[1299]necessitas locandorum praediorum plures annos ordinatura.[1300]priore lustro.Thelustrumorquinquenniumwas the common term of leases, and recognized in law books. Cf DigestXII1 § 4¹,XIX2 § 24, etc.[1301]ut qui iam putent se non sibi parcere.[1302]si non nummo sed partibus locem, ac deinde ex meis aliquos operis exactores custodes fructibus ponam.His new tenants would becoloni partiarii.[1303]VIII2.[1304]V6 § 12.[1305]VIII17.[1306]VI25.[1307]interceptusne sit a suis an cum suis dubium.[1308]Cf JuvenalX19-22.[1309]Fronto, when appointed to govern Asia, one of the most peaceful Provinces, at once looked out for a military officer to deal withlatrones. Fronto p 169 Naber.[1310]PaulEphes6 §§ 5 foll,Coloss3 §§ 22 foll,IPet 2 §§ 18 foll.[1311]X29, 30, with Hardy’s notes.[1312]The first reference to a practice that was common later.[1313]cum haberent condicionis suae conscientiam.[1314]On the other hand we hear of free citizens trying to shirk army service earlier than this. Cf SuetonAug24,Tib8.[1315]CapitolinusMarcus21 §§ 6, 7.[1316]VII18.[1317]actori publico mancipavi.See chapter onthealimentaof Trajan’s time. References to municipal benefactions are very numerous in the Digest.[1318]As we have seen above, the tenantcoloniemployed slave labour. Whether they worked with their own hands, or confined themselves to direction, probably varied in various cases.[1319]SuetonJulius26, 28.[1320]Aug21sub lege ... ne in vicina regione servirent neve intra tricesimum annum liberarentur. See Shuckburgh’s note.[1321]Aug32,Tiber8.[1322]Aug16.[1323]Aug24.[1324]Aug42quod earum [frumentationum] fiducia cultura agrorum cessaret.[1325]Aug41usum eius (pecuniae) gratuitum iis qui cavere in duplum possent.[1326]Claud25.[1327]Nero31.[1328]Vesp1.[1329]mancipem operarum quae ex Umbria in Sabinos ad culturam agrorum quotannis commeare soleant.[1330]Vesp4ad mangonicos quaestus. Hence his nicknamemulio, for which as a sign of indigence cf GelliusXV4.[1331]Domit7, 9. See p 272.[1332]Fronto p 144 Naber, cf Senecaepist44 § 3.[1333]Suetonfragmp 24 Reifferscheid, GelliusIII3.[1334]GelliusV3.[1335]GelliusII18.[1336]Madaura was in the Numidian part of the Province, near the Gaetulian border. See theApologia24. Oea, referred to below, was in the eastern strip, on the coast.[1337]JuvenalVII148-9nutricula causidicorum Africa.[1338]F NordenApuleius von Madaura und das Römische Privatrecht(Teubner 1912).[1339]MetamorphosesVIII24. See Norden’s remarks pp 83-4.[1340]See for instanceMetamIV9,VI31,VII4, 9.[1341]MetamIX39-42.[1342]It seems certain that the convenience of humble rustics was little regarded by the upper classes. Even Marcus Aurelius (in Fronto p 35 Naber) confesses to the reckless scattering of a flock of sheep and to having been taken for a mounted brigand.[1343]MetamIX35-8. This is a case ofpericulum mortis ab hominis potentis crudelitate aut odio, referred to DigestXXXIX6 § 3 [Paulus] as a risk like that of war or brigandage.[1344]cuncta facile faciens in civitate.[1345]Norden pp 161-3.[1346]cum alioquin pauperes etiam liberali legum praesidio de insolentia locupletium consueverint vindicari.[1347]Fierce dogs seem to have been a marked feature of country life. SeeVIII17,IX2.[1348]hortulanus, seeIV3,IX31-2, 39-42.[1349]SeeV17,VII15,VIII17, 29, 31. Cf Norden pp 88-9.[1350]IX32. Cf the case of small farmers in Africa,Apol17, 23.[1351]SeeIV30,VIII26. Cf Norden p 89, and pp 84-5 on metaphorical use of the legal termpostliminium, which occurs also in Rutiliusde redituI214.[1352]Norden pp 26-7.[1353]Apologia17.[1354]an ipse mutuarias operas cum vicinis tuis cambies.[1355]Because of the strict rules of the laws passed to check manumission. GaiusI§§ 42-7. Norden p 86.[1356]Apol23.[1357]triduo exarabas, to mark the smallness of theagellus.[1358]Apol93.[1359]Apol47XVliberi homines populus est, totidem servi familia, totidem vincti ergastulum. See Norden p 87.ergastulum= the inmates of a lock-up, regarded as a body. See quotations from Columella p 263 and Pliny p 285, Mayor on JuvenalXIV24, and cf LucanII95. Sooperaeis used = ‘hands.’[1360]viliconum,Apol87. CfMetamVIII22.[1361]Norden p 81.[1362]MetamIX12.[1363]HerodianII4 § 6.[1364]δεσπότης.[1365]VopiscAurel48 § 2.[1366]VopiscProbus16 § 6.[1367]TrebellClaud9 §§ 4, 5.Scythicisis an emendation.senibusMSS.[1368]familias captivas.[1369]VopiscAurel39 § 7.[1370]LampridAlex55 §§ 2, 3, cf TrebellGallien9 § 5.