ix. DISTINCTION.
1.Distinct(Distincta). When spots, puncta, granules, &c. do not touch or run into each other, but are completely separate.—Ex.Under sideofWingsofLycæna Hippothoe.2.Ordinate(Ordinata). When spots, puncta, &c. are placed inrows. Thus we say ordinato-punctate, ordinato-maculate, &c.—Ex.Spotson theAbdomenofSpilosoma lubricipeda,erminea, &c.3.Contiguous(Contigua). When spots, &c. are so near that they almost or altogether touch each other.—Ex.Spotsin themarginof theWingsofArgynnis Aglaia.4.Confluent(Confluens). When spots, &c. run into each other.—Ex.Apexof thePrimary WingsandUnder sideof theSecondaryinPontia Daplidice.5.Obliterate(Obliterata). When the borders of spots fade into the general ground-colour; and when elevations and depressions, &c. are so little raised or sunk from the general surface, as to be almost erased.—Ex.Streakin theWingsofHipparchus papilionarius, &c.Striæin theElytraofSphodrus leucophthalmus.6.Obsolete(Obsoleta). When a spot, tubercle, punctum, &c. is scarcely discoverable. Ex.Lycæna Hippothoe♂ and ♀.—N.B.This term is often employed where one sex, kindred species, or genera, want, or nearly so, a character which is conspicuous in the other sex, or in the species or genus to which they are most closely allied.7.Geminous(Gemina). When there is a pair of spots, tubercles, puncta, &c.—Ex.Headof one sex ofDorcus parallelopipedus.Upper WingsofOdenestis potatoria.8.Didymous(Didyma). When this pair of spots, &c. touch or are confluent.—Ex.SpotsinElytraofTylostagmus quadrimaculatus.9.Connivent(Connivens). The meeting of two lines so as to form an angle.—Ex.Streakson theUnder sideofSecondary WingsofThecla Pruni.10.Common(Communis). Common to two. When a spot for instance is partly on one elytrum and partly on the other.—Ex.Coccinella septempunctata.
1.Distinct(Distincta). When spots, puncta, granules, &c. do not touch or run into each other, but are completely separate.—Ex.Under sideofWingsofLycæna Hippothoe.
2.Ordinate(Ordinata). When spots, puncta, &c. are placed inrows. Thus we say ordinato-punctate, ordinato-maculate, &c.—Ex.Spotson theAbdomenofSpilosoma lubricipeda,erminea, &c.
3.Contiguous(Contigua). When spots, &c. are so near that they almost or altogether touch each other.—Ex.Spotsin themarginof theWingsofArgynnis Aglaia.
4.Confluent(Confluens). When spots, &c. run into each other.—Ex.Apexof thePrimary WingsandUnder sideof theSecondaryinPontia Daplidice.
5.Obliterate(Obliterata). When the borders of spots fade into the general ground-colour; and when elevations and depressions, &c. are so little raised or sunk from the general surface, as to be almost erased.—Ex.Streakin theWingsofHipparchus papilionarius, &c.Striæin theElytraofSphodrus leucophthalmus.
6.Obsolete(Obsoleta). When a spot, tubercle, punctum, &c. is scarcely discoverable. Ex.Lycæna Hippothoe♂ and ♀.—N.B.This term is often employed where one sex, kindred species, or genera, want, or nearly so, a character which is conspicuous in the other sex, or in the species or genus to which they are most closely allied.
7.Geminous(Gemina). When there is a pair of spots, tubercles, puncta, &c.—Ex.Headof one sex ofDorcus parallelopipedus.Upper WingsofOdenestis potatoria.
8.Didymous(Didyma). When this pair of spots, &c. touch or are confluent.—Ex.SpotsinElytraofTylostagmus quadrimaculatus.
9.Connivent(Connivens). The meeting of two lines so as to form an angle.—Ex.Streakson theUnder sideofSecondary WingsofThecla Pruni.
10.Common(Communis). Common to two. When a spot for instance is partly on one elytrum and partly on the other.—Ex.Coccinella septempunctata.
VIII. MARGIN.
1.Crisp(Crispa). When theLimbis disproportionably larger than theDisk, so as to render the margin uneven with irregular rises and falls.2.Undulate(Undulata). When the surface rises and falls obtusely, not in angles.—Ex.MarginofWingsofHipparchia Semele.3.Corrugate(Corrugata). When the surface rises and falls acutely in angles.—Ex.Acidalia luteata, &c.4.Plicate(Plicata). Longitudinally or transversely folded; or so impressed with striæ as to have that appearance.—Ex.AbdomenofStaphylinus.5.Dilatate(Dilatata). Dilated disproportionably with respect to the Disk.—Ex.ProthoraxofNecrophorus.6.Filate(Filata). When theedgeis separated by a channel, often producing a very slender threadlike margin.—Ex.ElytraofCholeva.7.Incrassate(Incrassata). When the margin is disproportionably thick.—Ex. Mr. Marsham's Family ofChrysomela"thorace utrinque incrassato."8.Intire(Integra). When the margin has neither teeth, serratures, nor other incisions.9.Channel(Canalis). An impressed line more orless wide, which attends the edges, and is usually produced by its reflexion.10.Edge(Acies). The extreme termination of the margin.
1.Crisp(Crispa). When theLimbis disproportionably larger than theDisk, so as to render the margin uneven with irregular rises and falls.
2.Undulate(Undulata). When the surface rises and falls obtusely, not in angles.—Ex.MarginofWingsofHipparchia Semele.
3.Corrugate(Corrugata). When the surface rises and falls acutely in angles.—Ex.Acidalia luteata, &c.
4.Plicate(Plicata). Longitudinally or transversely folded; or so impressed with striæ as to have that appearance.—Ex.AbdomenofStaphylinus.
5.Dilatate(Dilatata). Dilated disproportionably with respect to the Disk.—Ex.ProthoraxofNecrophorus.
6.Filate(Filata). When theedgeis separated by a channel, often producing a very slender threadlike margin.—Ex.ElytraofCholeva.
7.Incrassate(Incrassata). When the margin is disproportionably thick.—Ex. Mr. Marsham's Family ofChrysomela"thorace utrinque incrassato."
8.Intire(Integra). When the margin has neither teeth, serratures, nor other incisions.
9.Channel(Canalis). An impressed line more orless wide, which attends the edges, and is usually produced by its reflexion.
10.Edge(Acies). The extreme termination of the margin.
IX. TERMINATION.
1.Summit(Fastigium). The tip or extreme termination of the upper part.2.Apex(Apex). The top or upper termination of any part.3.Bottom(Fundus). The extreme termination of the lower part.4.Base(Basis). The lower termination of any part.5.Acute(Acuta). Terminating in an acute angle.PlateXV.Fig.17.6.Obtuse(Obtusa). Terminating bluntly, but within the segment of a circle.PlateXIV.Fig.1. f.7.Rotundate(Rotundata). Terminating in the segment of a circle.—PlateVI.Fig.1. e.8.Truncate(Truncata). Terminating in a transverse line.PlateXIII.Fig.5. a´´´.9.Premorse(Præmorsa). Terminating in an irregular truncate apex, as if bitten off.—Ex.ElytraofLebia,Dromia,Lomechusa, &c.10.Retuse(Retusa). Terminating in an obtuse sinus.—Ex.Backpart of theHeadinCimbex.11.Emarginate(Emarginata). When the end has an obtuse notch taken out.—Ex.NoseofPedinus arenosus.12.Exscinded(Excisa). When the end has an angular notch taken out.—Ex.NoseofOpatrum sabulosum.13.Producted(Producta). Disproportionably long.14.Mucronate(Mucronata). Terminating suddenly in a strong point.—Ex.ElytraofLixus paraplecticus.AbdomenofSirex Gigas♀.15.Acuminate(Acuminata). Terminating gradually in a sharp point.—Ex.AbdomenofSirex Juvencus♀.16.Apiculate(Apiculata). Terminating suddenly in a small filiform truncate apex.—Ex.AbdomenofThelyphonus.17.Cuspidate(Cuspidata). Terminating in a long setiform point.—Ex.TailofScorpio.
1.Summit(Fastigium). The tip or extreme termination of the upper part.
2.Apex(Apex). The top or upper termination of any part.
3.Bottom(Fundus). The extreme termination of the lower part.
4.Base(Basis). The lower termination of any part.
5.Acute(Acuta). Terminating in an acute angle.PlateXV.Fig.17.
6.Obtuse(Obtusa). Terminating bluntly, but within the segment of a circle.PlateXIV.Fig.1. f.
7.Rotundate(Rotundata). Terminating in the segment of a circle.—PlateVI.Fig.1. e.
8.Truncate(Truncata). Terminating in a transverse line.PlateXIII.Fig.5. a´´´.
9.Premorse(Præmorsa). Terminating in an irregular truncate apex, as if bitten off.—Ex.ElytraofLebia,Dromia,Lomechusa, &c.
10.Retuse(Retusa). Terminating in an obtuse sinus.—Ex.Backpart of theHeadinCimbex.
11.Emarginate(Emarginata). When the end has an obtuse notch taken out.—Ex.NoseofPedinus arenosus.
12.Exscinded(Excisa). When the end has an angular notch taken out.—Ex.NoseofOpatrum sabulosum.
13.Producted(Producta). Disproportionably long.
