II. POSSESSIVE FORMS.

All were knocked down butustwo.—Kingsley.Thy shores are empires, changed in all savethee.—Byron.Rich are the sea gods:—who gives gifts butthey?—Emerson.

All were knocked down butustwo.—Kingsley.

Thy shores are empires, changed in all savethee.—Byron.

Rich are the sea gods:—who gives gifts butthey?—Emerson.

The Chieftains thenReturned rejoicing, all buthe.—Southey

No man strikes him butI.—Kingsley.

None, savethouand thine, I've sworn,Shall be left upon the morn.—Byron.

Correct the italicized pronouns in the following, giving reasons from the analysis of the quotation:—

1.Thou, Nature, partial Nature, I arraign.2. Let you andIlook at these, for they say there are none such in the world.3. "Nonsense!" said Amyas, "we could kill every soul of them in half an hour, and they know that as well asme."4. Markland,who, with Jortin and Thirlby, Johnson calls three contemporaries of great eminence.5. They are coming for a visit tosheandI.6.They crowned him long ago;Butwhothey got to put it onNobody seems to know.7. I experienced little difficulty in distinguishing among the pedestrianstheywho had business with St. Bartholomew.8. The great difference lies between the laborer who moves to Yorkshire andhewho moves to Canada.9. Besides my father and Uncle Haddock—heof the silver plates.10.Yeagainst whose familiar names not yetThe fatal asterisk of death is set,YeI salute.11. It can't be worth much totheythat hasn't larning.12. To send me away for a whole year—Iwho had never crept from under the parental wing—was a startling idea.

1.Thou, Nature, partial Nature, I arraign.

2. Let you andIlook at these, for they say there are none such in the world.

3. "Nonsense!" said Amyas, "we could kill every soul of them in half an hour, and they know that as well asme."

4. Markland,who, with Jortin and Thirlby, Johnson calls three contemporaries of great eminence.

5. They are coming for a visit tosheandI.

They crowned him long ago;Butwhothey got to put it onNobody seems to know.

7. I experienced little difficulty in distinguishing among the pedestrianstheywho had business with St. Bartholomew.

8. The great difference lies between the laborer who moves to Yorkshire andhewho moves to Canada.

9. Besides my father and Uncle Haddock—heof the silver plates.

10.

Yeagainst whose familiar names not yetThe fatal asterisk of death is set,YeI salute.

11. It can't be worth much totheythat hasn't larning.

12. To send me away for a whole year—Iwho had never crept from under the parental wing—was a startling idea.

As antecedent of a relative.

407.The possessive forms of personal pronouns and also of nouns are sometimes found as antecedents of relatives. This usage is not frequent. The antecedent is usually nominative or objective, as the use of the possessive is less likely to be clear.

We should augur ill of anygentleman'sproperty to whom this happened every other day in his drawing room.—Ruskin.Fortheirsakes whose distance disabled them from knowing me.—C. B. Brown.Now byHisname that I most reverence in Heaven, and byherswhom I most worship on earth.—Scott.He saw her smile and slip money into theman'shand who was ordered to ride behind the coach.—Thackeray.He doubted whetherhissignature whose expectations were so much more bounded would avail.—De Quincey.

We should augur ill of anygentleman'sproperty to whom this happened every other day in his drawing room.—Ruskin.

Fortheirsakes whose distance disabled them from knowing me.—C. B. Brown.

Now byHisname that I most reverence in Heaven, and byherswhom I most worship on earth.—Scott.

He saw her smile and slip money into theman'shand who was ordered to ride behind the coach.—Thackeray.

He doubted whetherhissignature whose expectations were so much more bounded would avail.—De Quincey.

For boys with hearts as boldAshiswho kept the bridge so well.—Macaulay.

Preceding a gerund,—possessive, or objective?

408.Another point on which there is some variance in usage is such a construction as this: "We heard ofBrownstudying law," or "We heard ofBrown'sstudying law."

That is, should the possessive case of a noun or pronoun always be used with the gerund to indicate the active agent? Closely scrutinizing these two sentences quoted, we might find a difference between them: saying that in the first onestudyingis a participle, and the meaning is,We heard of Brown, [who was]studying law; and that in the second,studyingis a gerund, object ofheard of, and modified by the possessive case as any other substantive would be.

Why both are found.

But in common use there is no such distinction. Both types of sentences are found; both are gerunds; sometimes the gerund has the possessive form before it, sometimes it has the objective. The use of the objective is older, and in keeping with the old way of regarding thepersonas the chief object before the mind: the possessive use is more modern, in keeping with the disposition to proceed from the material thing to theabstract idea, and to make the action substantive the chief idea before the mind.

In the examples quoted, it will be noticed that the possessive of the pronoun is more common than that of the noun.

Objective.

The last incident which I recollect, was my learned and worthypatronfalling from a chair.—Scott.He spoke ofsome onecoming to drink tea with him, and asked why it was not made.—Thackeray.The old sexton even expressed a doubt as toShakespearehaving been born in her house.—Irving.The fact of theRomansnot burying their dead within the city walls proper is a strong reason, etc.—Brewer.I rememberWordsworthonce laughingly reporting to me a little personal anecdote.—De Quincey.Here I state them only in brief, to prevent thereadercasting about in alarm for my ultimate meaning.—Ruskin.We think with far less pleasure ofCatotearing out his entrails than ofRussellsaying, as he turned away from his wife, that the bitterness of death was past.—Macaulay.There is actually a kind of sacredness in the fact of such amanbeing sent into this earth.—Carlyle.

