[990]WallonII120, cf DigestXXXIII7 § 19, an opinion of Paulus. It seems to be a sort ofmétayersystem. Seeindex.[991]But such as theimbecilli cultoresof PlinepistIII19 § 6.[992]See case referred to by Paulus in DigestXXXI§ 86¹.[993]Ipraef§ 12ex mercennariis aliquem. InII2 § 12operarum vilitas, andIV6 § 3operarum paenuria,III21 § 10plures operas quantocumque pretio conducere, the hands hired may be slaves.[994]Of course not necessarily agricultural, in fact generally not. See my article inJournal of Roman Studies1918, and Index underEmigration.[995]Very different from the small farmers of old time, who were owners.[996]See for instance DigestXXXIII7 § 18⁴, and § 20¹, opinions of Scaevola.[997]I8 andXI1.[998]I8 §§ 1-3,XI1 §§ 3, 4, 7.[999]I8 §§ 3, 4, where he says that a man who learns how to do thingsab subiectois not fittedopus exigere.XI1 §§ 9-13 is not inconsistent with this, but lays more stress on the necessity of training thevilicus.[1000]I8 § 5contubernalis mulier. She is to bevilica, cfXII1 §§ 1, 2. ApuleiusmetVIII22.[1001]eidemque actori= him in his capacity ofactor. CfXI1 §§ 13, 19. See Index,actor.[1002]I8 §§ 6, 7,XI1 §§ 22-3.[1003]nisi ut addiscat aliquam culturam.He is in a sensecolonus, and hence his sphere of duty is calledcoloniainXI1 § 23. InI4 §§ 4, 5 the value of experiments is recognized.[1004]I8 § 8,XI1 §§ 20-1.[1005]I8 § 9,XI1 § 21.[1006]I8 § 10animi, quantum servile patitur ingenium, virtutibus instructus.[1007]I8 § 10,XI1 § 25.[1008]I8 § 11operis exactio, ut iusta reddantur, ut vilicus semper se repraesentet,XI1 §§ 25-6.[1009]magistri singulorum officiorum,XI1 § 27.[1010]I8 § 12,XI1 § 23.[1011]I8 § 13,XI1 § 24.[1012]I8 §§ 13-4,XI1 §§ 27-30.[1013]InXI1 §§ 4 foll this notion is, with citation of Xenophon, repudiated, and the need of training a steward emphasized.[1014]InXI1 § 4 he cites a saying of Cato,male agitur cum domino quem vilicus docet.[1015]I8 § 15.[1016]I8 § 16ut ergastuli mancipia recognoscant... etc. InXI1 § 22 this appears as part of the steward’s daily duty.[1017]I8 §§ 17-8quanto et pluribus subiecti, ut vilicis ut operum magistris ut ergastulariis, magis obnoxii perpetiendis iniuriis, et rursus saevitia atque avaritia laesi magis timendi sunt.[1018]an ex sua constitutione iusta percipiant.sua= the scale allowed by himself asdominus.[1019]I8 § 19.[1020]multum confert augendo patrimonio.[1021]I9 §§ 1-6. CfXI1 §§ 8, 9.[1022]mediastinus.[1023]Cf DigXXXIII7 § 8 pr.[1024]vineta plurimum per alligatos excoluntur.[1025]ne confundantur opera familiae, sic ut omnes omnia exequantur.[1026]I9 §§ 7, 8.[1027]VI2 § 15pecoris operarii(the very word also used = labourer), 3 § 3iumentis iusta operum reddentibus.[1028]XI1 § 18more optimi pastoris ... idem quod ille diligens opilio.[1029]valetudinariumXI1 § 18,XII1 § 6, 3 §§ 7, 8.[1030]IV3 § 1quosdam emacitas in armentis, quosdam exercet in comparandis mancipiis; de tuendis nulla cura tangit. CfI4 § 7.[1031]XII3 especially §§ 1, 8, cfpraef§ 9. He refers to Xenophon.[1032]VIII11 § 2tamquam servitio liberatae, also 12 and 15 § 7parere cunctantur in servitute.[1033]I6 § 3vinctis quam saluberrimum subterraneum ergastulum, plurimis idque angustis illustratum fenestris atque a terra sic editis ne manu contingi possint. CfXI1 §§ 22.[1034]I6 § 19rusticis balneis.[1035]I3 § 12 [our land-grabbers scorn moderation and buy upfines gentiumso vast that they cannot even ride round them]sed proculcandos pecudibus et vastandos feris derelinquunt, aut occupatos nexu civium et ergastulis tenent. Schneider explainsnexuetc as =civibus ob aes alienum nexis. Surely at this date it cannot be used in the strictly technical sense. See p 269.[1036]Like theobaerariiorobaeratiof VarroI17 § 2. See on that passagep 180.