14.Mucronate(Mucronata). Terminating suddenly in a strong point.—Ex.ElytraofLixus paraplecticus.AbdomenofSirex Gigas♀.
15.Acuminate(Acuminata). Terminating gradually in a sharp point.—Ex.AbdomenofSirex Juvencus♀.
16.Apiculate(Apiculata). Terminating suddenly in a small filiform truncate apex.—Ex.AbdomenofThelyphonus.
17.Cuspidate(Cuspidata). Terminating in a long setiform point.—Ex.TailofScorpio.
X. INCISION.
1.Incised(Incisa). Cut into equal marginal segments.2.Cleft(Fissa). Cut into equal and deep segments, but not reaching the base.PlateXIV.Fig.3.a.a.Bifid(Bifida). Cut intotwosegments.b.Trifid(Trifida). Cut intothree.c.Quadrifid(Quadrifida). Cut intofour.d.Multifid(Multifida). Cut intomorethanfour.3.Laciniate(Laciniata). Cut into unequal, irregular, and deep segments.4.Squarrose(Squarrosa). Cut into laciniæ that are elevated above the plane of the surface.5.Partite(Partita). Divided to the base.PlateXIV.Fig.3.b.a.Bipartite(Bipartita). Divided thus intotwoparts.b.Tripartite(Tripartita). Divided intothreeparts.c.Quadripartite(Quadripartita). Divided intofourparts.d.Multipartite(Multipartita). Divided intomorethanfourparts.6.Lobate(Lobata). Divided to the middle into parts with convex margins, which recede from each other.—Ex.Acanthia paradoxa.Bilobate, withtwolobes.Trilobate, withthreelobes, &c.7.Cruciate(Cruciata). Divided to the middle into four opposite arms, the angles being either four right ones, or two obtuse and two acute.—Ex.Prothoraxof manyLocustæ.8.Sinuate(Sinuata). Having large curved breaks in the margin resembling bays.PlateXIV.Fig.1.9.Erose(Erosa). Sinuate, with the sinuses cut out into smaller irregular notches as if gnawed.—Ex.WingsofVanessa C. album.10.Crenate(Crenata). Cut into segments of small circles.11.Serrate(Serrata). Cut into teeth like a saw, with teeth whose sides are unequal.—Ex.External marginnear theApexof theElytraof many species ofBuprestis.12.Dentate(Dentata). Cut into teeth, with teeth whose sides are equal or nearly so.—Ex. TheWingsof manyButterflies.13.Repand(Repanda). Cut into very slight sinuations, so as to run in a serpentine direction.PlateXXII.Fig.11.s.
1.Incised(Incisa). Cut into equal marginal segments.
2.Cleft(Fissa). Cut into equal and deep segments, but not reaching the base.PlateXIV.Fig.3.a.
a.Bifid(Bifida). Cut intotwosegments.
b.Trifid(Trifida). Cut intothree.
c.Quadrifid(Quadrifida). Cut intofour.
d.Multifid(Multifida). Cut intomorethanfour.
3.Laciniate(Laciniata). Cut into unequal, irregular, and deep segments.
4.Squarrose(Squarrosa). Cut into laciniæ that are elevated above the plane of the surface.
5.Partite(Partita). Divided to the base.PlateXIV.Fig.3.b.
a.Bipartite(Bipartita). Divided thus intotwoparts.
b.Tripartite(Tripartita). Divided intothreeparts.
c.Quadripartite(Quadripartita). Divided intofourparts.
d.Multipartite(Multipartita). Divided intomorethanfourparts.
6.Lobate(Lobata). Divided to the middle into parts with convex margins, which recede from each other.—Ex.Acanthia paradoxa.Bilobate, withtwolobes.Trilobate, withthreelobes, &c.
7.Cruciate(Cruciata). Divided to the middle into four opposite arms, the angles being either four right ones, or two obtuse and two acute.—Ex.Prothoraxof manyLocustæ.
8.Sinuate(Sinuata). Having large curved breaks in the margin resembling bays.PlateXIV.Fig.1.
9.Erose(Erosa). Sinuate, with the sinuses cut out into smaller irregular notches as if gnawed.—Ex.WingsofVanessa C. album.
10.Crenate(Crenata). Cut into segments of small circles.
11.Serrate(Serrata). Cut into teeth like a saw, with teeth whose sides are unequal.—Ex.External marginnear theApexof theElytraof many species ofBuprestis.
12.Dentate(Dentata). Cut into teeth, with teeth whose sides are equal or nearly so.—Ex. TheWingsof manyButterflies.
13.Repand(Repanda). Cut into very slight sinuations, so as to run in a serpentine direction.PlateXXII.Fig.11.s.
XI. RAMIFICATION.
1.Dichotomous(Dichotoma). Dividing regularly in pairs.2.Furcate(Furcata). Dividing into two.PlateXVIII.Fig.11.3.Ramose(Ramosa). Furnished with lateral branches.PlateXI.Fig.18.4.Decussate(Decussata). Sending forth lateral branches which alternately cross each other.5.Divaricate(Divaricata). Standing out very wide.
1.Dichotomous(Dichotoma). Dividing regularly in pairs.
2.Furcate(Furcata). Dividing into two.PlateXVIII.Fig.11.
3.Ramose(Ramosa). Furnished with lateral branches.PlateXI.Fig.18.
4.Decussate(Decussata). Sending forth lateral branches which alternately cross each other.
5.Divaricate(Divaricata). Standing out very wide.
XII. DIVISION.
1.Segment(Segmentum). The great inosculating joints of the body.2.Joint(Articulus). The joints of a limb or member.3.Incisure(Incisura). A deep incision between the segments, when they recede from each other.4.Suture(Sutura). The line of separation of any two parts of a crust which are connected only by membrane or ligament, but do not inosculate.a.Spurious Suture(Sutura spuria). An impressed line in any part of a body, which resembles a suture, but does not really divide the crust.
1.Segment(Segmentum). The great inosculating joints of the body.
2.Joint(Articulus). The joints of a limb or member.
3.Incisure(Incisura). A deep incision between the segments, when they recede from each other.
4.Suture(Sutura). The line of separation of any two parts of a crust which are connected only by membrane or ligament, but do not inosculate.
a.Spurious Suture(Sutura spuria). An impressed line in any part of a body, which resembles a suture, but does not really divide the crust.
XIII. DIRECTION.
1.Longitudinal(Longitudinalis). Running lengthwise.2.Transverse(Transversa). Running across: when the longitudinal line is cut through atrightangles.3.Oblique(Obliqua). Running sideways. When the longitudinal line is cut through atacuteangles.4.Horizontal(Horizontalis). Parallel with the horizon.5.Erect(Erecta). Nearly perpendicular.6.Vertical(Verticalis). Perpendicular.7.Sloping(Declivis). A gentle descent.8.Descending(Descendens). A steeper descent.9.Acclivous(Acclivis). A gentle ascent.10.Ascending(Ascendens). A steeper ascent.11.Reclined(Reclinata). Leaning towards any thing as if to repose upon it.12.Recumbent(Recumbens). Leaning or reposing upon any thing.13.Reflexed(Reflexa). Bent back or upwards.14.Inflexed(Inflexa). Bent inwards.15.Recurved(Recurva). Curving outwards.16.Incurved(Incurva). Curving inwards.17.Revolute(Revoluta). Rolled outwards.18.Involute(Involuta). Rolled inwards.19.Forwards(Antrorsum).20.Backwards(Retrorsum).21.Upwards(Sursum).22.Downwards(Deorsum).23.Outwards(Extrorsum).24.Inwards(Introrsum).25.Straight(Recta).26.Porrect(Porrecta). Reaching forth horizontally as if to meet something advancing.27.Broken(Fracta). Bent with an elbow, as if broken.28.Converging(Convergens). Tending to one point from different parts.29.Diverging(Divergens). Tending to different parts from one point.
1.Longitudinal(Longitudinalis). Running lengthwise.
2.Transverse(Transversa). Running across: when the longitudinal line is cut through atrightangles.
3.Oblique(Obliqua). Running sideways. When the longitudinal line is cut through atacuteangles.
4.Horizontal(Horizontalis). Parallel with the horizon.
5.Erect(Erecta). Nearly perpendicular.
6.Vertical(Verticalis). Perpendicular.
7.Sloping(Declivis). A gentle descent.
8.Descending(Descendens). A steeper descent.
9.Acclivous(Acclivis). A gentle ascent.
10.Ascending(Ascendens). A steeper ascent.
11.Reclined(Reclinata). Leaning towards any thing as if to repose upon it.
12.Recumbent(Recumbens). Leaning or reposing upon any thing.
13.Reflexed(Reflexa). Bent back or upwards.
14.Inflexed(Inflexa). Bent inwards.
15.Recurved(Recurva). Curving outwards.
16.Incurved(Incurva). Curving inwards.
17.Revolute(Revoluta). Rolled outwards.
18.Involute(Involuta). Rolled inwards.
19.Forwards(Antrorsum).
20.Backwards(Retrorsum).
21.Upwards(Sursum).
22.Downwards(Deorsum).
23.Outwards(Extrorsum).
24.Inwards(Introrsum).
25.Straight(Recta).
26.Porrect(Porrecta). Reaching forth horizontally as if to meet something advancing.
