[247]It is affirmed (N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vii. 333) that the larvæ of thoseColeopterathat live in carcases have mandibles almost membranous: those, however, of that ofSilpha rugosaare horny and hard.[248]Lyonnet,t.ii.f.1.d d, andf.2, 3, 4.[249]Kirby inLinn. Trans.v.t.xii.f.7b.[250]CuvierAnat. Comp.iii. 322.[251]Reaum. vi. 340.[252]The larva ofCicindela campestrishas mandibles of this description.PlateXVII.Fig.13.c´.[253]See above,Vol.II.275—.[254]Reaum. v. 9.t.i.f.4.c c.l l.[255]Traité Anatom.t.ii.f.1.h h.[256]Reaum. ii.t.40.f.4.[257]De Geer v. 229.[258]Ibid. iv.t.xi.f.16.p p.[259]Linn. Trans. v.t.xii.f.10.[260]CuvierAnat. Comp.iii. 323.[261]De Geer iv.t.xv.f.9.b b.The exterior and interior palpi are both represented in this figure.[262]Reaum. vi.t.xxxvii.f.5.e e.[263]Ibid. i. 125.[264]PlateXXI.Fig.9. The organ with which the larvæ ofHemerobius,Myrmeleon, andHydrophilus, spin their cocoons, is situated in theanus. The spinneret of theCossusis figured by LyonnetAnatom.t.ii.f.1.i.andfig. 9.[265]De Geer vi. 370. This species (Tipula Agarici seticornisDe Geer) has two separate spinnerets.t.xx.f.8.m m.[266]Lyonnet 55—.[267]Reaum. iv. 166.[268]Reaum. v. 155.[269]Ibid. vi.t.xxxvii.f.7.b p.[270]Ibid.m e e.[271]Ibid.f.6.p.[272]Ibid. Comparef.4 withf.6, 7.[273]Ibid.t.xxxvi.f.12.s u e.[274]Ibid.n e, and xxxviii.f.7,d c.; De Geer ii.t.xix.f.17.d g.[275]Reaum. vi.t.xxxvii.f.4-6. 8.[276]Ibid.t. xxxviii. First jointf.8.b f p.; jawsf.7.c d.; openingo, Ligula,f.6.l.[277]De Geer ii.f.17. Jawsg g; clawd; toothh.[278]Ibid. 674.[279]Ibid. ii. 674.[280]Reaum. iv. 376.[281]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xii. 64.[282]Anat. Comp.iii. 322.[283]At first in theDytiscithey appear to have five joints; but, as I before observed, the first joint must be regarded as representing the maxilla.[284]LyonnetAnatom.55, 58.[285]De Geer v. 203.[286]De Geer iv. 5. Legs of this kind are figuredPlateXXIII.Fig.7.[287]In the larva, however, ofSialis, or some kindred genus, in which, like those ofScolopendra, the prolegs are jointed, a pair distinguishes each abdominal segment. See Reaum. iv.t.xv.f.1, 2. Compare De Geer ii.t.xxiii.f.11.[288]See above,Vol.II286—.[289]Ibid.288.[290]LyonnetAnatom.t.iii.f.8.Coxab.Trochanterc.Femurd.Tibiae.Tarsusf.Clawg.[291]De Geer iv.t.xiii.f.20; andt.xv.f.16.[292]Ibid. ii.t.xvi.f.5, 6, 7.d e: andt.xix.f.4.c f g h.[293]The larva of a scarce moth (Stauropus Fagi. SeePlateXIX.Fig.4) is an exception to this. The first pair of its legs are of the ordinary stature, but the two next are remarkably long, and so thin and weak as to be unable to bear the body. Pezold. 119. Another minute caterpillar described by Reaumur has the third pair of the legs apparently fleshy and singularly incrassated at the apex into a pyriform figure, terminated by a pair of claws. This conformation is for some particular purpose in the economy of the animal, since they are the most busily employed of all in arranging the threads of her web. Reaum. ii. 258. In the larva of a geometer (Geometra lunaria) the third pair are remarkably long. Illig.Mag.402. In that of another moth, according to Kuhn (Naturf.xvi. 78.t.iv.f.3), the third pair of the fore-legs is remarkably incrassated, being twice as thick and long as the other pair, though consisting of the same number of joints, the last of which has claws.[294]On the legs and prolegs see also what is said above,Vol.II. p.286—.[295]In some few instances these legs are dorsal. Ibid.281.[296]The claws or crotchets, though general, are not universal, in Lepidopterous larvæ. An exception is furnished to the rule by the singularlimaciformones ofHepialus TestudoandAsellusof Fabricius, two moths forming Haworth's genusApoda, which have no distinct prolegs, but in their stead a number of small transparent shining tubercles without claws. The larva also of one of the subcutaneous moths first discovered by De Geer in the leaves of the rose (i. 446), but whose history is fully given by Goeze,Naturf.xv. 37-48, (who has satisfactorily ascertained that it is the true larva of aTineaof Linné, but of a different habit from that of most subcutaneous ones), has no true legs, and eighteen prolegs without any claws. Another subcutaneous larva, for the history of which we are indebted to M. Godeheu de Riville, is according to him entirely deprived of legs of any kind (Bonnet ix. 196—.); as is another of the same tribe that feeds on the poplar, an account of which is given by GoezeNaturf.xiv. 105.[297]PlateXXIII.Fig.7. See also below, p.137.