nutt.Man. v. ii. p. 332.

Cat Bird, Turdus felivox,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 171; v. v. p. 440.

141. 4. Orpheus rufus,Linn.Ferruginous Mocking-Bird.—Thrushes. Brown Thrush.

Bill and tail more elongated than in the other species, wings shorter. Upper parts light brownish-red; inner webs of quills dusky. Wings crossed by two white bars margined anteriorly with black, being on the tips of the first row of small and secondary coverts; lower parts yellowish-white, the breast and sides marked with triangular dark brown spots. Female smaller.

Male, 111/2, 13.

From Texas eastward, and to the Fur Countries, breeding everywhere. Abundant, and resident in the Southern and Western States.

Ferruginous Thrush, Turdus rufus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 83.Turdus rufus,Bonap.Syn. p. 75.Orpheus rufus, Fox-coloured Mocking-Bird,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 189.Ferruginous Thrush or Thrasher, Turdus rufus,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 328.Ferruginous Thrush, Turdus rufus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 102; v. v. p. 441.

Ferruginous Thrush, Turdus rufus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 83.

Turdus rufus,Bonap.Syn. p. 75.

Orpheus rufus, Fox-coloured Mocking-Bird,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 189.

Ferruginous Thrush or Thrasher, Turdus rufus,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 328.

Ferruginous Thrush, Turdus rufus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 102; v. v. p. 441.

GENUS IV. TURDUS,Linn.THRUSH.

Bill of moderate length or shortish, rather stout, straight,broader than high at the base, compressed toward the end, acute; upper mandible with the ridge rather narrow, the sides convex toward the end, the notches small, the tip narrow; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length, the dorsal line ascending, slightly convex, the sides rounded, the tip narrow. Nostrils oblong, partially concealed by the feathers. Head of ordinary size, ovate; neck rather short; body rather full. Feet longish, rather strong; tarsus as long as the middle toe and claw; hind toe rather stout; lateral toes equal; claws arched, compressed, acute. Plumage soft and rather blended. Wings of moderate length, rounded, the first quill very small, the third and fourth longest. Tail rather long, nearly even.

142. 1. Turdus migratorius,Linn.Migratory Thrush.—Robin.

Plate CXXXI.Male, Female, and Young.

Male with the bill yellow, the upper part and sides of the head black; upper parts dark grey with an olivaceous tinge; quills blackish-brown, margined with light grey; tail brownish-black, the outer two feathers tipped with white; three white spots about the eye, throat white, densely streaked with black; lower part of fore neck, breast, sides, axillars, and lower wing-coverts reddish-orange; abdomen white; lower tail-coverts dusky, tipped with white. Female with the tints paler. Young with the fore neck, breast, and sides, pale-reddish, spotted with dusky, the upper parts darker than in the adult. Bill at first dusky, ultimately pure yellow.

Male, 10, 14.Female, 9, 13.

From Texas eastward and northward, to the Fur Countries. Throughout the interior. Winters in abundance in all the southern States. Columbia River. Abundant.

Robin, Turdus migratorius,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 35.Turdus migratorius,Bonap.Syn. p. 75.Merula migratoria, Red-breasted Thrush,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 176.American Robin or Migratory Thrush, Turdus migratorius,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 338.American Robin or Migratory Thrush, Turdus migratorius,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 190; v. v. p. 442.

Robin, Turdus migratorius,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 35.

Turdus migratorius,Bonap.Syn. p. 75.

Merula migratoria, Red-breasted Thrush,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 176.

American Robin or Migratory Thrush, Turdus migratorius,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 338.

American Robin or Migratory Thrush, Turdus migratorius,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 190; v. v. p. 442.

143. 2. Turdus nævius,Gmel.Varied Thrush.

Plate CCCLXIX.Fig. 2, 3. Male.Plate CCCCXXXIII. Fig. 6. Female.

Male with the bill black, the upper parts deep leaden-grey, the headdarker; quills and tail-feathers dusky, the outer webs of the latter tinged with grey, and their tips white; lore dusky; a band of reddish-orange from over the fore part of the eye down the side of the neck; two conspicuous bands of the same crossing the wing obliquely, being formed by the tips of the first row of small coverts, and those of the secondary coverts; outer webs of primary coverts about the middle, a band on the primaries near the base, part of their outer webs towards the end, and the tips of the secondaries pale reddish-orange; lower parts light reddish-orange, paler behind; a band of greyish-black passing down the side of the neck, and a belt of the same crossing its lower part; feathers of the sides tipped with bluish-grey; those of the middle of the abdomen white; lower tail-coverts tipped with white; axillar feathers white, tipped with grey, smaller coverts grey, tipped with reddish-white; primary coverts grey, secondary nearly white. Female similar, with the upper parts tinged with olive-brown, the reddish-orange bands much paler, the tail-feathers margined with dull reddish-brown; a band on the lore down the sides of the neck and across it light greyish-brown; the orange tints of the lower parts much paler.

Male, 101/2, wing, 51/4.Female, 10, wing, 52/12.

Columbia River, North California, and Fur Countries. Abundant. Migratory.

Orpheus meruloides, Thrush-like Mock-Bird,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 187.Varied Thrush, Turdus nævius,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 489; v. v. p. 284.

Orpheus meruloides, Thrush-like Mock-Bird,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 187.

Varied Thrush, Turdus nævius,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 489; v. v. p. 284.

144. 3. Turdus mustelinus,Gmel.Wood-Thrush.

Plate LXXIII.Male and Female.

Upper parts light yellowish-brown, the head and hind neck of a tint approaching to reddish-orange; the rump and tail-coverts duller and of an olivaceous tint; quills and tail-coverts light olive-brown, the outer webs of the coverts and quills like the back; eyes margined with a whitish circle; lower parts white, anteriorly tinged with yellow, the sides and lower part of the neck, the fore part of the breast, and the sides of the body marked with large roundish or broadly ovato-triangular decided brownish-black spots.

