Abbahu, R., Agadist,221.Ab Beth Din, office of,88,191.Academies, Palestinian,190;Jamnia,183;Sepphoris,190;Tiberias,190;Lydda,191;Bekiim,137,192;Oosha,217;Babylonian,229;in the Diaspora,194.Agada, narrative,64;contrasted with Halacha,187,256;note,277.Agrippa, last Jewish King,147;kingdom vaster than Herod's,150;father to his people,150,151;assassinated,151;coin of,148.Agrippa II.,152;coin of,152.Akabiah b. Mehalalel, conscientiousness of,191.Akiba, R., Tanna,206;his wife's loyalty,206,207;classifies Halachoth,207,208;maxims,208;supports Bar Cochba,211;martyrdom,215,216.Alabarch or Arabarch,120;Onias appointed,71.Albinus, procurator,156.Alexander the Great,26,27;his empire divided,28;stories about,28,267.Alexander Janneus, reign of,85-87;conflict with Pharisees,86.Alexandria, capital of Greco-Egypt,28;intellectual centre,67,68;Delta, Jewish quarter of,68;school of,136.Am-haaretz, the ignorant,195.Amoraim, expounders of the law,227.Antigonus, last Hasmonean ruler,101;coin of,101.Antiochus Epiphanes,33;persecutes the Jews,34-36;defeated by the Maccabees,38;defeated in Parthia and Persia,46;death of,46;bust of,42.Antipater, the Idumean,91;made procurator of Judea,99.Antipas, governor of Galilee,117;beheads John the Baptist,117.Antoninus Pius,217;revokes Hadrian's laws against the practise of Judaism,217.Antony,103,104.Apion, defamer of Israel,177;"Contra Apion,"177.Apocalypse, prophetic vision,53.Apocrypha, The,52;contrasted with the Bible,53.Apollonius attacks Jews on the Sabbath,34,35,37.Aquila, proselyte,202;translates Bible into Greek,202.Arabia, Jews in,294.Arabians, religion of,295.Aramaic supersedes Hebrew,69.Archelaus, tetrarch of Judea,117,118;deposed,119.Arch of Titus, illustration,180.Arians, Christian heretics,284;tolerant to the Jews,284.Aristobulus I., reign of,85.Aristobulus II.,91-99.Aryans and Semites,note,140.Ashi, R., begins compilation of the Talmud,251.Assideans (Chassidim),32.Augustus Caesar, well disposed towards Jews,120;tetrarch,120;bust of,115.Avitus, Bishop, persecutes Jews,289.Babylonia, geographical situation,229;history of,230;Jewish settlement in,230,231;schools of,229;Jewish occupations in,23;Babylonian Academies become independent of those of Palestine,232,236.Bar-Cochba, a Messiah,211;leads insurrection against Rome,211,212;defeated at Bethar,213;coin of second revolt,216.Baruch, book of,63.Battlement on house-top, illustration,160.Bedouins, character of,293."Bel and the Dragon,"64.Ben Sirach, see Ecclesiasticus.Beruria wife of R. Mair,218,219.Beth Horon, battle of,38.Bethar, battle of,213.Bible Canon,22;order of books,23;ditto,note,24.Byzantine Empire = Eastern Roman Empire,246;Jewish persecution in,281,282;conflict with Persia,282,283.Caesar, Augustus, well disposed towards Jews,120.Caesar, Julius,96,97;shows good will to Jews,99;Jews lament death of,99;portrait,97.Calendar, Jewish, fixed by Mar Samuel,234;fixed by Hillel II.,243;"second day" of Festivals,243,244;Seleucidan era,28;Hasmonean era,50;anno mundi,note,50.Caligula demands divine worship,147,148.Canon, the Bible,22,23.Candlestick, the golden, illustration,169.Celo-Syria (Palestine), Judea province of,31.Charity, Talmudic sayings on,269,270.Chassidim (Assidean),32.Children and Parents, Talmudic sayings on,261,262.Christianity, first meaning of,132;the first Christians (Jewish),133,197;development of,133,197;Christians, pagan,197;ceremonial of,198,199;State Church of Rome,239;why accepted by pagans,139,140,240,241;divergence from Judaism,242;concessions to paganism,242;Nicene Creed,242,243;pillar saints,249;Christianity and Islam similar in their attitude to Judaism,241,305,306;its higher clergy less tolerant,288,289.Church, Judaism and the,197;doctrine and Jewish Scripture,note,200;persecutes Judaism and the Jews,247-249,288.City as dwelling place, strength and weakness of,68.Claudius appoints Agrippa King of Judea,150;grants religious freedom to Jews throughout the Roman Empire,149.Cleopatra,103,104.Coins, Jewish,50,51;(see Illustrations.)Constantine, Roman Emperor, accepts Christianity,241;persecutes Judaism,243.Crucifixion, of Jesus,132.Daniel, book of,40-44;compared with Apocrypha,53;Song of the Three Holy Children,64.Death and Immortality, Talmudic sayings on,272,275.Delta, see Alexandria.Diaspora, The,67,132;revolt of,202,203;map of (back of book).Didache,note,134."Dispute of the Courtiers" (II. Esdras),54-57.Domitian, Roman Emperor,139.Ecclesiasticus, Book of,60;quotations from,60-62;note,65.Edom = Rome,note,110.Education, importance of,221,260;Talmudic sayings on,261;schools established,89,260.Egypt, Greek spirit in, see Greco-Egypt;Jews in,67-71.Eleazar, the martyr,35.Eleazar, son of Mattathias, death of,46.Eliezar b. Hyrcanus, loyal to traditional