[298]LyonnetAnatom.84.t.iii.f.11, 12.[299]Hist. Vermium, 130.[300]PlateXXIII.Fig.1.[301]PlateXXIII.Fig.18.[302]Account of Locust-tree Insects, 69.[303]Reaum. iv. 443.t.xxx.f.6.l l.t.xxii.f.6.l l.[304]De Geer vi. 383. and 137.t.viii.f.8, 9.[305]See above,Vol.II. p.278.De Geerubi supr.376.[306]Reaum. iv. 184.t.xv.f.12.c c.[307]De Geer v. 203.[308]See above, p.110,114.[309]Some few subcutaneous larvæ have more, as that, before mentioned, observed by De Geer in the leaves of the rose; which has eighteen prolegs, and no true ones.[310]De Geer ii.t.xl.f.15, 16. Bergman has added to these four classes of the larvæ of saw-flies, a fifth; the insects belonging to which, he affirms, though they have sixteen prolegs, are without the anal pair. Ibid. 931. But as neither De Geer nor Reaumur ever met with one of this description, it is probable he was mistaken. Reaumur thought he had seen one with eighteen prolegs uponErysimum alliaria(v. 91), but he does not speak positively.[311]De Geer v. 288.[312]De Geer iv. 157.[313]Ibid. v. 36.t.ii.f.11.[314]See above,Vol.I. p.171.[315]De Geer v. 228.[316]Ibid. 233.[317]See above,Vol.II. p.281.[318]De Geer vi. 388.[319]Ibid. 389.[320]Reaum. v.t.v.f.10.[321]Ibid. 31. This larva has also a pair of pediform processes at the anus, surrounded at the end with claws (t.v.f.4, 5,s s), which he saw the animal use in locomotion; but which he suspects to be respiratory organs (Ibid. 33), which Latreille asserts they are.Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 249.[322]De Geer Ibid.t.xxiv.f.15-17.[323]Ibid. 383.[324]Ibid. 111.t.vi.f.14-16.[325]MerianIns. Sur. t.xx.[326]Ibid. t.xxxiv.[327]I have a caterpillar, I believe from Georgia, in which this horn is nearly an inch long, filiform, slender, and tortuous.[328]PlateXVIII.Fig.12.c.[329]That ofSphinx IatrophæL. appears to be jointed, at least it is moniliform. MerianSurinam. t.xxxviii. Compare alsot.iii.[330]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vi. 252.[331]SchellenbergEntomolog. Beytr. t.1.[332]Smith'sAbbott's Insects of Georgia, t.xiii.[333]De Geer ii. 507.t.xi.f.16.m n. t.xiv.f.7.[334]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vi. 256.[335]See above,Vol.II. p.244—.[336]PlateXIX.Fig.1.a.[337]Reaum. i.t.xxx.f.2.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxiv. 490, 497—.[338]Ray says he found it feeding on common fennel, about Middleton in Yorkshire:Lett.69. The indefatigable Mr. Dale recently found many in the neighbourhood of Whittlesea-mere, feeding onSelinum palustre. It will also eat the wild carrot.[339]This gentleman was remarkable for the admirable manner in which he prepared caterpillars, so as scarcely to differ from life.[340]Reaum. i. 92.[341]Bonnet ii. 84—. iii. 1.[342]See above,Vol.II.251—.[343]Bonnet ii. 88.[344]De Geer ii. 507.t.xi.f.16.c.[345]Rös. iv. 162.[346]De Geer i. 322—. SeePlateXIX.Fig.2.a a.[347]Reaum. ii. 275.t.xxii.f.3.[348]Ibid. 276.t.xxii.f.4, 5.[349]Ins. Surinam. t.vii.Nymphalis Amphinomexxiii.Morpho Teucer t.xxxii.Papilio Cassiæ.[350]This is not, however, universally the case, for the caterpillar of a Geometer described by Reaumur (ii. 363.t.xxix.f.8.) (G. amatoria) has a pair of fleshy anal horns, terminating, it should seem from his figure, in a minute hook that the animal uses as a forceps; which has at the same time the anal legs, of which indeed these horns seem to be appendages.[351]Sepp. iv.t.l.f.6-8.[352]PlateXIX.Fig.5.a b.Sepp. iv.t.xxi.f.4-7.[353]Rös. iii. 69.[354]PlateXVII.Fig.13.c.[355]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vii. 95.[356]De Geer v. 170—t.v.f.19-23. Compare Reaum. iii. 235—.[357]PlateXIX.Fig.11.a.De Geer vi. 137. Reaum. iv. 482.[358]Reaum. iv.t.xiv.f.9, 10.[359]Reaum. v. 32.t.v.f.3-5. Latr.Gen. Crust. et Ins.iv. 249.[360]De Geer ii. 1031.t.xl.f.13, 14.k k.[361]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.x. 430.[362]De Geer ii. 697.t.xxi.f.4, 5.b b b.[363]Reaum. v.t.vi.f.7.n.[364]PlateXVIII.Fig.2.[365]Reaum. ii.t.xxv.f.20.[366]See above,Vol.II. p.245—.[367]Reaum. iii. 384. vi. 366.t.xxxii.f.7, 8.[368]Rös. iii.t.lxviii.f.1. MeineckenNaturf.vi. 120.[369]Ibid. xiii. 175.[370]In the larva ofTenthredo CerasiL., and some others, no traces of segments are to be seen; and in many coleopterous and dipterous ones the folds of the skin prevent the segments from being distinctly perceptible.[371]Reaum. ii. 361. In the larva of a small common moth often met with in houses (Aglossa pinguinalis), every segment is divided into two parts, and underneath has two deep folds, by means of which these two parts can separate to a certain point, or approach again, according to circumstances. Thus Providence has enabled them to prevent their spiracles from being stopped by the greasy substances on which they often feed.