Male, 8, 13.

From Texas to Nova Scotia, and throughout the interior. Many spend the winter in Louisiana, Florida, and Texas. Abundant.

Wood Thrush, Turdus melodus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 35.Turdus mustelinus,Bonap.Syn. p. 75.Wood Thrush, Turdus mustelinus,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 343.Wood Thrush, Turdus mustelinus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 372; v. v. p. 446.

Wood Thrush, Turdus melodus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 35.

Turdus mustelinus,Bonap.Syn. p. 75.

Wood Thrush, Turdus mustelinus,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 343.

Wood Thrush, Turdus mustelinus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 372; v. v. p. 446.

145. 4. Turdus Wilsoni,Bonap.Tawny Thrush.

Plate CLXVI.Male.

Wings with the third quill largest, the fourth scarcely shorter, andslightly exceeding the second. Upper parts uniform light reddish-brown, a little deeper on the head; quill and tail-coverts light olive-brown, the outer webs of the former like the back; lower parts greyish-white, the sides and lower part of the neck, and a small portion of the breast tinged with pale yellowish-brown, and marked with small faint and undecided triangular brown spots. Female an inch less in length than the male, but otherwise similar.

Male, 72/12, 12.

From Texas to the Fur Countries, as well as in the interior. Resident in winter in the Floridas, though the greater number remove beyond the United States. Rather abundant.

Tawny Thrush, Turdus mustelinus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 98.Turdus Wilsonii,Bonap.Syn. p. 76.Merula minor (Swainson), Little Tawny Thrush,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 179, Plate 36. The description and figure clearly refer to the present species.Wilson's Thrush or Veery, Turdus Wilsonii,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 349.Tawny Thrush, Turdus Wilsonii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 362; v. v. p. 446.

Tawny Thrush, Turdus mustelinus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 98.

Turdus Wilsonii,Bonap.Syn. p. 76.

Merula minor (Swainson), Little Tawny Thrush,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 179, Plate 36. The description and figure clearly refer to the present species.

Wilson's Thrush or Veery, Turdus Wilsonii,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 349.

Tawny Thrush, Turdus Wilsonii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 362; v. v. p. 446.

146. 5. Turdus solitarius,Wils.Hermit Thrush.

Plate LVIII.Male and Female.

Wings with the fourth quill longest, the third and fifth equal and slightly shorter, the second nearly equal to the sixth. Upper parts light olivaceous brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts brownish-red, as is the tail; quills dusky brown, margined with reddish-brown; a whitish ring round the eye; lower parts white, the sides tinged with greyish-olive, the fore part of the neck very slightly with yellowish-brown, and marked with rather decided ovato-triangular dusky brown spots of moderate size. The female is smaller, but otherwise similar.

Male, 7, 101/2.

From Texas to the Fur Countries. Resident in winter from the Carolinas southward. Rather common.

Hermit Thrush, Turdus solitarius,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 95.Turdus minor,Bonap.Syn. p. 75.Little or Hermit Thrush, Turdus minor,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 346.Merula solitaria, Hermit Thrush,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 184.Hermit Thrush, Turdus minor,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 303; v. v. p. 445.

Hermit Thrush, Turdus solitarius,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 95.

Turdus minor,Bonap.Syn. p. 75.

Little or Hermit Thrush, Turdus minor,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 346.

Merula solitaria, Hermit Thrush,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 184.

Hermit Thrush, Turdus minor,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 303; v. v. p. 445.

147. 6. Turdus nanus,Aud.Dwarf Thrush.

Plate CCCCXIX.Fig. 1. Male.

Wings with the fourth quill longest, the third and fifth equal and slightly shorter, the second shorter than the sixth. Upper parts light olivaceous-brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts brownish-red, as is the tail; quills dusky brown, margined with light brownish-red; a whitish ring round the eye; lower parts greyish-white, the sides tinged with greyish-brown, the neck and breast tinged with yellowish-red,and marked with broad triangular blackish-brown spots, becoming fainter on the hind part of the breast and sides.

Although this species closely resembles the last in its colours, and the proportions of the quills, it is yet so much inferior in size, and its bill, tarsi, and toes are so much shorter, that it cannot be considered otherwise than as distinct.

Male6, 91/2.

Columbia River. Accidental in the Middle Atlantic districts. Migratory.

Turdus nanus, Dwarf Thrush,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 201.

FAMILY XIII. MOTACILLINÆ. WAGTAILS.

Bill of moderate length, straight, slender, a little broader than high at the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the dorsal line sloping, a little convex toward the end, the nostrils slight, the tip acute; lower mandible with the angle rather long and narrow, the dorsal line ascending and scarcely convex, the edges somewhat involute, the tip acute. General form slender; head ovato-oblong; neck short. Feet of ordinary length, slender; toes very slender, the lateral equal, the outer adherent at the base, the hind toe rather large; claws rather long, arched, compressed, acute, that of the hind toe generally very long. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles small. Wings long and pointed, one of the minor secondaries often much elongated and tapering. Tongue sagittate, slender, with the tip slit; œsophagus uniform; stomach a very muscular gizzard, roundish, with large tendons, and thin rugous epithelium; intestine of moderate length; cœca very small. Trachea simple, with four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles.

This family is connected with the Turdinæ bySeiurus, and with the Alandinæ byAnthus, which are the only two American genera.

GENUS I. SEIURUS,Swains.WOOD-WAGTAILS.