[1371]VopiscProbus18 §§ 1, 2. See ZosimusI71 and NoVof thePanegyricicap 18 for other versions, in which the raiders are called Franks.[1372]Even the extreme license of the soldiery, in deposing and murdering their own nominee, occurs repeatedly, and was no doubt one of the chief evils that prompted the reforms of Diocletian.[1373]O Seeck,Untergang der antiken WeltbookIIch 6.[1374]Seeindexunder the word.[1375]See chapter onevidence of the Digest.[1376]See chapter onthe African inscriptions.[1377]This matter is ably treated at length by Seeckop citvolIpp 578-83. That they were distinct fromcoloniandserviis clear from the later constitutions in Cod TheodV17, 18 (9, 10),XII19, and Cod JustXI48 § 13.[1378]We shall find some reference to them later in the Codes.[1379]HerodianVII4 §§ 3-6.[1380]τοὺς ἐκ τῶν ἀγρῶν οἰκέτας.[1381]πεισθέντες κελεύουσι τοῖς δεσπόταις.[1382]φύσει γὰρ πολυάνθρωπος οὖσα ἡ Λιβύη πολλοὺς εἶχε τοὺς τὴν γῆν γεωργοῦντας.[1383]ὑπερμαχόμενοι τῶν δεσποτῶν.[1384]CapitolinusMaximin13 § 4, 14 § 1.[1385]per rusticanam plebem deinde et quosdam milites interemptus est.[1386]Frontin gromat p 53.[1387]non exiguum populum plebeium.[1388]legere tironem ex vico.[1389]This evidence has come to hand since Heisterbergk wrote (1876)Die Entstehung des Colonats.[1390]op citpp 116-8.[1391]Dion CassepitLXXVI10. For this story Dion is a contemporary witness.[1392]The special treatises on these documents are fully mentioned in Girard’sTextes de droit Romain, ed 4, 1913. An essay on theColons du saltus Burunitanusin Esmein’sMélanges(1886) is still of great value.[1393]Text in Girard’sTextes de droit RomainpartIIIchapter 6.[1394]We seem to have the names of two former owners, Varianus and Mancia. For the retention of names of former owners see Dittenberger inOrientis Graeci inscriptiones selectaeNo 669 note 18. RostowzewGesch des Röm colonatesch 4 rejects this view and makes thelex Mancianaan imperial law.[1395]PlinyepistIII19 § 7. DigestXIX2 § 19²,XXXII§ 91¹,XXXIII7passim.[1396]DigXIX2 § 3, and Monro’s note.[1397]So Cuq, Seeck, Schulten, rightly I think. But in practice I believe the chance seldom occurred.[1398]Text in Girard, partIchapter 4 § 10.[1399]This significant hint seems to have been almost normal in such petitions. A good instance is the petition of Scaptoparene (see index,Inscriptions).[1400]It is perhaps worth noting that under Commodus the transport of corn from Africa was specially provided for by the creation of aclassis Africanafor that purpose. See LampridCommodus17 §§ 7, 8.[1401]De Coulanges pp 10 foll deals with this point at length, but I think he pushes his conclusions too far.[1402]Cf the Aragueni (see index,Inscriptions) παροίκων καὶ γεωργῶν τῶν ὑμετέρων.[1403]DigI19 § 3¹ is of a later date, but refers to a protective rescript of Antoninus Pius. CfXLIX14 § 47¹,L6 § 6¹¹. See Schulten inHermesXLIpp 11-16.[1404]CILVIII14428.[1405][domum rev]ertamur ubi libere morari possimus.[1406]Senecaad Helviam7 § 7ubicumque vicit Romanus habitat.[1407]Text in Girard, partIIIchapter 6.[1408]From comparing the remains of the next inscription (5) it appears that the emperor is Hadrian.[1409]Cfagrum rudem provincialemin Hyginus, GromatI203. In the later empire we find legislation to promote such cultivation. See cod ThV11 § 8 (365AD), § 12 (388-392), 14 § 30 (386).[1410]DigXLI3 § 33¹. Of course thedominuscould possessper colonum. See Buckland,Elementary Principles§ 38 p 77.[1411]quae venibunt a possessoribus.[1412]Foraridi fructuscf DigestXLIX14 § 50.[1413]in cuius conductione agrum occupaverit.[1414]rationi(bus fisci) gives the sense. Butrationisimply may be correct, cf DigestII14 § 42, etc.[1415]Girard cites Rostowzew’s opinion that the right to occupy abandoned land as well as old wastes was an extension of thelex Mancianaby thelex Hadriana.[1416]See DigXIX2 §§ 15³, 24², 25³, 51ᵖʳ, 54¹.[1417]Later legislation to prevent this neglect of poorer land. Cod ThV14 § 34 (394AD),X3 § 4 (383),XI1 § 4 (337), etc.[1418]Prof Buckland writes to me that he believes these squatters were to be owners, notcoloni, owners in the only sense possible in non-Italic soil, payingtributum. The wordsfrui possidereused to describe their right are the technical words for provincial ownership. Cf GaiusII7.[1419]InHermesXXIXpp 215, 224.[1420]Girard, partIIIchapter 6.[1421]lege Manciana condicione saltus Neroniani vicini nobis.[1422]It is tempting to identify these with the six mentioned in Nos (2) and (4) above.