law,191.Elisha b. Abuyah,200.Emergency law under Hadrian's persecution,214.Emperors of Rome, see Rome's Emperors.Esdras I.,54;"Dispute of the Courtiers,"54-57.Esdras II.,57.Essenes, The,82,129,130,131,133;and Jesus,129;and John the Baptist,129.Esther, additions to the Book of,60.Felix, procurator,154.Festus, procurator,155.Florus, procurator,156,157.Franks The,288.Galilee,129;taken by Romans,162.Gamaliel, R., the Elder,151.Gamaliel II., first Nasi,190;characteristics of,191;severity of,193.Gaul, Jews in,288.Gemara, see Talmud.Gnostics, The,199.God, Talmudic sayings about,257.Golden Rule,112.Goths invade Rome,246;fall into two groups, Ostragoths and Visigoths,247.Greco-Egypt, Jews in,28.Greece, Greek and Jew,26;Alexander the Great,26,27;note,32;civilization of, influence on Jews,28,30,31,67.Greco-Syria, Judea part of,31.Greek and Jew,26,136;influence of Greek on Jew,137;Greek law vs. Jewish,note,145.Hadrian promises to rebuild Temple,204;revolt against,211-213;persecution by,213-215.Halacha (legal decision,)187.Hannah and her seven sons,35.Hanukkah, Feast of,39,40;Re-dedication,45;symbolism of the Lights,39-40;why called a "minor Festival,"40.Hasmopeans,note,83;their religious place,82.Heathen,115;attitude towards Jews,136.Hegira, the,301.Hellenism,31.Hellenists,32,33,37;Hellenist party disappears,49;in good sense,137,138.Herod, the great,107;governor of Galilee,99;governor of Palestine,100;made tetrarch of Judea,100;made King by Roman Senate,101;executes Sanhedrin,102;executes his brother-in-law,102;executes his wife and mother-in-law,103,104;executes his sons,109;rebuilds the Temple,107;erects strongholds,106;lays out cities,107;death of,109;division of kingdom,117;successors,117.High Priest, functions and powers of,21;heredity of, broken,47;in Hasmonean House,77.Hillel,111;President of Sanhedrin,111;contrasted with Shammai,112,115;maxims,112,113;as legislator,113,114,116;prosbul,113;last days of,113,114.Hillel II., Palestian Nasi, established fixed calendar,243.Honesty, Talmudic sayings about,266,267.Humility, Talmudic sayings on,270,271.Humor of Talmudic sages,275,276.Huna, Rab, Babylonian Amora,237.Huns under Attila invade Rome,247.Hyrcanus, John, reign of,78,79;conquers Samaria and Idumea,78;imposes Judaism on Idumea,78,79;coin of,84.Hyrcanus II., Ethnarch and High Priest,99;executed by Herod,104.Idumea,102;see Edom,note,110;conquered by John Hyrcanus,78;invited to join Zealots,162.Immortality, doctrine of, in Daniel,43;in other Bible books,note,44;Talmudic savings on,274,275.Independence, won by the Maccabees,50;Judean, compared with American,note,50.Ishmael b. Elisha, R., Tanna,194.Islam and the Jews,304.Italy, passes into hands of Ostrogoths,284.Jamnia, Academy of,183,190;a religious centre,183,194.Jason buys priesthood,33.Jerome translates Hebrew Scriptures into Latin (Vulgate),249.Jerusalem, taken by Pompey,93;under Zealot leadership,158;siege of, frontispiece,161;prey of rival parties,162;its physical situation,161,166;fall of,168;effect of its overthrow,171,183-185;name changed to Aelia Capitolina,213.Jesus of Nazareth,127;birth,116;as Messiah,130;character of,131,132;crucified by the Romans,132,note,135;apotheosis of,133,144;teachings of,note,134;unmentioned by Josephus,note,179.Jochanan b. Zakkai,183;exponent of "Peace Party,"183,184;establishes an academy,184;replaces sacrifice by prayer,184,185;maxims of,187-189.John the Baptist,118.John of Gischala, Zealot leader,158,162,169.John Hyrcanus, see Hyrcanus, John.Jonathan succeeds his brother Judas Maccabeus as head of Judea,48;High Priest and Tributary Prince,48.Joseph, the Satrap,30,31.Josephus and his works,172;governor of Galilee,158, surrenders to Rome,159;Rome's envoy to Jerusalem,168;pensioner of Vespasian,173;contrasted with Jeremiah,174,175;on proselytes,139;"Antiquities of the Jews,"176;"Wars of the Jews,"176;"Contra Apion,"177;defends Jews against slander,177,178;shows humanity of the Jewish law,178;silent on Jesus of Nazareth,note,179;portrait,173.Joshua b. Hananiah, R.,192;Tana, stories of,192,193;the counsellor,193,203;Patriarch,202,203.Joshua (Jason) 31-33.Jotapata fortress of Sepphoris, besieged and taken,159.Judah, Rabbi, ha-Nasi, "the Saint,"217;Nasi,218;compiles Mishna,219,221;maxims,219;death,219.Judah b. Baba, martyr,215.Judaism, as law,19,20;note,24;survives the Temple's destruction,185;affirmative and negative precepts,220.Judas Maccabeus, leads revolt against Antiochus,36;defeats Lysias at Emmaus,38;victory at Beth Horon,37,38;made High Priest,47;subdues Idumeans and Ammonites,45;makes treaty with Rome,47;death on battlefield,48.Judas of Gamala, Zealot,124.Judea, a vassal state,15;independent,75;under Rome,181;under Persian sway,17;part of Greco-Egypt,28;