Chapter 40

[1453]XX1 § 21ᵖʳ,XLIII32, 33,XLVII2 § 62³.[1454]XIX2 §§ 9²,³, 23, 51ᵖʳ,XLV1 § 89.[1455]XIX2 § 52, cfXLIX14 § 50.[1456]XIX2 § 25⁶ (Gaius?).[1457]IX2 § 27¹⁴,XLVII2 § 83¹, § 10 § 5⁴. Compare alsoXIX2 § 60⁵,XLVII2 § 52⁸. I cannot deal with the difficult legal questions involved here. See Buckland’sElementary principles§ 135.[1458]XIX2 §§ 15⁸, 24⁴, 25¹,XXXIII4 § 1¹⁵.[1459]VII8 §§ 10⁴, 11. Having nothing to do with thefructus, the usuary cannot interfere with thecolonus.[1460]XIX2 § 54¹.[1461]XIX2 §§ 13¹¹, 14. The normal term of a lease was 5 years (lustrum, quinquennium).[1462]XIX2 § 24¹,XLI2 § 30⁶,XLIII16 § 20. So in law of 224AD, cod IustIV65 § 6.[1463]XII2 § 28⁶.[1464]XIX2 § 25³,XL7 § 40⁵. Compare the language ofXXXIV3 § 16 with § 18.[1465]XIX2 §§ 3, 54².[1466]XIX2 § 19²,XXXII§§ 91¹, 93², 101¹,XXXIII7passim, esp § 4. For thevilicus,XXXIII7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹. A woman caretaker,ibid§ 15².[1467]XXXIII7 § 24.[1468]XIX2 §§ 19³, 25⁶.[1469]XXXIII7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹,XLVII2 § 26¹. I note that de Coulanges p 14 holds that the contract rested solely on the basis of a fixed money rent, citing (p 12) GaiusIII142, DigXIX2 § 2ᵖʳ (Gaius). But I am not satisfied that cases of rent in kind were not subject to legal remedy. See Monro on DigXIX2 § 19³, and PlinyepistIX37 § 3. And Vinogradoff,Growth of the Manornote 91 on p 109.[1470]SeeXIX2 § 15.[1471]XIII7 § 25,XXXI§ 86¹.[1472]VII1 § 41,XXVII9 § 13ᵖʳ.[1473]VII1 § 13⁴.[1474]VII4 §§ 8, 10.[1475]XXXII§ 91¹,L16 § 198. Cf JuvenalI75, SuetAug72,Gaius37, PalladiusI8, 11, 24, 33.[1476]VII1 § 13,XII2 § 28⁶,XIX2 §§ 25⁵, 29,XLVII2 §§ 26¹, 62⁸, 7 § 9.[1477]XIX2 §§ 55¹, 61ᵖʳ.[1478]XLIII24 § 13⁶.[1479]XXXIX3 §§ 4²,³, 5.[1480]Alternative,XX1 § 32.[1481]A curious case is the putting in animaginarius colonus[of course at a high nominal rent] in order to raise the selling price of a farm.XIX1 § 49 (jurist of 4th cent), earlier in Fr Vat § 13.[1482]SeeXXXII§ 41⁵,XXXIV4 § 31ᵖʳ.[1483]XXXIII7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹,XL7 § 40⁵.[1484]XX3 § 16,XXXIII7 § 12³, 8 § 23³.[1485]servus actor, hisrationes,XL7 § 40ᵖʳ,⁴,⁵.[1486]Hisreliqua,XXXII§§ 91ᵖʳ, 97.[1487]XXXIV1 § 18³, 3 § 12,XL7 § 40passim.[1488]XXXII§§ 41², 91ᵖʳ,XXXIII7 §§ 12³⁸, 20³,⁴, 22¹. These refer tolegata, in which particular intention could be expressed, cfXXXII§ 91¹.[1489]IX2 § 27⁹,¹¹,XIX2 § 30⁴.[1490]XXI1 § 32,XXVIII5 § 35³,XXXII§§ 60³, 68³,XXXIII7 § 20.[1491]See above on Martial pp307-10.[1492]XXXII§ 99,XXXIII7passim, esp § 25¹. Buckland,Slaveryp 6.[1493]Alfenus Varus in DigXV3 § 16.[1494]Hence the frequent references topeculia. SeeXXXIII8de peculio legato, where from §§ 6ᵖʳ, 8ᵖʳ, it appears that hispeculiummight include land and houses. Cf de Coulanges pp 55-6, 66-7, 135-6.[1495]XXXII§ 97 etc.[1496]XXXIII7 § 12³ etc.[1497]VII7 § 3in hominis usu fructu operae sunt et ob operas mercedes(Gaius),XII6 § 55.[1498]VII1 §§ 25, 26,XIX2 § 60⁷ (Labeo, time of Augustus, cited by Javolenus).[1499]XL7 § 14ᵖʳmercedem referre pro operis suis(Alfenus), cfXLV3 § 18³.[1500]XXXIII7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹.mercedeorpensionis certa quantitateas opposed tofide dominica.[1501]VIII6 § 20,XLIII16 § 1²⁰, 24 § 3ᵖʳ.[1502]XLIII24 § 5¹¹.[1503]XLI1 § 44.[1504]XLVII14, cfXLVIII19 § 16⁷,XLIX16 § 5².[1505]InXIX2 § 25⁴ (Gaius?) the tenant is held to blame for wilful damage done by a neighbour with whom he has a quarrel.[1506]XVIII1 § 35⁸.[1507]XLVII21 § 2.[1508]XLIII16,de vi et de vi armata.[1509]XLI3 § 33¹ etc.[1510]XLI2 §§ 3⁸,¹², 25¹, etc.[1511]VIII3de servitutibus praediorum rusticorum. Specimens of inscribed notices of servitudes, GirardtextespartIIIch 3 § 1.[1512]VII1 § 27³,XIX2 § 15² (Ulpian). The abuse of the quartering of troops was no new evil in the Provinces. We hear of it from Cicero. In the third centuryADwe have the notable petitions from Scaptoparene in Thrace (238) text in Mommsenges SchrII174-6, and from the Aragueni in Asia Minor (244-7), text in DittenbergerOr Graec inscrNo 519. For Italy in 5th century see onSymmachus.[1513]XIX2 §§ 9³, 15.[1514]XLI1 § 7¹⁻⁶, etc.[1515]XI4 § 1¹, cf PaulussentI6a§ 5.[1516]Dealt with later in the Codes as a frequent evil. For early medieval laws on the point see de Coulanges p 152.[1517]XLVII9 §§ 3³, 16, PaulussentV3 § 4.[1518]XIII4 § 3.[1519]Callistratus inL11 § 2, quoting Platorep371a-c.[1520]XLVII11 § 9.[1521]XLVII11 § 10, cf cod ThIX32 § 1, cod JustIX38.[1522]agri vectigalesor (as the title calls them by a later name)emphyteuticarii.VI3 §§ 1, 2,XIX1 § 13⁶,XLIII9 § 1,L16 § 219. Large blocks were also hired by middlemen (mancipes) and sublet in parcels tocoloni,XIX2 § 53.[1523]VI3 §§ 1, 3.[1524]L8 § 2¹.[1525]subiectis aliorum nominibus.[1526]XXXIX4 § 11¹,auctoritate principali.[1527]GaiusIII145 concludes that the contract in these leases is one of letting and hiring, not of purchase and sale. That is, it includes everything save the baredominium, notablypossessio, and, as Prof Buckland points out to me, covenants usual in such cases could be enforced by theactio ex locato.[1528]XXXIX4 § 11⁵.[1529]XLIX14 § 3⁶.[1530]principalibus rescriptis.From the text I infer that these are later than Hadrian.[1531]XXX§ 39¹⁰,XIX2 § 49.[1532]XLIX14 § 47¹ (Paulus).[1533]XLIII8 § 2⁴ (Ulpian), a very important passage.[1534]Papirius Justus inL1 § 38¹,muneribus fungi sine damno fisci oportere.[1535]Callistratus inL6 § 6¹¹,ut idoniores praediis fiscalibus habeantur.[1536]References are endless. Most significant isL4 § 4 (Ulpian)honores qui indicuntur.[1537]TitleXLIX14de iure fisci.[1538]II14 § 42 (Papinian).