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.i. 208.[372]See above, p.110.[373]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xvii. 329.[374]Hor. Entomolog.285. 397—. 422. 462—. &c.[375]Ibid.399-401.[376]Hor. Entomolog.423.[377]See above, p.23.[378]TheIntestinaux cavitairesof Cuvier, and theEpizoariaof Lamarck. SeeHor. Entomolog.286—.[379]Hor. Entomolog.422. comp. 463. Mr. MacLeay's idea of the larva ofMeloeis taken from the animal which Frisch, Goedart, and De Geer imagined to be such; but upon this opinion there rest great doubts. (See KirbyMon. Ap. Angl.ii. 168, and LatreilleN. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xx. 109.) At p. 464 he gives alsoMordellaand manyHeteromeraas having Thysanuriform larvæ. He thinks, that probably that ofClerusis of the same description; to which he suspects that many of Latreille'sMalacodermalikewise belong.[380]PlateXVIII.Fig.1. as to the thoracic shield.[381]May27, 1822. This day, T. Allen, Esq. F.L.S. brought me in a phial a vast number of the little insect which Goedart, Frisch, and De Geer took for the larva ofMeloe Proscarabæus, which he found on the leaves ofAchillea Millefolium. These little animals were coursing each other with wonderful velocity over the sides of the phial. To assist them in their motions, they applied to the surface of the glass the end of their abdomen, using it, like many larvæ ofColeoptera, as a seventh leg. This circumstance excited a suspicion in the minds of both Mr. MacLeay sen., then visiting me, and myself, that after all they might becoleopterouslarvæ. One, amongst other circumstances, however, seemed to militate strongly against this opinion; namely, that in this infinite number none appeared to differ insize.[382]PlateXVII.Fig.13.[383]Ibid.Fig.12.;PlateXVIII.Fig.4, 11, 13, &c.[384]PlateXVIII.Fig.3, 9.[385]PlateXIX.Fig.8.[386]Ibid.Fig.3. Reaum. v. 97.t.xii.f.17, 18.; De Geer ii. 1004.t.xxviii.f.12.[387]See above, p.110,114,138,142.[388]PlateXVIII.Fig.7.[389]PlateXVIII.Fig.5.[390]PlateXIX.Fig.9.[391]PlateXVIII.Fig.2.[392]Hor. Entomolog.465.[393]De Geer iv. 66.t.ii.f.5-8.[394]Ibid.t.xiii.f.16-19. A very singular larva, which preys upon that ofAleyrodes proletellaLatr., if Reaumur's figure be correct (ii.t.xxv.f.18-20), is of a perfectChilopodiformtype, the abdominal legs being represented by a tubercle crowned by a bristle: yet even this, which turns to a minute beetle (Ibid.f.21), has some tendency to theAnopluriformtype.[395]"Squillainsectum asquillapisce parum differt." Mouffet, 319.[396]A remarkable difference obtains between the larva of the wire-worm and that ofElater undulatus. In the former, the last segment is longer than the preceding one, terminating in a small acute mucro at the apex, with a deep cavity, perhaps a spiracle, on each side, at the base. In the latter, this segment is shorter than the preceding one, forming above a nearly circular plate; the margin of which is a little elevated, and armed on each side with three teeth, and at the apex with a pair of furcate recurved horns, and without any basal spiracle. De Geer iv. 156.t.v.f.25. I have a similar larva, but not the same species.[397]Hor. Entomolog.397.[398]Ibid.399.[399]Ibid.438. Note *.[400]Traité Element.ii. 35.n.577.[401]Trans. Linn. Soc.vii. 66.t.vi.f.3.[402]Compare De Geer iii.t.xi.f.3. andt.xvii.f.14. &c.[403]Ibid.t.i.f.4, 9.t.ii.f.15.t.ix.f.4.[404]See above, p.125—.[405]ComparePlateVI.Fig.6. withFig.12c,d,d.[406]De Geer ii.t.xxi.f.4, 5.[407]Swamm.Bibl. Nat. t.xiii.f.1.[408]Hor. Entomolog.438.[409]See above,Vol.II. p.256.[410]De Geer ii.t.xxiii.f.9-14. Comp. Reaum. iv.t.xv.f.1, 2.[411]De Geer ii.t.xiv.f.7. &c. The caterpillar ofP. G. ScratiotataL. like those ofPhryganeæ, has these respiratory threads.Ibid.i.t.xxxvii.f.2-6. De Geer has described the larva of aPhryganeaL. which is without any respiratory threads, ii. 569.t.xv.f.10.[412]Hor. Entomolog.401. Montagu inLinn. Trans.vii. 67.[413]Ins. Surinam. t.xxviii. CompareIbid.t.xix. right-hand figure.[414]PlateXVIII.Fig.10.[415]Swamm.Bibl. Nat. t.xxxix.PlateXIX.Fig.13.[416]Lyonnet 69—.[417]Surinam,t.lvii. right-hand figure.[418]Sepp iv.t.ii.f.3.t.xvi.f.2, 3.[419]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vi. 254.[420]PlateXIX.Fig.6. One of these larvæ was taken at Melville Island. See Parry'sVoyage, Appendix No. x. 37.