[1423]For the vast extent of imperial estates, particularly in Africa, see Hirschfeld,der Grundbesitz der Römischen Kaiser, in hisKleine Schriften.[1424]De Coulanges seems hardly to recognize how small was the amount ofoperae, a few days in the year. But in his tenth chapter he shews how vastly the system was extended (so many days a week) in the early Middle Age.[1425]Mommsen inHermesXVpp 391-6.[1426]Such as thelex coloniae Genetivae Iuliaeof 44BC, and thelegesof Salpensa and Malaca of 81-4AD. Girard, and Bruns’Fontes.[1427]Esmein p 309 well refers to the passages in Lachmann’sFeldmesser, Frontinus p 53 and Siculus Flaccus p 164. Cf Hirschfeld l.c. p 558.[1428]ColumI6 §§ 7, 8.[1429]ColumI7.[1430]conductorandcoloniare both bound by the statute for thefundusorsaltus. In theory both are tenants of the emperor, in practice theconductorhas the upper hand, as Cuq points out.[1431]Compare DigXIX2 § 15⁴ with § 25⁶.[1432]quasi societatis iure.Of course not a realsocius. See Index,colonia partiaria, and Vinogradoff,Growth of the Manornote 91 on p 109.[1433]See DigI19 § 3¹, an opinion of Callistratus, a jurist of the time of Severus. That in some sense or other thecoloniwere tenants of the emperor seems certain. See CILVIII8425 (Pertinax), 8426 (Caracalla), also 8702, 8777. And Esmein pp 313-5.[1434]This becomes an important subject of legislation in the Theodosian code. See Cod ThV11 § 8, 14 § 30.[1435]See de Coulanges pp 140-4, where this view is more strongly expressed.[1436]Die Entstehung des Colonatspp 70 foll, citing especially Frontinus GromatIp 35 and ColumellaIII3 § 11.[1437]This is very nearly the view of WallonIII264 ‘le Colonat à l’origine ne fut pas un droit mais un fait.’ Ib 266.[1438]I have made some reference to it below in the chapter ontheDigest.[1439]This is fully treated by Seeck, bkIIIc 5.[1440]In the Ain el Djemala inscription we have them used indifferently. It is not clear that the usage in various provinces was identical. See VinogradoffGrowth of the Manorpp 69, 70.[1441]Given in a long note, volIpp 578-83.[1442]Marcian in DigXXX§ 112ᵖʳ. CfL15 § 4⁸ (Titlede censibus)si quis inquilinum vel colonum non fuerit professusetc, where the mention ofcolonumis suspected of interpolation by Seeck.[1443]DigXXX§ 112ᵖʳsi quis inquilinos sine praediis quibus adhaerent legaverit, inutile est legatum(Marcian). Esmein p 313 takes them to be really slaves, but I cannot follow him.[1444]This conclusion, I am pleased to find, had been forestalled by Esmein p 307.[1445]Le Colonat Romainpp 125, 132.[1446]In fact, as we say,edited.[1447]Of this Title there is a useful little edition by the late C H Monro.[1448]XIX2 § 15², 25⁶, also § 15¹,⁸.[1449]XIX2 § 15²,⁵.[1450]XIX2 §§ 15³, 24², 25³, 51ᵖʳ, 54¹.[1451]XVII2 § 46,XLIV7 § 34²,XLVII2 § 68⁵.[1452]XIX2 § 54ᵖʳ,XX6 § 14, etc.
[1299]necessitas locandorum praediorum plures annos ordinatura.
[1299]necessitas locandorum praediorum plures annos ordinatura.
[1300]priore lustro.Thelustrumorquinquenniumwas the common term of leases, and recognized in law books. Cf DigestXII1 § 4¹,XIX2 § 24, etc.
[1300]priore lustro.Thelustrumorquinquenniumwas the common term of leases, and recognized in law books. Cf DigestXII1 § 4¹,XIX2 § 24, etc.
[1301]ut qui iam putent se non sibi parcere.
[1301]ut qui iam putent se non sibi parcere.
[1302]si non nummo sed partibus locem, ac deinde ex meis aliquos operis exactores custodes fructibus ponam.His new tenants would becoloni partiarii.
[1302]si non nummo sed partibus locem, ac deinde ex meis aliquos operis exactores custodes fructibus ponam.His new tenants would becoloni partiarii.
[1303]VIII2.
[1303]VIII2.
[1304]V6 § 12.
[1304]V6 § 12.
[1305]VIII17.
[1305]VIII17.
[1306]VI25.
[1306]VI25.
[1307]interceptusne sit a suis an cum suis dubium.
[1307]interceptusne sit a suis an cum suis dubium.
[1308]Cf JuvenalX19-22.
[1308]Cf JuvenalX19-22.
[1309]Fronto, when appointed to govern Asia, one of the most peaceful Provinces, at once looked out for a military officer to deal withlatrones. Fronto p 169 Naber.
[1309]Fronto, when appointed to govern Asia, one of the most peaceful Provinces, at once looked out for a military officer to deal withlatrones. Fronto p 169 Naber.
[1310]PaulEphes6 §§ 5 foll,Coloss3 §§ 22 foll,IPet 2 §§ 18 foll.
[1310]PaulEphes6 §§ 5 foll,Coloss3 §§ 22 foll,IPet 2 §§ 18 foll.
[1311]X29, 30, with Hardy’s notes.
[1311]X29, 30, with Hardy’s notes.
[1312]The first reference to a practice that was common later.