[1539]XLIX14 § 3¹⁰.[1540]XLVIII22 § 1, cfXLIX14 §§ 47, 50, (Paulus).[1541]That they did sometimes suffer may be inferred from the case of the Aragueni (p 374) who describe themselves as πάροικοι and γεωργοὶ (=inquiliniandcoloni) of the emperor.[1542]L5 §§ 10, 11, etc.[1543]See SpartianHadrian7 § 5, CapitolinusAnton12 § 3, SpartianSeverus14 § 2.[1544]De Coulanges makes it his main thesis that the later colonate was a creation of custom, at length recognized by law. My conclusions here were reached before reading his fine treatise.[1545]attributiorcontributi. See Mommsen,StaatsrechtIII,die attribuirten Orte.[1546]Cf DigXXXIII2 § 28indictiones temporariae[Paulus],XIX1 § 13⁶ [Ulpian].[1547]Plinypaneg29 (of imperial subjects)nec novis indictionibus pressi ad vetera tributa deficiunt.[1548]Hence cod Theod has a titlede superindictionibus.[1549]The rising of the Bagaudae in Gaul, at least partly due to agricultural distress, had been put down by Maximian in 285-6. See SchillerIIIpp 124-6.[1550]It is true that thecolonuswas guaranteed against disturbance, but I think de Coulanges pp 114-7, 123 makes too much of this.[1551]There were in the latter half of the third century some signs of the coming reconstruction. But they came to no effect.[1552]Cod ThV17 (9) § 1apud quemcumque colonus iuris alieni fuerit inventus, is non solum, eundem origini suae restituat verum super eodem capitationem temporis agnoscat... etc. Runawaycoloniare to be chained like slaves,iuris alieni= the control of someone other than the person harbouring him. Thecolonusis legally dependent, though nominally free.[1553]See Weber,Agrargeschichtepp 256 foll.[1554]See SeeckII320 foll, 330 foll.[1555]Cod JustXI59 § 1, in which Constantine, finding thecivitatum ordinesunequal to this burden, extends the liability to other landlords also.[1556]See SeeckII214 foll, 223, 249,IV88.[1557]SeeckII249, 284. See Cod ThXI2 §§ 1-5 (dates 365-389), not in Cod Just.[1558]Heisterbergk p 59 with references. Seeck,Schatzungsordnungpp 302-5.[1559]The details of this system are fully discussed in Seeck’s great article,die Schatzungsordnung Diocletians, in the Ztschr für social und Wirthschaftsgeschichte 1896.[1560]DigestI5 § 17, Dion CassLXXVII9 § 5. SchillerGeschichteIpp 750-1 thinks that military motives had much to do with it, as adding to the citizen troops. What is supposed to be a copy of the edict itself has been found in a papyrus, see Girard,textespartIch 4 § 12. The text is in the Giessen papyri No 40. It seems certain that the lowest class ofperegrini(thedediticii) were not included in the grant.[1561]See SeeckII323. Cf Lactantmort pers23 § 5, VictorCaes39 § 31.[1562]Through theius commercii.[1563]Seeck,Schatzungsordnung, cited above.[1564]A long title in cod Th is devoted to remissions,XI28, consisting of temporary laws. And these deal chiefly with Italian and African Provinces, notably §§ 7, 12, with Campania. They date from 395 to 436.[1565]In the panegyric (NoVIIIcap 11) on Constantine we have mention of a reduction of 7000capitafor relief of a district in Gaul.[1566]Cod ThXI1 § 14. Cf. Seeck,Schatzungsordnungpp 315-6.[1567]Compare the conduct of the magistrates of Antioch in the evidence of Libanius cited below.[1568]See for instance cod ThXIII10 § 1.[1569]See below, in section onSalvian.[1570]See AmmianusXIX11 § 3, VictorCaesares13 §§ 5, 6. A long title cod ThVIII5 is devoted to thecursus, containing 66 laws from 315 to 407, and other references abound.[1571]Cf cod ThXI16 § 3 (324), § 4 (328).[1572]Cf CicIIin VerrIII§ 190, TacAgr19. Cf cod ThXI1 § 22 (386), with Godefroi’s notes, also §§ 11 (365) and 21 (385),XIV4 § 4 (367).[1573]See the titlede naviculariis, cod ThXIII5, including 38 laws.[1574]Cod ThXIV18de mendicantibus non invalidis.[1575]If I rightly interpret DigL5 § 1² (Ulpian) cases had occurred earlier of men liable to office even pretending to be merecoloniin order to evade liability (ad colonos praediorum se transtulerunt. See Dirksen undertransferre).[1576]Very significant is the law cod ThXVI5 § 48 (410) by which even heretics are held to curial duty.[1577]See Seeck,Schatzungsordnungpp 315-6, De Coulanges p 119.[1578]See Weber,Agrargeschichtepp 266-7.[1579]Cf cod ThXI16passim.[1580]A rule of 366, or later according to Mommsen, cod ThXI1 § 14, cod JustXI48 § 4.[1581]Cf cod ThXIII10 § 3, retained in cod JustXI48 § 2, plainly recognizing this.[1582]See the advantages of the colonate summed up in de Coulanges p 144, and cfibidp 139.[1583]Lactantiusde mort pers7 § 3.[1584]enormitate indictionum.[1585]Cf Augustinde civ DeiX1coloni, qui condicionem debent genitali solo, propter agri culturam sub dominio possessorum.[1586]Cf cod ThV17 (9) §§ 1, 2 (332), etc.[1587]Cod ThXI3 § 2.[1588]Thecapitatio.[1589]Cod JustXI48 § 7.[1590]Schatzungsordnungpp 313-4.[1591]RostowzewGeschichte des Röm Colonatespp 381-97 traces the abandonment of the policy of favouringcoloni, and adoption of reliance on great possessors, as a result of the pressing difficulties of the collection of revenue.[1592]Cod JustXI50 § 1 (Constantine).[1593]Cod JustXI50 § 2.[1594]Cod ThXI1 § 12 (365).[1595]Wallon,EsclavageIII266, 282.[1596]For instance cod ThXI11 (date somewhere 368-373),IV13 §§ 2, 3 (321). AlsoXI7-10, 16 § 10, etc.[1597]Seeck,Schatzungsordnungpp 285-308, with an account of local variations. For instance, in Africa and Egypt there was nocapitatio.[1598]See cod ThVII13 § 7, 8 (375, 380). Even the imperial estates made liable, ibid § 12 (397). Dill p 196. In 379 Theodosius had to raise recruits from γεωργοί, LibaniusXXIV16.[1599]Cod ThVII18 § 10, cfVIII2 § 3 (380). See SeeckII490-1.