27.Broken(Fracta). Bent with an elbow, as if broken.
28.Converging(Convergens). Tending to one point from different parts.
29.Diverging(Divergens). Tending to different parts from one point.
XIV. SITUATION.
1.Obverse(Obversa). When an object is viewed with itsheadtowards you.2.Reverse(Reversa). When an object is viewed with itsanustowards you.3.Resupine(Resupina). When an object lies upon its back.4.Prone(Prona). When an object lies upon its belly.
1.Obverse(Obversa). When an object is viewed with itsheadtowards you.
2.Reverse(Reversa). When an object is viewed with itsanustowards you.
3.Resupine(Resupina). When an object lies upon its back.
4.Prone(Prona). When an object lies upon its belly.
XV. CONNEXION.
1.Colligate(Colligata). Adhering, or so fixed to any part as to have no separate motion of its own.2.Free(Libera). Having a motion independent of that of the part to which it is affixed.3.Connate(Connata). When parts that are usually separated, are, as it were, soldered together, though distinguished by a suture.—Ex.ElytraofGibbium.4.Coalite(Coalita). When parts usually separate are distinguished neither by incisure, segment, nor suture.—Ex.TrunkinMutilla.5.Distinct(Distincta). When parts are separated from each other by asuture.—Ex. Parts of theTrunkinColeoptera, &c.6.Distant(Distans). When they are separated by anincisure.—Ex.Head,Trunk, andAbdomen, inHymenoptera.7.Inosculating(Inosculans). When one part is inserted into the cavity of another.—Ex.HeadinBuprestis.8.Suspended(Suspensa). When one part is joined to another by a ligature, without being inserted in it.—Ex.LegsofOrthoptera.
1.Colligate(Colligata). Adhering, or so fixed to any part as to have no separate motion of its own.
2.Free(Libera). Having a motion independent of that of the part to which it is affixed.
3.Connate(Connata). When parts that are usually separated, are, as it were, soldered together, though distinguished by a suture.—Ex.ElytraofGibbium.
4.Coalite(Coalita). When parts usually separate are distinguished neither by incisure, segment, nor suture.—Ex.TrunkinMutilla.
5.Distinct(Distincta). When parts are separated from each other by asuture.—Ex. Parts of theTrunkinColeoptera, &c.
6.Distant(Distans). When they are separated by anincisure.—Ex.Head,Trunk, andAbdomen, inHymenoptera.
7.Inosculating(Inosculans). When one part is inserted into the cavity of another.—Ex.HeadinBuprestis.
8.Suspended(Suspensa). When one part is joined to another by a ligature, without being inserted in it.—Ex.LegsofOrthoptera.
XVI. ARMS.
1.Tooth(Dens). A short flattish process, somewhat resembling atooth.2.Horn(Cornu). A longer process, resembling ahorn.a.Laminate Horn(Cornu laminatum). A horn dilated at its base into a flat plate.—Ex.Onthophagus nutans.b.Nodding Horn(Cornu nutans). When a horn bends forwards.—Ex.Onthophagus nutans.3.Spine(Spina). A fine, long, rigid, pointed process.—Ex. Those onElytraof manyHispæ, and thePosterior TibiæofLocusta.4.Mucro(Mucro). A short, stout, sharp-pointed process.—Ex.ElytraofLixus paraplecticus.5.Spur(Calcar). A spine that is not a process of the crust, but is implanted in it.—Ex. Those on the lower side of theTibiæofAcrida.
1.Tooth(Dens). A short flattish process, somewhat resembling atooth.
2.Horn(Cornu). A longer process, resembling ahorn.
a.Laminate Horn(Cornu laminatum). A horn dilated at its base into a flat plate.—Ex.Onthophagus nutans.
b.Nodding Horn(Cornu nutans). When a horn bends forwards.—Ex.Onthophagus nutans.
3.Spine(Spina). A fine, long, rigid, pointed process.—Ex. Those onElytraof manyHispæ, and thePosterior TibiæofLocusta.
4.Mucro(Mucro). A short, stout, sharp-pointed process.—Ex.ElytraofLixus paraplecticus.
5.Spur(Calcar). A spine that is not a process of the crust, but is implanted in it.—Ex. Those on the lower side of theTibiæofAcrida.
XVII. APPENDAGES.
1.Auricle(Auricula). An appendage resembling an ear.—Ex.ThoraxofLedra aurita.2.Caruncle(Caruncula). Having fleshy excrescences somewhat resembling the caruncles of birds.—Ex.ProthoraxofMalachius.
1.Auricle(Auricula). An appendage resembling an ear.—Ex.ThoraxofLedra aurita.
2.Caruncle(Caruncula). Having fleshy excrescences somewhat resembling the caruncles of birds.—Ex.ProthoraxofMalachius.
XVIII. MOTION.
1.Vertical(Verticalis). When it is up and down.2.Horizontal(Horizontalis). When it is from side to side.3.Compound(Composita). When a part is capable of both vertical and horizontal motion.4.Versatile(Versatilis). When it moves partly round as if upon a pivot.—Ex. Head ofHymenopteraandDiptera.5.Vibratile(Vibratilis). When there is a constant oscillation of any part.—Ex. Antennæ of theChalcidites. Legs ofTipulawhen reposing.6.Rotatory(Rotatoria). When a body or a part of it turns wholly round, or describes a circle.—Ex.AntsandMothsin a certaindisease[1093].
1.Vertical(Verticalis). When it is up and down.
2.Horizontal(Horizontalis). When it is from side to side.
3.Compound(Composita). When a part is capable of both vertical and horizontal motion.
4.Versatile(Versatilis). When it moves partly round as if upon a pivot.—Ex. Head ofHymenopteraandDiptera.
5.Vibratile(Vibratilis). When there is a constant oscillation of any part.—Ex. Antennæ of theChalcidites. Legs ofTipulawhen reposing.
6.Rotatory(Rotatoria). When a body or a part of it turns wholly round, or describes a circle.—Ex.AntsandMothsin a certaindisease[1093].
XIX. SCENT.
1.Acid(Acidus). A pungent acid scent.—Ex. ManyFormicæ.2.Moschate(Moschatus). A scent ofmusk.3.Alliaceous(Alliaceus). A scent ofgarlic.—Ex. SomeAndrenæ.4.Cimicine(Cimicinus). A scent like that of the Bed-bug.—Ex.Cimex.5.Rosaceous(Rosaceus). A scent ofroses.—Ex.Cerambyx moschatus.6.Aromatic(Aromaticus). A pungent scent of spices.—Ex.Oxytelus rugosus.7.Balm-scented(Melissæus).—Ex. The species ofProsopis(Apis*. b. K.).8.Sweet-scented(Odoratus). An undefined sweet scent.—Ex.Philonthus suaveolens.9.Fetid(Fœtidus). A disagreeable scent.—Ex.Goerius olens.Chrysopa Perla.
1.Acid(Acidus). A pungent acid scent.—Ex. ManyFormicæ.
2.Moschate(Moschatus). A scent ofmusk.
3.Alliaceous(Alliaceus). A scent ofgarlic.—Ex. SomeAndrenæ.
4.Cimicine(Cimicinus). A scent like that of the Bed-bug.—Ex.Cimex.
5.Rosaceous(Rosaceus). A scent ofroses.—Ex.Cerambyx moschatus.
6.Aromatic(Aromaticus). A pungent scent of spices.—Ex.Oxytelus rugosus.
7.Balm-scented(Melissæus).—Ex. The species ofProsopis(Apis*. b. K.).
8.Sweet-scented(Odoratus). An undefined sweet scent.—Ex.Philonthus suaveolens.
9.Fetid(Fœtidus). A disagreeable scent.—Ex.Goerius olens.Chrysopa Perla.
GENERAL RULES.
In the above tables no notice is taken of diminutives, compounds, and similar terms, because it seemed best, with respect to these, to lay down only some general rules which may include the whole.
RuleI.
Terms in English ending incle,ule, orlet, and which in Latin addlus,la, orlum, to a word,diminishits sense. As, Denticle, a little tooth; Setule, a little bristle; Eyelet, a small eye: Denticulus, a little dens; Guttula, a little gutta; Punctulum, a little punctum. N.B. Where length or breadth are concerned, the diminutive implies a diminution in the length of the predicate. As, Lineola, Lineolet, a short line; Striola, Striolet, a short stria; Fasciola, Fasciolet, a short fascia.
RuleII.
The prepositionsubprefixed to any wordreducesthe sense of it. As,Subpunctate, not fully punctate;Subhirsute, not fully hirsute, &c.
RuleIII.
The terminationculusin Latin words added to a comparative implies the state of the object comparatively. As, Convexiusculus, rather convex than not; Majusculus, rather large than not. This is usually denoted in English by the terminationish, or the adverbrather; as, largish,ratherlarge, &c.
RuleIV.
The participle present used instead of the adjectiveimplies atendencyto the quality expressed by it. As,Cinerascens, cinerascent, tending to cinereous, &c.
RuleV.
The prepositionobprefixed to a term reverses it. As,Obconical,Obcordate, a conical or heart-shaped body, of which the narrowest part is the base.
RuleVI.