[1312]The first reference to a practice that was common later.
[1313]cum haberent condicionis suae conscientiam.
[1313]cum haberent condicionis suae conscientiam.
[1314]On the other hand we hear of free citizens trying to shirk army service earlier than this. Cf SuetonAug24,Tib8.
[1314]On the other hand we hear of free citizens trying to shirk army service earlier than this. Cf SuetonAug24,Tib8.
[1315]CapitolinusMarcus21 §§ 6, 7.
[1315]CapitolinusMarcus21 §§ 6, 7.
[1316]VII18.
[1316]VII18.
[1317]actori publico mancipavi.See chapter onthealimentaof Trajan’s time. References to municipal benefactions are very numerous in the Digest.
[1317]actori publico mancipavi.See chapter onthealimentaof Trajan’s time. References to municipal benefactions are very numerous in the Digest.
[1318]As we have seen above, the tenantcoloniemployed slave labour. Whether they worked with their own hands, or confined themselves to direction, probably varied in various cases.
[1318]As we have seen above, the tenantcoloniemployed slave labour. Whether they worked with their own hands, or confined themselves to direction, probably varied in various cases.
[1319]SuetonJulius26, 28.
[1319]SuetonJulius26, 28.
[1320]Aug21sub lege ... ne in vicina regione servirent neve intra tricesimum annum liberarentur. See Shuckburgh’s note.
[1320]Aug21sub lege ... ne in vicina regione servirent neve intra tricesimum annum liberarentur. See Shuckburgh’s note.
[1321]Aug32,Tiber8.
[1321]Aug32,Tiber8.
[1322]Aug16.
[1322]Aug16.
[1323]Aug24.
[1323]Aug24.
[1324]Aug42quod earum [frumentationum] fiducia cultura agrorum cessaret.
[1324]Aug42quod earum [frumentationum] fiducia cultura agrorum cessaret.
[1325]Aug41usum eius (pecuniae) gratuitum iis qui cavere in duplum possent.
[1325]Aug41usum eius (pecuniae) gratuitum iis qui cavere in duplum possent.
[1326]Claud25.
[1326]Claud25.
[1327]Nero31.
[1327]Nero31.
[1328]Vesp1.
[1328]Vesp1.
[1329]mancipem operarum quae ex Umbria in Sabinos ad culturam agrorum quotannis commeare soleant.
[1329]mancipem operarum quae ex Umbria in Sabinos ad culturam agrorum quotannis commeare soleant.
[1330]Vesp4ad mangonicos quaestus. Hence his nicknamemulio, for which as a sign of indigence cf GelliusXV4.
[1330]Vesp4ad mangonicos quaestus. Hence his nicknamemulio, for which as a sign of indigence cf GelliusXV4.
[1331]Domit7, 9. See p 272.
[1331]Domit7, 9. See p 272.
[1332]Fronto p 144 Naber, cf Senecaepist44 § 3.
[1332]Fronto p 144 Naber, cf Senecaepist44 § 3.
[1333]Suetonfragmp 24 Reifferscheid, GelliusIII3.
[1333]Suetonfragmp 24 Reifferscheid, GelliusIII3.
[1334]GelliusV3.
[1334]GelliusV3.
[1335]GelliusII18.
[1335]GelliusII18.
[1336]Madaura was in the Numidian part of the Province, near the Gaetulian border. See theApologia24. Oea, referred to below, was in the eastern strip, on the coast.
[1336]Madaura was in the Numidian part of the Province, near the Gaetulian border. See theApologia24. Oea, referred to below, was in the eastern strip, on the coast.
[1337]JuvenalVII148-9nutricula causidicorum Africa.
[1337]JuvenalVII148-9nutricula causidicorum Africa.
[1338]F NordenApuleius von Madaura und das Römische Privatrecht(Teubner 1912).
[1338]F NordenApuleius von Madaura und das Römische Privatrecht(Teubner 1912).
[1339]MetamorphosesVIII24. See Norden’s remarks pp 83-4.
[1339]MetamorphosesVIII24. See Norden’s remarks pp 83-4.
[1340]See for instanceMetamIV9,VI31,VII4, 9.
[1340]See for instanceMetamIV9,VI31,VII4, 9.
[1341]MetamIX39-42.
[1341]MetamIX39-42.
[1342]It seems certain that the convenience of humble rustics was little regarded by the upper classes. Even Marcus Aurelius (in Fronto p 35 Naber) confesses to the reckless scattering of a flock of sheep and to having been taken for a mounted brigand.
[1342]It seems certain that the convenience of humble rustics was little regarded by the upper classes. Even Marcus Aurelius (in Fronto p 35 Naber) confesses to the reckless scattering of a flock of sheep and to having been taken for a mounted brigand.
[1343]MetamIX35-8. This is a case ofpericulum mortis ab hominis potentis crudelitate aut odio, referred to DigestXXXIX6 § 3 [Paulus] as a risk like that of war or brigandage.
[1343]MetamIX35-8. This is a case ofpericulum mortis ab hominis potentis crudelitate aut odio, referred to DigestXXXIX6 § 3 [Paulus] as a risk like that of war or brigandage.
[1344]cuncta facile faciens in civitate.
[1344]cuncta facile faciens in civitate.
[1345]Norden pp 161-3.
[1345]Norden pp 161-3.
[1346]cum alioquin pauperes etiam liberali legum praesidio de insolentia locupletium consueverint vindicari.
