[686]Catoagr5, 83, 143.[687]Catoagr2 § 1.[688]Catoagr13 § 1duo custodes liberi ... tertius servus... etc.[689]Ibid 66ubi factores vectibus prement.[690]Ibid 64 § 1.[691]Ibid 144.[692]Ibid 144-5.[693]Ibid 146.[694]Ibid 149 § 2.[695]Ibid 150.[696]Ibid 66-7.[697]Ibid 56.[698]Ibid 10 § 1, 11 § 1.[699]It is to be noted thatbubulciare to be indulgently treated, in order to encourage them to tend the valued oxen with care. 5 § 6.[700]Ibid 56compeditis ... ubi vineam fodere coeperint. Cf ColumellaI9 § 4.[701]Ibid 14.[702]Ibid 16, 38.[703]Ibid 136. In 5 § 4 thepolitorappears as a hired wage-earner, apparently paid by the job. In VarroIII2 § 5 we findfundo ... polito cultura. See Nonius p 66 M forpolitiones = agrorum cultus diligentes. Greenidgehistp 79 regards thepolitoresas métayer tenants, why, I do not know.[704]Ibid 7 § 2, 21 § 5.[705]Ibid 5, especially § 4operarium, mercennarium, politorem diutius eundem ne habeat die. This is taken by WallonIIpp 100, 345, to mean that these hired men are to be paid off at the end of their stipulated term. Keil thinks they are to be dischargeable at a day’s notice.eundemseems to imply that it was convenient to change your hired men often.[706]Ibid 2 § 2, and § 4viam publicam muniri.[707]The account given in Greenidge’sHistory of Romedeserves special reference here. On pp 266-7 he well points out that it was not the Gracchan aim to revive the free labourer but the peasant proprietor.[708]This is known from thelex agrariaof which a large part is preserved. See text in Bruns’Fontesor Wordsworth’sSpecimens. Translated and explained in Dr E G Hardy’sSix Roman Laws.[709]Perhaps some inference may be drawn from SallustIug73 § 6plebes sic accensa uti opifices agrestesque omnes, quorum res fidesque in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus frequentarent Marium... etc, though this refers directly to political support, not to the recruiting of troops.[710]See the important paper by Dr E G HardyJourn Phil1913.[711]Monum AncyrIII22 [capXVI].[712]VarroRRI2 §§ 3, 6. I find since writing this that HeisterbergkEntstehung des Colonatsp 57 treats this utterance, rightly, as rhetorical.[713]See Mr Storr-Best’s translation, Introduction pp xxvii-xxx.[714]RRI4 § 5. Surely in 49 Varro was in Spain.[715]As inRRIIpraef§ 6.[716]The wild hill-pastures are referred to by VarroRRII1 § 16 as still leased topublicanito whom thescripturaor registration fees had to be paid. I have given further references in myRoman Republic§ 1351. See M WeberRömische Agrargeschichtepp 135 foll.[717]RRI18.[718]RRI17.[719]RRI6-16.[720][genus]vocale,semivocale,mutum.[721]These are specimens only. Others would be hired freemen, asses, and (near a river) barges.[722]ipsisuggests peasant owners.[723]pauperculi cum sua progenie.[724]mercennariis ... conducticiis liberorum operis.[725]obaerariosorobaeratos, who work off a debt by labour for a creditor.[726]de quibus universis.This seems to refer to all human workers.[727]gravia loca.CfI12 § 2.[728]operarios parandos esse, notconducendos, for these are clearly slaves. CfI16 § 4.[729]The text here is damaged. I give the apparent meaning.[730]qui praesint, a very general expression.[731]That is, obedience.[732]offensiones domesticas.Varro may have in mind the Syrians in the Sicilian slave-wars and the Thracians and Gauls under Spartacus.[733]peculium.[734]Here also the text is doubtful.[735]RRII3 § 7in lege locationis fundi excipi solet ne colonus capra natum in fundo pascat.[736]RRI2 § 17leges colonicas... etc.[737]CaesarBCI34, 56.[738]servis libertis colonis suis.[739]colonis pastoribusque.[740]As a creditor on a debtor.[741]RRI16 § 4itaque in hoc genus coloni potius anniversarios habent vicinos, quibus imperent, medicos fullones fabros, quam in villa suos habeant.[742]RRIIpraef§ 5, cfI2 § 13 foll, and ColumellaVIpraef§§ 1, 2.[743]They evidently own slaves, though not special craftsmen, and are distinct from thepauperculiofI17 § 2.[744]RRIIpraef§§ 3, 4.[745]RRIII16 §§ 10, 11.[746]RRII10 §§ 4, 5.[747]RRI22 § 1. Basket work is often referred to in scenes of country life. Cf VergbucII71-2,georgI266.[748]RRIII3 § 4, 17 § 6.[749]Cf Cato 56, ColumellaI9 § 4.[750]RRI18 §§ 2, 6.[751]valetudini tempestati inertiae indiligentiae.[752]InRRIII2 § 5cum villa non sit sine fundo magno et eo polito culturathe reference is quite general.