In compound terms thelastmember indicates thepreponderatingcharacter. For instance, when it is said of a body that it isnigro-æneous, it means that the æneous tint prevails: but if,vice versâ, it is termedæneo-nigrous, the black tint is predominant.—N.B. In Sculpture the terms punctato-striate, or punctato-sulcate, signify that striæ or furrows are drawn with puncta in them.
Exception1.
Some compound terms only indicate the union of two characters in one subject. As, when we say of wings that they are cruciato-incumbent, we mean both that they cross each other and are incumbent upon the body.
Exception2.
Compound terms are sometimes employed very conveniently to restrict the application of a character to particular circumstances. As, when we say hirsuto-cinereous, we mean that the hirsuties only of a body is cinereous.
RuleVII.
When the term ordinary (ordinarius) is added either to terms expressing impressed puncta, lines, spots, &c., it signifies that such puncta, lines, or spots are commonto a particular section in any genus or tribe. As, the impressed lateral puncta on the thorax ofScarabæidæ; the lateral furrows and dorsal channel in the ground beetles (Eutrechina), and the spots in the primary wings ofXylina Polyodonand affinities[1094].
SYMBOLS.
Male ♂. Female ♀. Neuter ⚲. Egg θ. Larva ⊕. Pupa ☽. Imago ⊙. Head △. Trunk □. Abdomen ▽[1095].
Male ♂. Female ♀. Neuter ⚲. Egg θ. Larva ⊕. Pupa ☽. Imago ⊙. Head △. Trunk □. Abdomen ▽[1095].
B. PARTIAL ORISMOLOGY.
I. BODY (corpus).
1.Disjunct(Disjunctum). When head, trunk, and abdomen are separated by adeepincisure.—Ex.Hymenoptera,Diptera.PlateIV.Fig.2, 3, 5.2.Compact(Compactum). When head, trunk, and abdomen arenotseparated by adeepincisure, but inosculate in each other.—Ex.Buprestis,Elater, and many otherColeoptera,Orthoptera, andHemiptera.3.Bisect(Bisectum). When the head and trunk are not separated by a suture, so that the insect consists only oftwopieces.—Ex.Araneidea.PlateV.Fig.4.4.Coalite(Coalitum). When neither head, trunk,nor abdomen are separated by any incisure or suture.—Ex. ManyAcariL.,Phalangium, &c.5.Multisect(Multisectum). When an insect appears to have no distinct trunk and abdomen, but is divided into numerous segments.—Ex.Scolopendra;Iulus, &c.PlateV.Fig.6.6.Cymbiform(Cymbiforme). When the margin of the thorax and elytra are recurved so as to give a body the resemblance of the inside of aboat.—Ex.Heleus,Cossyphus.
1.Disjunct(Disjunctum). When head, trunk, and abdomen are separated by adeepincisure.—Ex.Hymenoptera,Diptera.PlateIV.Fig.2, 3, 5.
2.Compact(Compactum). When head, trunk, and abdomen arenotseparated by adeepincisure, but inosculate in each other.—Ex.Buprestis,Elater, and many otherColeoptera,Orthoptera, andHemiptera.
3.Bisect(Bisectum). When the head and trunk are not separated by a suture, so that the insect consists only oftwopieces.—Ex.Araneidea.PlateV.Fig.4.
4.Coalite(Coalitum). When neither head, trunk,nor abdomen are separated by any incisure or suture.—Ex. ManyAcariL.,Phalangium, &c.
5.Multisect(Multisectum). When an insect appears to have no distinct trunk and abdomen, but is divided into numerous segments.—Ex.Scolopendra;Iulus, &c.PlateV.Fig.6.
6.Cymbiform(Cymbiforme). When the margin of the thorax and elytra are recurved so as to give a body the resemblance of the inside of aboat.—Ex.Heleus,Cossyphus.
II. HEAD (caput).
i. DIRECTION.
1.Prominent(Prominens). When the head is in the horizontal line, and forms no angle with the trunk.—Ex.Carabus.PlateI.Fig.1.2.Porrected(Porrectum). When the head is prominent and elongate.—Ex.Cychrus.3.Nutant(Nutans). When the head forms downwards anobtuseangle with the horizontal line, or trunk.—Ex.Harpalus.4.Cernuous(Cernuum). When the head forms downwards arightangle with the trunk.—Ex. MostGryllinaandLocustina.5.Inflexed(Inflexum). When the head forms inwards anacuteangle with the trunk.—Ex.Blatta.PlateII.Fig.3.6.Turreted(Turritum). When the head is producted into a kind of columnar recurved turret or rostrum, in the sides of which, towards the end, the eyes are fixed.—Ex.Truxalis.
1.Prominent(Prominens). When the head is in the horizontal line, and forms no angle with the trunk.—Ex.Carabus.PlateI.Fig.1.
2.Porrected(Porrectum). When the head is prominent and elongate.—Ex.Cychrus.
3.Nutant(Nutans). When the head forms downwards anobtuseangle with the horizontal line, or trunk.—Ex.Harpalus.
4.Cernuous(Cernuum). When the head forms downwards arightangle with the trunk.—Ex. MostGryllinaandLocustina.
5.Inflexed(Inflexum). When the head forms inwards anacuteangle with the trunk.—Ex.Blatta.PlateII.Fig.3.
6.Turreted(Turritum). When the head is producted into a kind of columnar recurved turret or rostrum, in the sides of which, towards the end, the eyes are fixed.—Ex.Truxalis.
ii. INSERTION.
1.Retracted(Retractum). When the head is wholly withdrawn within the trunk.—Ex.Parnus.2.Intruded(Intrusum). When the head is nearly withdrawn within the trunk.—Ex.Melasis.3.Inserted(Insertum). When the head is partly withdrawn within the trunk.—Ex.Buprestis.4.Exserted(Exsertum). When the head is quite disengaged from the trunk.—Ex.Tenebrio,Blaps.5.Amplected(Amplexum). When the head is received into a sinus of the thorax.—Ex.Hister.6.Recondite(Reconditum). When the head iswhollycovered and sheltered by the shield of the thorax.—Ex.Cassida,Lampyris.7.Semirecondite(Semireconditum). When the head ishalfcovered by the shield of the thorax.—Ex.Silpha,Cyphon.8.Retractile(Retractile). When an insect can at pleasure exsert its head, or withdraw it within the trunk.—Ex.Hister,LarvaofLampyris.9.Versatile(Versatile). When the head can turn nearly round.—Ex.Hymenoptera,Diptera.10.Pedunculate(Pedunculatum). When the head is constricted behind into a distinct neck.—Ex.Apoderus Coryli, &c.11.Sessile(Sessile). When the head does not move in the socket of the trunk, but is attached to it by a kind of ligament.—Ex.Hymenoptera,Diptera.
1.Retracted(Retractum). When the head is wholly withdrawn within the trunk.—Ex.Parnus.
2.Intruded(Intrusum). When the head is nearly withdrawn within the trunk.—Ex.Melasis.
3.Inserted(Insertum). When the head is partly withdrawn within the trunk.—Ex.Buprestis.
4.Exserted(Exsertum). When the head is quite disengaged from the trunk.—Ex.Tenebrio,Blaps.
5.Amplected(Amplexum). When the head is received into a sinus of the thorax.—Ex.Hister.
6.Recondite(Reconditum). When the head iswhollycovered and sheltered by the shield of the thorax.—Ex.Cassida,Lampyris.
7.Semirecondite(Semireconditum). When the head ishalfcovered by the shield of the thorax.—Ex.Silpha,Cyphon.
8.Retractile(Retractile). When an insect can at pleasure exsert its head, or withdraw it within the trunk.—Ex.Hister,LarvaofLampyris.
9.Versatile(Versatile). When the head can turn nearly round.—Ex.Hymenoptera,Diptera.
10.Pedunculate(Pedunculatum). When the head is constricted behind into a distinct neck.—Ex.Apoderus Coryli, &c.
11.Sessile(Sessile). When the head does not move in the socket of the trunk, but is attached to it by a kind of ligament.—Ex.Hymenoptera,Diptera.
iii. TERMINATION.
1.Clypeate(Clypeatum). When theNasus,Genæ, &c. are dilated so as to shelter and overshadow the mouth.—Ex.Scarabæus,Copris, &c.PlateXIII.Fig.14.2.Capistrate(Capistratum). When the anterior part of the head is attenuated and subelongated into a kind offlat rostrumor muzzle.—Ex.Nitidula.PlateXIII.Fig.13.3.Rostrate(Rostratum). When the anterior part of the head is elongated and attenuated into acylindricalormany-sided rostrumor beak.—Ex. The weevils (Rhyncophora).PlateXIII.Fig.12.4.Buccate(Buccatum). When theNasusand anterior part of the head are inflated.—Ex.Conopsand otherDiptera.PlateXIII.Fig.16.
1.Clypeate(Clypeatum). When theNasus,Genæ, &c. are dilated so as to shelter and overshadow the mouth.—Ex.Scarabæus,Copris, &c.PlateXIII.Fig.14.
2.Capistrate(Capistratum). When the anterior part of the head is attenuated and subelongated into a kind offlat rostrumor muzzle.—Ex.Nitidula.PlateXIII.Fig.13.
3.Rostrate(Rostratum). When the anterior part of the head is elongated and attenuated into acylindricalormany-sided rostrumor beak.—Ex. The weevils (Rhyncophora).PlateXIII.Fig.12.