The last incident which I recollect, was my learned and worthypatronfalling from a chair.—Scott.

He spoke ofsome onecoming to drink tea with him, and asked why it was not made.—Thackeray.

The old sexton even expressed a doubt as toShakespearehaving been born in her house.—Irving.

The fact of theRomansnot burying their dead within the city walls proper is a strong reason, etc.—Brewer.

I rememberWordsworthonce laughingly reporting to me a little personal anecdote.—De Quincey.

Here I state them only in brief, to prevent thereadercasting about in alarm for my ultimate meaning.—Ruskin.

We think with far less pleasure ofCatotearing out his entrails than ofRussellsaying, as he turned away from his wife, that the bitterness of death was past.—Macaulay.

There is actually a kind of sacredness in the fact of such amanbeing sent into this earth.—Carlyle.

Possessive.

There is no use for anyman'staking up his abode in a house built of glass.—Carlyle.As tohishaving good grounds on which to rest an action for life.—Dickens.The case was made known to me by aman'sholding out the little creature dead.—De Quincey.There may be reason for asavage'spreferring many kinds of food which the civilized man rejects.—Thoreau.It informs me of the previous circumstances ofmylaying aside my clothes.—C. Brockden Brown.The two strangers gave me an account oftheironce having been themselves in a somewhat similar condition.—Audubon.There was a chance oftheirbeing sent to a new school, where there were examinations.—RuskinThis can only be byhispreferring truth to his past apprehension of truth.—Emerson

There is no use for anyman'staking up his abode in a house built of glass.—Carlyle.

As tohishaving good grounds on which to rest an action for life.—Dickens.

The case was made known to me by aman'sholding out the little creature dead.—De Quincey.

There may be reason for asavage'spreferring many kinds of food which the civilized man rejects.—Thoreau.

It informs me of the previous circumstances ofmylaying aside my clothes.—C. Brockden Brown.

The two strangers gave me an account oftheironce having been themselves in a somewhat similar condition.—Audubon.

There was a chance oftheirbeing sent to a new school, where there were examinations.—Ruskin

This can only be byhispreferring truth to his past apprehension of truth.—Emerson

III. PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND THEIR ANTECEDENTS.

409.The pronouns of the third person usually refer back to some preceding noun or pronoun, and ought to agree with them in person, number, and gender.

Watch for the real antecedent.

There are two constructions in which the student will need to watch the pronoun,—when the antecedent, in one person, is followed by a phrase containing a pronoun of a different person; and when the antecedent is of such a form that the pronoun following cannot indicate exactly the gender. Examples of these constructions are,—

Thoseof us who can only maintainthemselvesby continuing in some business or salaried office.—Ruskin.Suppose the life and fortune ofevery oneof us would depend onhiswinning or losing a game of chess.—Huxley.Ifany onedid not know it, it washisown fault.—Cable.Everybodyhadhisown life to think of.—Defoe.

Thoseof us who can only maintainthemselvesby continuing in some business or salaried office.—Ruskin.

Suppose the life and fortune ofevery oneof us would depend onhiswinning or losing a game of chess.—Huxley.

Ifany onedid not know it, it washisown fault.—Cable.

Everybodyhadhisown life to think of.—Defoe.

410.In such a case as the last three sentences,—when the antecedent includes both masculine and feminine, or is a distributive word, taking in each of many persons,—the preferred method is to putthe pronoun following in the masculine singular; if the antecedent is neuter, preceded by a distributive, the pronoun will be neuter singular.

The following are additional examples:—

The nextcorrespondentwants you to mark out a whole course of life forhim.—Holmes.Everycitythrew openitsgates.—De Quincey.Everypersonwho turns this page hashisown little diary.—Thackeray.

The nextcorrespondentwants you to mark out a whole course of life forhim.—Holmes.

Everycitythrew openitsgates.—De Quincey.

Everypersonwho turns this page hashisown little diary.—Thackeray.

The pale realms of shade, whereeachshall takeHischamber in the silent halls of death.—Bryant.

Avoided: By using both pronouns.

Sometimes this is avoided by using both the masculine and the feminine pronoun; for example,—

Not the feeblestgrandame, not a mowingidiot, but uses what spark of perception and faculty is left, to chuckle and triumph inhis or heropinion.—Emerson.It is a game which has been played for untold ages, everymanandwomanof us being one of the two players in a game ofhis or herown.—Huxley.

Not the feeblestgrandame, not a mowingidiot, but uses what spark of perception and faculty is left, to chuckle and triumph inhis or heropinion.—Emerson.

It is a game which has been played for untold ages, everymanandwomanof us being one of the two players in a game ofhis or herown.—Huxley.

By using the plural pronoun.

411.Another way of referring to an antecedent which is a distributive pronoun or a noun modified by a distributive adjective, is to use the plural of the pronoun following. This is not considered the best usage, the logical analysis requiring the singular pronoun in each case; but the construction is frequently foundwhen the antecedent includes or implies both genders. The masculine does not really represent a feminine antecedent, and the expressionhis or heris avoided as being cumbrous.