Bill rather short, straight, slightly broader than deep atthe base, compressed toward the end, the edges a little inflected, the dorsal lines of both mandibles slightly convex, the notches very slight, the tip acute. Nostrils basal elliptical. General form slender; head ovato-oblong. Feet of ordinary length; tarsus slender, compressed, covered anteriorly with a long undivided piece and three inferior scutella; toes of moderate length, slender; the first a little stouter than the third, the inner slightly shorter than the outer, which is adherent at the base; claws of moderate length, very slender, much compressed, moderately arched, acute. Plumage soft, blended. Bristles very small. Wings of moderate length; the first or outer quill little shorter than the third, which is longest. Tail of moderate length, even.

148. 1. Seiurus aurocapillus,Lath.Golden-crowned Wood-Wagtail.

Plate CXLIII.Male and Female.

Upper parts yellowish-olive, the crown brownish-orange, with two lateral bands of brownish-black spots; lower parts white, the throat with two lateral lines of brownish-black, the lower neck, fore part of breast, and sides, marked with triangular spots of the same. Female similar to the male. Young without the orange crown.

Male, 6, 9.

From Texas eastward. Fur Countries. Not seen in Labrador. Throughout the interior. Resident in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. Abundant.

Golden-crowned Thrush, Turdus aurocapillus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 88.Sylvia aurocapilla,Bonap.Syn. p. 77.Seiurus aurocapillus, Golden-crowned accentor,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 227.Golden-crowned Thrush or Oven Bird, Turdus aurocapillus,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 355.Golden-crowned Thrush, Turdus aurocapillus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 253; v. v. p. 447.

Golden-crowned Thrush, Turdus aurocapillus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 88.

Sylvia aurocapilla,Bonap.Syn. p. 77.

Seiurus aurocapillus, Golden-crowned accentor,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 227.

Golden-crowned Thrush or Oven Bird, Turdus aurocapillus,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 355.

Golden-crowned Thrush, Turdus aurocapillus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 253; v. v. p. 447.

149. 2. Seiurus Novæboracensis,Gmel.Aquatic Wood-Wagtail.

Plate XIX.Plate CCCCXXXIII.Fig. 7.

Upper parts dull greenish-brown, wings and tail dark chocolate-brown, lower parts pale yellow; a streak of the latter from the bill over the eye; loral space, and a streak behind the eye dusky; cheeks yellowish-grey, streaked with brown; the whole fore part and sides of the neck, the breast, and sides, marked with triangular blackish-brownspots, which are more elongated on the sides; abdomen and lower tail-coverts unspotted; bill dusky; feet flesh-coloured and transparent. Individuals vary, the throat sometimes without spots, the lower parts pale or yellowish-white, the feet dusky tinged with purple.

Male, 62/12, 91/2.Female, 58/12, 87/12.

In winter resident from Texas to Florida, including Louisiana. In summer migrates as far as the Fur Countries. Not Abundant.

Water Thrush, Turdus aquaticus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 66.Sylvia novæboracensis,Bonap.Syn. p. 77.Seiurus aquaticus, Aquatic Accentor,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 229.New York or Aquatic Thrush, Turdus novæboracensis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 353.Louisiana Water Thrush, Turdus ludovicianus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 99.Common Water Thrush, Turdus aquaticus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 284.

Water Thrush, Turdus aquaticus,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 66.

Sylvia novæboracensis,Bonap.Syn. p. 77.

Seiurus aquaticus, Aquatic Accentor,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 229.

New York or Aquatic Thrush, Turdus novæboracensis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 353.

Louisiana Water Thrush, Turdus ludovicianus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 99.

Common Water Thrush, Turdus aquaticus,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 284.

GENUS II. ANTHUS,Bechst.PIPIT.

Bill of moderate length, straight, very slender, as broad as high at the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the ridge narrow at the base, the notches slight, the tip a little deflected; lower mandible with the dorsal line straight, the edges involute, the tip acute. General form very slender. Tarsus of moderate length, much compressed; toes slender; claws arched, extremely compressed, acute, that of the hind toe much elongated. Plumage soft and blended. Wings long; the outer three quills about equal and longest; inner secondaries tapering, one of them nearly as long as the outer primaries when the wing is closed. Tail rather long, emarginate.

150. 1. Anthus Ludovicianus,Lichtenstein. American Pipit.

Plate X.Male and Female.Plate LXXX.Young.

Hind claw longer than the toe, slightly arched, and very slender. Male, in winter plumage, with the bill dusky, the legs and claws deep greenish-brown; upper parts greyish-olive, tinged with green, and obscurely streaked with dusky; a whitish band over the eye, cheeks brown; lower parts brownish-white, the throat white, the sides and lower part of the neck, fore part of breast, and sides of body marked with elongated, distinct, blackish-brown spots; quills and tail-feathers dusky, margined with greenish-grey, the lateral tail-feathers half white, the next obliquely white at the end. Female similar. Male in summer with the bill black, the upper parts olive-brown, tinged with grey; a greyish-white line over the eye, cheeks greyish-brown;lower parts light yellowish-grey, the fore neck and breast often deeply tinged with red, and marked with short, slender, brownish-black spots, the sides streaked; quills and tail-feathers as in winter with the pale margins less distinct. Young more tinged with green above, the bill paler, with a great part of the lower mandible yellowish-red, the lower parts pale yellowish-grey, with an obscure lunule of brownish-black on the fore neck, the lower part of which and the sides are streaked with dark brown, and tinged with reddish-brown.

Male, 61/2, 101/2.

Throughout the Western and Southern Districts during autumn and winter. Breeds in Labrador and the Fur Countries. Abundant.

Brown Lark, Alauda rufa,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 89.Anthus Spinoletta,Bonap.Syn. p. 90.Brown Titlark,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p 49. Adult.Prairie Titlark, Anthus pipiens,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 408, Young. Brown Titlark and Prairie Titlark, v. v. p. 449.

Brown Lark, Alauda rufa,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 89.

Anthus Spinoletta,Bonap.Syn. p. 90.

Brown Titlark,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p 49. Adult.