4.Buccate(Buccatum). When theNasusand anterior part of the head are inflated.—Ex.Conopsand otherDiptera.PlateXIII.Fig.16.
iv. APPENDAGES.
1.Umbraculate(Umbraculatum). When there is upon the head an umbrella-shaped process.—Ex.Gryllus umbraculatus.2.Lychnidiate(Lychnidiatum). When theVertex,Frons, andPostnasusare porrected so as to form a kind ofrostrumwhich gives light in the night.—Ex.Fulgora.PlateXIII.Fig.15.
1.Umbraculate(Umbraculatum). When there is upon the head an umbrella-shaped process.—Ex.Gryllus umbraculatus.
2.Lychnidiate(Lychnidiatum). When theVertex,Frons, andPostnasusare porrected so as to form a kind ofrostrumwhich gives light in the night.—Ex.Fulgora.PlateXIII.Fig.15.
v. MOUTH (os).
1.Terminal(Terminale). When the mouth terminates the head.—Ex.Coleoptera, &c.2.Prone(Pronum). When the mouth is wholly under the head.—Ex.Truxalis,Proscopia.3.Perfect(Perfectum). When the mouth is furnished with all theTrophi. Viz.Labrum;Labium;Mandibulæ;Maxillæ;MaxillaryandLabial Palpi; andTongue.—Ex. TheMasticatingOrders.a.Feeders retracted(Trophi retracti). When, in a perfect mouth, theTrophiare not capable of being much pushed out or drawn in.—Ex. MostColeoptera,Orthoptera, &c.b.Feeders retractile(Trophi retractiles). When, in a perfect mouth, theTrophican be considerably pushed forth or drawn in.—Ex.Stenus,Apis, &c.4.Imperfect(Imperfectum). When the mouth wants any of theTrophi, or they exist in it only as rudiments.—Ex. TheSuctoriousOrders.5.Elabrate(Elabratum). When an imperfect mouth hasMandibulæ,Maxillæ,Labium, andMaxillary Palpi, or what perform their office, but noLabrum.—Ex.Araneidea.6.Emandibulate(Emandibulatum). When an imperfect mouth has all theTrophibut theMandibulæ.—Ex.Trichoptera.7.Bipalpate(Bipalpatum). When an imperfect mouth has only eitherLabialorMaxillary Palpi.—Ex.Tabanus, &c.8.Expalpate(Expalpatum). When an imperfect mouth has noPalpi.—Ex.Hemiptera.9.Stomapodous(Stomapodum). When theLegsandSternumact the part ofMaxillæ,Labium, andPalpi.—Ex.Araneidea,Scolopendra, &c.
1.Terminal(Terminale). When the mouth terminates the head.—Ex.Coleoptera, &c.
2.Prone(Pronum). When the mouth is wholly under the head.—Ex.Truxalis,Proscopia.
3.Perfect(Perfectum). When the mouth is furnished with all theTrophi. Viz.Labrum;Labium;Mandibulæ;Maxillæ;MaxillaryandLabial Palpi; andTongue.—Ex. TheMasticatingOrders.
a.Feeders retracted(Trophi retracti). When, in a perfect mouth, theTrophiare not capable of being much pushed out or drawn in.—Ex. MostColeoptera,Orthoptera, &c.
b.Feeders retractile(Trophi retractiles). When, in a perfect mouth, theTrophican be considerably pushed forth or drawn in.—Ex.Stenus,Apis, &c.
4.Imperfect(Imperfectum). When the mouth wants any of theTrophi, or they exist in it only as rudiments.—Ex. TheSuctoriousOrders.
5.Elabrate(Elabratum). When an imperfect mouth hasMandibulæ,Maxillæ,Labium, andMaxillary Palpi, or what perform their office, but noLabrum.—Ex.Araneidea.
6.Emandibulate(Emandibulatum). When an imperfect mouth has all theTrophibut theMandibulæ.—Ex.Trichoptera.
7.Bipalpate(Bipalpatum). When an imperfect mouth has only eitherLabialorMaxillary Palpi.—Ex.Tabanus, &c.
8.Expalpate(Expalpatum). When an imperfect mouth has noPalpi.—Ex.Hemiptera.
9.Stomapodous(Stomapodum). When theLegsandSternumact the part ofMaxillæ,Labium, andPalpi.—Ex.Araneidea,Scolopendra, &c.
a.upper lip(Labrum).
1.Whiskered(Mystacinum). When the upper lip is furnished with whiskers (Mystax), or bearded.—Ex.Creophilus hirtus.PlateXXVI.Fig.30.
1.Whiskered(Mystacinum). When the upper lip is furnished with whiskers (Mystax), or bearded.—Ex.Creophilus hirtus.PlateXXVI.Fig.30.
b.upper jaws(Mandibulæ).
1.Chelate(Chelatæ). When the upper jaws are furnished at the end with achelaor thumb.—Ex.Scorpio,Phalangium.2.Unguiculate(Unguiculatæ). When they are armed with a moveableclaw.—Ex.Araneidea.PlateVII.Fig.10. c´.3.Buried(Sepultæ). When they are covered and quite concealed by the upper lip.—Ex.Colliuris.4.Open(Apertæ). When they arenotquite concealed by the upper lip.—Ex. MostColeoptera.5.Toothless(Edentulæ). When they arenotarmed with teeth.—Ex.Apogonia gemellata.PlateXXVI.Fig.22.6.Toothed(Dentatæ). When they are armed with teeth.—Ex.Cicindela.PlateXXVI.Fig.19.7.Suctorious(Suctoriæ). When they have an orifice by which they imbibe their food.—Ex.LarvaofDytiscus,Myrmeleon, &c.PlateXIII.Fig.6.
1.Chelate(Chelatæ). When the upper jaws are furnished at the end with achelaor thumb.—Ex.Scorpio,Phalangium.
2.Unguiculate(Unguiculatæ). When they are armed with a moveableclaw.—Ex.Araneidea.PlateVII.Fig.10. c´.
3.Buried(Sepultæ). When they are covered and quite concealed by the upper lip.—Ex.Colliuris.
4.Open(Apertæ). When they arenotquite concealed by the upper lip.—Ex. MostColeoptera.
5.Toothless(Edentulæ). When they arenotarmed with teeth.—Ex.Apogonia gemellata.PlateXXVI.Fig.22.
6.Toothed(Dentatæ). When they are armed with teeth.—Ex.Cicindela.PlateXXVI.Fig.19.
7.Suctorious(Suctoriæ). When they have an orifice by which they imbibe their food.—Ex.LarvaofDytiscus,Myrmeleon, &c.PlateXIII.Fig.6.
c.under jaws(Maxillæ).
1.Simple(Simplices). When the under jaws have but one lobe.—Ex.Hymenoptera.PlateVII.Fig.2, 3. d´.2.Compound(Compositæ). When they have more than one lobe.—Ex.Staphylinusand many otherColeoptera.PlateXXVI.Fig.9, 10. d´´´. e´´´.3.Adnate(Adnatæ). When they adhere to the lower lip through their whole length.—Ex.Trichoptera.PlateVII.Fig.1. d´.4.Adherent(Adhærentes). When they adhere to itonly at their base.—Ex.Coleoptera,Hymenoptera, &c.PlateVI.VII.Fig.3. d´.5.Spinose(Spinosæ). When they are armed at the apex withspines.—Ex.Libellulina.PlateVI.Fig.12. f´´´.6.Dentate(Dentatæ). When they are armed withteeth.—Ex.Melolonthidæ.PlateXXVI.Fig.15. g´´.7.Pectunculate(Pectunculatæ). When the stipes below the feeler has a row of minute spines set like the teeth of a comb.—Ex.Apis[1096].8.Disengaged(Liberæ). When they do not adhere to the lower lip at all, or are only connected by membrane or ligaments.—Ex.Apis, &c.PlateVII.Fig.3. d´.9.Mandibuliform(Mandibuliformes). When they are hard and horny and shaped like the upper jaws.—Ex.Melolonthidæ,Anoplognathidæ, &c.PlateXXVI.Fig.13, 15.10.Unguiculate(Unguiculatæ). When they terminate in a moveable claw.—Ex.Cicindela.
1.Simple(Simplices). When the under jaws have but one lobe.—Ex.Hymenoptera.PlateVII.Fig.2, 3. d´.
2.Compound(Compositæ). When they have more than one lobe.—Ex.Staphylinusand many otherColeoptera.PlateXXVI.Fig.9, 10. d´´´. e´´´.
3.Adnate(Adnatæ). When they adhere to the lower lip through their whole length.—Ex.Trichoptera.PlateVII.Fig.1. d´.
4.Adherent(Adhærentes). When they adhere to itonly at their base.—Ex.Coleoptera,Hymenoptera, &c.PlateVI.VII.Fig.3. d´.
5.Spinose(Spinosæ). When they are armed at the apex withspines.—Ex.Libellulina.PlateVI.Fig.12. f´´´.
6.Dentate(Dentatæ). When they are armed withteeth.—Ex.Melolonthidæ.PlateXXVI.Fig.15. g´´.
7.Pectunculate(Pectunculatæ). When the stipes below the feeler has a row of minute spines set like the teeth of a comb.—Ex.Apis[1096].