[421]Sepp. iv.t.viii.f.4. Some species have three, others four, and others even five of these brushes.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vi. 255.[422]Ibid.MerianEruc.xxxiv. upper left hand figure.[423]MerianIns. Surinam.t.lx.[424]Ibid.t.xl.[425]See above,Vol.I. p.238.[426]De Geer iv. 207.t.viii.f.4-6.[427]Ins. Sur.t.xix. right hand caterpillar.[428]Ibid.xli.[429]PlateXVIII.Fig.13.[430]Ins. Sur.t.xxix.[431]Ibid.t.vii. liii.[432]Smith'sAbbott's Ins. of Georg.Pref. vi.[433]Prodromus Entomology.[434]Ins. Sur.t.xliii. The figure represents only the two spines near the head as thus circumstanced.[435]Reaum. v.t.xii.f.8, 14.PlateXVIII.Fig.11.[436]See above,Vol.II. p.238.This, withB. imperatoria, &c. in the modern system, should form a genus.[437]Ins. Sur.t.xlviii. right hand figure.[438]Ibid.t.xi.[439]Ibid.t.xxiii.[440]Ibid.t.xxix.[441]Reaum. v. 95.[442]HuberMœurs des Fourmis, 79.[443]See above,Vol.II. p.276—.[444]Reaum. v. 72.t.ix.f.2-4.[445]Rös.t.211.[446]See above,Vol.I. p.29,198—.[447]De Geer iii. 111. Comp. 121. It would be as well to adopt the French wordflocon, instead of locks or flocks, which strictly mean very different things.[448]vii. 604.t.xliv.f.26.[449]Fn. Germ. Init.xxxvi. 21.[450]Syst. Rhyng.311. 29.[451]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ix. 554.[452]Natural History of the Slug-worm, 7.[453]Ins. Surinam.t.xv. xvii.[454]The larvæ ofCarabusL. form one, being generally black.[455]Annales de Chimieii.[456]Wien. Verz.219.[457]Wien. Verz.4.[458]Reaum. v. 92.[459]Ins. Surinam.t.xi.[460]ii. 1017.[461]De Geer i. 57.[462]Ibid.58. Reaum. i.t.xxxix.f.13, 14.[463]De Geer ii. 400.[464]See above,Vol.I.Lettersxii.xiii.[465]Bonnet (ii. 18) mentions, that the young larvæ of a butterfly (Pieris Cratægi), after devouring the exuviæ of the eggs from which they were hatched, gnawed those which were not so: not, however, so as to destroy the included animal, but rather to facilitate its egress. Those also ofCoccinella bipunctatawhich I lately bred from the egg, as soon as hatched began to devour the unhatched ones around them, which they seemed to relish highly. I am inclined to believe, however, that this unnatural procedure was to be attributed to the circumstance of the female not having had it in her power to place her eggs in the midst ofAphides, their proper food.[466]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xx. 359.[467]In the human species, after certain fevers a simultaneous and total moult, if the term may be so applied, takes place. I experienced this myself in my boyhood; when convalescent fromScarlatina, the skin of my whole body, or nearly so, peeled off.[468]The translator, more ignorant of natural history than his author, has turned the "linguismicat ore trisulcis" of Virgil, into "darts his forkysting."[469]Vol.I. p.70.[470]See above, p.52—.[471]CuvierAnat. Comp.ii. 596.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxvi. 165.[472]CuvierIbid.624.[473]Reaum. i. 182.[474]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vi. 290.[475]Those Diptera whose metamorphosis is coarctate (Vol.I. p. 67), bees, the femaleCocci, &c. do not cast their skin in the larva state. Reaum. iv. 364.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xx. 365.[476]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vi. 289. xx. 372. CuvierAnat. Comp.ii. 548. M. Cuvier (Ibid.547.) asserts, that mostPapilionesandBombycesmoultseventimes.[477]Œuvr.ii. 71.[478]Reaum. ii. 75.[479]Bibl. Nat. E. Trans.i. 135. col.b.t.xxvii.f.6.[480]Œuvres, viii. 303.[481]Entwickelungsgeschichte, &c. 34, 88. Swammerdam on the contrary affirms, that "on the hinder part of the cast skin where it is twisted and complicated, whoever accurately examines the skin itself may still observe the coat that was cast by theintestinum rectum."Ubi supr.136. col.a.[482]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vi. 290[483]Reaum. iv. 604.[484]Ibid. 364.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xx. 365. HuberFourmis78. M. Huber does not say expressly that the grubs of ants do not change their skin; but his account seems to imply that they change it only previously to their metamorphosis.[485]Lyonnet 11.[486]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vi. 290.[487]De Bombycibus, 68.[488]Opusc.i. 27.[489]Linn. Trans.x. 399.
[247]It is affirmed (N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vii. 333) that the larvæ of thoseColeopterathat live in carcases have mandibles almost membranous: those, however, of that ofSilpha rugosaare horny and hard.
[248]Lyonnet,t.ii.f.1.d d, andf.2, 3, 4.