[1346]cum alioquin pauperes etiam liberali legum praesidio de insolentia locupletium consueverint vindicari.
[1347]Fierce dogs seem to have been a marked feature of country life. SeeVIII17,IX2.
[1347]Fierce dogs seem to have been a marked feature of country life. SeeVIII17,IX2.
[1348]hortulanus, seeIV3,IX31-2, 39-42.
[1348]hortulanus, seeIV3,IX31-2, 39-42.
[1349]SeeV17,VII15,VIII17, 29, 31. Cf Norden pp 88-9.
[1349]SeeV17,VII15,VIII17, 29, 31. Cf Norden pp 88-9.
[1350]IX32. Cf the case of small farmers in Africa,Apol17, 23.
[1350]IX32. Cf the case of small farmers in Africa,Apol17, 23.
[1351]SeeIV30,VIII26. Cf Norden p 89, and pp 84-5 on metaphorical use of the legal termpostliminium, which occurs also in Rutiliusde redituI214.
[1351]SeeIV30,VIII26. Cf Norden p 89, and pp 84-5 on metaphorical use of the legal termpostliminium, which occurs also in Rutiliusde redituI214.
[1352]Norden pp 26-7.
[1352]Norden pp 26-7.
[1353]Apologia17.
[1353]Apologia17.
[1354]an ipse mutuarias operas cum vicinis tuis cambies.
[1354]an ipse mutuarias operas cum vicinis tuis cambies.
[1355]Because of the strict rules of the laws passed to check manumission. GaiusI§§ 42-7. Norden p 86.
[1355]Because of the strict rules of the laws passed to check manumission. GaiusI§§ 42-7. Norden p 86.
[1356]Apol23.
[1356]Apol23.
[1357]triduo exarabas, to mark the smallness of theagellus.
[1357]triduo exarabas, to mark the smallness of theagellus.
[1358]Apol93.
[1358]Apol93.
[1359]Apol47XVliberi homines populus est, totidem servi familia, totidem vincti ergastulum. See Norden p 87.ergastulum= the inmates of a lock-up, regarded as a body. See quotations from Columella p 263 and Pliny p 285, Mayor on JuvenalXIV24, and cf LucanII95. Sooperaeis used = ‘hands.’
[1359]Apol47XVliberi homines populus est, totidem servi familia, totidem vincti ergastulum. See Norden p 87.ergastulum= the inmates of a lock-up, regarded as a body. See quotations from Columella p 263 and Pliny p 285, Mayor on JuvenalXIV24, and cf LucanII95. Sooperaeis used = ‘hands.’
[1360]viliconum,Apol87. CfMetamVIII22.
[1360]viliconum,Apol87. CfMetamVIII22.
[1361]Norden p 81.
[1361]Norden p 81.
[1362]MetamIX12.
[1362]MetamIX12.
[1363]HerodianII4 § 6.
[1363]HerodianII4 § 6.
[1364]δεσπότης.
[1364]δεσπότης.
[1365]VopiscAurel48 § 2.
[1365]VopiscAurel48 § 2.
[1366]VopiscProbus16 § 6.
[1366]VopiscProbus16 § 6.
[1367]TrebellClaud9 §§ 4, 5.Scythicisis an emendation.senibusMSS.
[1367]TrebellClaud9 §§ 4, 5.Scythicisis an emendation.senibusMSS.
[1368]familias captivas.
[1368]familias captivas.
[1369]VopiscAurel39 § 7.
[1369]VopiscAurel39 § 7.
[1370]LampridAlex55 §§ 2, 3, cf TrebellGallien9 § 5.
[1370]LampridAlex55 §§ 2, 3, cf TrebellGallien9 § 5.
[1371]VopiscProbus18 §§ 1, 2. See ZosimusI71 and NoVof thePanegyricicap 18 for other versions, in which the raiders are called Franks.
[1371]VopiscProbus18 §§ 1, 2. See ZosimusI71 and NoVof thePanegyricicap 18 for other versions, in which the raiders are called Franks.
[1372]Even the extreme license of the soldiery, in deposing and murdering their own nominee, occurs repeatedly, and was no doubt one of the chief evils that prompted the reforms of Diocletian.
[1372]Even the extreme license of the soldiery, in deposing and murdering their own nominee, occurs repeatedly, and was no doubt one of the chief evils that prompted the reforms of Diocletian.
[1373]O Seeck,Untergang der antiken WeltbookIIch 6.
[1373]O Seeck,Untergang der antiken WeltbookIIch 6.
[1374]Seeindexunder the word.
[1374]Seeindexunder the word.
[1375]See chapter onevidence of the Digest.
[1375]See chapter onevidence of the Digest.
[1376]See chapter onthe African inscriptions.
[1376]See chapter onthe African inscriptions.
[1377]This matter is ably treated at length by Seeckop citvolIpp 578-83. That they were distinct fromcoloniandserviis clear from the later constitutions in Cod TheodV17, 18 (9, 10),XII19, and Cod JustXI48 § 13.
[1377]This matter is ably treated at length by Seeckop citvolIpp 578-83. That they were distinct fromcoloniandserviis clear from the later constitutions in Cod TheodV17, 18 (9, 10),XII19, and Cod JustXI48 § 13.
[1378]We shall find some reference to them later in the Codes.
[1378]We shall find some reference to them later in the Codes.