Notice the following examples of the plural:—

Neitherof the sisterswerevery much deceived.—Thackeray.Every onemust judge oftheirown feelings.—Byron.Had the doctor been contented to take my dining tables, asanybodyintheirsenses would have done.—Austen.If the part deserve any comment, every consideringChristianwill make itthemselvesas they go.—Defoe.Every person'shappiness depends in part upon the respecttheymeet in the world.—Paley.Every nationhavetheirrefinements—Sterne.Neithergave vent totheirfeelings in words.—Scott.Eachof the nations acted according totheirnational custom.—Palgrave.The sun, which pleaseseverybodywith it and withthemselves.—Ruskin.Urgingevery onewithin reach of your influence to be neat, and givingthemmeans of being so.—Id.Everybodywill become of use intheirown fittest way.—Id.Everybodysaidtheythought it was the newest thing there.—Wendell Phillips.Struggling for life,eachalmost burstingtheirsinews to force the other off.—Paulding.Whosoeverhath any gold, letthembreak it off.—Bible.Nobodyknows what it is to lose a friend, tilltheyhave lost him.—Fielding.Where she was gone, or what was become of her,no onecould take uponthemto say.—Sheridan.I do not mean that I thinkany oneto blame for taking due care oftheirhealth.—Addison.

Neitherof the sisterswerevery much deceived.—Thackeray.

Every onemust judge oftheirown feelings.—Byron.

Had the doctor been contented to take my dining tables, asanybodyintheirsenses would have done.—Austen.

If the part deserve any comment, every consideringChristianwill make itthemselvesas they go.—Defoe.

Every person'shappiness depends in part upon the respecttheymeet in the world.—Paley.

Every nationhavetheirrefinements—Sterne.

Neithergave vent totheirfeelings in words.—Scott.

Eachof the nations acted according totheirnational custom.—Palgrave.

The sun, which pleaseseverybodywith it and withthemselves.—Ruskin.

Urgingevery onewithin reach of your influence to be neat, and givingthemmeans of being so.—Id.

Everybodywill become of use intheirown fittest way.—Id.

Everybodysaidtheythought it was the newest thing there.—Wendell Phillips.

Struggling for life,eachalmost burstingtheirsinews to force the other off.—Paulding.

Whosoeverhath any gold, letthembreak it off.—Bible.

Nobodyknows what it is to lose a friend, tilltheyhave lost him.—Fielding.

Where she was gone, or what was become of her,no onecould take uponthemto say.—Sheridan.

I do not mean that I thinkany oneto blame for taking due care oftheirhealth.—Addison.

Exercise.—In the above sentences,unless both genders are implied, change the pronoun to agree with its antecedent.

What these terms mean.

412.As to their conjunctive use, the definite relativeswho,which, andthatmay becoördinatingorrestrictive.

A relative, when coördinating, or unrestrictive, is equivalent to a conjunction (and,but,because,etc.) and a personal pronoun. It adds a new statement to what precedes, that being considered already clear; as, "I gave it to the beggar,whowent away." This means, "I gave it to the beggar [we know which one],and hewent away."

A relative, when restrictive, introduces a clause to limit and make clear some preceding word. The clause is restricted to the antecedent, and does not add a new statement; it merely couples a thought necessary to define the antecedent: as, "I gave it to a beggarwhostood at the gate." It definesbeggar.

413.It is sometimes contended thatwhoandwhichshould always be coördinating, andthatalways restrictive; but, according to the practice of every modern writer, the usage must be stated as follows:—

A loose rule the only one to be formulated.

Whoandwhichare either coördinating or restrictive, the taste of the writer and regard for euphony being the guide.

Thatis in most cases restrictive, the coördinating use not being often found among careful writers.

In the following examples, tell whetherwho,which, andthatare restrictive or not, in each instance:—

Who.

1. "Here he is now!" cried those who stood near Ernest.—Hawthorne.2. He could overhear the remarks of various individuals, who were comparing the features with the face on the mountain side.—Id.3. The particular recording angel who heard it pretended not to understand, or it might have gone hard with the tutor.—Holmes.4. Yet how many are there who up, down, and over England are saying, etc.—H. W. Beecher5. A grizzly-looking man appeared, whom we took to be sixty or seventy years old.—Thoreau.

1. "Here he is now!" cried those who stood near Ernest.—Hawthorne.

2. He could overhear the remarks of various individuals, who were comparing the features with the face on the mountain side.—Id.

3. The particular recording angel who heard it pretended not to understand, or it might have gone hard with the tutor.—Holmes.

4. Yet how many are there who up, down, and over England are saying, etc.—H. W. Beecher

5. A grizzly-looking man appeared, whom we took to be sixty or seventy years old.—Thoreau.

Which.

6. The volume which I am just about terminating is almost as much English history as Dutch.—Motley.7. On hearing their plan, which was to go over the Cordilleras, she agreed to join the party.—De Quincey.8. Even the wild story of the incident which had immediately occasioned the explosion of this madness fell in with the universal prostration of mind.—Id.9. Their colloquies are all gone to the fire except this first, which Mr. Hare has printed.—Carlyle.10. There is a particular science which takes these matters in hand, and it is called logic.—Newman.

6. The volume which I am just about terminating is almost as much English history as Dutch.—Motley.

7. On hearing their plan, which was to go over the Cordilleras, she agreed to join the party.—De Quincey.

8. Even the wild story of the incident which had immediately occasioned the explosion of this madness fell in with the universal prostration of mind.—Id.