8.Disengaged(Liberæ). When they do not adhere to the lower lip at all, or are only connected by membrane or ligaments.—Ex.Apis, &c.PlateVII.Fig.3. d´.
9.Mandibuliform(Mandibuliformes). When they are hard and horny and shaped like the upper jaws.—Ex.Melolonthidæ,Anoplognathidæ, &c.PlateXXVI.Fig.13, 15.
10.Unguiculate(Unguiculatæ). When they terminate in a moveable claw.—Ex.Cicindela.
d.feelers(Palpi).
1.Maniform(Maniformes). When they are chelate or furnished with a finger and thumb.—Ex.Scorpio,Chelifer.PlateXV.Fig.7.2.Pediform(Pediformes). When they resemble thelegseither in structure or use.—Ex.Araneidea,Acarina.PlateVII.Fig.10. h´´.3.Antenniform(Antenniformes). When they are very long resemblingantennæ.—Ex.Hydrophilus,Bryaxis,Culex♂.4.Unguiculate(Unguiculati). When they are armed with a claw at the end.—Ex.Gonyleptes.PlateXIII.Fig.1.5.Securiform(Securiformes). When the last joint of the feeler is triangular, and the preceding joint is connected with the vertex of the triangle.—Ex.Cleridæ.PlateXIII.Fig.2.a.6.Lunulate(Lunulati). When the last joint is shaped like a half-moon or crescent.—Ex.Oxyporus.PlateXIII.Fig.4.a.7.Fasciculate(Fasciculati). When the feeler terminates in a bunch of very slender laminæ.—Ex.Lymexylon flavipes.PlateXXVI.Fig.3.8.Lamellate(Lamellati). When the last joint is divided into transverse lamellæ.—Ex.Atractocerus.PlateXXVI.Fig.1.9.Inflated(Inflati). When the last joint of the feeler is very large and tumid.—Ex.Araneidea♂.PlateXIII.Fig.3.10.Appendiculate(Appendiculati). When from one of the joints there issues an accessory joint or appendage.—Ex.Atractocerus,Trombidium.PlateXXVI.Fig.1.a.PlateXXIII.Fig.13.a.11.Mammillate(Mammillati). When the last joint is very short, smaller than the preceding one, and retractile within it.—Ex.Pæderus[1097].12.Subulate(Subulati). When the last joint is short, and vastly smaller than the preceding one.—Ex.Bembidium,Aleochara.PlateXXVI.Fig.7.13.Fusiform(Fusiformes). When the two last joints areconical, and the base of the cones forms the point of union.—Ex.Trechus.PlateXXVI.Fig.8.14.Heteromorphous(Heteromorphi). When the two intermediate joints are vastly larger than the first and the last.—Ex.Cerocoma♂.PlateXXVI.Fig.2.
1.Maniform(Maniformes). When they are chelate or furnished with a finger and thumb.—Ex.Scorpio,Chelifer.PlateXV.Fig.7.
2.Pediform(Pediformes). When they resemble thelegseither in structure or use.—Ex.Araneidea,Acarina.PlateVII.Fig.10. h´´.
3.Antenniform(Antenniformes). When they are very long resemblingantennæ.—Ex.Hydrophilus,Bryaxis,Culex♂.
4.Unguiculate(Unguiculati). When they are armed with a claw at the end.—Ex.Gonyleptes.PlateXIII.Fig.1.
5.Securiform(Securiformes). When the last joint of the feeler is triangular, and the preceding joint is connected with the vertex of the triangle.—Ex.Cleridæ.PlateXIII.Fig.2.a.
6.Lunulate(Lunulati). When the last joint is shaped like a half-moon or crescent.—Ex.Oxyporus.PlateXIII.Fig.4.a.
7.Fasciculate(Fasciculati). When the feeler terminates in a bunch of very slender laminæ.—Ex.Lymexylon flavipes.PlateXXVI.Fig.3.
8.Lamellate(Lamellati). When the last joint is divided into transverse lamellæ.—Ex.Atractocerus.PlateXXVI.Fig.1.
9.Inflated(Inflati). When the last joint of the feeler is very large and tumid.—Ex.Araneidea♂.PlateXIII.Fig.3.
10.Appendiculate(Appendiculati). When from one of the joints there issues an accessory joint or appendage.—Ex.Atractocerus,Trombidium.PlateXXVI.Fig.1.a.PlateXXIII.Fig.13.a.
11.Mammillate(Mammillati). When the last joint is very short, smaller than the preceding one, and retractile within it.—Ex.Pæderus[1097].
12.Subulate(Subulati). When the last joint is short, and vastly smaller than the preceding one.—Ex.Bembidium,Aleochara.PlateXXVI.Fig.7.
13.Fusiform(Fusiformes). When the two last joints areconical, and the base of the cones forms the point of union.—Ex.Trechus.PlateXXVI.Fig.8.
14.Heteromorphous(Heteromorphi). When the two intermediate joints are vastly larger than the first and the last.—Ex.Cerocoma♂.PlateXXVI.Fig.2.
e.tongue(Lingua).
1.Linguiform(Linguiformis). When the tongue is quite distinct from the labium, usually retracted within the mouth, short and shaped something like a vertebrate tongue.—Ex.Gryllina,Libellulina.PlateVI.Fig.6, 12. e´.2.Liguliform(Liguliformis). When it emerges from the labium, is short, flat, and not concealed within the mouth.—Ex.Vespaand manyHymenoptera.PlateVII.Fig.2. e'.3.Tubulose(Tubulosa). When it emerges from the labium, is long and tubular, and capable of inflation.—Ex.Apis.PlateVII.Fig.3. e´.4.Setiform(Setiformis). A short minute sharp tongue discoverable between thescalpellaof apromuscis.—Ex.CimexL.PlateVII.Fig.14. e´.5.Palatiform(Palatiformis). When the tongue forms the inner surface of theLabium, but is not separate from it.—Ex. MostColeoptera.
1.Linguiform(Linguiformis). When the tongue is quite distinct from the labium, usually retracted within the mouth, short and shaped something like a vertebrate tongue.—Ex.Gryllina,Libellulina.PlateVI.Fig.6, 12. e´.
2.Liguliform(Liguliformis). When it emerges from the labium, is short, flat, and not concealed within the mouth.—Ex.Vespaand manyHymenoptera.PlateVII.Fig.2. e'.
3.Tubulose(Tubulosa). When it emerges from the labium, is long and tubular, and capable of inflation.—Ex.Apis.PlateVII.Fig.3. e´.
4.Setiform(Setiformis). A short minute sharp tongue discoverable between thescalpellaof apromuscis.—Ex.CimexL.PlateVII.Fig.14. e´.
5.Palatiform(Palatiformis). When the tongue forms the inner surface of theLabium, but is not separate from it.—Ex. MostColeoptera.
vi. NOSE (nasus).
1.Included(Inclusus). When the nose is included between the two sides of thePostnasuswhich run towards the upper lip.—Ex.Geocorisæ.2.Vaulted(Fornicatus). When the nose is elevated, convex and hollow underneath.—Ex.Vespa.
1.Included(Inclusus). When the nose is included between the two sides of thePostnasuswhich run towards the upper lip.—Ex.Geocorisæ.
2.Vaulted(Fornicatus). When the nose is elevated, convex and hollow underneath.—Ex.Vespa.
vii. CANTHUS.
1.Entering(Intrans). When theCanthustakes a little angle or sinus out of the eye.—Ex. TheCapricorn beetles,Mylabris.PlateVI.Fig.1. h´.2.Cleaving(Findens). When theCanthuscleaves the eye half through or more.—Ex. ThePetalocerous beetles.3.Dividing(Dividens). When theCanthuspasses right through the eye and divides it into two.—Ex.Gyrinus,Tetraopes.[1098]PlateXXVI.Fig.36.4.Septiform(Septiformis). When theCanthusforms an elevated ridge orseptum.—Ex. ManyPetalocerous beetles.
1.Entering(Intrans). When theCanthustakes a little angle or sinus out of the eye.—Ex. TheCapricorn beetles,Mylabris.PlateVI.Fig.1. h´.
2.Cleaving(Findens). When theCanthuscleaves the eye half through or more.—Ex. ThePetalocerous beetles.
3.Dividing(Dividens). When theCanthuspasses right through the eye and divides it into two.—Ex.Gyrinus,Tetraopes.[1098]PlateXXVI.Fig.36.
4.Septiform(Septiformis). When theCanthusforms an elevated ridge orseptum.—Ex. ManyPetalocerous beetles.
viii. EYES (oculi).