[1379]HerodianVII4 §§ 3-6.
[1379]HerodianVII4 §§ 3-6.
[1380]τοὺς ἐκ τῶν ἀγρῶν οἰκέτας.
[1380]τοὺς ἐκ τῶν ἀγρῶν οἰκέτας.
[1381]πεισθέντες κελεύουσι τοῖς δεσπόταις.
[1381]πεισθέντες κελεύουσι τοῖς δεσπόταις.
[1382]φύσει γὰρ πολυάνθρωπος οὖσα ἡ Λιβύη πολλοὺς εἶχε τοὺς τὴν γῆν γεωργοῦντας.
[1382]φύσει γὰρ πολυάνθρωπος οὖσα ἡ Λιβύη πολλοὺς εἶχε τοὺς τὴν γῆν γεωργοῦντας.
[1383]ὑπερμαχόμενοι τῶν δεσποτῶν.
[1383]ὑπερμαχόμενοι τῶν δεσποτῶν.
[1384]CapitolinusMaximin13 § 4, 14 § 1.
[1384]CapitolinusMaximin13 § 4, 14 § 1.
[1385]per rusticanam plebem deinde et quosdam milites interemptus est.
[1385]per rusticanam plebem deinde et quosdam milites interemptus est.
[1386]Frontin gromat p 53.
[1386]Frontin gromat p 53.
[1387]non exiguum populum plebeium.
[1387]non exiguum populum plebeium.
[1388]legere tironem ex vico.
[1388]legere tironem ex vico.
[1389]This evidence has come to hand since Heisterbergk wrote (1876)Die Entstehung des Colonats.
[1389]This evidence has come to hand since Heisterbergk wrote (1876)Die Entstehung des Colonats.
[1390]op citpp 116-8.
[1390]op citpp 116-8.
[1391]Dion CassepitLXXVI10. For this story Dion is a contemporary witness.
[1391]Dion CassepitLXXVI10. For this story Dion is a contemporary witness.
[1392]The special treatises on these documents are fully mentioned in Girard’sTextes de droit Romain, ed 4, 1913. An essay on theColons du saltus Burunitanusin Esmein’sMélanges(1886) is still of great value.
[1392]The special treatises on these documents are fully mentioned in Girard’sTextes de droit Romain, ed 4, 1913. An essay on theColons du saltus Burunitanusin Esmein’sMélanges(1886) is still of great value.
[1393]Text in Girard’sTextes de droit RomainpartIIIchapter 6.
[1393]Text in Girard’sTextes de droit RomainpartIIIchapter 6.
[1394]We seem to have the names of two former owners, Varianus and Mancia. For the retention of names of former owners see Dittenberger inOrientis Graeci inscriptiones selectaeNo 669 note 18. RostowzewGesch des Röm colonatesch 4 rejects this view and makes thelex Mancianaan imperial law.
[1394]We seem to have the names of two former owners, Varianus and Mancia. For the retention of names of former owners see Dittenberger inOrientis Graeci inscriptiones selectaeNo 669 note 18. RostowzewGesch des Röm colonatesch 4 rejects this view and makes thelex Mancianaan imperial law.
[1395]PlinyepistIII19 § 7. DigestXIX2 § 19²,XXXII§ 91¹,XXXIII7passim.
[1395]PlinyepistIII19 § 7. DigestXIX2 § 19²,XXXII§ 91¹,XXXIII7passim.
[1396]DigXIX2 § 3, and Monro’s note.
[1396]DigXIX2 § 3, and Monro’s note.
[1397]So Cuq, Seeck, Schulten, rightly I think. But in practice I believe the chance seldom occurred.
[1397]So Cuq, Seeck, Schulten, rightly I think. But in practice I believe the chance seldom occurred.
[1398]Text in Girard, partIchapter 4 § 10.
[1398]Text in Girard, partIchapter 4 § 10.
[1399]This significant hint seems to have been almost normal in such petitions. A good instance is the petition of Scaptoparene (see index,Inscriptions).
[1399]This significant hint seems to have been almost normal in such petitions. A good instance is the petition of Scaptoparene (see index,Inscriptions).
[1400]It is perhaps worth noting that under Commodus the transport of corn from Africa was specially provided for by the creation of aclassis Africanafor that purpose. See LampridCommodus17 §§ 7, 8.
[1400]It is perhaps worth noting that under Commodus the transport of corn from Africa was specially provided for by the creation of aclassis Africanafor that purpose. See LampridCommodus17 §§ 7, 8.
[1401]De Coulanges pp 10 foll deals with this point at length, but I think he pushes his conclusions too far.
[1401]De Coulanges pp 10 foll deals with this point at length, but I think he pushes his conclusions too far.
[1402]Cf the Aragueni (see index,Inscriptions) παροίκων καὶ γεωργῶν τῶν ὑμετέρων.
[1402]Cf the Aragueni (see index,Inscriptions) παροίκων καὶ γεωργῶν τῶν ὑμετέρων.
[1403]DigI19 § 3¹ is of a later date, but refers to a protective rescript of Antoninus Pius. CfXLIX14 § 47¹,L6 § 6¹¹. See Schulten inHermesXLIpp 11-16.
[1403]DigI19 § 3¹ is of a later date, but refers to a protective rescript of Antoninus Pius. CfXLIX14 § 47¹,L6 § 6¹¹. See Schulten inHermesXLIpp 11-16.
[1404]CILVIII14428.