9. Their colloquies are all gone to the fire except this first, which Mr. Hare has printed.—Carlyle.

10. There is a particular science which takes these matters in hand, and it is called logic.—Newman.

That.

11. So different from the wild, hard-mouthed horses at Westport, that were often vicious.—De Quincey.12. He was often tempted to pluck the flowers that rose everywhere about him in the greatest variety.—Addison.13. He felt a gale of perfumes breathing upon him, that grew stronger and sweeter in proportion as he advanced.—Id.14. With narrow shoulders, long arms and legs, hands that dangled a mile out of his sleeves.—Irving.

11. So different from the wild, hard-mouthed horses at Westport, that were often vicious.—De Quincey.

12. He was often tempted to pluck the flowers that rose everywhere about him in the greatest variety.—Addison.

13. He felt a gale of perfumes breathing upon him, that grew stronger and sweeter in proportion as he advanced.—Id.

14. With narrow shoulders, long arms and legs, hands that dangled a mile out of his sleeves.—Irving.

The rule.

414.The general rule is, that the relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in person and number.

In what sense true.

This cannot be true as to the form of the pronoun, as that does not vary for person or number. We sayI,you,he,they, etc.,who;theseorthatwhich, etc. However, the relativecarries overthe agreement from the antecedent before to the verb following, so far as the verb has forms to show its agreement with a substantive. For example, in the sentence, "He that writes to himself writes to an eternal public,"thatis invariable as to personand number, but, because of its antecedent, it makes the verb third person singular.

Notice the agreement in the following sentences:—

There is notoneof the company, butmyself, who rarelyspeakat all, butspeaksof him as that sort, etc.—Addison.OTime!whoknow'sta lenient hand to lay Softest on sorrow's wound.—Bowles.Let us be of good cheer, remembering that the misfortunes hardest to bear arethosewhich nevercome.—Lowell.

There is notoneof the company, butmyself, who rarelyspeakat all, butspeaksof him as that sort, etc.—Addison.

OTime!whoknow'sta lenient hand to lay Softest on sorrow's wound.—Bowles.

Let us be of good cheer, remembering that the misfortunes hardest to bear arethosewhich nevercome.—Lowell.

A disputed point.

415.This prepares the way for the consideration of one of the vexed questions,—whether we should say, "one of the finest books thathasbeen published," or, "one of the finest books thathavebeen published."

One of ... [plural] that who,orwhich ... [singular or plural.]

Both constructions are frequently found, the reason being a difference of opinion as to the antecedent. Some consider it to beone[book]of the finest books, withoneas the principal word, the true antecedent; others regardbooksas the antecedent, and write the verb in the plural. The latter is rather more frequent, but the former has good authority.

The following quotations show both sides:—

Plural.

He was one of the very few commanders whoappearto have shown equal skill in directing a campaign, in winning a battle, and in improving a victory.—Lecky.He was one of the most distinguished scientists whohaveever lived.—J. T. Morse, Jr.,Franklin.It is one of those periods whichshinewith an unnatural and delusive splendor.—Macaulay.A very little encouragement brought back one of those overflows whichmakeone more ashamed, etc.—Holmes.I am one of those whobelievethat the real will never find an irremovable basis till it rests on the ideal.—Lowell.French literature of the eighteenth century, one of the most powerful agencies thathaveever existed.—M. Arnold.What man's life is not overtaken by one or more of those tornadoes thatsendus out of our course?—Thackeray.He is one of those thatdeservevery well.—Addison.

He was one of the very few commanders whoappearto have shown equal skill in directing a campaign, in winning a battle, and in improving a victory.—Lecky.

He was one of the most distinguished scientists whohaveever lived.—J. T. Morse, Jr.,Franklin.

It is one of those periods whichshinewith an unnatural and delusive splendor.—Macaulay.

A very little encouragement brought back one of those overflows whichmakeone more ashamed, etc.—Holmes.

I am one of those whobelievethat the real will never find an irremovable basis till it rests on the ideal.—Lowell.

French literature of the eighteenth century, one of the most powerful agencies thathaveever existed.—M. Arnold.

What man's life is not overtaken by one or more of those tornadoes thatsendus out of our course?—Thackeray.

He is one of those thatdeservevery well.—Addison.

Singular.

The fiery youth ... struck down one of those whowaspressing hardest.—Scott.He appeared to me one of the noblest creatures that everwas, when he derided the shams of society.—Howells.A rare Roundabout performance,—one of the very best thathasever appeared in this series.—Thackeray.Valancourt was the hero of one of the most famous romances which everwaspublished in this country.—Id.It is one of the errors whichhasbeen diligently propagated by designing writers.—Irving."I am going to breakfast with one of these fellows whoisat the Piazza Hotel."—Dickens.The "Economy of the Animal Kingdom" is one of those books whichisan honor to the human race.—Emerson.Tom Puzzle is one of the most eminent immethodical disputants of any thathasfallen under my observation.—Addison.The richly canopied monument of one of the most earnest souls that ever gaveitselfto the arts.—Ruskin.

The fiery youth ... struck down one of those whowaspressing hardest.—Scott.

He appeared to me one of the noblest creatures that everwas, when he derided the shams of society.—Howells.