1.Simple(Simplices). Eyes which do not consist of an aggregate of hexagonal lenses.—Ex.Araneidæ,Scorpio,Phalangium.PlateVII.Fig.9. h.a.Scattered(Sparsi). When simple eyes are separate from each other and not arranged in a certain order.—Ex. Eyes ofCaterpillars, and someScolopendræ.b.Ordinate(Ordinati). When simple eyes are arranged in a certain order.—Ex.Araneidea.PlateXXVI.Fig.37.c.Conglomerate(Conglomerati). When a number of simple eyes are collected together so as to exhibit the appearance of a compound one.—Ex.Iulus.PlateXIII.Fig.11.d.Dorsal(Dorsales). When they are placed on theback.—Ex.Phalangium.PlateXXVI.Fig.43. h.2.Compound(Compositi). Eyes which consist of an aggregate of hexagonal lenses.—Ex. All theWinged Orders.PlateXIII.Fig.10. andXXVI.Fig.38-42. h.a.Sessile(Sessiles). Eyes that do not sit upon a footstalk.—Ex.Most insects.PlateXXVI.Fig.40, 41.α.Superior(Superiores). When they are placed in theupperpart of the head.—Ex.Libellulina.β.Lateral(Laterales). When they are placed in thesideof the head.—Ex.Apis.γ.Inferior(Inferiores). When they are placed in thelowerside of the head.—Ex. Thelowerpair inGyrinus.δ.Posterior(Posteriores). When placed in theposteriorpart of the head.—Ex.Locusta.ε.Anterior(Anteriores). When placed in theanteriorpart of the head.—Ex.Crabro,Goerius olens, &c.ζ.Medial(Medii). When placed in themiddlepart of the head.—Ex.Harpalus, &c.η.Belting(Cingentes). When the eyes nearly meet bothaboveandbelowthe head, so as to form a kind of belt round it.—Ex.Culex pipiens,Cordylia Palmarum.θ.Immersed(Immersi). When they are quite imbedded in the head.—Ex. TheMelasomaorDarkling beetles.ι.Prominent(Prominuli). When they stand out from the head.—Ex.Cicindela.b.Columnar(Columnares). When they sit upon ashortfootstalk or pillar.—Ex.Strepsiptera,Ephemera♂.PlateXXVI.Fig.38, 39. h.c.Pedunculate(Pedunculati). When they sit upon alongfootstalk which also bears the antennæ.—Ex.Diopsis.PlateXIII.Fig.9.d.Operculate(Operculati). When the eyes are covered by anoperculum.—Ex.Xylina conspicillaris[1099].e.Ciliate(Ciliati). When the margin of the socket of the eye is fringed with hairs, so as to resemble aneyelash.—Ex.Apion vernaleandMalvarum.
1.Simple(Simplices). Eyes which do not consist of an aggregate of hexagonal lenses.—Ex.Araneidæ,Scorpio,Phalangium.PlateVII.Fig.9. h.
a.Scattered(Sparsi). When simple eyes are separate from each other and not arranged in a certain order.—Ex. Eyes ofCaterpillars, and someScolopendræ.
b.Ordinate(Ordinati). When simple eyes are arranged in a certain order.—Ex.Araneidea.PlateXXVI.Fig.37.
c.Conglomerate(Conglomerati). When a number of simple eyes are collected together so as to exhibit the appearance of a compound one.—Ex.Iulus.PlateXIII.Fig.11.
d.Dorsal(Dorsales). When they are placed on theback.—Ex.Phalangium.PlateXXVI.Fig.43. h.
2.Compound(Compositi). Eyes which consist of an aggregate of hexagonal lenses.—Ex. All theWinged Orders.PlateXIII.Fig.10. andXXVI.Fig.38-42. h.
a.Sessile(Sessiles). Eyes that do not sit upon a footstalk.—Ex.Most insects.PlateXXVI.Fig.40, 41.
α.Superior(Superiores). When they are placed in theupperpart of the head.—Ex.Libellulina.
β.Lateral(Laterales). When they are placed in thesideof the head.—Ex.Apis.
γ.Inferior(Inferiores). When they are placed in thelowerside of the head.—Ex. Thelowerpair inGyrinus.
δ.Posterior(Posteriores). When placed in theposteriorpart of the head.—Ex.Locusta.
ε.Anterior(Anteriores). When placed in theanteriorpart of the head.—Ex.Crabro,Goerius olens, &c.
ζ.Medial(Medii). When placed in themiddlepart of the head.—Ex.Harpalus, &c.
η.Belting(Cingentes). When the eyes nearly meet bothaboveandbelowthe head, so as to form a kind of belt round it.—Ex.Culex pipiens,Cordylia Palmarum.
θ.Immersed(Immersi). When they are quite imbedded in the head.—Ex. TheMelasomaorDarkling beetles.
ι.Prominent(Prominuli). When they stand out from the head.—Ex.Cicindela.
b.Columnar(Columnares). When they sit upon ashortfootstalk or pillar.—Ex.Strepsiptera,Ephemera♂.PlateXXVI.Fig.38, 39. h.
c.Pedunculate(Pedunculati). When they sit upon alongfootstalk which also bears the antennæ.—Ex.Diopsis.PlateXIII.Fig.9.
d.Operculate(Operculati). When the eyes are covered by anoperculum.—Ex.Xylina conspicillaris[1099].
e.Ciliate(Ciliati). When the margin of the socket of the eye is fringed with hairs, so as to resemble aneyelash.—Ex.Apion vernaleandMalvarum.
ix. STEMMATA.
1.Vertical(Verticalia). When they are placed in theVertex.—Ex.Reduvius personatus.PlateXXVI.Fig.40. i.2.Frontal(Frontalia). When placed in theFrons.—Ex.Hymenoptera.PlateVII.Fig.2. i.3.Intraocular(Intraocularia). When placed in the spacebetweenthe eyes.—Ex.Cercopis,Ledra, &c.PlateXXVI.Fig.42. i.4.Subocular(Subocularia). When placed in the spacebelowthe eyes.—Ex.Fulgora laternaria.PlateXXVI.Fig.41. i.5.Spurious(Spuria). A flat subdiaphanous space above the base of the antennæ, which seems to represent them.—Ex.Blatta,Gryllus.
1.Vertical(Verticalia). When they are placed in theVertex.—Ex.Reduvius personatus.PlateXXVI.Fig.40. i.
2.Frontal(Frontalia). When placed in theFrons.—Ex.Hymenoptera.PlateVII.Fig.2. i.
3.Intraocular(Intraocularia). When placed in the spacebetweenthe eyes.—Ex.Cercopis,Ledra, &c.PlateXXVI.Fig.42. i.
4.Subocular(Subocularia). When placed in the spacebelowthe eyes.—Ex.Fulgora laternaria.PlateXXVI.Fig.41. i.
5.Spurious(Spuria). A flat subdiaphanous space above the base of the antennæ, which seems to represent them.—Ex.Blatta,Gryllus.
x. ANTENNÆ.
a.number.
1.Dicerous(Dicera). Insects that havetwoantennæ.—Ex.Insects in general.2.Acerous(Acera). Insects that havenoantennæ.—Ex. TheAcarina, &c.
1.Dicerous(Dicera). Insects that havetwoantennæ.—Ex.Insects in general.
2.Acerous(Acera). Insects that havenoantennæ.—Ex. TheAcarina, &c.
b.situation.
1.Preocular(Præoculares). When antennæ are insertedbeforethe eyes.—Ex.Chrysis.2.Interocular(Interoculares). When inserted any wherebetweenthe eyes.—Ex.Leptura,Haliplus.3.Inocular(Inoculares). When inserted in theCanthusof the eyes.—Ex. TheCapricorn beetles.4.Subocular(Suboculares). When insertedunderthe eyes.—Ex.Fulgora,Nepa.PlateXXVI.Fig.41. k.5.Extraocular(Extraoculares). When insertedwithoutthe eyes.—Ex.Notonecta,Delphax.6.Rostral(Rostrales). When seated on a rostrum.—Ex. TheRhyncophorous beetles.7.Superior(Superiores). When inserted in theuppersurface of the head.—Ex. Mostinsects.8.Inferior(Inferiores). When insertedunderthe head.—Ex.Copris, &c.
1.Preocular(Præoculares). When antennæ are insertedbeforethe eyes.—Ex.Chrysis.
2.Interocular(Interoculares). When inserted any wherebetweenthe eyes.—Ex.Leptura,Haliplus.
3.Inocular(Inoculares). When inserted in theCanthusof the eyes.—Ex. TheCapricorn beetles.
4.Subocular(Suboculares). When insertedunderthe eyes.—Ex.Fulgora,Nepa.PlateXXVI.Fig.41. k.
5.Extraocular(Extraoculares). When insertedwithoutthe eyes.—Ex.Notonecta,Delphax.
6.Rostral(Rostrales). When seated on a rostrum.—Ex. TheRhyncophorous beetles.
7.Superior(Superiores). When inserted in theuppersurface of the head.—Ex. Mostinsects.
8.Inferior(Inferiores). When insertedunderthe head.—Ex.Copris, &c.
c.approximation.
1.Distant(Distantes). Whenremoteat their base.—Ex.Buprestis rustica.2.Approximate(Approximatæ). When theyapproacheach other at their base.—Ex.Donacia,Galeruca.3.Contiguous(Contiguæ). When they nearly or altogethertoucheach other at their base.—Ex.Imatidium MacLeayanum.4.Connate(Connatæ). Whenunitedat their base.—Ex.Ceria.PlateXII.Fig.13.
1.Distant(Distantes). Whenremoteat their base.—Ex.Buprestis rustica.
2.Approximate(Approximatæ). When theyapproacheach other at their base.—Ex.Donacia,Galeruca.
3.Contiguous(Contiguæ). When they nearly or altogethertoucheach other at their base.—Ex.Imatidium MacLeayanum.
4.Connate(Connatæ). Whenunitedat their base.—Ex.Ceria.PlateXII.Fig.13.
d.proportion.