[1037]suppressio.SeeIndex.[1038]VIII2 § 7anus sedulamay serve ascustos vagantium.[1039]VIpraef§ 4.[1040]I8 § 5, 7 § 7, but inXII3 § 6 for instanceactoresare not =vilici. Schneider.[1041]See Cicde oratoreI§ 249,pro Tullio§ 17.[1042]I6 § 23.[1043]I6 § 7procuratori supra ianuam ob easdem causas: et is tamen vilicum observet ex vicino. Cf PlinepistIII19 § 2.[1044]In Columella’s time. At a later date this could hardly be said, as the position ofcolonibecame worse.[1045]III13 §§ 12, 13. Cf DigXLIII24 § 15¹.[1046]A good instance in PlinyNHXIV49, 50.[1047]III21 § 10 (of hurry resulting from want of forethought)cogitque plures operas quantocumque pretio conducere.[1048]III3 § 8.[1049]Ipraef§§ 1, 2,II1. CfIII3 § 4 with VarroI44 § 1.[1050]I3 § 9nec dubium quin mimis reddat laxus ager non recte cultus quam angustus eximie,IV3 § 6.[1051]For milk-delivery see CalpurniuseclIV25-6et lac venale per urbem non tacitus porta. For cheese VergGIII402.[1052]VIpraef§§ 3-5.[1053]Also bee-keeping.[1054]VIII10 §§ 3, 4.[1055]quia nec parvo conducuntur qui mandant... etc.[1056]II9 §§ 14, 16.[1057]siligo,II6 § 2, 9 § 13.[1058]I6 §§ 9-17.[1059]II20 § 6frumenta, si in annos reconduntur, ... sin protinus usui destinantur... etc.[1060]I2 § 3.[1061]As PlutarchC Gracc7 says εὐθεῖαι γὰρ ἤγοντο διὰ τῶν χωρίων ἀτρεμεῖs.[1062]I5 §§ 6, 7.[1063]I3 §§ 3, 4.[1064]II13 § 7consummatio operarum.[1065]II21 § 10.[1066]Ipraef§ 12,XI1 § 12.[1067]Ipraef§ 17 (of the non-urban population in old times)qui rura colerent administrarentve opera colonorum. The last three words are not in someMSS.[1068]I4 § 4, VergGI51-3.[1069]So the Greeks often refer to Homer as The Poet.[1070]verissimo vati velut oraculo.[1071]VergGIV116 foll.[1072]QuintilX1 §§ 46-131, especially §§ 85-6.[1073]See TacitusGerm41 on the exceptionally favourable treatment of the Hermunduri, with Schweitzer-Sidler’s notes.[1074]Senecaad Helviam7 § 7 refers to the colonies sent out to the provinces in earlier times, and is rhetorically exaggerated.[1075]Cf NissenItalische LandeskundevolIIpp 128-30.[1076]A notable utterance on this topic is Senecaad Helviam6 §§ 2, 3. See Mayor’s notes on JuvenalIII58 foll.[1077]See TacitusGerm29 for interesting matter bearing on these points.[1078]The numerous references need not be given here. They can be found in H. Schiller’sGeschichte der Römischen Kaiserzeit.[1079]SchillerI515, 534. See Hyginus gromatIp 133, Frontinusibidpp 53-4, and the rescript of Domitian in Girard,textespartIch 4 § 5. SuetoniusDom9.[1080]Domitian also made ordinances forbidding new vineyards in Italy and enjoining the destruction of those in the Provinces. But these were not carried out. SchillerI533. SuetDom7, 14, StatsilvIV3 11-12.[1081]SchillerI540.[1082]Plinpaneg26-8.[1083]SchillerI566, 623, 630, 656.[1084]SchillerI566.[1085]CapitolinusM AurelII§ 7. The text is in some doubt.[1086]SchillerI651.[1087]SchillerI566. PlinepistVI19 depicts the situation fully. The aim was to make them feel Italy theirpatria. See the jealousy of rich Provincials shewn by senators, TacAnnXI23.[1088]SchillerI656.[1089]The remarkable community of Lamasba is referred to below ina note after chapterXXXVII.[1090]Thelocus classicuson emigrant Romans is Cicpro Fonteio§§ 11-13, which belongs to 69BC. Cf SallustIug21, 26, 47.[1091]That is, allottees of land distributedviritim.[1092]Inscription, Dessau 1334, CILVIII15454.[1093]Dessau 6790.[1094][Victor]de viris illustribus73 § 1, cf § 5.[1095]Cf AppiancivI29 § 2.[1096]Bellum Afr32, 35, 56, Dion CassXLIII4 § 2.[1097]For details of his life see Mayor on PlinyeppIII11. Cf Ritter and Prellerhist Philos, ChampagnyLes CésarsIV1 § 1.[1098]Preserved by StobaeusflorLVI18. It is in Greek, the classic language of Philosophy, as theMeditationsof Marcus Aurelius, etc.