A rare Roundabout performance,—one of the very best thathasever appeared in this series.—Thackeray.

Valancourt was the hero of one of the most famous romances which everwaspublished in this country.—Id.

It is one of the errors whichhasbeen diligently propagated by designing writers.—Irving.

"I am going to breakfast with one of these fellows whoisat the Piazza Hotel."—Dickens.

The "Economy of the Animal Kingdom" is one of those books whichisan honor to the human race.—Emerson.

Tom Puzzle is one of the most eminent immethodical disputants of any thathasfallen under my observation.—Addison.

The richly canopied monument of one of the most earnest souls that ever gaveitselfto the arts.—Ruskin.

416.Although the omission of the relative is common when it would be the object of the verb or prepositionexpressed, there is an omission which is not frequently found in careful writers; that is, when the relative word is a pronoun, object of a prepositionunderstood, or is equivalent to the conjunctionwhen,where,whence, and such like: as, "He returned by the same route [by which] he came;" "India is the place [in which, or where] he died." Notice these sentences:—

In the posture I lay, I could see nothing except the sky.—Swift.This is he that should marshal us the way we were going.—Emerson.

In the posture I lay, I could see nothing except the sky.—Swift.

This is he that should marshal us the way we were going.—Emerson.

But I by backward steps would move;And, when this dust falls to the urn,In that same state I came, return.—Vaughan.Welcome the hour my aged limbsAre laid with thee to rest.—Burns.

But I by backward steps would move;And, when this dust falls to the urn,In that same state I came, return.—Vaughan.

Welcome the hour my aged limbsAre laid with thee to rest.—Burns.

The night was concluded in the manner we began the morning.—Goldsmith.The same day I went aboard we set sail.—Defoe.The vulgar historian of a Cromwell fancies that he had determined on being Protector of England, at the time he was plowing the marsh lands of Cambridgeshire.—Carlyle.To pass under the canvas in the manner he had entered required time and attention.—Scott.

The night was concluded in the manner we began the morning.—Goldsmith.

The same day I went aboard we set sail.—Defoe.

The vulgar historian of a Cromwell fancies that he had determined on being Protector of England, at the time he was plowing the marsh lands of Cambridgeshire.—Carlyle.

To pass under the canvas in the manner he had entered required time and attention.—Scott.

Exercise.—In the above sentences, insert the omitted conjunction or phrase, and see if the sentence is made clearer.

417.It is very rarely that we find such sentences as,—

He considered...me as his apprentice, and accordingly expected the same service from meashe would from another.—Franklin.This has the same effect in natural faultsasmaiming and mutilation produce from accidents.—Burke.

He considered...me as his apprentice, and accordingly expected the same service from meashe would from another.—Franklin.

This has the same effect in natural faultsasmaiming and mutilation produce from accidents.—Burke.

The regular construction.

Caution.

The usual way is to use the relativeasaftersameif no verb followsas;but, ifsameis followed by a complete clause,asis not used, but we find the relativewho, which,orthat. Remember this applies only toaswhen used as a relative.

Examples of the use ofasin a contracted clause:—

Looking to the same endasTurner, and working in the same spirit, he, with Turner, was a discoverer, etc.—R. W. Church.They believe the same of all the works of art,asof knives, boats, looking-glasses.—Addison.

Looking to the same endasTurner, and working in the same spirit, he, with Turner, was a discoverer, etc.—R. W. Church.

They believe the same of all the works of art,asof knives, boats, looking-glasses.—Addison.

Examples of relatives followingsamein full clauses:—

Who.

This is the very same roguewhosold us the spectacles.—Goldsmith.The same personwhohad clapped his thrilling hands at the first representation of the Tempest.—Macaulay.

This is the very same roguewhosold us the spectacles.—Goldsmith.

The same personwhohad clapped his thrilling hands at the first representation of the Tempest.—Macaulay.

That.

I rubbed on some of the same ointmentthatwas given me at my first arrival.—Swift.

Which.

For the same sound is in my earsWhichin those days I heard.—Wordsworth.

With the same minutenesswhichher predecessor had exhibited, she passed the lamp over her face and person.—Scott.

Anacoluthic use ofwhich.

418.There is now and then found in the pages of literature a construction which imitates the Latin, but which is usually carefully avoided. It is a use of the relativewhichso as to make an anacoluthon, or lack of proper connection between the clauses; for example,—

Which, if I had resolved to go on with, I might as well have staid at home.—DefoeWhichif he attempted to do, Mr. Billings vowed that he would follow him to Jerusalem.—Thackeray.We know not the incantation of the heart that would wake them;—whichif they once heard, they would start up to meet us in the power of long ago.—Ruskin.He delivered the letter,whichwhen Mr. Thornhill had read, he said that all submission was now too late.—Goldsmith.

Which, if I had resolved to go on with, I might as well have staid at home.—Defoe

Whichif he attempted to do, Mr. Billings vowed that he would follow him to Jerusalem.—Thackeray.

We know not the incantation of the heart that would wake them;—whichif they once heard, they would start up to meet us in the power of long ago.—Ruskin.

He delivered the letter,whichwhen Mr. Thornhill had read, he said that all submission was now too late.—Goldsmith.

But still the house affairs would draw her thence;Whichever as she could with haste dispatch,She'd come again.—Shakespeare.