[1453]XX1 § 21ᵖʳ,XLIII32, 33,XLVII2 § 62³.

[1453]XX1 § 21ᵖʳ,XLIII32, 33,XLVII2 § 62³.

[1454]XIX2 §§ 9²,³, 23, 51ᵖʳ,XLV1 § 89.

[1454]XIX2 §§ 9²,³, 23, 51ᵖʳ,XLV1 § 89.

[1455]XIX2 § 52, cfXLIX14 § 50.

[1455]XIX2 § 52, cfXLIX14 § 50.

[1456]XIX2 § 25⁶ (Gaius?).

[1456]XIX2 § 25⁶ (Gaius?).

[1457]IX2 § 27¹⁴,XLVII2 § 83¹, § 10 § 5⁴. Compare alsoXIX2 § 60⁵,XLVII2 § 52⁸. I cannot deal with the difficult legal questions involved here. See Buckland’sElementary principles§ 135.

[1457]IX2 § 27¹⁴,XLVII2 § 83¹, § 10 § 5⁴. Compare alsoXIX2 § 60⁵,XLVII2 § 52⁸. I cannot deal with the difficult legal questions involved here. See Buckland’sElementary principles§ 135.

[1458]XIX2 §§ 15⁸, 24⁴, 25¹,XXXIII4 § 1¹⁵.

[1458]XIX2 §§ 15⁸, 24⁴, 25¹,XXXIII4 § 1¹⁵.

[1459]VII8 §§ 10⁴, 11. Having nothing to do with thefructus, the usuary cannot interfere with thecolonus.

[1459]VII8 §§ 10⁴, 11. Having nothing to do with thefructus, the usuary cannot interfere with thecolonus.

[1460]XIX2 § 54¹.

[1460]XIX2 § 54¹.

[1461]XIX2 §§ 13¹¹, 14. The normal term of a lease was 5 years (lustrum, quinquennium).

[1461]XIX2 §§ 13¹¹, 14. The normal term of a lease was 5 years (lustrum, quinquennium).

[1462]XIX2 § 24¹,XLI2 § 30⁶,XLIII16 § 20. So in law of 224AD, cod IustIV65 § 6.