[1099]πόρος, a means of livelihood.[1100]ἢ δημοσίαν ἢ ἰδιωτικήν.[1101]αὐτουργικοὶ καὶ φιλόπονοι ὄντες.[1102]εἴ γε μὴν ἅμα φιλοσοφεῖ τις καὶ γεωργεῖ.[1103]τοῦ καθῆσθαι ἐν πόλει τὸ ζῆν ἐν χωρίῳ.[1104]σύν γε τῷ καλοκαγαθίας μὴ ὀλιγωρεῖν.[1105]These are stock instances of happiness in rustic life. For references see notes in Frazer’sPausaniasVIII24 § 13,X24 § 1.[1106]σοφιστάς.[1107]χαλεπώτατον.[1108]He was in command of the fleet at Misenum in 79ADwhen the great eruption of Vesuvius took place. He persisted in approaching it, and met his death. The family belonged to the colony of Novum Comum in Transpadane Gaul, now part of Italy.[1109]NHXVIII1-5.[1110]NHXVIII7, 18, 20.[1111]NHXVIII19, 21, 36.[1112]NHXVIII35.[1113]NHXVIII27-8.[1114]NHXVIII32.[1115]NHXVIII35.[1116]NHVIII180. In Aelianvar histthis is recorded (V14) as an old rule in Attica.[1117]NHXVIII36.[1118]NHXIX60octo iugerum operis palari iustum estis a good instance. This verbpalare= to dig should be added to dictionaries.[1119]NHXVIII37-8.[1120]agros ... coemendo colendoque in gloriam.[1121]So Tiberius in TacannIII54.[1122]TachistIII8Aegyptus, claustra annonae.[1123]NHXVIII15 foll.[1124]ibid17nec e latifundiis singulorum contingebat arcentium vicinos.[1125]NHXVIII24.[1126]NHXIX50-1.[1127]NHXVIII12.[1128]NHXVIII11, 26.[1129]NHXIV49, 50.[1130]NHXIV48.[1131]Such as theagricola strenuusdepicted in the letter of Marcus to Fronto (p 29 Naber), who hasomnia ad usum magis quam ad voluptatem.[1132]NHXVIII273-4. AristotlePoliticsI11.[1133]NHXVIII174.[1134]NHXVIII178 ...transverso monte.[1135]certe sine hoc animali montanae gentes sarculis arant.[1136]NHXXXIII26-7.[1137]aliter apud antiquos singuli Marcipores Luciporesve dominorum gentiles omnem victum in promiscuo habebant.[1138]NHXVIII36coli rura ab ergastulis pessimum est, et quicquid agitur a desperantibus.[1139]NHXXXVII201-3.[1140]principatum naturae optinet ... viris feminis ducibus militibus servitiis... etc.[1141]servorum exercitio.[1142]NHXVIII11.[1143]NHVIII180tamquam colono suo interempto.[1144]NHXVIII167coloni vice fungens.[1145]NHXVIII38praeterquam subole suo colono aut pascendis alioqui colente domino aliquas messis colligere non expedit, si computetur impendium operae.
[990]WallonII120, cf DigestXXXIII7 § 19, an opinion of Paulus. It seems to be a sort ofmétayersystem. Seeindex.
[990]WallonII120, cf DigestXXXIII7 § 19, an opinion of Paulus. It seems to be a sort ofmétayersystem. Seeindex.
[991]But such as theimbecilli cultoresof PlinepistIII19 § 6.
[991]But such as theimbecilli cultoresof PlinepistIII19 § 6.
[992]See case referred to by Paulus in DigestXXXI§ 86¹.
[992]See case referred to by Paulus in DigestXXXI§ 86¹.
[993]Ipraef§ 12ex mercennariis aliquem. InII2 § 12operarum vilitas, andIV6 § 3operarum paenuria,III21 § 10plures operas quantocumque pretio conducere, the hands hired may be slaves.
[993]Ipraef§ 12ex mercennariis aliquem. InII2 § 12operarum vilitas, andIV6 § 3operarum paenuria,III21 § 10plures operas quantocumque pretio conducere, the hands hired may be slaves.
[994]Of course not necessarily agricultural, in fact generally not. See my article inJournal of Roman Studies1918, and Index underEmigration.
[994]Of course not necessarily agricultural, in fact generally not. See my article inJournal of Roman Studies1918, and Index underEmigration.
[995]Very different from the small farmers of old time, who were owners.
[995]Very different from the small farmers of old time, who were owners.
[996]See for instance DigestXXXIII7 § 18⁴, and § 20¹, opinions of Scaevola.
[996]See for instance DigestXXXIII7 § 18⁴, and § 20¹, opinions of Scaevola.
[997]I8 andXI1.
[997]I8 andXI1.
[998]I8 §§ 1-3,XI1 §§ 3, 4, 7.
[998]I8 §§ 1-3,XI1 §§ 3, 4, 7.