[753]This is well illustrated by the words of Cicerode republV§ 5.[754]As in his opinion the younger Cato did.[755]Seepro Murena§ 62, wheredisputandi causais opposed toita vivendi.[756]SeeBrutus§ 257,de oratI§§ 83, 263,II§ 40,de finibusV§ 52,Tusc dispI§ 34,III§ 77,V§ 104. Themessoreswhose rustic brogue is referred to inde oratIII§ 46 surely are free Italians.[757]From lack of theingenuae artesandliberales doctrinaeetc.[758]de officI§ 150inliberales autem et sordidi quaestus mercennariorum omnium quorum operae non quorum artes emuntur: est enim in illis ipsa merces auctoramentum servitutis.[759]Theoperaeoften referred to.[760]Thefamiliae publicanorum. Thepublicanicomplained loudly when their slave-staff was in danger from the violence of others. Cfde imperio Pompei§ 16.[761]Cf the famous case of Clodius and Milo.[762]Cfpro Rosc com§§ 32, 49, 54,pro Tullio§ 21.[763]For a discussion of these see Greenidge in the Appendix toThe legal procedure of Cicero’s time.[764]pro Tullio§§ 7-12.[765]pro Tullio§§ 14-22.[766]§ 17mittit ad procuratorem litteras et ad vilicum.[767]To conduct of this kind Cicero makes a general reference inParadoxaVI§ 46expulsiones vicinorum ... latrocinia in agris.[768]pro Caecina§§ 10-19.[769]pro Caecina§ 1in agro locisque desertis.[770]pro Varenofragm 5,pro Cluentio§ 161, cfpro Tullio§ 8.[771]in toga candidafragm 11alter pecore omni vendito et saltibus prope addictis pastores retinet, ex quibus ait se cum velit subito fugitivorum bellum excitaturum. For thefugitiviin Sicily cfIIin VerremII§ 27,III§ 66,IV§ 112,Vpassim, and the famous inscription of Popilius, Wilmanns 797 and Wordsworthspecimenspp 221, 475, CILI551, referring to first Sicilian slave-war.[772]Brutus§ 85.[773]pro Roscio Amer§§ 39-51.[774]pro Caecina§§ 58, 63.[775]Thus inpro Cluentio§ 163 a disreputable tool ismercennarius Oppianici.[776]de officiisI§ 151quorum ordini conveniunt.[777]de officiisI§ 41.[778]IIin VerremI§ 147,IV§ 77.[779]Thus of orators,Brutus§ 297,de oratI§§ 83, 263, cfII§ 40. AlsoopifexinTusc dispV§ 34.[780]de oratI§ 249si mandandum aliquid procuratori de agri cultura aut imperandum vilico est.[781]pro Tullio§ 17mittit ad procuratorem litteras et ad vilicum.[782]Cicero’s own estate at Arpinum seems to have been let inpraediolato tenants. Seead AttXIII9 § 2.[783]pro Caecina§§ 17, 57, 94.[784]pro Caecina§ 57, cf 63. So in § 58 the wordfamiliais shewn not to be limited to slaves personally owned by the litigant referred to.[785]IIin VerremIII§§ 53-5, andpassim. Thesearationespaiddecumae.[786]pro Cluentio§§ 175, 182.[787]de oratII§ 287.[788]de republV§ 5, where the perfect ruler is a sort of blend ofdispensatorandvilicus.[789]pro Plancio§ 62.[790]IIin VerremIII§ 119.[791]pro Rabirio§§ 10-17.[792]hanc condicionem ... quam servi, si libertatis spem propositam non haberent, ferre nullo modo possent.[793]PhilippicVIII§ 32.[794]Cicad famXVI16 § 1eum indignum illa fortuna nobis amicum quam servum esse maluisti.[795]pro Roscio Amer§ 120homines paene operarios.[796]IIin VerremIII§ 27.[797]quid, qui singulis iugis arant, qui ab opere ipsi non recedunt... etc.[798]The infamous henchman of Verres.[799]Diodorus fragmXXXIV2 § 48,XXXVI5 § 6.[800]de lege agrII§§ 80-3.[801]See BelochCampanienpp 304-6.[802]de lege agrII§ 84agros desertos a plebe atque a cultura hominum liberorum esse non oportere.[803]genus ... optimorum et aratorum et militum ... illi miseri, nati in illis agris et educati, glaebis subigendis exercitati... etc.[804]de lege agrII§§ 88-9locus comportandis condendisque fructibus, ut aratores cultu agrorum defessi urbis domiciliis uterentur ... receptaculum aratorum, nundinas rusticorum, cellam atque horreum Campani agri... etc.[805]de lege agrII§ 82deinde ad paucos opibus et copiis adfluentis totum agrum Campanum perferri videbitis.[806]See above, chapXXVp 183.[807]SallustCat4 § 1.[808]SallustCat37 § 7iuventus, quae in agris manuum mercede inopiam toleraverat... etc.[809]SallustIug73 § 6opifices agrestesque omnes, quorum res fidesque in manibus sitae erant... etc.[810]Two notorious instances are Pompey and M Brutus.[811]HoraceOdesII15,III6, etc.[812]HoraceOdesIV5, 15, etc.[813]A picture forestalled by LucretiusIII1053-75.[814]Already illustrated in the case of Cato noted above.[815]See Cicde legibusIII§ 30. Cf HoraceepodesIV.