Prairie Titlark, Anthus pipiens,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 408, Young. Brown Titlark and Prairie Titlark, v. v. p. 449.

This species is nearly allied toAnthus aquaticusandA. pratensis, more especially to the latter, from which it is distinguished by having the bill much stouter, the tarsus longer, the hind claws stouter, more curved, and much shorter, the colour of the feet much darker, in being always much more rufous beneath, and in sometimes, when the summer is advanced, being almost entirely unspotted there. FromA. aquaticusit is at once distinguished by the whitish band over the eye, and the white on the outer tail-feathers. It indeed seems wonderful that any ornithologist should have mistaken it for that species.

FAMILY XIV. ALAUDINÆ. LARKS.

Bill rather short, or of moderate length, somewhat conical, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with its dorsal line sloping and slightly convex, the edges sharp and overlapping, the notches generally obsolete; the tip narrow and a little deflected; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length and narrow, the dorsal line ascending and nearly straight, the edges slightly inflected, the tip acute; gape-line straight. Nostrils elliptical or oblong, basal. Head oblong, of moderate size; neck rather short; body ovate. Feet of moderate length, or rather long; tarsus compressed, with eight anterior scutella; toes slender, compressed; the hind toe elongated, second and fourth about equal, third much longer. Claws rather long, arched,slender, much compressed, laterally grooved, acute, that of the hind toe very long, straightish, tapering. Plumage generally soft and blended. Wings rather long, broad, the inner secondaries tapering, and one so elongated as nearly to equal the longest primary, when the wing is closed. Tail of twelve feathers, generally emarginate. Roof of the upper mandible concave, generally with three prominent lines; tongue slender, thin, flat, tapering to a slit and bristly tip; œsophagus of uniform width; stomach a very strong muscular gizzard of a roundish form and compressed, its lateral muscles very large, its epithelium dense and rugous; intestines short, of moderate width; cœca very small, cylindrical. Nest on the ground. Eggs five or six, oval, spotted.

GENUS I. ALAUDA,Linn.LARK.

Bill rather short, stout, somewhat conical, compressed, straightish, acute; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly arched, the edges without notch, the tip acute; lower mandible with the dorsal line ascending, slightly convex, the edges a little inflected, the tip acute. Head rather large; neck short; body ovate. Legs of ordinary length, anteriorly scutellate; lateral toes nearly equal, hind toe of moderate size, with a very long, tapering, acute, and nearly straight claw. Plumage rather dense and compact. Wings of moderate length, the second and third quills longest; inner secondaries much elongated. Tail of moderate length, emarginate.

151. 1. Alauda alpestris,Linn.Shore Lark.—Horned Lark.

Male with two erectile pointed tufts of feathers on the anterior lateral parts of the head. In winter the upper parts dusky brown, the feathers paler on the edges; on the forehead a recurved crescentic band of brownish-black; another curved downwards, proceeding on each side from the base of the upper mandible; a band of yellowish-white over the eye and forehead; throat pale-yellow, with a broad dusky patch on the lower neck, the rest of the lower parts brownish-white;quills dusky, tail-feathers blackish, excepting the two middle, which are reddish-brown, like the upper tail-coverts. In summer, the brownish-black bands on the head and neck become deep black, the throat and frontal band white, and the upper parts light brownish-red. Female dusky brown above, dull white beneath; the wings and tail as in the male, but the black bands on the head and neck wanting. Young from the nest with the upper parts deep brown, mottled with pale reddish-brown, lower parts pale yellowish-grey.

Male, 71/2, 14.

Breeds in Labrador and northwards. Migrates in autumn southward, as far as the Texas. Not uncommon in the Western Country at that season.

Shore Lark, Alauda cornuta,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 85.Alauda alpestris,Bonap.Syn. p. 102.Horned or Shore Lark, Alauda cornuta.Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 245.Shore Lark,Nutt.Man. v. i. p.Shore Lark, Alauda alpestris,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 570; v. v. p. 488.

Shore Lark, Alauda cornuta,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 85.

Alauda alpestris,Bonap.Syn. p. 102.

Horned or Shore Lark, Alauda cornuta.Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 245.

Shore Lark,Nutt.Man. v. i. p.

Shore Lark, Alauda alpestris,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 570; v. v. p. 488.

FAMILY XV. FRINGILLINÆ. FINCHES.

Bill short, stout, conical, acute; upper mandible generally with its dorsal line more or less convex, the sides rounded, the edges inflected or direct, the tip acute; lower mandible with the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the edges involute. Gape-line ascending for more than a fourth of its length, then direct. Nostrils basal, roundish, partly concealed by the feathers. Head of moderate size, or rather large, ovate or roundish; neck short; body compact; tarsus generally shorter than the middle toe with its claw, compressed, with seven or eight anterior scutella; hind toe stout; outer toe adherent at the base, lateral about equal. Claws long or moderate, compressed, laterally grooved, acute. Plumage soft and blended, but firm. Wings various, acute, or rounded. Tail of twelve feathers. Roof of upper mandible concave, with three prominent lines, of which the middle is sometimes elevated into an oblong hard prominence. Tongue much compressed, pointed; œsophagus rather wide, with a dilatation or crop on the right side; stomach roundish or oblong, muscular, with the epithelium thin, dense, and longitudinally rugous; intestine short, ratherwide; cœca very small, cylindrical. Trachea simple, with four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles. The Fringillinæ pass into the Icterinæ on the one hand, and the Alaudinæ on the other. The Buntings scarcely differ from the Finches in any other character than the knob on the palate, which is common to them with the Icterinæ.

GENUS I. PLECTROPHANES,Meyer. LARK-BUNTING.