[999]I8 §§ 3, 4, where he says that a man who learns how to do thingsab subiectois not fittedopus exigere.XI1 §§ 9-13 is not inconsistent with this, but lays more stress on the necessity of training thevilicus.
[999]I8 §§ 3, 4, where he says that a man who learns how to do thingsab subiectois not fittedopus exigere.XI1 §§ 9-13 is not inconsistent with this, but lays more stress on the necessity of training thevilicus.
[1000]I8 § 5contubernalis mulier. She is to bevilica, cfXII1 §§ 1, 2. ApuleiusmetVIII22.
[1000]I8 § 5contubernalis mulier. She is to bevilica, cfXII1 §§ 1, 2. ApuleiusmetVIII22.
[1001]eidemque actori= him in his capacity ofactor. CfXI1 §§ 13, 19. See Index,actor.
[1001]eidemque actori= him in his capacity ofactor. CfXI1 §§ 13, 19. See Index,actor.
[1002]I8 §§ 6, 7,XI1 §§ 22-3.
[1002]I8 §§ 6, 7,XI1 §§ 22-3.
[1003]nisi ut addiscat aliquam culturam.He is in a sensecolonus, and hence his sphere of duty is calledcoloniainXI1 § 23. InI4 §§ 4, 5 the value of experiments is recognized.
[1003]nisi ut addiscat aliquam culturam.He is in a sensecolonus, and hence his sphere of duty is calledcoloniainXI1 § 23. InI4 §§ 4, 5 the value of experiments is recognized.
[1004]I8 § 8,XI1 §§ 20-1.
[1004]I8 § 8,XI1 §§ 20-1.
[1005]I8 § 9,XI1 § 21.
[1005]I8 § 9,XI1 § 21.
[1006]I8 § 10animi, quantum servile patitur ingenium, virtutibus instructus.
[1006]I8 § 10animi, quantum servile patitur ingenium, virtutibus instructus.
[1007]I8 § 10,XI1 § 25.
[1007]I8 § 10,XI1 § 25.
[1008]I8 § 11operis exactio, ut iusta reddantur, ut vilicus semper se repraesentet,XI1 §§ 25-6.
[1008]I8 § 11operis exactio, ut iusta reddantur, ut vilicus semper se repraesentet,XI1 §§ 25-6.
[1009]magistri singulorum officiorum,XI1 § 27.
[1009]magistri singulorum officiorum,XI1 § 27.
[1010]I8 § 12,XI1 § 23.
[1010]I8 § 12,XI1 § 23.
[1011]I8 § 13,XI1 § 24.
[1011]I8 § 13,XI1 § 24.
[1012]I8 §§ 13-4,XI1 §§ 27-30.
[1012]I8 §§ 13-4,XI1 §§ 27-30.
[1013]InXI1 §§ 4 foll this notion is, with citation of Xenophon, repudiated, and the need of training a steward emphasized.
[1013]InXI1 §§ 4 foll this notion is, with citation of Xenophon, repudiated, and the need of training a steward emphasized.
[1014]InXI1 § 4 he cites a saying of Cato,male agitur cum domino quem vilicus docet.
[1014]InXI1 § 4 he cites a saying of Cato,male agitur cum domino quem vilicus docet.
[1015]I8 § 15.
[1015]I8 § 15.
[1016]I8 § 16ut ergastuli mancipia recognoscant... etc. InXI1 § 22 this appears as part of the steward’s daily duty.
[1016]I8 § 16ut ergastuli mancipia recognoscant... etc. InXI1 § 22 this appears as part of the steward’s daily duty.
[1017]I8 §§ 17-8quanto et pluribus subiecti, ut vilicis ut operum magistris ut ergastulariis, magis obnoxii perpetiendis iniuriis, et rursus saevitia atque avaritia laesi magis timendi sunt.
[1017]I8 §§ 17-8quanto et pluribus subiecti, ut vilicis ut operum magistris ut ergastulariis, magis obnoxii perpetiendis iniuriis, et rursus saevitia atque avaritia laesi magis timendi sunt.
[1018]an ex sua constitutione iusta percipiant.sua= the scale allowed by himself asdominus.
[1018]an ex sua constitutione iusta percipiant.sua= the scale allowed by himself asdominus.
[1019]I8 § 19.
[1019]I8 § 19.
[1020]multum confert augendo patrimonio.
[1020]multum confert augendo patrimonio.
[1021]I9 §§ 1-6. CfXI1 §§ 8, 9.
[1021]I9 §§ 1-6. CfXI1 §§ 8, 9.
[1022]mediastinus.
[1022]mediastinus.
[1023]Cf DigXXXIII7 § 8 pr.
[1023]Cf DigXXXIII7 § 8 pr.
[1024]vineta plurimum per alligatos excoluntur.
[1024]vineta plurimum per alligatos excoluntur.
[1025]ne confundantur opera familiae, sic ut omnes omnia exequantur.