[816]See Rostowzew,Röm Colonat, for detailed inquiry into Eastern phenomena, Egyptian in particular. For the case of China see reference to Macgowan [Appendix D6]. A very interesting account of the system in Hindustan in the 17th century, with criticism of its grave abuses, may be found in theTravels in the Mogul empireby François Bernier, ed 2 by V A Smith, Oxford 1914, pages 226-38. I believe the legal phrase is ‘Eminent Domain.’[817]In Greenidge,Historypp 292-3, there are some good remarks on the process.[818]Frontinus gromIp 35, ColumellaIII3 § 11, and Heisterbergk’s remarks cited below. See Index,Italian land and taxation.[819]TacitusannII59seposuit Aegyptum histI11domi retinere. This need not be taken to mean that he treated it strictly as part of his private estate, as Mommsen thought. See on the controversy a note of E MeyerKl Schrp 479.[820]See M WeberAgrargeschichtepp 243 foll.[821]The estates of Atticus in Epirus are a leading case of this. HoraceepistI12 refers to those of Agrippa in Sicily. Such cases have nothing to do with emigration of working farmers, in which I do not believe. Surely GreenidgeHistoryp 270 is right in saying that the Gracchan scheme of colonization was commercial rather than agricultural. Also the municipalities, beside their estates in Italy, held lands in the Provinces. See Tyrrell and Purser on Cicad famXIII7 and 11. In general, Senecaepist87 § 7, 89 § 20, FlorusII7 § 3.[822]We may perhaps carry this back into the time of the Republic. See the references to the royal domains of Macedon, LivyXLV18 § 3, and with others Cicde lege agrII§ 50.[823]See the chapter onthe African inscriptions.[824]For the cases of India and China see references to Sir A Fraser and Macgowan [Appendix D6].[825]TacitusannXIV27 records the failure of Nero’s colonization of veterans singly in Italy, who mostly returned to the scenes of their service. He strangely regrets the abandonment of the old plan of settling them in whole legions. It is to be remembered that in the later Empire the army was more and more recruited from the barbarians.[826]The γῆ κληρουχική, assigned in κλῆροι to soldiers.[827]See HerodotusII165-7, cf 141, StraboXV1 § 40 (p 704), § 34 (p 701), § 54 (p 710), cf DiodorusII40-1, ArrianIndica10 §§ 8, 9. The references to slave-traffic in thePeriplus maris Erythraeido not really imply existence of a slave-system in India. See RapsonAncient Indiap 97. Much of interest in Sir J D Rees,The real India, on the Land-system etc. InThe early history of Indiaby V A Smith the existence of slavery in India is maintained.[828]See DionysiusII28, cf 8, 9.[829]Theoperaereferred to in the African inscriptions.[830]It is possible to see a beginning of this system in the tenancy-on-shares (thecolonia partiaria) which we find not only in Italy but in Africa as a recognized plan.[831]This is the view of RostowzewRöm Colonatp 397.[832]HorSatII7 23,EpistII1 139-40.[833]HorOdesI12.[834]OdesII15, 18,SatII6 6-15.[835]OdesIII6.[836]OdesIII5. See abovepp 139-40.[837]OdesIII1redemptor cum famulis.[838]OdesII3,EpistII2 177-8.[839]OdesI1,II16,III16.
[686]Catoagr5, 83, 143.
[686]Catoagr5, 83, 143.
[687]Catoagr2 § 1.
[687]Catoagr2 § 1.
[688]Catoagr13 § 1duo custodes liberi ... tertius servus... etc.
[688]Catoagr13 § 1duo custodes liberi ... tertius servus... etc.
[689]Ibid 66ubi factores vectibus prement.
[689]Ibid 66ubi factores vectibus prement.
[690]Ibid 64 § 1.
[690]Ibid 64 § 1.
[691]Ibid 144.
[691]Ibid 144.
[692]Ibid 144-5.
[692]Ibid 144-5.
[693]Ibid 146.
[693]Ibid 146.
[694]Ibid 149 § 2.
[694]Ibid 149 § 2.
[695]Ibid 150.
[695]Ibid 150.
[696]Ibid 66-7.
[696]Ibid 66-7.
[697]Ibid 56.
[697]Ibid 56.
[698]Ibid 10 § 1, 11 § 1.
[698]Ibid 10 § 1, 11 § 1.
[699]It is to be noted thatbubulciare to be indulgently treated, in order to encourage them to tend the valued oxen with care. 5 § 6.
[699]It is to be noted thatbubulciare to be indulgently treated, in order to encourage them to tend the valued oxen with care. 5 § 6.
[700]Ibid 56compeditis ... ubi vineam fodere coeperint. Cf ColumellaI9 § 4.
[700]Ibid 56compeditis ... ubi vineam fodere coeperint. Cf ColumellaI9 § 4.
[701]Ibid 14.
[701]Ibid 14.
[702]Ibid 16, 38.
[702]Ibid 16, 38.
[703]Ibid 136. In 5 § 4 thepolitorappears as a hired wage-earner, apparently paid by the job. In VarroIII2 § 5 we findfundo ... polito cultura. See Nonius p 66 M forpolitiones = agrorum cultus diligentes. Greenidgehistp 79 regards thepolitoresas métayer tenants, why, I do not know.