[249]Kirby inLinn. Trans.v.t.xii.f.7b.
[250]CuvierAnat. Comp.iii. 322.
[251]Reaum. vi. 340.
[252]The larva ofCicindela campestrishas mandibles of this description.PlateXVII.Fig.13.c´.
[253]See above,Vol.II.275—.
[254]Reaum. v. 9.t.i.f.4.c c.l l.
[255]Traité Anatom.t.ii.f.1.h h.
[256]Reaum. ii.t.40.f.4.
[257]De Geer v. 229.
[258]Ibid. iv.t.xi.f.16.p p.
[259]Linn. Trans. v.t.xii.f.10.
[260]CuvierAnat. Comp.iii. 323.
[261]De Geer iv.t.xv.f.9.b b.The exterior and interior palpi are both represented in this figure.
[262]Reaum. vi.t.xxxvii.f.5.e e.
[263]Ibid. i. 125.
[264]PlateXXI.Fig.9. The organ with which the larvæ ofHemerobius,Myrmeleon, andHydrophilus, spin their cocoons, is situated in theanus. The spinneret of theCossusis figured by LyonnetAnatom.t.ii.f.1.i.andfig. 9.
[265]De Geer vi. 370. This species (Tipula Agarici seticornisDe Geer) has two separate spinnerets.t.xx.f.8.m m.
[266]Lyonnet 55—.
[267]Reaum. iv. 166.
[268]Reaum. v. 155.
[269]Ibid. vi.t.xxxvii.f.7.b p.
[270]Ibid.m e e.
[271]Ibid.f.6.p.
[272]Ibid. Comparef.4 withf.6, 7.
[273]Ibid.t.xxxvi.f.12.s u e.
[274]Ibid.n e, and xxxviii.f.7,d c.; De Geer ii.t.xix.f.17.d g.
[275]Reaum. vi.t.xxxvii.f.4-6. 8.
[276]Ibid.t. xxxviii. First jointf.8.b f p.; jawsf.7.c d.; openingo, Ligula,f.6.l.
[277]De Geer ii.f.17. Jawsg g; clawd; toothh.
[278]Ibid. 674.
[279]Ibid. ii. 674.
[280]Reaum. iv. 376.
[281]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xii. 64.
[282]Anat. Comp.iii. 322.
[283]At first in theDytiscithey appear to have five joints; but, as I before observed, the first joint must be regarded as representing the maxilla.
[284]LyonnetAnatom.55, 58.
[285]De Geer v. 203.
[286]De Geer iv. 5. Legs of this kind are figuredPlateXXIII.Fig.7.
[287]In the larva, however, ofSialis, or some kindred genus, in which, like those ofScolopendra, the prolegs are jointed, a pair distinguishes each abdominal segment. See Reaum. iv.t.xv.f.1, 2. Compare De Geer ii.t.xxiii.f.11.
[288]See above,Vol.II286—.
[289]Ibid.288.
[290]LyonnetAnatom.t.iii.f.8.Coxab.Trochanterc.Femurd.Tibiae.Tarsusf.Clawg.
[291]De Geer iv.t.xiii.f.20; andt.xv.f.16.
[292]Ibid. ii.t.xvi.f.5, 6, 7.d e: andt.xix.f.4.c f g h.
[293]The larva of a scarce moth (Stauropus Fagi. SeePlateXIX.Fig.4) is an exception to this. The first pair of its legs are of the ordinary stature, but the two next are remarkably long, and so thin and weak as to be unable to bear the body. Pezold. 119. Another minute caterpillar described by Reaumur has the third pair of the legs apparently fleshy and singularly incrassated at the apex into a pyriform figure, terminated by a pair of claws. This conformation is for some particular purpose in the economy of the animal, since they are the most busily employed of all in arranging the threads of her web. Reaum. ii. 258. In the larva of a geometer (Geometra lunaria) the third pair are remarkably long. Illig.Mag.402. In that of another moth, according to Kuhn (Naturf.xvi. 78.t.iv.f.3), the third pair of the fore-legs is remarkably incrassated, being twice as thick and long as the other pair, though consisting of the same number of joints, the last of which has claws.
[294]On the legs and prolegs see also what is said above,Vol.II. p.286—.
[295]In some few instances these legs are dorsal. Ibid.281.
[296]The claws or crotchets, though general, are not universal, in Lepidopterous larvæ. An exception is furnished to the rule by the singularlimaciformones ofHepialus TestudoandAsellusof Fabricius, two moths forming Haworth's genusApoda, which have no distinct prolegs, but in their stead a number of small transparent shining tubercles without claws. The larva also of one of the subcutaneous moths first discovered by De Geer in the leaves of the rose (i. 446), but whose history is fully given by Goeze,Naturf.xv. 37-48, (who has satisfactorily ascertained that it is the true larva of aTineaof Linné, but of a different habit from that of most subcutaneous ones), has no true legs, and eighteen prolegs without any claws. Another subcutaneous larva, for the history of which we are indebted to M. Godeheu de Riville, is according to him entirely deprived of legs of any kind (Bonnet ix. 196—.); as is another of the same tribe that feeds on the poplar, an account of which is given by GoezeNaturf.xiv. 105.
[297]PlateXXIII.Fig.7. See also below, p.137.
[298]LyonnetAnatom.84.t.iii.f.11, 12.
[299]Hist. Vermium, 130.
[300]PlateXXIII.Fig.1.