As the sentences stand,whichreally has no office in the sentence: it should be changed to a demonstrative or a personal pronoun, and this be placed in the proper clause.

Exercise.—Rewrite the above five sentences so as to make the proper grammatical connection in each.

And who, and which,etc.

419.There is another kind of expression which slips into the lines of even standard authors, but which is always regarded as an oversight and a blemish.

The following sentence affords an example: "The rich are now engaged in distributing what remains among the poorer sort,and whoare now thrown upon their compassion." The trouble is that such conjunctions asand,but,or, etc., should connect expressions of the same kind:and whomakes us look for a precedingwho, but none is expressed. There are three ways to remedy the sentence quoted: thus, (1) "Among thosewhoare poor,and whoare now," etc.; (2) "Among the poorer sort,whoare now thrown," etc.; (3) "Among the poorer sort, now thrown upon their," etc. That is,—

Direction for rewriting.

Express both relatives, or omit the conjunction, or leave out both connective and relative.

Rewrite the following examples according to the direction just given:—

And who.

1. Hester bestowed all her means on wretches less miserable than herself, and who not unfrequently insulted the hand that fed them.—Hawthorne.2. With an albatross perched on his shoulder, andwho might be introduced to the congregation as the immediate organ of his conversion.—De Quincey.3. After this came Elizabeth herself, then in the full glow of what in a sovereign was called beauty, and who would in the lowest walk of life have been truly judged to possess a noble figure.—Scott.4. This was a gentleman, once a great favorite of M. le Conte, and in whom I myself was not a little interested.—Thackeray.

1. Hester bestowed all her means on wretches less miserable than herself, and who not unfrequently insulted the hand that fed them.—Hawthorne.

2. With an albatross perched on his shoulder, andwho might be introduced to the congregation as the immediate organ of his conversion.—De Quincey.

3. After this came Elizabeth herself, then in the full glow of what in a sovereign was called beauty, and who would in the lowest walk of life have been truly judged to possess a noble figure.—Scott.

4. This was a gentleman, once a great favorite of M. le Conte, and in whom I myself was not a little interested.—Thackeray.

But who.

5. Yonder woman was the wife of a certain learned man, English by name, but who had long dwelt in Amsterdam.—Hawthorne.6. Dr. Ferguson considered him as a man of a powerful capacity, but whose mind was thrown off its just bias.—Scott.

5. Yonder woman was the wife of a certain learned man, English by name, but who had long dwelt in Amsterdam.—Hawthorne.

6. Dr. Ferguson considered him as a man of a powerful capacity, but whose mind was thrown off its just bias.—Scott.

Or who.

7. "What knight so craven, then," exclaims the chivalrous Venetian, "that he would not have been more than a match for the stoutest adversary; or who would not have lost his life a thousand times sooner than return dishonored by the lady of his love?"—Prescott.

And which.

8. There are peculiar quavers still to be heard in that church, and which may even be heard a mile off.—Irving.9. The old British tongue was replaced by a debased Latin, like that spoken in the towns, and in which inscriptions are found in the western counties.—Pearson.10. I shall have complete copies, one of signal interest, and which has never been described.—Motley.

8. There are peculiar quavers still to be heard in that church, and which may even be heard a mile off.—Irving.

9. The old British tongue was replaced by a debased Latin, like that spoken in the towns, and in which inscriptions are found in the western counties.—Pearson.

10. I shall have complete copies, one of signal interest, and which has never been described.—Motley.

But which.

11. "A mockery, indeed, but in which the soul trifled with itself!"—Hawthorne.12. I saw upon the left a scene far different, but which yet the power of dreams had reconciled into harmony.—De Quincey.

11. "A mockery, indeed, but in which the soul trifled with itself!"—Hawthorne.

12. I saw upon the left a scene far different, but which yet the power of dreams had reconciled into harmony.—De Quincey.

Or which.

13. He accounted the fair-spoken courtesy, which the Scotch had learned, either from imitation of their frequent allies, the French, or which might have arisen from their own proud and reserved character, as a false and astucious mark, etc.—Scott.

That ... and which,etc.

420.Akin to the above is another fault, which is likewise a variation from the best usage. Two different relatives are sometimes found referringback to the same antecedent in one sentence; whereas the better practice is to choose one relative, and repeat this for any further reference.

Rewrite the following quotations by repeating one relative instead of using two for the same antecedent:—

That ... who.

1. Still in the confidence of children that tread without fear every chamber in their father's house, and to whom no door is closed.—De Quincey.2. Those renowned men that were our ancestors as much as yours, and whose examples and principles we inherit.—Beecher.3. The Tree Igdrasil, that has its roots down in the kingdoms of Hela and Death, and whose boughs overspread the highest heaven!—Carlyle.

1. Still in the confidence of children that tread without fear every chamber in their father's house, and to whom no door is closed.—De Quincey.

2. Those renowned men that were our ancestors as much as yours, and whose examples and principles we inherit.—Beecher.

3. The Tree Igdrasil, that has its roots down in the kingdoms of Hela and Death, and whose boughs overspread the highest heaven!—Carlyle.

That ... which.