[703]Ibid 136. In 5 § 4 thepolitorappears as a hired wage-earner, apparently paid by the job. In VarroIII2 § 5 we findfundo ... polito cultura. See Nonius p 66 M forpolitiones = agrorum cultus diligentes. Greenidgehistp 79 regards thepolitoresas métayer tenants, why, I do not know.
[704]Ibid 7 § 2, 21 § 5.
[704]Ibid 7 § 2, 21 § 5.
[705]Ibid 5, especially § 4operarium, mercennarium, politorem diutius eundem ne habeat die. This is taken by WallonIIpp 100, 345, to mean that these hired men are to be paid off at the end of their stipulated term. Keil thinks they are to be dischargeable at a day’s notice.eundemseems to imply that it was convenient to change your hired men often.
[705]Ibid 5, especially § 4operarium, mercennarium, politorem diutius eundem ne habeat die. This is taken by WallonIIpp 100, 345, to mean that these hired men are to be paid off at the end of their stipulated term. Keil thinks they are to be dischargeable at a day’s notice.eundemseems to imply that it was convenient to change your hired men often.
[706]Ibid 2 § 2, and § 4viam publicam muniri.
[706]Ibid 2 § 2, and § 4viam publicam muniri.
[707]The account given in Greenidge’sHistory of Romedeserves special reference here. On pp 266-7 he well points out that it was not the Gracchan aim to revive the free labourer but the peasant proprietor.
[707]The account given in Greenidge’sHistory of Romedeserves special reference here. On pp 266-7 he well points out that it was not the Gracchan aim to revive the free labourer but the peasant proprietor.
[708]This is known from thelex agrariaof which a large part is preserved. See text in Bruns’Fontesor Wordsworth’sSpecimens. Translated and explained in Dr E G Hardy’sSix Roman Laws.
[708]This is known from thelex agrariaof which a large part is preserved. See text in Bruns’Fontesor Wordsworth’sSpecimens. Translated and explained in Dr E G Hardy’sSix Roman Laws.
[709]Perhaps some inference may be drawn from SallustIug73 § 6plebes sic accensa uti opifices agrestesque omnes, quorum res fidesque in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus frequentarent Marium... etc, though this refers directly to political support, not to the recruiting of troops.
[709]Perhaps some inference may be drawn from SallustIug73 § 6plebes sic accensa uti opifices agrestesque omnes, quorum res fidesque in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus frequentarent Marium... etc, though this refers directly to political support, not to the recruiting of troops.
[710]See the important paper by Dr E G HardyJourn Phil1913.
[710]See the important paper by Dr E G HardyJourn Phil1913.
[711]Monum AncyrIII22 [capXVI].
[711]Monum AncyrIII22 [capXVI].
[712]VarroRRI2 §§ 3, 6. I find since writing this that HeisterbergkEntstehung des Colonatsp 57 treats this utterance, rightly, as rhetorical.
[712]VarroRRI2 §§ 3, 6. I find since writing this that HeisterbergkEntstehung des Colonatsp 57 treats this utterance, rightly, as rhetorical.
[713]See Mr Storr-Best’s translation, Introduction pp xxvii-xxx.
[713]See Mr Storr-Best’s translation, Introduction pp xxvii-xxx.
[714]RRI4 § 5. Surely in 49 Varro was in Spain.
[714]RRI4 § 5. Surely in 49 Varro was in Spain.
[715]As inRRIIpraef§ 6.
[715]As inRRIIpraef§ 6.
[716]The wild hill-pastures are referred to by VarroRRII1 § 16 as still leased topublicanito whom thescripturaor registration fees had to be paid. I have given further references in myRoman Republic§ 1351. See M WeberRömische Agrargeschichtepp 135 foll.
[716]The wild hill-pastures are referred to by VarroRRII1 § 16 as still leased topublicanito whom thescripturaor registration fees had to be paid. I have given further references in myRoman Republic§ 1351. See M WeberRömische Agrargeschichtepp 135 foll.
[717]RRI18.
[717]RRI18.
[718]RRI17.
[718]RRI17.
[719]RRI6-16.
[719]RRI6-16.
[720][genus]vocale,semivocale,mutum.
[720][genus]vocale,semivocale,mutum.
[721]These are specimens only. Others would be hired freemen, asses, and (near a river) barges.
[721]These are specimens only. Others would be hired freemen, asses, and (near a river) barges.
[722]ipsisuggests peasant owners.
[722]ipsisuggests peasant owners.
[723]pauperculi cum sua progenie.
[723]pauperculi cum sua progenie.
[724]mercennariis ... conducticiis liberorum operis.
[724]mercennariis ... conducticiis liberorum operis.
[725]obaerariosorobaeratos, who work off a debt by labour for a creditor.
[725]obaerariosorobaeratos, who work off a debt by labour for a creditor.
[726]de quibus universis.This seems to refer to all human workers.
[726]de quibus universis.This seems to refer to all human workers.
[727]gravia loca.CfI12 § 2.
[727]gravia loca.CfI12 § 2.
[728]operarios parandos esse, notconducendos, for these are clearly slaves. CfI16 § 4.
[728]operarios parandos esse, notconducendos, for these are clearly slaves. CfI16 § 4.