[301]PlateXXIII.Fig.18.
[302]Account of Locust-tree Insects, 69.
[303]Reaum. iv. 443.t.xxx.f.6.l l.t.xxii.f.6.l l.
[304]De Geer vi. 383. and 137.t.viii.f.8, 9.
[305]See above,Vol.II. p.278.De Geerubi supr.376.
[306]Reaum. iv. 184.t.xv.f.12.c c.
[307]De Geer v. 203.
[308]See above, p.110,114.
[309]Some few subcutaneous larvæ have more, as that, before mentioned, observed by De Geer in the leaves of the rose; which has eighteen prolegs, and no true ones.
[310]De Geer ii.t.xl.f.15, 16. Bergman has added to these four classes of the larvæ of saw-flies, a fifth; the insects belonging to which, he affirms, though they have sixteen prolegs, are without the anal pair. Ibid. 931. But as neither De Geer nor Reaumur ever met with one of this description, it is probable he was mistaken. Reaumur thought he had seen one with eighteen prolegs uponErysimum alliaria(v. 91), but he does not speak positively.
[311]De Geer v. 288.
[312]De Geer iv. 157.
[313]Ibid. v. 36.t.ii.f.11.
[314]See above,Vol.I. p.171.
[315]De Geer v. 228.
[316]Ibid. 233.
[317]See above,Vol.II. p.281.
[318]De Geer vi. 388.
[319]Ibid. 389.
[320]Reaum. v.t.v.f.10.
[321]Ibid. 31. This larva has also a pair of pediform processes at the anus, surrounded at the end with claws (t.v.f.4, 5,s s), which he saw the animal use in locomotion; but which he suspects to be respiratory organs (Ibid. 33), which Latreille asserts they are.Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 249.
[322]De Geer Ibid.t.xxiv.f.15-17.
[323]Ibid. 383.
[324]Ibid. 111.t.vi.f.14-16.
[325]MerianIns. Sur. t.xx.
[326]Ibid. t.xxxiv.
[327]I have a caterpillar, I believe from Georgia, in which this horn is nearly an inch long, filiform, slender, and tortuous.
[328]PlateXVIII.Fig.12.c.
[329]That ofSphinx IatrophæL. appears to be jointed, at least it is moniliform. MerianSurinam. t.xxxviii. Compare alsot.iii.
[330]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vi. 252.
[331]SchellenbergEntomolog. Beytr. t.1.
[332]Smith'sAbbott's Insects of Georgia, t.xiii.
[333]De Geer ii. 507.t.xi.f.16.m n. t.xiv.f.7.
[334]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vi. 256.
[335]See above,Vol.II. p.244—.
[336]PlateXIX.Fig.1.a.
[337]Reaum. i.t.xxx.f.2.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxiv. 490, 497—.
[338]Ray says he found it feeding on common fennel, about Middleton in Yorkshire:Lett.69. The indefatigable Mr. Dale recently found many in the neighbourhood of Whittlesea-mere, feeding onSelinum palustre. It will also eat the wild carrot.
[339]This gentleman was remarkable for the admirable manner in which he prepared caterpillars, so as scarcely to differ from life.
[340]Reaum. i. 92.
[341]Bonnet ii. 84—. iii. 1.
[342]See above,Vol.II.251—.
[343]Bonnet ii. 88.
[344]De Geer ii. 507.t.xi.f.16.c.
[345]Rös. iv. 162.
[346]De Geer i. 322—. SeePlateXIX.Fig.2.a a.
[347]Reaum. ii. 275.t.xxii.f.3.
[348]Ibid. 276.t.xxii.f.4, 5.
[349]Ins. Surinam. t.vii.Nymphalis Amphinomexxiii.Morpho Teucer t.xxxii.Papilio Cassiæ.
[350]This is not, however, universally the case, for the caterpillar of a Geometer described by Reaumur (ii. 363.t.xxix.f.8.) (G. amatoria) has a pair of fleshy anal horns, terminating, it should seem from his figure, in a minute hook that the animal uses as a forceps; which has at the same time the anal legs, of which indeed these horns seem to be appendages.
[351]Sepp. iv.t.l.f.6-8.
[352]PlateXIX.Fig.5.a b.Sepp. iv.t.xxi.f.4-7.
[353]Rös. iii. 69.
[354]PlateXVII.Fig.13.c.
[355]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vii. 95.
[356]De Geer v. 170—t.v.f.19-23. Compare Reaum. iii. 235—.
[357]PlateXIX.Fig.11.a.De Geer vi. 137. Reaum. iv. 482.
[358]Reaum. iv.t.xiv.f.9, 10.
[359]Reaum. v. 32.t.v.f.3-5. Latr.Gen. Crust. et Ins.iv. 249.
[360]De Geer ii. 1031.t.xl.f.13, 14.k k.
[361]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.x. 430.
[362]De Geer ii. 697.t.xxi.f.4, 5.b b b.
[363]Reaum. v.t.vi.f.7.n.
[364]PlateXVIII.Fig.2.
[365]Reaum. ii.t.xxv.f.20.
[366]See above,Vol.II. p.245—.
[367]Reaum. iii. 384. vi. 366.t.xxxii.f.7, 8.
[368]Rös. iii.t.lxviii.f.1. MeineckenNaturf.vi. 120.
[369]Ibid. xiii. 175.