Bill very short, robust, tapering, somewhat compressed; upper mandible considerably narrower than the lower, its dorsal outline very slightly convex, the sides rounded, the edges inflected, the marginal outline slightly angulate; lower mandible with the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the edges involute. Nostrils basal, roundish, partly concealed by the feathers. Head of moderate size, ovate; neck short; body compact, tarsus shorter than the middle toe with its claw, compressed, with seven anterior scutella; hind toe stout; claws long, rather stout, little arched, acute, that of the hind toe much elongated. Plumage soft and blended. Wings long, pointed; the first quill longest. Tail rather long, emarginate.

152. 1. Plectrophanes Lapponica,Linn.Lapland Lark-Bunting.

Plate CCCLXV.Male and Female.

Male, in summer, with the head and fore part of the neck black; a white band over the eye, passing along the neck, and margining the black; a brownish-red crescent on the hind neck; the feathers on the rest of the upper parts black, broadly margined with yellowish-red; first row of small coverts tipped with white; lower parts white, the sides streaked with black. Male, in winter, with the upper part of the head black, the feathers edged with brownish-red, cheeks and band over the eye greyish-yellow; feathers of the fore neck black, broadly tipped with white; dark streaks on the sides not apparent. Female with the upper parts reddish-grey, spotted with black; a greyish-white band over the eye; the cheeks greyish-brown; lower parts greyish-white, the sides streaked with dusky.

Male, 69/8; wing, 310/12.

Fur Countries in summer. In winter, as far westward as Kentucky. Abundant. Migratory.

Lapland Longspur, Emberiza lapponica,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 53.Emberiza lapponica,Bonap.Syn. p. 440.Emberiza (Plectrophanes) lapponica, Lapland Buntling,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 248.Lapland Longspur,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 463.Lapland Longspur,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 473.

Lapland Longspur, Emberiza lapponica,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 53.

Emberiza lapponica,Bonap.Syn. p. 440.

Emberiza (Plectrophanes) lapponica, Lapland Buntling,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 248.

Lapland Longspur,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 463.

Lapland Longspur,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 473.

153. 2. Plectrophanes pictus,Swains.Painted Lark-Bunting.

Plate CCCC.Fig. 5. Male.

Male with the upper part and sides of the head deep black, with three bands of white on each side, one from the base of the upper mandible over the eye and along the neck, another under the eye and over the ear, the third bordering the throat; upper parts brownish-yellow spotted with black; a band of white on the smaller wing-coverts; lower parts, and a band across the fore part of the back, buffy orange.

Male, 62/12; wing, 31/4.

Fur Countries. Accidental, in winter, on the banks of the Mississippi. Migratory.

Emberiza (Plectrophanes) picta, Painted Bunting,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 250.Painted Bunting,Nutt.Man. v. ii. p. 589.Painted Bunting, Emberiza picta,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 91.

Emberiza (Plectrophanes) picta, Painted Bunting,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 250.

Painted Bunting,Nutt.Man. v. ii. p. 589.

Painted Bunting, Emberiza picta,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 91.

154. 3. Plectrophanes ornatus,Towns.Chestnut-collared Lark-Bunting.

Plate CCCXCIV.Fig. 1. Male.

Male, in summer, with the upper part of the head, a streak, and some spots behind the ear, and the breast black; a broad band over the eye, the throat and sides of the neck, the abdomen, lower tail-coverts, and three lateral tail-feathers, white; a transverse belt of yellowish-red on the hind neck; upper parts yellowish-grey, spotted with dusky.

Male, 51/4; wing, 32/12.

Rocky Mountains.

Plectrophanes ornata, Chestnut-collared Lark-Finch,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 189.Chestnut-collared Lark-Bunting, Emberiza ornata,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 44.

Plectrophanes ornata, Chestnut-collared Lark-Finch,Towns.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 189.

Chestnut-collared Lark-Bunting, Emberiza ornata,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 44.

155. 4. Plectrophanes nivalis,Linn.Snow Lark-Bunting.

Plate CLXXXIX.Male and Female in winter.

Male, in winter, with the head, neck, lower parts, a great portion of the wings, including the smaller coverts, secondary coverts, severalsecondary quills, the bases of the primaries and their coverts, and the greater part of the outer tail-feathers on each side, white; the head and hind neck more or less tinged with brownish-red, the upper parts reddish-grey or yellowish-red, mottled with black, the concealed part of the plumage being of the latter colour, the bill brownish-yellow. Female, in winter, with the white less extended. Young, at this season, like the female, but more brown. Male, in summer, with the back, scapulars, inner secondaries, terminal portion of primaries, and four middle tail-feathers, deep black, all the other parts pure white, the bill black. Female with the black parts tinged with brown, and more or less reddish-brown on the head and rump.

Male, 7, 13.

In winter, from Nova Scotia to Kentucky. Abundant. Much rarer along the Atlantic coast. Some breed in Vermont and Massachusetts. Fur Countries in summer.

Snow-Bunting, Emberiza nivalis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 86.Emberiza nivalis,Bonap.Syn. p. 103.Emberiza (Plectrophanes) nivalis, Snow Buntling,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 247.Snow Bunting, Emberiza nivalis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 458.Snow Bunting, Emberiza nivalis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 515; v. v. p. 496.

Snow-Bunting, Emberiza nivalis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 86.

Emberiza nivalis,Bonap.Syn. p. 103.

Emberiza (Plectrophanes) nivalis, Snow Buntling,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 247.

Snow Bunting, Emberiza nivalis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 458.

Snow Bunting, Emberiza nivalis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 515; v. v. p. 496.

GENUS II. EMBERIZA,Linn.BUNTING.