[729]The text here is damaged. I give the apparent meaning.
[729]The text here is damaged. I give the apparent meaning.
[730]qui praesint, a very general expression.
[730]qui praesint, a very general expression.
[731]That is, obedience.
[731]That is, obedience.
[732]offensiones domesticas.Varro may have in mind the Syrians in the Sicilian slave-wars and the Thracians and Gauls under Spartacus.
[732]offensiones domesticas.Varro may have in mind the Syrians in the Sicilian slave-wars and the Thracians and Gauls under Spartacus.
[733]peculium.
[733]peculium.
[734]Here also the text is doubtful.
[734]Here also the text is doubtful.
[735]RRII3 § 7in lege locationis fundi excipi solet ne colonus capra natum in fundo pascat.
[735]RRII3 § 7in lege locationis fundi excipi solet ne colonus capra natum in fundo pascat.
[736]RRI2 § 17leges colonicas... etc.
[736]RRI2 § 17leges colonicas... etc.
[737]CaesarBCI34, 56.
[737]CaesarBCI34, 56.
[738]servis libertis colonis suis.
[738]servis libertis colonis suis.
[739]colonis pastoribusque.
[739]colonis pastoribusque.
[740]As a creditor on a debtor.
[740]As a creditor on a debtor.
[741]RRI16 § 4itaque in hoc genus coloni potius anniversarios habent vicinos, quibus imperent, medicos fullones fabros, quam in villa suos habeant.
[741]RRI16 § 4itaque in hoc genus coloni potius anniversarios habent vicinos, quibus imperent, medicos fullones fabros, quam in villa suos habeant.
[742]RRIIpraef§ 5, cfI2 § 13 foll, and ColumellaVIpraef§§ 1, 2.
[742]RRIIpraef§ 5, cfI2 § 13 foll, and ColumellaVIpraef§§ 1, 2.
[743]They evidently own slaves, though not special craftsmen, and are distinct from thepauperculiofI17 § 2.
[743]They evidently own slaves, though not special craftsmen, and are distinct from thepauperculiofI17 § 2.
[744]RRIIpraef§§ 3, 4.
[744]RRIIpraef§§ 3, 4.
[745]RRIII16 §§ 10, 11.
[745]RRIII16 §§ 10, 11.
[746]RRII10 §§ 4, 5.
[746]RRII10 §§ 4, 5.
[747]RRI22 § 1. Basket work is often referred to in scenes of country life. Cf VergbucII71-2,georgI266.
[747]RRI22 § 1. Basket work is often referred to in scenes of country life. Cf VergbucII71-2,georgI266.
[748]RRIII3 § 4, 17 § 6.
[748]RRIII3 § 4, 17 § 6.
[749]Cf Cato 56, ColumellaI9 § 4.
[749]Cf Cato 56, ColumellaI9 § 4.
[750]RRI18 §§ 2, 6.
[750]RRI18 §§ 2, 6.
[751]valetudini tempestati inertiae indiligentiae.
[751]valetudini tempestati inertiae indiligentiae.
[752]InRRIII2 § 5cum villa non sit sine fundo magno et eo polito culturathe reference is quite general.
[752]InRRIII2 § 5cum villa non sit sine fundo magno et eo polito culturathe reference is quite general.
[753]This is well illustrated by the words of Cicerode republV§ 5.
[753]This is well illustrated by the words of Cicerode republV§ 5.
[754]As in his opinion the younger Cato did.
[754]As in his opinion the younger Cato did.
[755]Seepro Murena§ 62, wheredisputandi causais opposed toita vivendi.
[755]Seepro Murena§ 62, wheredisputandi causais opposed toita vivendi.
[756]SeeBrutus§ 257,de oratI§§ 83, 263,II§ 40,de finibusV§ 52,Tusc dispI§ 34,III§ 77,V§ 104. Themessoreswhose rustic brogue is referred to inde oratIII§ 46 surely are free Italians.
[756]SeeBrutus§ 257,de oratI§§ 83, 263,II§ 40,de finibusV§ 52,Tusc dispI§ 34,III§ 77,V§ 104. Themessoreswhose rustic brogue is referred to inde oratIII§ 46 surely are free Italians.
[757]From lack of theingenuae artesandliberales doctrinaeetc.
[757]From lack of theingenuae artesandliberales doctrinaeetc.
[758]de officI§ 150inliberales autem et sordidi quaestus mercennariorum omnium quorum operae non quorum artes emuntur: est enim in illis ipsa merces auctoramentum servitutis.
[758]de officI§ 150inliberales autem et sordidi quaestus mercennariorum omnium quorum operae non quorum artes emuntur: est enim in illis ipsa merces auctoramentum servitutis.
[759]Theoperaeoften referred to.
[759]Theoperaeoften referred to.
[760]Thefamiliae publicanorum. Thepublicanicomplained loudly when their slave-staff was in danger from the violence of others. Cfde imperio Pompei§ 16.
[760]Thefamiliae publicanorum. Thepublicanicomplained loudly when their slave-staff was in danger from the violence of others. Cfde imperio Pompei§ 16.
[761]Cf the famous case of Clodius and Milo.
[761]Cf the famous case of Clodius and Milo.
[762]Cfpro Rosc com§§ 32, 49, 54,pro Tullio§ 21.