[370]In the larva ofTenthredo CerasiL., and some others, no traces of segments are to be seen; and in many coleopterous and dipterous ones the folds of the skin prevent the segments from being distinctly perceptible.
[371]Reaum. ii. 361. In the larva of a small common moth often met with in houses (Aglossa pinguinalis), every segment is divided into two parts, and underneath has two deep folds, by means of which these two parts can separate to a certain point, or approach again, according to circumstances. Thus Providence has enabled them to prevent their spiracles from being stopped by the greasy substances on which they often feed.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.i. 208.
[372]See above, p.110.
[373]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xvii. 329.
[374]Hor. Entomolog.285. 397—. 422. 462—. &c.
[375]Ibid.399-401.
[376]Hor. Entomolog.423.
[377]See above, p.23.
[378]TheIntestinaux cavitairesof Cuvier, and theEpizoariaof Lamarck. SeeHor. Entomolog.286—.
[379]Hor. Entomolog.422. comp. 463. Mr. MacLeay's idea of the larva ofMeloeis taken from the animal which Frisch, Goedart, and De Geer imagined to be such; but upon this opinion there rest great doubts. (See KirbyMon. Ap. Angl.ii. 168, and LatreilleN. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xx. 109.) At p. 464 he gives alsoMordellaand manyHeteromeraas having Thysanuriform larvæ. He thinks, that probably that ofClerusis of the same description; to which he suspects that many of Latreille'sMalacodermalikewise belong.
[380]PlateXVIII.Fig.1. as to the thoracic shield.
[381]May27, 1822. This day, T. Allen, Esq. F.L.S. brought me in a phial a vast number of the little insect which Goedart, Frisch, and De Geer took for the larva ofMeloe Proscarabæus, which he found on the leaves ofAchillea Millefolium. These little animals were coursing each other with wonderful velocity over the sides of the phial. To assist them in their motions, they applied to the surface of the glass the end of their abdomen, using it, like many larvæ ofColeoptera, as a seventh leg. This circumstance excited a suspicion in the minds of both Mr. MacLeay sen., then visiting me, and myself, that after all they might becoleopterouslarvæ. One, amongst other circumstances, however, seemed to militate strongly against this opinion; namely, that in this infinite number none appeared to differ insize.
[382]PlateXVII.Fig.13.
[383]Ibid.Fig.12.;PlateXVIII.Fig.4, 11, 13, &c.
[384]PlateXVIII.Fig.3, 9.
[385]PlateXIX.Fig.8.
[386]Ibid.Fig.3. Reaum. v. 97.t.xii.f.17, 18.; De Geer ii. 1004.t.xxviii.f.12.
[387]See above, p.110,114,138,142.
[388]PlateXVIII.Fig.7.
[389]PlateXVIII.Fig.5.
[390]PlateXIX.Fig.9.
[391]PlateXVIII.Fig.2.
[392]Hor. Entomolog.465.
[393]De Geer iv. 66.t.ii.f.5-8.
[394]Ibid.t.xiii.f.16-19. A very singular larva, which preys upon that ofAleyrodes proletellaLatr., if Reaumur's figure be correct (ii.t.xxv.f.18-20), is of a perfectChilopodiformtype, the abdominal legs being represented by a tubercle crowned by a bristle: yet even this, which turns to a minute beetle (Ibid.f.21), has some tendency to theAnopluriformtype.
[395]"Squillainsectum asquillapisce parum differt." Mouffet, 319.
[396]A remarkable difference obtains between the larva of the wire-worm and that ofElater undulatus. In the former, the last segment is longer than the preceding one, terminating in a small acute mucro at the apex, with a deep cavity, perhaps a spiracle, on each side, at the base. In the latter, this segment is shorter than the preceding one, forming above a nearly circular plate; the margin of which is a little elevated, and armed on each side with three teeth, and at the apex with a pair of furcate recurved horns, and without any basal spiracle. De Geer iv. 156.t.v.f.25. I have a similar larva, but not the same species.
[397]Hor. Entomolog.397.
[398]Ibid.399.
[399]Ibid.438. Note *.
[400]Traité Element.ii. 35.n.577.
[401]Trans. Linn. Soc.vii. 66.t.vi.f.3.
[402]Compare De Geer iii.t.xi.f.3. andt.xvii.f.14. &c.
[403]Ibid.t.i.f.4, 9.t.ii.f.15.t.ix.f.4.
[404]See above, p.125—.
[405]ComparePlateVI.Fig.6. withFig.12c,d,d.
[406]De Geer ii.t.xxi.f.4, 5.
[407]Swamm.Bibl. Nat. t.xiii.f.1.
[408]Hor. Entomolog.438.
[409]See above,Vol.II. p.256.
[410]De Geer ii.t.xxiii.f.9-14. Comp. Reaum. iv.t.xv.f.1, 2.
[411]De Geer ii.t.xiv.f.7. &c. The caterpillar ofP. G. ScratiotataL. like those ofPhryganeæ, has these respiratory threads.Ibid.i.t.xxxvii.f.2-6. De Geer has described the larva of aPhryganeaL. which is without any respiratory threads, ii. 569.t.xv.f.10.
[412]Hor. Entomolog.401. Montagu inLinn. Trans.vii. 67.
[413]Ins. Surinam. t.xxviii. CompareIbid.t.xix. right-hand figure.
[414]PlateXVIII.Fig.10.