[1462]XIX2 § 24¹,XLI2 § 30⁶,XLIII16 § 20. So in law of 224AD, cod IustIV65 § 6.

[1463]XII2 § 28⁶.

[1463]XII2 § 28⁶.

[1464]XIX2 § 25³,XL7 § 40⁵. Compare the language ofXXXIV3 § 16 with § 18.

[1464]XIX2 § 25³,XL7 § 40⁵. Compare the language ofXXXIV3 § 16 with § 18.

[1465]XIX2 §§ 3, 54².

[1465]XIX2 §§ 3, 54².

[1466]XIX2 § 19²,XXXII§§ 91¹, 93², 101¹,XXXIII7passim, esp § 4. For thevilicus,XXXIII7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹. A woman caretaker,ibid§ 15².

[1466]XIX2 § 19²,XXXII§§ 91¹, 93², 101¹,XXXIII7passim, esp § 4. For thevilicus,XXXIII7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹. A woman caretaker,ibid§ 15².

[1467]XXXIII7 § 24.

[1467]XXXIII7 § 24.

[1468]XIX2 §§ 19³, 25⁶.

[1468]XIX2 §§ 19³, 25⁶.

[1469]XXXIII7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹,XLVII2 § 26¹. I note that de Coulanges p 14 holds that the contract rested solely on the basis of a fixed money rent, citing (p 12) GaiusIII142, DigXIX2 § 2ᵖʳ (Gaius). But I am not satisfied that cases of rent in kind were not subject to legal remedy. See Monro on DigXIX2 § 19³, and PlinyepistIX37 § 3. And Vinogradoff,Growth of the Manornote 91 on p 109.

[1469]XXXIII7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹,XLVII2 § 26¹. I note that de Coulanges p 14 holds that the contract rested solely on the basis of a fixed money rent, citing (p 12) GaiusIII142, DigXIX2 § 2ᵖʳ (Gaius). But I am not satisfied that cases of rent in kind were not subject to legal remedy. See Monro on DigXIX2 § 19³, and PlinyepistIX37 § 3. And Vinogradoff,Growth of the Manornote 91 on p 109.

[1470]SeeXIX2 § 15.

[1470]SeeXIX2 § 15.

[1471]XIII7 § 25,XXXI§ 86¹.

[1471]XIII7 § 25,XXXI§ 86¹.

[1472]VII1 § 41,XXVII9 § 13ᵖʳ.

[1472]VII1 § 41,XXVII9 § 13ᵖʳ.

[1473]VII1 § 13⁴.

[1473]VII1 § 13⁴.

[1474]VII4 §§ 8, 10.

[1474]VII4 §§ 8, 10.

[1475]XXXII§ 91¹,L16 § 198. Cf JuvenalI75, SuetAug72,Gaius37, PalladiusI8, 11, 24, 33.

[1475]XXXII§ 91¹,L16 § 198. Cf JuvenalI75, SuetAug72,Gaius37, PalladiusI8, 11, 24, 33.

[1476]VII1 § 13,XII2 § 28⁶,XIX2 §§ 25⁵, 29,XLVII2 §§ 26¹, 62⁸, 7 § 9.

[1476]VII1 § 13,XII2 § 28⁶,XIX2 §§ 25⁵, 29,XLVII2 §§ 26¹, 62⁸, 7 § 9.

[1477]XIX2 §§ 55¹, 61ᵖʳ.

[1477]XIX2 §§ 55¹, 61ᵖʳ.

[1478]XLIII24 § 13⁶.

[1478]XLIII24 § 13⁶.

[1479]XXXIX3 §§ 4²,³, 5.

[1479]XXXIX3 §§ 4²,³, 5.

[1480]Alternative,XX1 § 32.

[1480]Alternative,XX1 § 32.

[1481]A curious case is the putting in animaginarius colonus[of course at a high nominal rent] in order to raise the selling price of a farm.XIX1 § 49 (jurist of 4th cent), earlier in Fr Vat § 13.

[1481]A curious case is the putting in animaginarius colonus[of course at a high nominal rent] in order to raise the selling price of a farm.XIX1 § 49 (jurist of 4th cent), earlier in Fr Vat § 13.

[1482]SeeXXXII§ 41⁵,XXXIV4 § 31ᵖʳ.

[1482]SeeXXXII§ 41⁵,XXXIV4 § 31ᵖʳ.

[1483]XXXIII7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹,XL7 § 40⁵.

[1483]XXXIII7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹,XL7 § 40⁵.

[1484]XX3 § 16,XXXIII7 § 12³, 8 § 23³.

[1484]XX3 § 16,XXXIII7 § 12³, 8 § 23³.

[1485]servus actor, hisrationes,XL7 § 40ᵖʳ,⁴,⁵.

[1485]servus actor, hisrationes,XL7 § 40ᵖʳ,⁴,⁵.

[1486]Hisreliqua,XXXII§§ 91ᵖʳ, 97.

[1486]Hisreliqua,XXXII§§ 91ᵖʳ, 97.

[1487]XXXIV1 § 18³, 3 § 12,XL7 § 40passim.

[1487]XXXIV1 § 18³, 3 § 12,XL7 § 40passim.

[1488]XXXII§§ 41², 91ᵖʳ,XXXIII7 §§ 12³⁸, 20³,⁴, 22¹. These refer tolegata, in which particular intention could be expressed, cfXXXII§ 91¹.

[1488]XXXII§§ 41², 91ᵖʳ,XXXIII7 §§ 12³⁸, 20³,⁴, 22¹. These refer tolegata, in which particular intention could be expressed, cfXXXII§ 91¹.

[1489]IX2 § 27⁹,¹¹,XIX2 § 30⁴.