Bill short, robust, tapering, somewhat compressed; upper mandible with its dorsal line declinate and slightly convex, the ridge indistinct, the sides convex, the edges a little inflected, ascending to beneath the nostrils, then descending or direct, with a slight notch close to the narrow tip; lower mandible with the angle short and wide, the dorsal line ascending, and very slightly convex, the ridge broad at the base, the sides convex, the edges inclinate, their outline ascending for a third or more of its length, then direct, the tip narrow. Nostrils basal, roundish. Head large, ovate; neck very short; body rather stout. Feet of moderate length, rather strong; tarsus of ordinary length, compressed, with seven anterior scutella; toes rather large; the hind toe strong, and longer than the lateral, which are equal, the third much longer, and united to the fourth at the base. Claws long, arched, much compressed, acute. Plumage soft and blended, but firm. Bristles feeble. Wings of moderatelength, rather acute; the first three quills longest. Tail of moderate length, emarginate.

* Wings rather long, with the second and third quills longest.

156. 1. Emberiza Americana,Gmel.Black-throated Bunting.

Plate CCCLXXXIV.Male and Female.

Bill very stout; tail-feathers acute. Male with the upper part of the head, the cheeks, and the hind neck dark ash-grey, faintly streaked with dusky; loral space whitish, a band over the eye, and a patch below the cheek, yellow; the fore part of the back greyish-brown, with longitudinal streaks of brownish-black, the hind part brownish-grey; the smaller wing-coverts bright chestnut; chin white, throat black; the lower neck and part of the breast, yellow, the rest of the breast and abdomen, white. Female similar to the male, but paler, and without the black patch on the throat.

Male, 61/2, 103/8.

Breeds abundantly in Texas and all the Western Prairies; less so from Virginia to Massachusetts. Rare in Ohio and Kentucky. Migratory.

Black-throated Bunting, Emberiza Americana,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 411.Fringilla Americana,Bonap.Syn. p. 107.Black-throated Bunting,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 461.Black-throated Bunting, Emberiza Americana,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 599.

Black-throated Bunting, Emberiza Americana,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 411.

Fringilla Americana,Bonap.Syn. p. 107.

Black-throated Bunting,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 461.

Black-throated Bunting, Emberiza Americana,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 599.

157. 2. Emberiza Townsendii,Aud.Townsend's Bunting.

Plate CCCC.Fig. 4. Male.

Bill very stout, with the upper outline considerably convex. Head, cheeks, hind neck, sides of the neck, fore part of the breast, and sides of the body, deep bluish-grey, the head streaked with black; back yellowish-brown, streaked with dusky, the feathers edged with grey, rump yellowish-grey; quills and tail-feathers wood-brown, slightly edged with paler; a narrow white line over the eye; throat white, with a narrow band of black on each side; abdomen and middle part of breast greyish-white.

Male, 53/4, 9.

One specimen (in my possession) procured in Pennsylvania.

Townsend's Bunting, Emberiza Townsendii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 183; v. v. p. 90.

158. 3. Emberiza Grammaca,Say. Lark Bunting.

Plate CCCXC.Fig. 1. Male.

Second and third quills longest, first and fourth about equal; tail rather long, rounded. Male with three longitudinal bands of white onthe head, separated by two bands of bright chestnut-red, the anterior part of which is black; upper parts light greyish-brown, longitudinally streaked with dusky, the central part of each feather being of the latter colour, the hind part of the back and the rump without streaks; two faint bands of yellowish-white on the wings, formed by the tips of the first row of small coverts, and those of the secondary coverts, and a patch of the same formed by the bases of the outer primaries; quills dusky brown, primaries margined with whitish, secondaries more broadly with light red; tail darker, all the feathers except the middle, terminated by white, which, on the outer, occupies more than a third of its length, and extends nearly to the base of the outer web; below the eye a white streak, cheeks bright chestnut, with an anterior black spot, under them a broad white band from the lower mandible, curving upwards, separated from the throat, which is white, by a short line of black on each side; lower parts white, the lower part of the neck greyish, the sides tinged with greyish-white. Female similar to the male, but with the head simply coloured like the back, and the sides streaked with brown.

Male, 61/2, 81/4.

Upper Missouri, and eastern declivities of the Rocky Mountains. Common. Migratory.

Fringilla grammaca,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 47.Lark Finch,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 480.Lark Finch, Fringilla grammaca,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 17.

Fringilla grammaca,Bonap.Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 47.

Lark Finch,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 480.

Lark Finch, Fringilla grammaca,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 17.

159. 4. Emberiza graminea,Gmel.Grass or Bay-winged Bunting.

Plate XC.Male.

Second, third, and fourth quills longest, first and fourth nearly equal; tail rather long, slightly emarginate. Upper parts light greyish-brown, streaked with dusky; smaller wing coverts yellowish-red or bay; quills and larger coverts dusky brown, margined with greyish-white; two whitish bands on the wing, formed by the tips of the first row of small coverts, and the secondary coverts; tail dusky brown, the greater part of the outer feather, and the terminal portion of the outer web of the next white; a narrow circle of white round the eye; lower parts dull white, the throat, fore part of neck, and sides streaked with dark brown.

Male, 53/4, 10.

From Texas to the Columbia River and Fur Countries. Breeds from Maryland eastward and northward. Resident in winter from Carolina southward and westward. Extremely abundant.

Bay-winged Bunting, Emberiza graminea,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 51.Fringilla graminea,Bonap.Syn. p. 108.Fringilla (Zonotrichia) graminea, Bay-winged Finch,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 254.

Bay-winged Bunting, Emberiza graminea,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 51.

Fringilla graminea,Bonap.Syn. p. 108.

Fringilla (Zonotrichia) graminea, Bay-winged Finch,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 254.

Bay-winged or Grass Finch, Fringilla graminea,Nutt.Man. v. i. p 482.Grass Finch or Bay-winged Bunting, Fringilla graminea,Aud.Orn Biog. v. i. p. 473; v. v. p. 502.

Bay-winged or Grass Finch, Fringilla graminea,Nutt.Man. v. i. p 482.

Grass Finch or Bay-winged Bunting, Fringilla graminea,Aud.Orn Biog. v. i. p. 473; v. v. p. 502.