4. Christianity is a religion that reveals men as the object of God's infinite love, and which commends him to the unbounded love of his brethren.—W. E. Channing.5. He flung into literature, in his Mephistopheles, the first organic figure that has been added for some ages, and which will remain as long as the Prometheus.—Emerson.6. Gutenburg might also have struck out an idea that surely did not require any extraordinary ingenuity, and which left the most important difficulties to be surmounted.—Hallam.7. Do me the justice to tell me what I have a title to be acquainted with, and which I am certain to know more truly from you than from others.—Scott.8. He will do this amiable little service out of what one may say old civilization has established in place of goodness of heart, but which is perhaps not so different from it.—Howells.9. In my native town of Salem, at the head of what, half a century ago, was a bustling wharf,—but which is now burdened with decayed wooden warehouses.—Hawthorne.10. His recollection of what he considered as extreme presumption in the Knight of the Leopard, even when he stood high in the roles of chivalry, but which, in his present condition, appeared an insult sufficient to drive the fiery monarch into a frenzy of passion.—Scott

4. Christianity is a religion that reveals men as the object of God's infinite love, and which commends him to the unbounded love of his brethren.—W. E. Channing.

5. He flung into literature, in his Mephistopheles, the first organic figure that has been added for some ages, and which will remain as long as the Prometheus.—Emerson.

6. Gutenburg might also have struck out an idea that surely did not require any extraordinary ingenuity, and which left the most important difficulties to be surmounted.—Hallam.

7. Do me the justice to tell me what I have a title to be acquainted with, and which I am certain to know more truly from you than from others.—Scott.

8. He will do this amiable little service out of what one may say old civilization has established in place of goodness of heart, but which is perhaps not so different from it.—Howells.

9. In my native town of Salem, at the head of what, half a century ago, was a bustling wharf,—but which is now burdened with decayed wooden warehouses.—Hawthorne.

10. His recollection of what he considered as extreme presumption in the Knight of the Leopard, even when he stood high in the roles of chivalry, but which, in his present condition, appeared an insult sufficient to drive the fiery monarch into a frenzy of passion.—Scott

That which ... what.

11. He, now without any effort but that which he derived from the sill, and what little his feet could secure the irregular crevices, was hung in air.—W. G. Simms.

Such as ... which.

12. It rose into a thrilling passion, such as my heart had always dimly craved and hungered after, but which now first interpreted itself to my ear.—De Quincey.13. I recommend some honest manual calling, such as they have very probably been bred to, and which will at least give them a chance of becoming President.—Holmes.

12. It rose into a thrilling passion, such as my heart had always dimly craved and hungered after, but which now first interpreted itself to my ear.—De Quincey.

13. I recommend some honest manual calling, such as they have very probably been bred to, and which will at least give them a chance of becoming President.—Holmes.

Such as ... whom.

14. I grudge the dollar, the dime, the cent, I give to such men as do not belong to me, and to whom I do not belong.—Emerson.

Which ... that ... that.

15. That evil influence which carried me first away from my father's house, that hurried me into the wild and undigested notion of making my fortune, and that impressed these conceits so forcibly upon me.—Defoe.

Each other, one another.

421.The student is sometimes troubled whether to useeach otherorone anotherin expressing reciprocal relation or action. Whether either one refers to a certain number of persons or objects, whether or not the two are equivalent, may be gathered from a study of the following sentences:—

They [Ernest and the poet] ledone another, as it were, into the high pavilion of their thoughts.—Hawthorne.Men takeeach other'smeasure when they meet for the first time.—Emerson.You ruffian! do you fancy I forget that we were fond ofeach other?—Thackeray.England was then divided between kings and Druids, always at war withone another, carrying offeach other'scattle and wives.—BrewerThe topics followeach otherin the happiest order.—Macaulay.The Peers at a conference begin to pommeleach other.—Id.We call ourselves a rich nation, and we are filthy and foolish enough to thumbeach other'sbooks out of circulating libraries.—Ruskin.The real hardships of life are now coming fast upon us; let us not increase them by dissension amongeach other.—Goldsmith.In a moment we were all shaking hands withone another.—Dickens.The unjust purchaser forces the two to bid againsteach other.—Ruskin.

They [Ernest and the poet] ledone another, as it were, into the high pavilion of their thoughts.—Hawthorne.

Men takeeach other'smeasure when they meet for the first time.—Emerson.

You ruffian! do you fancy I forget that we were fond ofeach other?—Thackeray.

England was then divided between kings and Druids, always at war withone another, carrying offeach other'scattle and wives.—Brewer

The topics followeach otherin the happiest order.—Macaulay.

The Peers at a conference begin to pommeleach other.—Id.

We call ourselves a rich nation, and we are filthy and foolish enough to thumbeach other'sbooks out of circulating libraries.—Ruskin.

The real hardships of life are now coming fast upon us; let us not increase them by dissension amongeach other.—Goldsmith.

In a moment we were all shaking hands withone another.—Dickens.

The unjust purchaser forces the two to bid againsteach other.—Ruskin.

Distributiveseitherandneither.

422.By their original meaning,eitherandneitherrefer to only two persons or objects; as, for example,—

Some one must be poor, and in want of his gold—or his corn. Assume that no one is in want ofeither.—RuskinTheir [Ernest's and the poet's] minds accorded into one strain, and made delightful music whichneithercould have claimed as all his own.—Hawthorne.

Some one must be poor, and in want of his gold—or his corn. Assume that no one is in want ofeither.—Ruskin

Their [Ernest's and the poet's] minds accorded into one strain, and made delightful music whichneithercould have claimed as all his own.—Hawthorne.