[1489]IX2 § 27⁹,¹¹,XIX2 § 30⁴.

[1490]XXI1 § 32,XXVIII5 § 35³,XXXII§§ 60³, 68³,XXXIII7 § 20.

[1490]XXI1 § 32,XXVIII5 § 35³,XXXII§§ 60³, 68³,XXXIII7 § 20.

[1491]See above on Martial pp307-10.

[1491]See above on Martial pp307-10.

[1492]XXXII§ 99,XXXIII7passim, esp § 25¹. Buckland,Slaveryp 6.

[1492]XXXII§ 99,XXXIII7passim, esp § 25¹. Buckland,Slaveryp 6.

[1493]Alfenus Varus in DigXV3 § 16.

[1493]Alfenus Varus in DigXV3 § 16.

[1494]Hence the frequent references topeculia. SeeXXXIII8de peculio legato, where from §§ 6ᵖʳ, 8ᵖʳ, it appears that hispeculiummight include land and houses. Cf de Coulanges pp 55-6, 66-7, 135-6.

[1494]Hence the frequent references topeculia. SeeXXXIII8de peculio legato, where from §§ 6ᵖʳ, 8ᵖʳ, it appears that hispeculiummight include land and houses. Cf de Coulanges pp 55-6, 66-7, 135-6.

[1495]XXXII§ 97 etc.

[1495]XXXII§ 97 etc.

[1496]XXXIII7 § 12³ etc.

[1496]XXXIII7 § 12³ etc.

[1497]VII7 § 3in hominis usu fructu operae sunt et ob operas mercedes(Gaius),XII6 § 55.

[1497]VII7 § 3in hominis usu fructu operae sunt et ob operas mercedes(Gaius),XII6 § 55.

[1498]VII1 §§ 25, 26,XIX2 § 60⁷ (Labeo, time of Augustus, cited by Javolenus).

[1498]VII1 §§ 25, 26,XIX2 § 60⁷ (Labeo, time of Augustus, cited by Javolenus).

[1499]XL7 § 14ᵖʳmercedem referre pro operis suis(Alfenus), cfXLV3 § 18³.

[1499]XL7 § 14ᵖʳmercedem referre pro operis suis(Alfenus), cfXLV3 § 18³.

[1500]XXXIII7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹.mercedeorpensionis certa quantitateas opposed tofide dominica.

[1500]XXXIII7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹.mercedeorpensionis certa quantitateas opposed tofide dominica.

[1501]VIII6 § 20,XLIII16 § 1²⁰, 24 § 3ᵖʳ.

[1501]VIII6 § 20,XLIII16 § 1²⁰, 24 § 3ᵖʳ.

[1502]XLIII24 § 5¹¹.

[1502]XLIII24 § 5¹¹.

[1503]XLI1 § 44.

[1503]XLI1 § 44.

[1504]XLVII14, cfXLVIII19 § 16⁷,XLIX16 § 5².

[1504]XLVII14, cfXLVIII19 § 16⁷,XLIX16 § 5².

[1505]InXIX2 § 25⁴ (Gaius?) the tenant is held to blame for wilful damage done by a neighbour with whom he has a quarrel.

[1505]InXIX2 § 25⁴ (Gaius?) the tenant is held to blame for wilful damage done by a neighbour with whom he has a quarrel.

[1506]XVIII1 § 35⁸.

[1506]XVIII1 § 35⁸.

[1507]XLVII21 § 2.

[1507]XLVII21 § 2.

[1508]XLIII16,de vi et de vi armata.

[1508]XLIII16,de vi et de vi armata.

[1509]XLI3 § 33¹ etc.

[1509]XLI3 § 33¹ etc.

[1510]XLI2 §§ 3⁸,¹², 25¹, etc.

[1510]XLI2 §§ 3⁸,¹², 25¹, etc.

[1511]VIII3de servitutibus praediorum rusticorum. Specimens of inscribed notices of servitudes, GirardtextespartIIIch 3 § 1.

[1511]VIII3de servitutibus praediorum rusticorum. Specimens of inscribed notices of servitudes, GirardtextespartIIIch 3 § 1.

[1512]VII1 § 27³,XIX2 § 15² (Ulpian). The abuse of the quartering of troops was no new evil in the Provinces. We hear of it from Cicero. In the third centuryADwe have the notable petitions from Scaptoparene in Thrace (238) text in Mommsenges SchrII174-6, and from the Aragueni in Asia Minor (244-7), text in DittenbergerOr Graec inscrNo 519. For Italy in 5th century see onSymmachus.

[1512]VII1 § 27³,XIX2 § 15² (Ulpian). The abuse of the quartering of troops was no new evil in the Provinces. We hear of it from Cicero. In the third centuryADwe have the notable petitions from Scaptoparene in Thrace (238) text in Mommsenges SchrII174-6, and from the Aragueni in Asia Minor (244-7), text in DittenbergerOr Graec inscrNo 519. For Italy in 5th century see onSymmachus.

[1513]XIX2 §§ 9³, 15.

[1513]XIX2 §§ 9³, 15.

[1514]XLI1 § 7¹⁻⁶, etc.

[1514]XLI1 § 7¹⁻⁶, etc.

[1515]XI4 § 1¹, cf PaulussentI6a§ 5.

[1515]XI4 § 1¹, cf PaulussentI6a§ 5.

[1516]Dealt with later in the Codes as a frequent evil. For early medieval laws on the point see de Coulanges p 152.

[1516]Dealt with later in the Codes as a frequent evil. For early medieval laws on the point see de Coulanges p 152.

[1517]XLVII9 §§ 3³, 16, PaulussentV3 § 4.

[1517]XLVII9 §§ 3³, 16, PaulussentV3 § 4.

[1518]XIII4 § 3.