[1404]CILVIII14428.
[1405][domum rev]ertamur ubi libere morari possimus.
[1405][domum rev]ertamur ubi libere morari possimus.
[1406]Senecaad Helviam7 § 7ubicumque vicit Romanus habitat.
[1406]Senecaad Helviam7 § 7ubicumque vicit Romanus habitat.
[1407]Text in Girard, partIIIchapter 6.
[1407]Text in Girard, partIIIchapter 6.
[1408]From comparing the remains of the next inscription (5) it appears that the emperor is Hadrian.
[1408]From comparing the remains of the next inscription (5) it appears that the emperor is Hadrian.
[1409]Cfagrum rudem provincialemin Hyginus, GromatI203. In the later empire we find legislation to promote such cultivation. See cod ThV11 § 8 (365AD), § 12 (388-392), 14 § 30 (386).
[1409]Cfagrum rudem provincialemin Hyginus, GromatI203. In the later empire we find legislation to promote such cultivation. See cod ThV11 § 8 (365AD), § 12 (388-392), 14 § 30 (386).
[1410]DigXLI3 § 33¹. Of course thedominuscould possessper colonum. See Buckland,Elementary Principles§ 38 p 77.
[1410]DigXLI3 § 33¹. Of course thedominuscould possessper colonum. See Buckland,Elementary Principles§ 38 p 77.
[1411]quae venibunt a possessoribus.
[1411]quae venibunt a possessoribus.
[1412]Foraridi fructuscf DigestXLIX14 § 50.
[1412]Foraridi fructuscf DigestXLIX14 § 50.
[1413]in cuius conductione agrum occupaverit.
[1413]in cuius conductione agrum occupaverit.
[1414]rationi(bus fisci) gives the sense. Butrationisimply may be correct, cf DigestII14 § 42, etc.
[1414]rationi(bus fisci) gives the sense. Butrationisimply may be correct, cf DigestII14 § 42, etc.
[1415]Girard cites Rostowzew’s opinion that the right to occupy abandoned land as well as old wastes was an extension of thelex Mancianaby thelex Hadriana.
[1415]Girard cites Rostowzew’s opinion that the right to occupy abandoned land as well as old wastes was an extension of thelex Mancianaby thelex Hadriana.
[1416]See DigXIX2 §§ 15³, 24², 25³, 51ᵖʳ, 54¹.
[1416]See DigXIX2 §§ 15³, 24², 25³, 51ᵖʳ, 54¹.
[1417]Later legislation to prevent this neglect of poorer land. Cod ThV14 § 34 (394AD),X3 § 4 (383),XI1 § 4 (337), etc.
[1417]Later legislation to prevent this neglect of poorer land. Cod ThV14 § 34 (394AD),X3 § 4 (383),XI1 § 4 (337), etc.
[1418]Prof Buckland writes to me that he believes these squatters were to be owners, notcoloni, owners in the only sense possible in non-Italic soil, payingtributum. The wordsfrui possidereused to describe their right are the technical words for provincial ownership. Cf GaiusII7.
[1418]Prof Buckland writes to me that he believes these squatters were to be owners, notcoloni, owners in the only sense possible in non-Italic soil, payingtributum. The wordsfrui possidereused to describe their right are the technical words for provincial ownership. Cf GaiusII7.
[1419]InHermesXXIXpp 215, 224.
[1419]InHermesXXIXpp 215, 224.
[1420]Girard, partIIIchapter 6.
[1420]Girard, partIIIchapter 6.
[1421]lege Manciana condicione saltus Neroniani vicini nobis.
[1421]lege Manciana condicione saltus Neroniani vicini nobis.
[1422]It is tempting to identify these with the six mentioned in Nos (2) and (4) above.
[1422]It is tempting to identify these with the six mentioned in Nos (2) and (4) above.
[1423]For the vast extent of imperial estates, particularly in Africa, see Hirschfeld,der Grundbesitz der Römischen Kaiser, in hisKleine Schriften.
[1423]For the vast extent of imperial estates, particularly in Africa, see Hirschfeld,der Grundbesitz der Römischen Kaiser, in hisKleine Schriften.
[1424]De Coulanges seems hardly to recognize how small was the amount ofoperae, a few days in the year. But in his tenth chapter he shews how vastly the system was extended (so many days a week) in the early Middle Age.
[1424]De Coulanges seems hardly to recognize how small was the amount ofoperae, a few days in the year. But in his tenth chapter he shews how vastly the system was extended (so many days a week) in the early Middle Age.
[1425]Mommsen inHermesXVpp 391-6.
[1425]Mommsen inHermesXVpp 391-6.
[1426]Such as thelex coloniae Genetivae Iuliaeof 44BC, and thelegesof Salpensa and Malaca of 81-4AD. Girard, and Bruns’Fontes.
[1426]Such as thelex coloniae Genetivae Iuliaeof 44BC, and thelegesof Salpensa and Malaca of 81-4AD. Girard, and Bruns’Fontes.
[1427]Esmein p 309 well refers to the passages in Lachmann’sFeldmesser, Frontinus p 53 and Siculus Flaccus p 164. Cf Hirschfeld l.c. p 558.
[1427]Esmein p 309 well refers to the passages in Lachmann’sFeldmesser, Frontinus p 53 and Siculus Flaccus p 164. Cf Hirschfeld l.c. p 558.
[1428]ColumI6 §§ 7, 8.