[1025]ne confundantur opera familiae, sic ut omnes omnia exequantur.
[1026]I9 §§ 7, 8.
[1026]I9 §§ 7, 8.
[1027]VI2 § 15pecoris operarii(the very word also used = labourer), 3 § 3iumentis iusta operum reddentibus.
[1027]VI2 § 15pecoris operarii(the very word also used = labourer), 3 § 3iumentis iusta operum reddentibus.
[1028]XI1 § 18more optimi pastoris ... idem quod ille diligens opilio.
[1028]XI1 § 18more optimi pastoris ... idem quod ille diligens opilio.
[1029]valetudinariumXI1 § 18,XII1 § 6, 3 §§ 7, 8.
[1029]valetudinariumXI1 § 18,XII1 § 6, 3 §§ 7, 8.
[1030]IV3 § 1quosdam emacitas in armentis, quosdam exercet in comparandis mancipiis; de tuendis nulla cura tangit. CfI4 § 7.
[1030]IV3 § 1quosdam emacitas in armentis, quosdam exercet in comparandis mancipiis; de tuendis nulla cura tangit. CfI4 § 7.
[1031]XII3 especially §§ 1, 8, cfpraef§ 9. He refers to Xenophon.
[1031]XII3 especially §§ 1, 8, cfpraef§ 9. He refers to Xenophon.
[1032]VIII11 § 2tamquam servitio liberatae, also 12 and 15 § 7parere cunctantur in servitute.
[1032]VIII11 § 2tamquam servitio liberatae, also 12 and 15 § 7parere cunctantur in servitute.
[1033]I6 § 3vinctis quam saluberrimum subterraneum ergastulum, plurimis idque angustis illustratum fenestris atque a terra sic editis ne manu contingi possint. CfXI1 §§ 22.
[1033]I6 § 3vinctis quam saluberrimum subterraneum ergastulum, plurimis idque angustis illustratum fenestris atque a terra sic editis ne manu contingi possint. CfXI1 §§ 22.
[1034]I6 § 19rusticis balneis.
[1034]I6 § 19rusticis balneis.
[1035]I3 § 12 [our land-grabbers scorn moderation and buy upfines gentiumso vast that they cannot even ride round them]sed proculcandos pecudibus et vastandos feris derelinquunt, aut occupatos nexu civium et ergastulis tenent. Schneider explainsnexuetc as =civibus ob aes alienum nexis. Surely at this date it cannot be used in the strictly technical sense. See p 269.
[1035]I3 § 12 [our land-grabbers scorn moderation and buy upfines gentiumso vast that they cannot even ride round them]sed proculcandos pecudibus et vastandos feris derelinquunt, aut occupatos nexu civium et ergastulis tenent. Schneider explainsnexuetc as =civibus ob aes alienum nexis. Surely at this date it cannot be used in the strictly technical sense. See p 269.
[1036]Like theobaerariiorobaeratiof VarroI17 § 2. See on that passagep 180.
[1036]Like theobaerariiorobaeratiof VarroI17 § 2. See on that passagep 180.
[1037]suppressio.SeeIndex.
[1037]suppressio.SeeIndex.
[1038]VIII2 § 7anus sedulamay serve ascustos vagantium.
[1038]VIII2 § 7anus sedulamay serve ascustos vagantium.
[1039]VIpraef§ 4.
[1039]VIpraef§ 4.
[1040]I8 § 5, 7 § 7, but inXII3 § 6 for instanceactoresare not =vilici. Schneider.
[1040]I8 § 5, 7 § 7, but inXII3 § 6 for instanceactoresare not =vilici. Schneider.
[1041]See Cicde oratoreI§ 249,pro Tullio§ 17.
[1041]See Cicde oratoreI§ 249,pro Tullio§ 17.
[1042]I6 § 23.
[1042]I6 § 23.
[1043]I6 § 7procuratori supra ianuam ob easdem causas: et is tamen vilicum observet ex vicino. Cf PlinepistIII19 § 2.
[1043]I6 § 7procuratori supra ianuam ob easdem causas: et is tamen vilicum observet ex vicino. Cf PlinepistIII19 § 2.
[1044]In Columella’s time. At a later date this could hardly be said, as the position ofcolonibecame worse.
[1044]In Columella’s time. At a later date this could hardly be said, as the position ofcolonibecame worse.
[1045]III13 §§ 12, 13. Cf DigXLIII24 § 15¹.
[1045]III13 §§ 12, 13. Cf DigXLIII24 § 15¹.
[1046]A good instance in PlinyNHXIV49, 50.
[1046]A good instance in PlinyNHXIV49, 50.
[1047]III21 § 10 (of hurry resulting from want of forethought)cogitque plures operas quantocumque pretio conducere.
[1047]III21 § 10 (of hurry resulting from want of forethought)cogitque plures operas quantocumque pretio conducere.
[1048]III3 § 8.
[1048]III3 § 8.