[1518]XIII4 § 3.

[1519]Callistratus inL11 § 2, quoting Platorep371a-c.

[1519]Callistratus inL11 § 2, quoting Platorep371a-c.

[1520]XLVII11 § 9.

[1520]XLVII11 § 9.

[1521]XLVII11 § 10, cf cod ThIX32 § 1, cod JustIX38.

[1521]XLVII11 § 10, cf cod ThIX32 § 1, cod JustIX38.

[1522]agri vectigalesor (as the title calls them by a later name)emphyteuticarii.VI3 §§ 1, 2,XIX1 § 13⁶,XLIII9 § 1,L16 § 219. Large blocks were also hired by middlemen (mancipes) and sublet in parcels tocoloni,XIX2 § 53.

[1522]agri vectigalesor (as the title calls them by a later name)emphyteuticarii.VI3 §§ 1, 2,XIX1 § 13⁶,XLIII9 § 1,L16 § 219. Large blocks were also hired by middlemen (mancipes) and sublet in parcels tocoloni,XIX2 § 53.

[1523]VI3 §§ 1, 3.

[1523]VI3 §§ 1, 3.

[1524]L8 § 2¹.

[1524]L8 § 2¹.

[1525]subiectis aliorum nominibus.

[1525]subiectis aliorum nominibus.

[1526]XXXIX4 § 11¹,auctoritate principali.

[1526]XXXIX4 § 11¹,auctoritate principali.

[1527]GaiusIII145 concludes that the contract in these leases is one of letting and hiring, not of purchase and sale. That is, it includes everything save the baredominium, notablypossessio, and, as Prof Buckland points out to me, covenants usual in such cases could be enforced by theactio ex locato.

[1527]GaiusIII145 concludes that the contract in these leases is one of letting and hiring, not of purchase and sale. That is, it includes everything save the baredominium, notablypossessio, and, as Prof Buckland points out to me, covenants usual in such cases could be enforced by theactio ex locato.

[1528]XXXIX4 § 11⁵.

[1528]XXXIX4 § 11⁵.

[1529]XLIX14 § 3⁶.

[1529]XLIX14 § 3⁶.

[1530]principalibus rescriptis.From the text I infer that these are later than Hadrian.

[1530]principalibus rescriptis.From the text I infer that these are later than Hadrian.

[1531]XXX§ 39¹⁰,XIX2 § 49.

[1531]XXX§ 39¹⁰,XIX2 § 49.

[1532]XLIX14 § 47¹ (Paulus).

[1532]XLIX14 § 47¹ (Paulus).

[1533]XLIII8 § 2⁴ (Ulpian), a very important passage.

[1533]XLIII8 § 2⁴ (Ulpian), a very important passage.

[1534]Papirius Justus inL1 § 38¹,muneribus fungi sine damno fisci oportere.

[1534]Papirius Justus inL1 § 38¹,muneribus fungi sine damno fisci oportere.

[1535]Callistratus inL6 § 6¹¹,ut idoniores praediis fiscalibus habeantur.

[1535]Callistratus inL6 § 6¹¹,ut idoniores praediis fiscalibus habeantur.

[1536]References are endless. Most significant isL4 § 4 (Ulpian)honores qui indicuntur.

[1536]References are endless. Most significant isL4 § 4 (Ulpian)honores qui indicuntur.

[1537]TitleXLIX14de iure fisci.

[1537]TitleXLIX14de iure fisci.

[1538]II14 § 42 (Papinian).

[1538]II14 § 42 (Papinian).

[1539]XLIX14 § 3¹⁰.

[1539]XLIX14 § 3¹⁰.

[1540]XLVIII22 § 1, cfXLIX14 §§ 47, 50, (Paulus).

[1540]XLVIII22 § 1, cfXLIX14 §§ 47, 50, (Paulus).

[1541]That they did sometimes suffer may be inferred from the case of the Aragueni (p 374) who describe themselves as πάροικοι and γεωργοὶ (=inquiliniandcoloni) of the emperor.

[1541]That they did sometimes suffer may be inferred from the case of the Aragueni (p 374) who describe themselves as πάροικοι and γεωργοὶ (=inquiliniandcoloni) of the emperor.

[1542]L5 §§ 10, 11, etc.

[1542]L5 §§ 10, 11, etc.

[1543]See SpartianHadrian7 § 5, CapitolinusAnton12 § 3, SpartianSeverus14 § 2.

[1543]See SpartianHadrian7 § 5, CapitolinusAnton12 § 3, SpartianSeverus14 § 2.

[1544]De Coulanges makes it his main thesis that the later colonate was a creation of custom, at length recognized by law. My conclusions here were reached before reading his fine treatise.

[1544]De Coulanges makes it his main thesis that the later colonate was a creation of custom, at length recognized by law. My conclusions here were reached before reading his fine treatise.

[1545]attributiorcontributi. See Mommsen,StaatsrechtIII,die attribuirten Orte.

[1545]attributiorcontributi. See Mommsen,StaatsrechtIII,die attribuirten Orte.

[1546]Cf DigXXXIII2 § 28indictiones temporariae[Paulus],XIX1 § 13⁶ [Ulpian].

[1546]Cf DigXXXIII2 § 28indictiones temporariae[Paulus],XIX1 § 13⁶ [Ulpian].

[1547]Plinypaneg29 (of imperial subjects)nec novis indictionibus pressi ad vetera tributa deficiunt.

[1547]Plinypaneg29 (of imperial subjects)nec novis indictionibus pressi ad vetera tributa deficiunt.

[1548]Hence cod Theod has a titlede superindictionibus.

[1548]Hence cod Theod has a titlede superindictionibus.