[762]Cfpro Rosc com§§ 32, 49, 54,pro Tullio§ 21.
[763]For a discussion of these see Greenidge in the Appendix toThe legal procedure of Cicero’s time.
[763]For a discussion of these see Greenidge in the Appendix toThe legal procedure of Cicero’s time.
[764]pro Tullio§§ 7-12.
[764]pro Tullio§§ 7-12.
[765]pro Tullio§§ 14-22.
[765]pro Tullio§§ 14-22.
[766]§ 17mittit ad procuratorem litteras et ad vilicum.
[766]§ 17mittit ad procuratorem litteras et ad vilicum.
[767]To conduct of this kind Cicero makes a general reference inParadoxaVI§ 46expulsiones vicinorum ... latrocinia in agris.
[767]To conduct of this kind Cicero makes a general reference inParadoxaVI§ 46expulsiones vicinorum ... latrocinia in agris.
[768]pro Caecina§§ 10-19.
[768]pro Caecina§§ 10-19.
[769]pro Caecina§ 1in agro locisque desertis.
[769]pro Caecina§ 1in agro locisque desertis.
[770]pro Varenofragm 5,pro Cluentio§ 161, cfpro Tullio§ 8.
[770]pro Varenofragm 5,pro Cluentio§ 161, cfpro Tullio§ 8.
[771]in toga candidafragm 11alter pecore omni vendito et saltibus prope addictis pastores retinet, ex quibus ait se cum velit subito fugitivorum bellum excitaturum. For thefugitiviin Sicily cfIIin VerremII§ 27,III§ 66,IV§ 112,Vpassim, and the famous inscription of Popilius, Wilmanns 797 and Wordsworthspecimenspp 221, 475, CILI551, referring to first Sicilian slave-war.
[771]in toga candidafragm 11alter pecore omni vendito et saltibus prope addictis pastores retinet, ex quibus ait se cum velit subito fugitivorum bellum excitaturum. For thefugitiviin Sicily cfIIin VerremII§ 27,III§ 66,IV§ 112,Vpassim, and the famous inscription of Popilius, Wilmanns 797 and Wordsworthspecimenspp 221, 475, CILI551, referring to first Sicilian slave-war.
[772]Brutus§ 85.
[772]Brutus§ 85.
[773]pro Roscio Amer§§ 39-51.
[773]pro Roscio Amer§§ 39-51.
[774]pro Caecina§§ 58, 63.
[774]pro Caecina§§ 58, 63.
[775]Thus inpro Cluentio§ 163 a disreputable tool ismercennarius Oppianici.
[775]Thus inpro Cluentio§ 163 a disreputable tool ismercennarius Oppianici.
[776]de officiisI§ 151quorum ordini conveniunt.
[776]de officiisI§ 151quorum ordini conveniunt.
[777]de officiisI§ 41.
[777]de officiisI§ 41.
[778]IIin VerremI§ 147,IV§ 77.
[778]IIin VerremI§ 147,IV§ 77.
[779]Thus of orators,Brutus§ 297,de oratI§§ 83, 263, cfII§ 40. AlsoopifexinTusc dispV§ 34.
[779]Thus of orators,Brutus§ 297,de oratI§§ 83, 263, cfII§ 40. AlsoopifexinTusc dispV§ 34.
[780]de oratI§ 249si mandandum aliquid procuratori de agri cultura aut imperandum vilico est.
[780]de oratI§ 249si mandandum aliquid procuratori de agri cultura aut imperandum vilico est.
[781]pro Tullio§ 17mittit ad procuratorem litteras et ad vilicum.
[781]pro Tullio§ 17mittit ad procuratorem litteras et ad vilicum.
[782]Cicero’s own estate at Arpinum seems to have been let inpraediolato tenants. Seead AttXIII9 § 2.
[782]Cicero’s own estate at Arpinum seems to have been let inpraediolato tenants. Seead AttXIII9 § 2.
[783]pro Caecina§§ 17, 57, 94.
[783]pro Caecina§§ 17, 57, 94.
[784]pro Caecina§ 57, cf 63. So in § 58 the wordfamiliais shewn not to be limited to slaves personally owned by the litigant referred to.
[784]pro Caecina§ 57, cf 63. So in § 58 the wordfamiliais shewn not to be limited to slaves personally owned by the litigant referred to.
[785]IIin VerremIII§§ 53-5, andpassim. Thesearationespaiddecumae.
[785]IIin VerremIII§§ 53-5, andpassim. Thesearationespaiddecumae.
[786]pro Cluentio§§ 175, 182.
[786]pro Cluentio§§ 175, 182.
[787]de oratII§ 287.
[787]de oratII§ 287.
[788]de republV§ 5, where the perfect ruler is a sort of blend ofdispensatorandvilicus.
[788]de republV§ 5, where the perfect ruler is a sort of blend ofdispensatorandvilicus.
[789]pro Plancio§ 62.
[789]pro Plancio§ 62.
[790]IIin VerremIII§ 119.
[790]IIin VerremIII§ 119.
[791]pro Rabirio§§ 10-17.
[791]pro Rabirio§§ 10-17.
[792]hanc condicionem ... quam servi, si libertatis spem propositam non haberent, ferre nullo modo possent.