160. 5. Emberiza Savanna,Bon.Savannah Bunting.

Plate CIX.Male and Female.

Outer four quills almost equal; tail emarginate, with the feathers pointed. Upper parts light greyish-brown, streaked with dusky; smaller wing-coverts like the back; a faint yellow band over the eye, and a faint whitish band in the middle of the crown; two whitish bands on the wing, formed by the tips of the first row of small coverts and the secondary coverts, the latter very inconspicuous, quills and tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with paler, the lateral tail-feathers merely of a lighter tint; cheeks dull yellow, streaked with brown; lower part white, the throat and sides streaked with dusky.

Male, 51/2, 81/2.

From Texas to the Columbia River, and along the whole Atlantic coast to Nova Scotia. Extremely abundant during winter in all the Southern States. Breeds from Maryland eastward.

Savannah Finch, Fringilla savanna,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 72.Fringilla savanna,Bonap.Syn. p. 109.Savannah Sparrow, Fringilla savanna,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 489.Savannah Finch, Fringilla savanna,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 63; v. v. p. 516.

Savannah Finch, Fringilla savanna,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 72.

Fringilla savanna,Bonap.Syn. p. 109.

Savannah Sparrow, Fringilla savanna,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 489.

Savannah Finch, Fringilla savanna,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 63; v. v. p. 516.

161. 6. Emberiza pallida,Swains.Clay-coloured Bunting.

Plate CCCXCVIII.Fig. 2. Male.

Bill more slender and pointed than in the preceding species; wings more rounded, the second, third, and fourth quills being about equal, the first and fifth equal; tail long, emarginate, and a little rounded, upper parts light yellowish-brown, streaked with brownish-black, the streaks on the rump fainter; quills and tail-feathers greyish-brown, margined with brownish-white; over the eye a band of brownish-white; cheeks pale brown; sides of neck very light buff; the rest of the lower parts greyish-white, the sides tinged with greyish-brown. Female similar to the male, but with less yellow on the sides of the neck.

Male, 52/12, wing 27/12.

Platte River, Missouri Plains, and Fur Countries. Common. Migratory.

Emberiza pallida, Clay-coloured Bunting,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 251.Clay-coloured Bunting, Emberiza pallida,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 66.

Emberiza pallida, Clay-coloured Bunting,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 251.

Clay-coloured Bunting, Emberiza pallida,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 66.

162. 7. Emberiza passerina,Wils.Yellow-winged Bunting.

Plate CXXX.Male.

Bill very short and stout; tail-feathers acute. Upper parts light greyish-brown, mixed on the neck with ash-grey, the central parts of all the feathers brownish-black, the margins of those of the back bright chestnut; upper part of the head brownish-black, with a longitudinal central line of yellowish-white, and a yellow line over each eye; secondary coverts dusky, margined with greyish-white; the edge of the wing at the flexure bright yellow; quills and tail-feathers dusky brown, margined with whitish; lower parts pale yellowish-grey, the fore neck and lower tail-coverts of a richer tint; the sides inclining to grey, and faintly streaked with dusky.

Male, 49/12, 8.

Passes from Texas to Connecticut; breeds from Maryland to Connecticut. Columbia River. Rather Common. Migratory.

Yellow-winged Sparrow, Fringilla passerina,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 76.Fringilla passerina,Bonap.Syn. p. 109.Savannah Finch or Yellow shouldered Bunting,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 494.Yellow-crowned Sparrow, Fringilla passerina,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 180; v. v. p. 497.

Yellow-winged Sparrow, Fringilla passerina,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 76.

Fringilla passerina,Bonap.Syn. p. 109.

Savannah Finch or Yellow shouldered Bunting,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 494.

Yellow-crowned Sparrow, Fringilla passerina,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 180; v. v. p. 497.

163. 8. Emberiza Henslowii,Aud.Henslow's Bunting.

Plate LXX.Male.

Bill very stout; wings short, convex, the first quill equal to the fourth, and scarcely shorter than the second and third; tail emarginate and rounded, with the feathers acute. Upper parts light yellowish-brown, streaked with brownish-black, the margins of the feathers on the back and scapulars light red; the edge of the wing pale yellow; quills dusky, primaries edged with brownish-yellow, secondaries with light red; tail-feathers dusky, the outer margined with yellowish-brown, the middle more broadly with light red; lower parts light brownish-yellow, the abdomen and throat paler, the sides of the neck and body, and the fore part of the breast streaked with black.

Male, 5.

Winters in Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, and Florida. Breeds from Maryland to New York. Abundant. Accidental in Ohio.

Henslow's Bunting, Emberiza Henslowii,Nutt.Man. App. v. ii. p.Henslow's Bunting, Emberiza Henslowii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 360; v. v. p. 498.

Henslow's Bunting, Emberiza Henslowii,Nutt.Man. App. v. ii. p.

Henslow's Bunting, Emberiza Henslowii,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 360; v. v. p. 498.

* Wings considerably rounded, with the third and fourth quills longest. Tail rather long, emarginate.

164. 9. Emberiza pusilla,Wils.Field Bunting.—Field Sparrow.

Plate CXXXIX.Male.

Bill light brownish-red; upper part of the head chestnut-red; anterior part of the back streaked with dusky, bright chestnut, and yellowish-grey; a faint ring on the neck, a band over the eyes, and the throatpale bluish-grey; rump yellowish-grey; quills and tail dusky brown, the former margined with light red, the latter with yellowish-grey, lower parts greyish-white, the sides of the neck and body, and the fore part of the breast, tinged with yellowish-brown.

Male, 6, 8.

From Texas to Maryland, in Kentucky and the intermediate parts, during winter. Breeds from Maryland to Maine. Abundant.