[1549]The rising of the Bagaudae in Gaul, at least partly due to agricultural distress, had been put down by Maximian in 285-6. See SchillerIIIpp 124-6.

[1549]The rising of the Bagaudae in Gaul, at least partly due to agricultural distress, had been put down by Maximian in 285-6. See SchillerIIIpp 124-6.

[1550]It is true that thecolonuswas guaranteed against disturbance, but I think de Coulanges pp 114-7, 123 makes too much of this.

[1550]It is true that thecolonuswas guaranteed against disturbance, but I think de Coulanges pp 114-7, 123 makes too much of this.

[1551]There were in the latter half of the third century some signs of the coming reconstruction. But they came to no effect.

[1551]There were in the latter half of the third century some signs of the coming reconstruction. But they came to no effect.

[1552]Cod ThV17 (9) § 1apud quemcumque colonus iuris alieni fuerit inventus, is non solum, eundem origini suae restituat verum super eodem capitationem temporis agnoscat... etc. Runawaycoloniare to be chained like slaves,iuris alieni= the control of someone other than the person harbouring him. Thecolonusis legally dependent, though nominally free.

[1552]Cod ThV17 (9) § 1apud quemcumque colonus iuris alieni fuerit inventus, is non solum, eundem origini suae restituat verum super eodem capitationem temporis agnoscat... etc. Runawaycoloniare to be chained like slaves,iuris alieni= the control of someone other than the person harbouring him. Thecolonusis legally dependent, though nominally free.

[1553]See Weber,Agrargeschichtepp 256 foll.

[1553]See Weber,Agrargeschichtepp 256 foll.

[1554]See SeeckII320 foll, 330 foll.

[1554]See SeeckII320 foll, 330 foll.

[1555]Cod JustXI59 § 1, in which Constantine, finding thecivitatum ordinesunequal to this burden, extends the liability to other landlords also.

[1555]Cod JustXI59 § 1, in which Constantine, finding thecivitatum ordinesunequal to this burden, extends the liability to other landlords also.

[1556]See SeeckII214 foll, 223, 249,IV88.

[1556]See SeeckII214 foll, 223, 249,IV88.

[1557]SeeckII249, 284. See Cod ThXI2 §§ 1-5 (dates 365-389), not in Cod Just.

[1557]SeeckII249, 284. See Cod ThXI2 §§ 1-5 (dates 365-389), not in Cod Just.

[1558]Heisterbergk p 59 with references. Seeck,Schatzungsordnungpp 302-5.

[1558]Heisterbergk p 59 with references. Seeck,Schatzungsordnungpp 302-5.

[1559]The details of this system are fully discussed in Seeck’s great article,die Schatzungsordnung Diocletians, in the Ztschr für social und Wirthschaftsgeschichte 1896.

[1559]The details of this system are fully discussed in Seeck’s great article,die Schatzungsordnung Diocletians, in the Ztschr für social und Wirthschaftsgeschichte 1896.

[1560]DigestI5 § 17, Dion CassLXXVII9 § 5. SchillerGeschichteIpp 750-1 thinks that military motives had much to do with it, as adding to the citizen troops. What is supposed to be a copy of the edict itself has been found in a papyrus, see Girard,textespartIch 4 § 12. The text is in the Giessen papyri No 40. It seems certain that the lowest class ofperegrini(thedediticii) were not included in the grant.

[1560]DigestI5 § 17, Dion CassLXXVII9 § 5. SchillerGeschichteIpp 750-1 thinks that military motives had much to do with it, as adding to the citizen troops. What is supposed to be a copy of the edict itself has been found in a papyrus, see Girard,textespartIch 4 § 12. The text is in the Giessen papyri No 40. It seems certain that the lowest class ofperegrini(thedediticii) were not included in the grant.

[1561]See SeeckII323. Cf Lactantmort pers23 § 5, VictorCaes39 § 31.

[1561]See SeeckII323. Cf Lactantmort pers23 § 5, VictorCaes39 § 31.

[1562]Through theius commercii.

[1562]Through theius commercii.

[1563]Seeck,Schatzungsordnung, cited above.

[1563]Seeck,Schatzungsordnung, cited above.

[1564]A long title in cod Th is devoted to remissions,XI28, consisting of temporary laws. And these deal chiefly with Italian and African Provinces, notably §§ 7, 12, with Campania. They date from 395 to 436.

[1564]A long title in cod Th is devoted to remissions,XI28, consisting of temporary laws. And these deal chiefly with Italian and African Provinces, notably §§ 7, 12, with Campania. They date from 395 to 436.

[1565]In the panegyric (NoVIIIcap 11) on Constantine we have mention of a reduction of 7000capitafor relief of a district in Gaul.

[1565]In the panegyric (NoVIIIcap 11) on Constantine we have mention of a reduction of 7000capitafor relief of a district in Gaul.

[1566]Cod ThXI1 § 14. Cf. Seeck,Schatzungsordnungpp 315-6.

[1566]Cod ThXI1 § 14. Cf. Seeck,Schatzungsordnungpp 315-6.

[1567]Compare the conduct of the magistrates of Antioch in the evidence of Libanius cited below.

[1567]Compare the conduct of the magistrates of Antioch in the evidence of Libanius cited below.

[1568]See for instance cod ThXIII10 § 1.

[1568]See for instance cod ThXIII10 § 1.

[1569]See below, in section onSalvian.

[1569]See below, in section onSalvian.

[1570]See AmmianusXIX11 § 3, VictorCaesares13 §§ 5, 6. A long title cod ThVIII5 is devoted to thecursus, containing 66 laws from 315 to 407, and other references abound.

[1570]See AmmianusXIX11 § 3, VictorCaesares13 §§ 5, 6. A long title cod ThVIII5 is devoted to thecursus, containing 66 laws from 315 to 407, and other references abound.