Use ofany.

Sometimes these are made to refer to several objects, in which case any should be used instead; as,—

Was it the winter's storm? was it hard labor and spare meals? was it disease? was it the tomahawk? Is it possible thatneitherof these causes, that not all combined, were able to blast this bud of hope?—Everett.Once I took such delight in Montaigne ...; before that, in Shakespeare; then in Plutarch; then in Plotinus; at one time in Bacon; afterwards in Goethe; even in Bettine; but now I turn the pages ofeitherof them languidly, whilst I still cherish their genius.—Emerson.

Once I took such delight in Montaigne ...; before that, in Shakespeare; then in Plutarch; then in Plotinus; at one time in Bacon; afterwards in Goethe; even in Bettine; but now I turn the pages ofeitherof them languidly, whilst I still cherish their genius.—Emerson.

Anyusually plural.

423.The adjective pronounanyis nearly always regarded as plural, as shown in the following sentences:—

Ifanyof youhavebeen accustomed to look upon these hours as mere visionary hours, I beseech you, etc.—BeecherWhenever, during his stay at Yuste,anyof his friends haddied, he had been punctual in doing honor totheirmemory.—Stirling.But I enjoy the company and conversation of its inhabitants, whenanyof themareso good as to visit me.—Franklin.Do you think, when I spoke anon of the ghosts of Pryor's children, I mean thatanyof themaredead?—Thackeray.

Ifanyof youhavebeen accustomed to look upon these hours as mere visionary hours, I beseech you, etc.—Beecher

Whenever, during his stay at Yuste,anyof his friends haddied, he had been punctual in doing honor totheirmemory.—Stirling.

But I enjoy the company and conversation of its inhabitants, whenanyof themareso good as to visit me.—Franklin.

Do you think, when I spoke anon of the ghosts of Pryor's children, I mean thatanyof themaredead?—Thackeray.

In earlier Modern English,anywas often singular; as,—

Ifany, speak; forhimhave I offended.—Shakespeare.Ifanyof you lack wisdom, lethimask of God.—Bible.

Ifany, speak; forhimhave I offended.—Shakespeare.

Ifanyof you lack wisdom, lethimask of God.—Bible.

Very rarely the singular is met with in later times; as,—

Here is a poet doubtless as much affected by his own descriptions asanythatreadsthem can be.—Burke.

Caution.

The above instances are to be distinguished from the adjectiveany, which is plural as often as singular.

Noneusually plural.

424.The adjective pronounnoneis, in the prose of the present day, usually plural, although it is historically a contraction ofne ān(not one). Examples of its use are,—

In earnest, if ever man was; asnoneof the French philosopherswere.—Carlyle.Noneof Nature's powersdobetter service.—Prof. DanaOne man answers some question whichnoneof his contemporariesput, and is isolated.—Emerson.None obeythe command of duty so well as those who are free from the observance of slavish bondage.—Scott.Do you think, when I spoke anon of the ghosts of Pryor's children, I mean that any of them are dead?None are, that I know of.—Thackeray.Early apples begin to be ripe about the first of August; but I thinknoneof themareso good to eat as some to smell.—Thoreau.

In earnest, if ever man was; asnoneof the French philosopherswere.—Carlyle.

Noneof Nature's powersdobetter service.—Prof. Dana

One man answers some question whichnoneof his contemporariesput, and is isolated.—Emerson.

None obeythe command of duty so well as those who are free from the observance of slavish bondage.—Scott.

Do you think, when I spoke anon of the ghosts of Pryor's children, I mean that any of them are dead?None are, that I know of.—Thackeray.

Early apples begin to be ripe about the first of August; but I thinknoneof themareso good to eat as some to smell.—Thoreau.

The singular use ofnoneis often found in the Bible; as,—

Noneof themwascleansed, saving Naaman the Syrian.—Luke iv 27

Also the singular is sometimes found in present-day English in prose, and less rarely in poetry; for example,—

Perhapsnoneof our Presidents since Washingtonhasstood so firm in the confidence of the people.—LowellIn signalnone hissteed should spare.—Scott

Perhapsnoneof our Presidents since Washingtonhasstood so firm in the confidence of the people.—Lowell

In signalnone hissteed should spare.—Scott

Like the use ofany, the pronounnoneshould be distinguished from the adjectivenone, which is used absolutely, and hence is more likely to confuse the student.

Compare with the above the following sentences having the adjectivenone:—

Reflecting a summer evening sky in its bosom, thoughnone[no sky] was visible overhead.—ThoreauThe holy fires were suffered to go out in the temples, andnone[no fires] were lighted in their own dwellings.—Prescott

Reflecting a summer evening sky in its bosom, thoughnone[no sky] was visible overhead.—Thoreau

The holy fires were suffered to go out in the temples, andnone[no fires] were lighted in their own dwellings.—Prescott

Allsingular and plural.

425.The pronounallhas the singular construction when it meanseverything; the plural, when it meansall persons: for example,—

Singular.

The light troops thought ... thatall waslost.—PalgraveAll waswon on the one side, andall waslost on the other.—BayneHaving doneallthatwasjust toward others.—Napier

The light troops thought ... thatall waslost.—Palgrave

All waswon on the one side, andall waslost on the other.—Bayne

Having doneallthatwasjust toward others.—Napier

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