[1049]Ipraef§§ 1, 2,II1. CfIII3 § 4 with VarroI44 § 1.
[1049]Ipraef§§ 1, 2,II1. CfIII3 § 4 with VarroI44 § 1.
[1050]I3 § 9nec dubium quin mimis reddat laxus ager non recte cultus quam angustus eximie,IV3 § 6.
[1050]I3 § 9nec dubium quin mimis reddat laxus ager non recte cultus quam angustus eximie,IV3 § 6.
[1051]For milk-delivery see CalpurniuseclIV25-6et lac venale per urbem non tacitus porta. For cheese VergGIII402.
[1051]For milk-delivery see CalpurniuseclIV25-6et lac venale per urbem non tacitus porta. For cheese VergGIII402.
[1052]VIpraef§§ 3-5.
[1052]VIpraef§§ 3-5.
[1053]Also bee-keeping.
[1053]Also bee-keeping.
[1054]VIII10 §§ 3, 4.
[1054]VIII10 §§ 3, 4.
[1055]quia nec parvo conducuntur qui mandant... etc.
[1055]quia nec parvo conducuntur qui mandant... etc.
[1056]II9 §§ 14, 16.
[1056]II9 §§ 14, 16.
[1057]siligo,II6 § 2, 9 § 13.
[1057]siligo,II6 § 2, 9 § 13.
[1058]I6 §§ 9-17.
[1058]I6 §§ 9-17.
[1059]II20 § 6frumenta, si in annos reconduntur, ... sin protinus usui destinantur... etc.
[1059]II20 § 6frumenta, si in annos reconduntur, ... sin protinus usui destinantur... etc.
[1060]I2 § 3.
[1060]I2 § 3.
[1061]As PlutarchC Gracc7 says εὐθεῖαι γὰρ ἤγοντο διὰ τῶν χωρίων ἀτρεμεῖs.
[1061]As PlutarchC Gracc7 says εὐθεῖαι γὰρ ἤγοντο διὰ τῶν χωρίων ἀτρεμεῖs.
[1062]I5 §§ 6, 7.
[1062]I5 §§ 6, 7.
[1063]I3 §§ 3, 4.
[1063]I3 §§ 3, 4.
[1064]II13 § 7consummatio operarum.
[1064]II13 § 7consummatio operarum.
[1065]II21 § 10.
[1065]II21 § 10.
[1066]Ipraef§ 12,XI1 § 12.
[1066]Ipraef§ 12,XI1 § 12.
[1067]Ipraef§ 17 (of the non-urban population in old times)qui rura colerent administrarentve opera colonorum. The last three words are not in someMSS.
[1067]Ipraef§ 17 (of the non-urban population in old times)qui rura colerent administrarentve opera colonorum. The last three words are not in someMSS.
[1068]I4 § 4, VergGI51-3.
[1068]I4 § 4, VergGI51-3.
[1069]So the Greeks often refer to Homer as The Poet.
[1069]So the Greeks often refer to Homer as The Poet.
[1070]verissimo vati velut oraculo.
[1070]verissimo vati velut oraculo.
[1071]VergGIV116 foll.
[1071]VergGIV116 foll.
[1072]QuintilX1 §§ 46-131, especially §§ 85-6.
[1072]QuintilX1 §§ 46-131, especially §§ 85-6.
[1073]See TacitusGerm41 on the exceptionally favourable treatment of the Hermunduri, with Schweitzer-Sidler’s notes.
[1073]See TacitusGerm41 on the exceptionally favourable treatment of the Hermunduri, with Schweitzer-Sidler’s notes.
[1074]Senecaad Helviam7 § 7 refers to the colonies sent out to the provinces in earlier times, and is rhetorically exaggerated.
[1074]Senecaad Helviam7 § 7 refers to the colonies sent out to the provinces in earlier times, and is rhetorically exaggerated.
[1075]Cf NissenItalische LandeskundevolIIpp 128-30.
[1075]Cf NissenItalische LandeskundevolIIpp 128-30.
[1076]A notable utterance on this topic is Senecaad Helviam6 §§ 2, 3. See Mayor’s notes on JuvenalIII58 foll.
[1076]A notable utterance on this topic is Senecaad Helviam6 §§ 2, 3. See Mayor’s notes on JuvenalIII58 foll.
[1077]See TacitusGerm29 for interesting matter bearing on these points.
[1077]See TacitusGerm29 for interesting matter bearing on these points.
[1078]The numerous references need not be given here. They can be found in H. Schiller’sGeschichte der Römischen Kaiserzeit.
[1078]The numerous references need not be given here. They can be found in H. Schiller’sGeschichte der Römischen Kaiserzeit.
[1079]SchillerI515, 534. See Hyginus gromatIp 133, Frontinusibidpp 53-4, and the rescript of Domitian in Girard,textespartIch 4 § 5. SuetoniusDom9.