[1571]Cf cod ThXI16 § 3 (324), § 4 (328).

[1571]Cf cod ThXI16 § 3 (324), § 4 (328).

[1572]Cf CicIIin VerrIII§ 190, TacAgr19. Cf cod ThXI1 § 22 (386), with Godefroi’s notes, also §§ 11 (365) and 21 (385),XIV4 § 4 (367).

[1572]Cf CicIIin VerrIII§ 190, TacAgr19. Cf cod ThXI1 § 22 (386), with Godefroi’s notes, also §§ 11 (365) and 21 (385),XIV4 § 4 (367).

[1573]See the titlede naviculariis, cod ThXIII5, including 38 laws.

[1573]See the titlede naviculariis, cod ThXIII5, including 38 laws.

[1574]Cod ThXIV18de mendicantibus non invalidis.

[1574]Cod ThXIV18de mendicantibus non invalidis.

[1575]If I rightly interpret DigL5 § 1² (Ulpian) cases had occurred earlier of men liable to office even pretending to be merecoloniin order to evade liability (ad colonos praediorum se transtulerunt. See Dirksen undertransferre).

[1575]If I rightly interpret DigL5 § 1² (Ulpian) cases had occurred earlier of men liable to office even pretending to be merecoloniin order to evade liability (ad colonos praediorum se transtulerunt. See Dirksen undertransferre).

[1576]Very significant is the law cod ThXVI5 § 48 (410) by which even heretics are held to curial duty.

[1576]Very significant is the law cod ThXVI5 § 48 (410) by which even heretics are held to curial duty.

[1577]See Seeck,Schatzungsordnungpp 315-6, De Coulanges p 119.

[1577]See Seeck,Schatzungsordnungpp 315-6, De Coulanges p 119.

[1578]See Weber,Agrargeschichtepp 266-7.

[1578]See Weber,Agrargeschichtepp 266-7.

[1579]Cf cod ThXI16passim.

[1579]Cf cod ThXI16passim.

[1580]A rule of 366, or later according to Mommsen, cod ThXI1 § 14, cod JustXI48 § 4.

[1580]A rule of 366, or later according to Mommsen, cod ThXI1 § 14, cod JustXI48 § 4.

[1581]Cf cod ThXIII10 § 3, retained in cod JustXI48 § 2, plainly recognizing this.

[1581]Cf cod ThXIII10 § 3, retained in cod JustXI48 § 2, plainly recognizing this.

[1582]See the advantages of the colonate summed up in de Coulanges p 144, and cfibidp 139.

[1582]See the advantages of the colonate summed up in de Coulanges p 144, and cfibidp 139.

[1583]Lactantiusde mort pers7 § 3.

[1583]Lactantiusde mort pers7 § 3.

[1584]enormitate indictionum.

[1584]enormitate indictionum.

[1585]Cf Augustinde civ DeiX1coloni, qui condicionem debent genitali solo, propter agri culturam sub dominio possessorum.

[1585]Cf Augustinde civ DeiX1coloni, qui condicionem debent genitali solo, propter agri culturam sub dominio possessorum.

[1586]Cf cod ThV17 (9) §§ 1, 2 (332), etc.

[1586]Cf cod ThV17 (9) §§ 1, 2 (332), etc.

[1587]Cod ThXI3 § 2.

[1587]Cod ThXI3 § 2.

[1588]Thecapitatio.

[1588]Thecapitatio.

[1589]Cod JustXI48 § 7.

[1589]Cod JustXI48 § 7.

[1590]Schatzungsordnungpp 313-4.

[1590]Schatzungsordnungpp 313-4.

[1591]RostowzewGeschichte des Röm Colonatespp 381-97 traces the abandonment of the policy of favouringcoloni, and adoption of reliance on great possessors, as a result of the pressing difficulties of the collection of revenue.

[1591]RostowzewGeschichte des Röm Colonatespp 381-97 traces the abandonment of the policy of favouringcoloni, and adoption of reliance on great possessors, as a result of the pressing difficulties of the collection of revenue.

[1592]Cod JustXI50 § 1 (Constantine).

[1592]Cod JustXI50 § 1 (Constantine).

[1593]Cod JustXI50 § 2.

[1593]Cod JustXI50 § 2.

[1594]Cod ThXI1 § 12 (365).

[1594]Cod ThXI1 § 12 (365).

[1595]Wallon,EsclavageIII266, 282.

[1595]Wallon,EsclavageIII266, 282.

[1596]For instance cod ThXI11 (date somewhere 368-373),IV13 §§ 2, 3 (321). AlsoXI7-10, 16 § 10, etc.

[1596]For instance cod ThXI11 (date somewhere 368-373),IV13 §§ 2, 3 (321). AlsoXI7-10, 16 § 10, etc.

[1597]Seeck,Schatzungsordnungpp 285-308, with an account of local variations. For instance, in Africa and Egypt there was nocapitatio.

[1597]Seeck,Schatzungsordnungpp 285-308, with an account of local variations. For instance, in Africa and Egypt there was nocapitatio.

[1598]See cod ThVII13 § 7, 8 (375, 380). Even the imperial estates made liable, ibid § 12 (397). Dill p 196. In 379 Theodosius had to raise recruits from γεωργοί, LibaniusXXIV16.

[1598]See cod ThVII13 § 7, 8 (375, 380). Even the imperial estates made liable, ibid § 12 (397). Dill p 196. In 379 Theodosius had to raise recruits from γεωργοί, LibaniusXXIV16.

[1599]Cod ThVII18 § 10, cfVIII2 § 3 (380). See SeeckII490-1.

[1599]Cod ThVII18 § 10, cfVIII2 § 3 (380). See SeeckII490-1.

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