[415]Swamm.Bibl. Nat. t.xxxix.PlateXIX.Fig.13.
[416]Lyonnet 69—.
[417]Surinam,t.lvii. right-hand figure.
[418]Sepp iv.t.ii.f.3.t.xvi.f.2, 3.
[419]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vi. 254.
[420]PlateXIX.Fig.6. One of these larvæ was taken at Melville Island. See Parry'sVoyage, Appendix No. x. 37.
[421]Sepp. iv.t.viii.f.4. Some species have three, others four, and others even five of these brushes.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vi. 255.
[422]Ibid.MerianEruc.xxxiv. upper left hand figure.
[423]MerianIns. Surinam.t.lx.
[424]Ibid.t.xl.
[425]See above,Vol.I. p.238.
[426]De Geer iv. 207.t.viii.f.4-6.
[427]Ins. Sur.t.xix. right hand caterpillar.
[428]Ibid.xli.
[429]PlateXVIII.Fig.13.
[430]Ins. Sur.t.xxix.
[431]Ibid.t.vii. liii.
[432]Smith'sAbbott's Ins. of Georg.Pref. vi.
[433]Prodromus Entomology.
[434]Ins. Sur.t.xliii. The figure represents only the two spines near the head as thus circumstanced.
[435]Reaum. v.t.xii.f.8, 14.PlateXVIII.Fig.11.
[436]See above,Vol.II. p.238.This, withB. imperatoria, &c. in the modern system, should form a genus.
[437]Ins. Sur.t.xlviii. right hand figure.
[438]Ibid.t.xi.
[439]Ibid.t.xxiii.
[440]Ibid.t.xxix.
[441]Reaum. v. 95.
[442]HuberMœurs des Fourmis, 79.
[443]See above,Vol.II. p.276—.
[444]Reaum. v. 72.t.ix.f.2-4.
[445]Rös.t.211.
[446]See above,Vol.I. p.29,198—.
[447]De Geer iii. 111. Comp. 121. It would be as well to adopt the French wordflocon, instead of locks or flocks, which strictly mean very different things.
[448]vii. 604.t.xliv.f.26.
[449]Fn. Germ. Init.xxxvi. 21.
[450]Syst. Rhyng.311. 29.
[451]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ix. 554.
[452]Natural History of the Slug-worm, 7.
[453]Ins. Surinam.t.xv. xvii.
[454]The larvæ ofCarabusL. form one, being generally black.
[455]Annales de Chimieii.
[456]Wien. Verz.219.
[457]Wien. Verz.4.
[458]Reaum. v. 92.
[459]Ins. Surinam.t.xi.
[460]ii. 1017.
[461]De Geer i. 57.
[462]Ibid.58. Reaum. i.t.xxxix.f.13, 14.
[463]De Geer ii. 400.
[464]See above,Vol.I.Lettersxii.xiii.
[465]Bonnet (ii. 18) mentions, that the young larvæ of a butterfly (Pieris Cratægi), after devouring the exuviæ of the eggs from which they were hatched, gnawed those which were not so: not, however, so as to destroy the included animal, but rather to facilitate its egress. Those also ofCoccinella bipunctatawhich I lately bred from the egg, as soon as hatched began to devour the unhatched ones around them, which they seemed to relish highly. I am inclined to believe, however, that this unnatural procedure was to be attributed to the circumstance of the female not having had it in her power to place her eggs in the midst ofAphides, their proper food.
[466]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xx. 359.
[467]In the human species, after certain fevers a simultaneous and total moult, if the term may be so applied, takes place. I experienced this myself in my boyhood; when convalescent fromScarlatina, the skin of my whole body, or nearly so, peeled off.
[468]The translator, more ignorant of natural history than his author, has turned the "linguismicat ore trisulcis" of Virgil, into "darts his forkysting."
[469]Vol.I. p.70.
[470]See above, p.52—.
[471]CuvierAnat. Comp.ii. 596.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxvi. 165.
[472]CuvierIbid.624.
[473]Reaum. i. 182.
[474]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vi. 290.
[475]Those Diptera whose metamorphosis is coarctate (Vol.I. p. 67), bees, the femaleCocci, &c. do not cast their skin in the larva state. Reaum. iv. 364.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xx. 365.
[476]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vi. 289. xx. 372. CuvierAnat. Comp.ii. 548. M. Cuvier (Ibid.547.) asserts, that mostPapilionesandBombycesmoultseventimes.
[477]Œuvr.ii. 71.
[478]Reaum. ii. 75.
[479]Bibl. Nat. E. Trans.i. 135. col.b.t.xxvii.f.6.
[480]Œuvres, viii. 303.
[481]Entwickelungsgeschichte, &c. 34, 88. Swammerdam on the contrary affirms, that "on the hinder part of the cast skin where it is twisted and complicated, whoever accurately examines the skin itself may still observe the coat that was cast by theintestinum rectum."Ubi supr.136. col.a.
[482]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vi. 290
[483]Reaum. iv. 604.
[484]Ibid. 364.N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xx. 365. HuberFourmis78. M. Huber does not say expressly that the grubs of ants do not change their skin; but his account seems to imply that they change it only previously to their metamorphosis.
[485]Lyonnet 11.
[486]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.vi. 290.
[487]De Bombycibus, 68.
[488]Opusc.i. 27.
[489]Linn. Trans.x. 399.