[792]hanc condicionem ... quam servi, si libertatis spem propositam non haberent, ferre nullo modo possent.
[793]PhilippicVIII§ 32.
[793]PhilippicVIII§ 32.
[794]Cicad famXVI16 § 1eum indignum illa fortuna nobis amicum quam servum esse maluisti.
[794]Cicad famXVI16 § 1eum indignum illa fortuna nobis amicum quam servum esse maluisti.
[795]pro Roscio Amer§ 120homines paene operarios.
[795]pro Roscio Amer§ 120homines paene operarios.
[796]IIin VerremIII§ 27.
[796]IIin VerremIII§ 27.
[797]quid, qui singulis iugis arant, qui ab opere ipsi non recedunt... etc.
[797]quid, qui singulis iugis arant, qui ab opere ipsi non recedunt... etc.
[798]The infamous henchman of Verres.
[798]The infamous henchman of Verres.
[799]Diodorus fragmXXXIV2 § 48,XXXVI5 § 6.
[799]Diodorus fragmXXXIV2 § 48,XXXVI5 § 6.
[800]de lege agrII§§ 80-3.
[800]de lege agrII§§ 80-3.
[801]See BelochCampanienpp 304-6.
[801]See BelochCampanienpp 304-6.
[802]de lege agrII§ 84agros desertos a plebe atque a cultura hominum liberorum esse non oportere.
[802]de lege agrII§ 84agros desertos a plebe atque a cultura hominum liberorum esse non oportere.
[803]genus ... optimorum et aratorum et militum ... illi miseri, nati in illis agris et educati, glaebis subigendis exercitati... etc.
[803]genus ... optimorum et aratorum et militum ... illi miseri, nati in illis agris et educati, glaebis subigendis exercitati... etc.
[804]de lege agrII§§ 88-9locus comportandis condendisque fructibus, ut aratores cultu agrorum defessi urbis domiciliis uterentur ... receptaculum aratorum, nundinas rusticorum, cellam atque horreum Campani agri... etc.
[804]de lege agrII§§ 88-9locus comportandis condendisque fructibus, ut aratores cultu agrorum defessi urbis domiciliis uterentur ... receptaculum aratorum, nundinas rusticorum, cellam atque horreum Campani agri... etc.
[805]de lege agrII§ 82deinde ad paucos opibus et copiis adfluentis totum agrum Campanum perferri videbitis.
[805]de lege agrII§ 82deinde ad paucos opibus et copiis adfluentis totum agrum Campanum perferri videbitis.
[806]See above, chapXXVp 183.
[806]See above, chapXXVp 183.
[807]SallustCat4 § 1.
[807]SallustCat4 § 1.
[808]SallustCat37 § 7iuventus, quae in agris manuum mercede inopiam toleraverat... etc.
[808]SallustCat37 § 7iuventus, quae in agris manuum mercede inopiam toleraverat... etc.
[809]SallustIug73 § 6opifices agrestesque omnes, quorum res fidesque in manibus sitae erant... etc.
[809]SallustIug73 § 6opifices agrestesque omnes, quorum res fidesque in manibus sitae erant... etc.
[810]Two notorious instances are Pompey and M Brutus.
[810]Two notorious instances are Pompey and M Brutus.
[811]HoraceOdesII15,III6, etc.
[811]HoraceOdesII15,III6, etc.
[812]HoraceOdesIV5, 15, etc.
[812]HoraceOdesIV5, 15, etc.
[813]A picture forestalled by LucretiusIII1053-75.
[813]A picture forestalled by LucretiusIII1053-75.
[814]Already illustrated in the case of Cato noted above.
[814]Already illustrated in the case of Cato noted above.
[815]See Cicde legibusIII§ 30. Cf HoraceepodesIV.
[815]See Cicde legibusIII§ 30. Cf HoraceepodesIV.
[816]See Rostowzew,Röm Colonat, for detailed inquiry into Eastern phenomena, Egyptian in particular. For the case of China see reference to Macgowan [Appendix D6]. A very interesting account of the system in Hindustan in the 17th century, with criticism of its grave abuses, may be found in theTravels in the Mogul empireby François Bernier, ed 2 by V A Smith, Oxford 1914, pages 226-38. I believe the legal phrase is ‘Eminent Domain.’
[816]See Rostowzew,Röm Colonat, for detailed inquiry into Eastern phenomena, Egyptian in particular. For the case of China see reference to Macgowan [Appendix D6]. A very interesting account of the system in Hindustan in the 17th century, with criticism of its grave abuses, may be found in theTravels in the Mogul empireby François Bernier, ed 2 by V A Smith, Oxford 1914, pages 226-38. I believe the legal phrase is ‘Eminent Domain.’
[817]In Greenidge,Historypp 292-3, there are some good remarks on the process.
[817]In Greenidge,Historypp 292-3, there are some good remarks on the process.
[818]Frontinus gromIp 35, ColumellaIII3 § 11, and Heisterbergk’s remarks cited below. See Index,Italian land and taxation.
[818]Frontinus gromIp 35, ColumellaIII3 § 11, and Heisterbergk’s remarks cited below. See Index,Italian land and taxation.