[1079]SchillerI515, 534. See Hyginus gromatIp 133, Frontinusibidpp 53-4, and the rescript of Domitian in Girard,textespartIch 4 § 5. SuetoniusDom9.
[1080]Domitian also made ordinances forbidding new vineyards in Italy and enjoining the destruction of those in the Provinces. But these were not carried out. SchillerI533. SuetDom7, 14, StatsilvIV3 11-12.
[1080]Domitian also made ordinances forbidding new vineyards in Italy and enjoining the destruction of those in the Provinces. But these were not carried out. SchillerI533. SuetDom7, 14, StatsilvIV3 11-12.
[1081]SchillerI540.
[1081]SchillerI540.
[1082]Plinpaneg26-8.
[1082]Plinpaneg26-8.
[1083]SchillerI566, 623, 630, 656.
[1083]SchillerI566, 623, 630, 656.
[1084]SchillerI566.
[1084]SchillerI566.
[1085]CapitolinusM AurelII§ 7. The text is in some doubt.
[1085]CapitolinusM AurelII§ 7. The text is in some doubt.
[1086]SchillerI651.
[1086]SchillerI651.
[1087]SchillerI566. PlinepistVI19 depicts the situation fully. The aim was to make them feel Italy theirpatria. See the jealousy of rich Provincials shewn by senators, TacAnnXI23.
[1087]SchillerI566. PlinepistVI19 depicts the situation fully. The aim was to make them feel Italy theirpatria. See the jealousy of rich Provincials shewn by senators, TacAnnXI23.
[1088]SchillerI656.
[1088]SchillerI656.
[1089]The remarkable community of Lamasba is referred to below ina note after chapterXXXVII.
[1089]The remarkable community of Lamasba is referred to below ina note after chapterXXXVII.
[1090]Thelocus classicuson emigrant Romans is Cicpro Fonteio§§ 11-13, which belongs to 69BC. Cf SallustIug21, 26, 47.
[1090]Thelocus classicuson emigrant Romans is Cicpro Fonteio§§ 11-13, which belongs to 69BC. Cf SallustIug21, 26, 47.
[1091]That is, allottees of land distributedviritim.
[1091]That is, allottees of land distributedviritim.
[1092]Inscription, Dessau 1334, CILVIII15454.
[1092]Inscription, Dessau 1334, CILVIII15454.
[1093]Dessau 6790.
[1093]Dessau 6790.
[1094][Victor]de viris illustribus73 § 1, cf § 5.
[1094][Victor]de viris illustribus73 § 1, cf § 5.
[1095]Cf AppiancivI29 § 2.
[1095]Cf AppiancivI29 § 2.
[1096]Bellum Afr32, 35, 56, Dion CassXLIII4 § 2.
[1096]Bellum Afr32, 35, 56, Dion CassXLIII4 § 2.
[1097]For details of his life see Mayor on PlinyeppIII11. Cf Ritter and Prellerhist Philos, ChampagnyLes CésarsIV1 § 1.
[1097]For details of his life see Mayor on PlinyeppIII11. Cf Ritter and Prellerhist Philos, ChampagnyLes CésarsIV1 § 1.
[1098]Preserved by StobaeusflorLVI18. It is in Greek, the classic language of Philosophy, as theMeditationsof Marcus Aurelius, etc.
[1098]Preserved by StobaeusflorLVI18. It is in Greek, the classic language of Philosophy, as theMeditationsof Marcus Aurelius, etc.
[1099]πόρος, a means of livelihood.
[1099]πόρος, a means of livelihood.
[1100]ἢ δημοσίαν ἢ ἰδιωτικήν.
[1100]ἢ δημοσίαν ἢ ἰδιωτικήν.
[1101]αὐτουργικοὶ καὶ φιλόπονοι ὄντες.
[1101]αὐτουργικοὶ καὶ φιλόπονοι ὄντες.
[1102]εἴ γε μὴν ἅμα φιλοσοφεῖ τις καὶ γεωργεῖ.
[1102]εἴ γε μὴν ἅμα φιλοσοφεῖ τις καὶ γεωργεῖ.
[1103]τοῦ καθῆσθαι ἐν πόλει τὸ ζῆν ἐν χωρίῳ.
[1103]τοῦ καθῆσθαι ἐν πόλει τὸ ζῆν ἐν χωρίῳ.
[1104]σύν γε τῷ καλοκαγαθίας μὴ ὀλιγωρεῖν.
[1104]σύν γε τῷ καλοκαγαθίας μὴ ὀλιγωρεῖν.
[1105]These are stock instances of happiness in rustic life. For references see notes in Frazer’sPausaniasVIII24 § 13,X24 § 1.
[1105]These are stock instances of happiness in rustic life. For references see notes in Frazer’sPausaniasVIII24 § 13,X24 § 1.
[1106]σοφιστάς.
[1106]σοφιστάς.
[1107]χαλεπώτατον.