Field Sparrow, Fringilla pusilla,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 121.Fringilla pusilla;Bonap.Syn. p. 110.Field or Rush Sparrow, Fringilla juncorum,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 499.Field Sparrow, Fringilla pusilla,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 229.

Field Sparrow, Fringilla pusilla,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 121.

Fringilla pusilla;Bonap.Syn. p. 110.

Field or Rush Sparrow, Fringilla juncorum,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 499.

Field Sparrow, Fringilla pusilla,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 229.

165. 10. Emberiza socialis,Wils.Chipping Bunting.—Chipping Sparrow.

Plate CIV.Male.

Bill with the upper mandible blackish-brown; upper part of the head bright chestnut-red, part of forehead black; anterior part of the back streaked with dusky, bright chestnut, and yellowish-grey; a faint ring on the neck, a band over the eyes, the throat, and fore part of the breast, pale bluish-grey; rump bluish-grey, streaked with dusky; quills and tail dusky brown, the former margined with light red, the latter with yellowish-grey; two white bands on the wing; breast and sides pale grey, inclining to white. This species closely resembles the last in colour, but may be distinguished by the black on the forehead, and the dusky colour of the bill.

Male, 51/4, 8.

Abundant throughout the United States. Winter resident in all the Southern States. Not seen in Texas, Nova Scotia, or Labrador.

Chipping Sparrow, Fringilla socialis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 127.Fringilla socialis,Bonap.Syn. p. 109.Chipping Sparrow, Fringilla socialis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 497.Chipping Sparrow, Fringilla socialis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 21; v. v. p. 517.

Chipping Sparrow, Fringilla socialis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 127.

Fringilla socialis,Bonap.Syn. p. 109.

Chipping Sparrow, Fringilla socialis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 497.

Chipping Sparrow, Fringilla socialis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 21; v. v. p. 517.

166. 11. Emberiza Canadensis,Lath.Canada Bunting.—Tree Sparrow.

Plate CLXXXVIII.Male and Female.

Bill with the upper mandible blackish-brown above, yellowish-red beneath; upper part of the head bright chestnut-red; anterior part of the back streaked with dusky, bright chestnut, and yellowish-grey; a faint ring on the neck, a band over the eyes, the throat and fore part of the breast pale bluish-grey; rump pale yellowish-grey, faintly streaked with dusky; quills and tail dusky brown, the former margined with light red, the latter with greyish-white; two white bands on the wing; breast and sides pale grey, inclining to white, the latter tinged with yellowish-brown.

This species is much larger than the last, wants the black spot on the forehead, and has the wing-bands more conspicuous.

Male, 61/4, 83/4.

Rarely reaches the Carolinas during winter, or Louisville on the Ohio. Breeds from Maine northward to the Fur Countries. Abundant. Migratory.

Tree Sparrow, Fringilla arborea,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 12.Fringilla canadensis,Bonap.Syn. p. 109.Emberiza canadensis, Tree Bunting,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 252.Tree Sparrow, Fringilla canadensis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 495.Tree Sparrow, Fringilla canadensis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 511; v. v. p. 504.

Tree Sparrow, Fringilla arborea,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 12.

Fringilla canadensis,Bonap.Syn. p. 109.

Emberiza canadensis, Tree Bunting,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 252.

Tree Sparrow, Fringilla canadensis,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 495.

Tree Sparrow, Fringilla canadensis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 511; v. v. p. 504.

GENUS III. NIPHÆA,Aud.SNOW-BIRD.

Bill short, rather small, conical, acute; upper mandible a little broader than the lower, its dorsal line straight, slightly declinate at the tip, the sides convex, the edges nearly straight, slightly inflected, but overlapping; lower mandible with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the edges a little inflected, the tip acute. Nostrils basal, roundish, concealed by the feathers. Head broadly ovate; neck short; body full. Feet of moderate length; tarsus rather short, stout, with seven scutella; toes rather strong, the first stout, the lateral equal. Claws rather long, arched, compressed, laterally grooved, tapering to a fine point. Plumage very soft and blended. Wings rather short, curved, rounded, second, third, and fourth quills longest, first longer than fifth. Tail rather long, slightly emarginate. Roof of upper mandible concave, with thin ridges, and a small knob at the base; tongue narrow, deep, grooved above, tapering to a horny point; œsophagus dilated about the middle; stomach rather small, roundish, muscular; intestine rather short; cœca very small. Name from [Greek: Niphos], snow.

167. 1. Niphæa hyemalis,Linn.Common Snow-Bird.

Plate XIII.Male and Female.

Male with the head, hind neck, fore part of the breast, back, wings, and upper parts of the sides, greyish-black, deeper on the head and throat;quills margined with whitish; tail with the two lateral feathers on each side, and a patch on the inner web of the next white, as are the breast and abdomen. Female lighter grey, on the back tinged with brown.

Male, 61/4, 9.

Distributed, in winter, over the Southern, Western, and Middle Districts, as far as the base of the Rocky Mountains, and in the Fur Countries. Breeds from Maryland eastward, on the mountains. Very abundant.

Snow Bird, Fringilla nivalis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 129.Fringilla hyemalis,Bonap.Syn. p. 109.Fringilla hyemalis, Black Finch,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 505.Common Snow-Bird, Fringilla Hudsonia,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 491.Snow-Bird, Fringilla hyemalis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 72; v. v. p. 505.

Snow Bird, Fringilla nivalis,Wils.Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 129.

Fringilla hyemalis,Bonap.Syn. p. 109.

Fringilla hyemalis, Black Finch,Swains. & Rich.F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 505.

Common Snow-Bird, Fringilla Hudsonia,Nutt.Man. v. i. p. 491.

Snow-Bird, Fringilla hyemalis,Aud.Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 72; v. v. p. 505.

168. 2. Niphæa Oregona,Towns.Oregon Snow-Bird.

Plate CCCXCVIII.Fig. 3. Male. Fig. 4. Female.

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