[819]TacitusannII59seposuit Aegyptum histI11domi retinere. This need not be taken to mean that he treated it strictly as part of his private estate, as Mommsen thought. See on the controversy a note of E MeyerKl Schrp 479.
[819]TacitusannII59seposuit Aegyptum histI11domi retinere. This need not be taken to mean that he treated it strictly as part of his private estate, as Mommsen thought. See on the controversy a note of E MeyerKl Schrp 479.
[820]See M WeberAgrargeschichtepp 243 foll.
[820]See M WeberAgrargeschichtepp 243 foll.
[821]The estates of Atticus in Epirus are a leading case of this. HoraceepistI12 refers to those of Agrippa in Sicily. Such cases have nothing to do with emigration of working farmers, in which I do not believe. Surely GreenidgeHistoryp 270 is right in saying that the Gracchan scheme of colonization was commercial rather than agricultural. Also the municipalities, beside their estates in Italy, held lands in the Provinces. See Tyrrell and Purser on Cicad famXIII7 and 11. In general, Senecaepist87 § 7, 89 § 20, FlorusII7 § 3.
[821]The estates of Atticus in Epirus are a leading case of this. HoraceepistI12 refers to those of Agrippa in Sicily. Such cases have nothing to do with emigration of working farmers, in which I do not believe. Surely GreenidgeHistoryp 270 is right in saying that the Gracchan scheme of colonization was commercial rather than agricultural. Also the municipalities, beside their estates in Italy, held lands in the Provinces. See Tyrrell and Purser on Cicad famXIII7 and 11. In general, Senecaepist87 § 7, 89 § 20, FlorusII7 § 3.
[822]We may perhaps carry this back into the time of the Republic. See the references to the royal domains of Macedon, LivyXLV18 § 3, and with others Cicde lege agrII§ 50.
[822]We may perhaps carry this back into the time of the Republic. See the references to the royal domains of Macedon, LivyXLV18 § 3, and with others Cicde lege agrII§ 50.
[823]See the chapter onthe African inscriptions.
[823]See the chapter onthe African inscriptions.
[824]For the cases of India and China see references to Sir A Fraser and Macgowan [Appendix D6].
[824]For the cases of India and China see references to Sir A Fraser and Macgowan [Appendix D6].
[825]TacitusannXIV27 records the failure of Nero’s colonization of veterans singly in Italy, who mostly returned to the scenes of their service. He strangely regrets the abandonment of the old plan of settling them in whole legions. It is to be remembered that in the later Empire the army was more and more recruited from the barbarians.
[825]TacitusannXIV27 records the failure of Nero’s colonization of veterans singly in Italy, who mostly returned to the scenes of their service. He strangely regrets the abandonment of the old plan of settling them in whole legions. It is to be remembered that in the later Empire the army was more and more recruited from the barbarians.
[826]The γῆ κληρουχική, assigned in κλῆροι to soldiers.
[826]The γῆ κληρουχική, assigned in κλῆροι to soldiers.
[827]See HerodotusII165-7, cf 141, StraboXV1 § 40 (p 704), § 34 (p 701), § 54 (p 710), cf DiodorusII40-1, ArrianIndica10 §§ 8, 9. The references to slave-traffic in thePeriplus maris Erythraeido not really imply existence of a slave-system in India. See RapsonAncient Indiap 97. Much of interest in Sir J D Rees,The real India, on the Land-system etc. InThe early history of Indiaby V A Smith the existence of slavery in India is maintained.
[827]See HerodotusII165-7, cf 141, StraboXV1 § 40 (p 704), § 34 (p 701), § 54 (p 710), cf DiodorusII40-1, ArrianIndica10 §§ 8, 9. The references to slave-traffic in thePeriplus maris Erythraeido not really imply existence of a slave-system in India. See RapsonAncient Indiap 97. Much of interest in Sir J D Rees,The real India, on the Land-system etc. InThe early history of Indiaby V A Smith the existence of slavery in India is maintained.
[828]See DionysiusII28, cf 8, 9.
[828]See DionysiusII28, cf 8, 9.
[829]Theoperaereferred to in the African inscriptions.
[829]Theoperaereferred to in the African inscriptions.
[830]It is possible to see a beginning of this system in the tenancy-on-shares (thecolonia partiaria) which we find not only in Italy but in Africa as a recognized plan.
[830]It is possible to see a beginning of this system in the tenancy-on-shares (thecolonia partiaria) which we find not only in Italy but in Africa as a recognized plan.
[831]This is the view of RostowzewRöm Colonatp 397.
[831]This is the view of RostowzewRöm Colonatp 397.
[832]HorSatII7 23,EpistII1 139-40.
[832]HorSatII7 23,EpistII1 139-40.
[833]HorOdesI12.
[833]HorOdesI12.
[834]OdesII15, 18,SatII6 6-15.
[834]OdesII15, 18,SatII6 6-15.
[835]OdesIII6.
[835]OdesIII6.
[836]OdesIII5. See abovepp 139-40.
[836]OdesIII5. See abovepp 139-40.
[837]OdesIII1redemptor cum famulis.
[837]OdesIII1redemptor cum famulis.
[838]OdesII3,EpistII2 177-8.
[838]OdesII3,EpistII2 177-8.
[839]OdesI1,II16,III16.
[839]OdesI1,II16,III16.