[1107]χαλεπώτατον.
[1108]He was in command of the fleet at Misenum in 79ADwhen the great eruption of Vesuvius took place. He persisted in approaching it, and met his death. The family belonged to the colony of Novum Comum in Transpadane Gaul, now part of Italy.
[1108]He was in command of the fleet at Misenum in 79ADwhen the great eruption of Vesuvius took place. He persisted in approaching it, and met his death. The family belonged to the colony of Novum Comum in Transpadane Gaul, now part of Italy.
[1109]NHXVIII1-5.
[1109]NHXVIII1-5.
[1110]NHXVIII7, 18, 20.
[1110]NHXVIII7, 18, 20.
[1111]NHXVIII19, 21, 36.
[1111]NHXVIII19, 21, 36.
[1112]NHXVIII35.
[1112]NHXVIII35.
[1113]NHXVIII27-8.
[1113]NHXVIII27-8.
[1114]NHXVIII32.
[1114]NHXVIII32.
[1115]NHXVIII35.
[1115]NHXVIII35.
[1116]NHVIII180. In Aelianvar histthis is recorded (V14) as an old rule in Attica.
[1116]NHVIII180. In Aelianvar histthis is recorded (V14) as an old rule in Attica.
[1117]NHXVIII36.
[1117]NHXVIII36.
[1118]NHXIX60octo iugerum operis palari iustum estis a good instance. This verbpalare= to dig should be added to dictionaries.
[1118]NHXIX60octo iugerum operis palari iustum estis a good instance. This verbpalare= to dig should be added to dictionaries.
[1119]NHXVIII37-8.
[1119]NHXVIII37-8.
[1120]agros ... coemendo colendoque in gloriam.
[1120]agros ... coemendo colendoque in gloriam.
[1121]So Tiberius in TacannIII54.
[1121]So Tiberius in TacannIII54.
[1122]TachistIII8Aegyptus, claustra annonae.
[1122]TachistIII8Aegyptus, claustra annonae.
[1123]NHXVIII15 foll.
[1123]NHXVIII15 foll.
[1124]ibid17nec e latifundiis singulorum contingebat arcentium vicinos.
[1124]ibid17nec e latifundiis singulorum contingebat arcentium vicinos.
[1125]NHXVIII24.
[1125]NHXVIII24.
[1126]NHXIX50-1.
[1126]NHXIX50-1.
[1127]NHXVIII12.
[1127]NHXVIII12.
[1128]NHXVIII11, 26.
[1128]NHXVIII11, 26.
[1129]NHXIV49, 50.
[1129]NHXIV49, 50.
[1130]NHXIV48.
[1130]NHXIV48.
[1131]Such as theagricola strenuusdepicted in the letter of Marcus to Fronto (p 29 Naber), who hasomnia ad usum magis quam ad voluptatem.
[1131]Such as theagricola strenuusdepicted in the letter of Marcus to Fronto (p 29 Naber), who hasomnia ad usum magis quam ad voluptatem.
[1132]NHXVIII273-4. AristotlePoliticsI11.
[1132]NHXVIII273-4. AristotlePoliticsI11.
[1133]NHXVIII174.
[1133]NHXVIII174.
[1134]NHXVIII178 ...transverso monte.
[1134]NHXVIII178 ...transverso monte.
[1135]certe sine hoc animali montanae gentes sarculis arant.
[1135]certe sine hoc animali montanae gentes sarculis arant.
[1136]NHXXXIII26-7.
[1136]NHXXXIII26-7.
[1137]aliter apud antiquos singuli Marcipores Luciporesve dominorum gentiles omnem victum in promiscuo habebant.
[1137]aliter apud antiquos singuli Marcipores Luciporesve dominorum gentiles omnem victum in promiscuo habebant.
[1138]NHXVIII36coli rura ab ergastulis pessimum est, et quicquid agitur a desperantibus.
[1138]NHXVIII36coli rura ab ergastulis pessimum est, et quicquid agitur a desperantibus.
[1139]NHXXXVII201-3.
[1139]NHXXXVII201-3.
[1140]principatum naturae optinet ... viris feminis ducibus militibus servitiis... etc.
[1140]principatum naturae optinet ... viris feminis ducibus militibus servitiis... etc.
[1141]servorum exercitio.
[1141]servorum exercitio.
[1142]NHXVIII11.
[1142]NHXVIII11.
[1143]NHVIII180tamquam colono suo interempto.
[1143]NHVIII180tamquam colono suo interempto.
[1144]NHXVIII167coloni vice fungens.
[1144]NHXVIII167coloni vice fungens.
[1145]NHXVIII38praeterquam subole suo colono aut pascendis alioqui colente domino aliquas messis colligere non expedit, si computetur impendium operae.
[1145]NHXVIII38praeterquam subole suo colono aut pascendis alioqui colente domino aliquas messis colligere non expedit, si computetur impendium operae.