[1428]ColumI6 §§ 7, 8.
[1429]ColumI7.
[1429]ColumI7.
[1430]conductorandcoloniare both bound by the statute for thefundusorsaltus. In theory both are tenants of the emperor, in practice theconductorhas the upper hand, as Cuq points out.
[1430]conductorandcoloniare both bound by the statute for thefundusorsaltus. In theory both are tenants of the emperor, in practice theconductorhas the upper hand, as Cuq points out.
[1431]Compare DigXIX2 § 15⁴ with § 25⁶.
[1431]Compare DigXIX2 § 15⁴ with § 25⁶.
[1432]quasi societatis iure.Of course not a realsocius. See Index,colonia partiaria, and Vinogradoff,Growth of the Manornote 91 on p 109.
[1432]quasi societatis iure.Of course not a realsocius. See Index,colonia partiaria, and Vinogradoff,Growth of the Manornote 91 on p 109.
[1433]See DigI19 § 3¹, an opinion of Callistratus, a jurist of the time of Severus. That in some sense or other thecoloniwere tenants of the emperor seems certain. See CILVIII8425 (Pertinax), 8426 (Caracalla), also 8702, 8777. And Esmein pp 313-5.
[1433]See DigI19 § 3¹, an opinion of Callistratus, a jurist of the time of Severus. That in some sense or other thecoloniwere tenants of the emperor seems certain. See CILVIII8425 (Pertinax), 8426 (Caracalla), also 8702, 8777. And Esmein pp 313-5.
[1434]This becomes an important subject of legislation in the Theodosian code. See Cod ThV11 § 8, 14 § 30.
[1434]This becomes an important subject of legislation in the Theodosian code. See Cod ThV11 § 8, 14 § 30.
[1435]See de Coulanges pp 140-4, where this view is more strongly expressed.
[1435]See de Coulanges pp 140-4, where this view is more strongly expressed.
[1436]Die Entstehung des Colonatspp 70 foll, citing especially Frontinus GromatIp 35 and ColumellaIII3 § 11.
[1436]Die Entstehung des Colonatspp 70 foll, citing especially Frontinus GromatIp 35 and ColumellaIII3 § 11.
[1437]This is very nearly the view of WallonIII264 ‘le Colonat à l’origine ne fut pas un droit mais un fait.’ Ib 266.
[1437]This is very nearly the view of WallonIII264 ‘le Colonat à l’origine ne fut pas un droit mais un fait.’ Ib 266.
[1438]I have made some reference to it below in the chapter ontheDigest.
[1438]I have made some reference to it below in the chapter ontheDigest.
[1439]This is fully treated by Seeck, bkIIIc 5.
[1439]This is fully treated by Seeck, bkIIIc 5.
[1440]In the Ain el Djemala inscription we have them used indifferently. It is not clear that the usage in various provinces was identical. See VinogradoffGrowth of the Manorpp 69, 70.
[1440]In the Ain el Djemala inscription we have them used indifferently. It is not clear that the usage in various provinces was identical. See VinogradoffGrowth of the Manorpp 69, 70.
[1441]Given in a long note, volIpp 578-83.
[1441]Given in a long note, volIpp 578-83.
[1442]Marcian in DigXXX§ 112ᵖʳ. CfL15 § 4⁸ (Titlede censibus)si quis inquilinum vel colonum non fuerit professusetc, where the mention ofcolonumis suspected of interpolation by Seeck.
[1442]Marcian in DigXXX§ 112ᵖʳ. CfL15 § 4⁸ (Titlede censibus)si quis inquilinum vel colonum non fuerit professusetc, where the mention ofcolonumis suspected of interpolation by Seeck.
[1443]DigXXX§ 112ᵖʳsi quis inquilinos sine praediis quibus adhaerent legaverit, inutile est legatum(Marcian). Esmein p 313 takes them to be really slaves, but I cannot follow him.
[1443]DigXXX§ 112ᵖʳsi quis inquilinos sine praediis quibus adhaerent legaverit, inutile est legatum(Marcian). Esmein p 313 takes them to be really slaves, but I cannot follow him.
[1444]This conclusion, I am pleased to find, had been forestalled by Esmein p 307.
[1444]This conclusion, I am pleased to find, had been forestalled by Esmein p 307.
[1445]Le Colonat Romainpp 125, 132.
[1445]Le Colonat Romainpp 125, 132.
[1446]In fact, as we say,edited.
[1446]In fact, as we say,edited.
[1447]Of this Title there is a useful little edition by the late C H Monro.
[1447]Of this Title there is a useful little edition by the late C H Monro.
[1448]XIX2 § 15², 25⁶, also § 15¹,⁸.
[1448]XIX2 § 15², 25⁶, also § 15¹,⁸.
[1449]XIX2 § 15²,⁵.
[1449]XIX2 § 15²,⁵.
[1450]XIX2 §§ 15³, 24², 25³, 51ᵖʳ, 54¹.
[1450]XIX2 §§ 15³, 24², 25³, 51ᵖʳ, 54¹.
[1451]XVII2 § 46,XLIV7 § 34²,XLVII2 § 68⁵.
[1451]XVII2 § 46,XLIV7 § 34²,XLVII2 § 68⁵.
[1452]XIX2 § 54ᵖʳ,XX6 § 14, etc.
[1452]XIX2 § 54ᵖʳ,XX6 § 14, etc.