1.Very short(Brevissimæ). When shorter than the head.—Ex. TheMuscidæ, &c.2.Short(Breves). When as long as the head.—Ex.Hister.3.Shorter(Breviores). When longer than the head and shorter than the body.—Ex.Dytiscus.4.Mediocral(Mediocres). When of the length of the body.—Ex.Callidium violaceum.5.Longer(Longiores). When longer than the body.—Ex.Monochamus Sutor.6.Very long(Longissimæ). When much longer than the body.—Ex.Acanthocinus ædilis.
1.Very short(Brevissimæ). When shorter than the head.—Ex. TheMuscidæ, &c.
2.Short(Breves). When as long as the head.—Ex.Hister.
3.Shorter(Breviores). When longer than the head and shorter than the body.—Ex.Dytiscus.
4.Mediocral(Mediocres). When of the length of the body.—Ex.Callidium violaceum.
5.Longer(Longiores). When longer than the body.—Ex.Monochamus Sutor.
6.Very long(Longissimæ). When much longer than the body.—Ex.Acanthocinus ædilis.
e.direction.
1.Intire(Integræ). When they have no elbow or angle.—Ex.Antennæof mostColeoptera.2.Broken(Fractæ). When theClavolaforms an angle with theScapus.—Ex.Curculio,Apis, &c.PlateXXV.Fig.15.3.Geniculate(Geniculatæ). When they form an elbow in the middle but not with theScapus.—Ex.Meloe.PlateXII.Fig.7.4.Straight(Rectæ). When they are without any angle, convolution, or curvature.PlateXI.Fig.5.5.Porrect(Porrectæ). When they are placed parallel with each other, and in the same line with the body.—Ex.Trichopterain flight.6.Excurved(Excurvæ). When they curve outwards.7.Incurved(Incurvæ). When they curve inwards.8.Decurved(Decurvæ). When they curve downwards.9.Recurved(Recurvæ). When they curve upwards.10.Reflexed(Reflexæ). When they are bent back over the body.11.Deflexed(Deflexæ). When they are bent downwards.12.Convolute(Convolutæ). When they roll inwards.PlateXII.Fig.6.13.Revolute(Revolutæ). When they roll outwards.14.Spiral(Spirales). When they are convoluted spirally.PlateXXV.Fig.31.15.Rigid(Rigidæ). When they are very stiff and inflexible.—Ex.Libellulina,Fulgora.PlateXII.Fig.12, 15.
1.Intire(Integræ). When they have no elbow or angle.—Ex.Antennæof mostColeoptera.
2.Broken(Fractæ). When theClavolaforms an angle with theScapus.—Ex.Curculio,Apis, &c.PlateXXV.Fig.15.
3.Geniculate(Geniculatæ). When they form an elbow in the middle but not with theScapus.—Ex.Meloe.PlateXII.Fig.7.
4.Straight(Rectæ). When they are without any angle, convolution, or curvature.PlateXI.Fig.5.
5.Porrect(Porrectæ). When they are placed parallel with each other, and in the same line with the body.—Ex.Trichopterain flight.
6.Excurved(Excurvæ). When they curve outwards.
7.Incurved(Incurvæ). When they curve inwards.
8.Decurved(Decurvæ). When they curve downwards.
9.Recurved(Recurvæ). When they curve upwards.
10.Reflexed(Reflexæ). When they are bent back over the body.
11.Deflexed(Deflexæ). When they are bent downwards.
12.Convolute(Convolutæ). When they roll inwards.PlateXII.Fig.6.
13.Revolute(Revolutæ). When they roll outwards.
14.Spiral(Spirales). When they are convoluted spirally.PlateXXV.Fig.31.
15.Rigid(Rigidæ). When they are very stiff and inflexible.—Ex.Libellulina,Fulgora.PlateXII.Fig.12, 15.
f.reposition.
1.Hidden(Receptæ). Antennæ which when the animal reposes, are hidden under the head or trunk.—Ex. TheLamellicorns,Elater,Belostoma.2.Exposed(Apertæ). Antennæ which when the animal reposes are not concealed.—Ex.Cerambyx.
1.Hidden(Receptæ). Antennæ which when the animal reposes, are hidden under the head or trunk.—Ex. TheLamellicorns,Elater,Belostoma.
2.Exposed(Apertæ). Antennæ which when the animal reposes are not concealed.—Ex.Cerambyx.
g.figureandsize.
1.Setaceous(Setaceæ). Long flexile antennæ which taper somewhat from the base to the apex.PlateXI.Fig.1.2.Setiform(Setiformes). Short rigid antennæ which taper from the base to the apex like a bristle.PlateXII.Fig.14-16.3.Capillary(Capillares). Antennæ nearly as slender as a hair.PlateXIFig.2.4.Filiform(Filiformes). Antennæ every where of an equal thickness.PlateXI.Fig.3.5.Thick(Crassæ). Antennæ disproportionably thick.PlateXII.Fig.29.6.Incrassate(Incrassatæ). Antennæ disproportionably thick in any part: at thebase,middle, orapex.PlateXXV.Fig.34, 19, 7.a.Gradually Incrassate(Sensim Incrassatæ). When they grow gradually thicker from the base to the apex.PlateXXV.Fig.10.b.Suddenly Incrassate(Subito Incrassatæ). When they grow suddenly thicker in any part.PlateXXV.Fig.18, 19, 24.7.Broad(Latæ). Antennæ disproportionablywide.PlateXXV.Fig.24.8.Dilated(Dilatatæ). When they are disproportionably wide in any part;base,middle, orapex.PlateXXV.Fig.12.PlateXII.Fig.1, 20.9.Slender(Tenues). When they are disproportionablyslender.PlateXI.Fig.2.10.Attenuate(Attenuatæ). Antennæ disproportionably slender in any part;base,middle, orapex.PlateXXV.Fig.8, 21, 34.a.Gradually Attenuate(Sensim Attenuatæ). When they grow gradually more slender from the base to the apex.PlateXI.Fig.7.b.Suddenly Attenuate(Subito Attenuatæ). When they grow suddenly slender in any part.PlateXII.Fig.1.PlateXXV.Fig.18, 34.11.Fusiform(Fusiformes). Antennæ thickest in the middle and tapering more or less towards eachextremity.PlateXI.Fig.5.PlateXXV.Fig.8.12.Prismatic(Prismaticales). Antennæ with three nearly equal sides.PlateXI.Fig.6.13.Ensiform(Ensiformes). Antennæ compressed and three-sided, with one side much narrower than either of the others.PlateXI.Fig.7.14.Falciform(Falciformes). When theClavolaof theAntennægrows gradually narrower towards the apex, and is arcuate or incurved so as to resemble asickle.PlateXI.Fig.8.15.Nodose(Nodosæ). When antennæ have one, two, or more joints larger than those which precede or follow them.PlateXII.Fig.5.16.Moniliform(Moniliformes). Antennæ consisting of oval or globular joints so as to resemble a necklace of beads.PlateXI.Fig.9.17.Dentate(Dentatæ). Toothed with teeth whose sides areequal.PlateXI.Fig.10.18.Serrate(Serratæ). Toothed with teeth whose sides areunequallike those of a saw.PlateXI.Fig.11.PlateXXV.Fig.8.19.Biserrate(Biserratæ). So toothed on each side.PlateXXV.Fig.18.20.Imbricate(Imbricatæ). When the summit of each joint is incumbent upon the base of that which precedes it.PlateXI.Fig.12.21.Distichous(Distichæ). When the joints in general terminate in afork.PlateXI.Fig.13.22.Cirrate(Cirratæ). When the joints terminate in a pair of curling hairy branches resemblingtendrils.PlateXXV.Fig.4.23.Flabellate(Flabellatæ). When the antennæ on one side send forth from the joints, except those at the base, long flat flexile branches, which open and shut like the sticks of afan.PlateXI.Fig.17.24.Biflabellate(Biflabellatæ). When they are flabellate on both sides.PlateXXV.Fig.11.25.Pectinate(Pectinatæ). Antennæ furnished on one side with a number of parallel stiff branches, resembling somewhat the teeth of acomb.PlateXXV.Fig.25.PlateXI.Fig.14.26.Bipectinate(Bipectinatæ). Pectinate on both sides.PlateXXV.Fig.22.27.Duplicato-pectinate(Duplicato-pectinatæ). Bipectinate with the branches on each side alternately long and short.PlateXI.Fig.15.28.Ramose(Ramosæ). Antennæ furnished on one side with two or three irregular longish branches.PlateXI.Fig.18.29.Furcate(Furcatæ). Antennæ divided at the end into two prongs or branches.PlateXI.Fig.19.PlateV.Fig.3.30.Bipartite(Bipartitæ). When they are divided to the base into two nearly equal branches.PlateXXV.Fig.20.31.Palmate(Palmatæ). Very short antennæ which send forth externally a few long finger-shaped branches, giving them some resemblance of ahand.PlateXI.Fig.24.32.Irregular(Irregulares). When the joints of the antennæ vary so much in size and shape that they cannot well be defined.PlateXI.Fig.22.
1.Setaceous(Setaceæ). Long flexile antennæ which taper somewhat from the base to the apex.PlateXI.Fig.1.
2.Setiform(Setiformes). Short rigid antennæ which taper from the base to the apex like a bristle.PlateXII.Fig.14-16.
3.Capillary(Capillares). Antennæ nearly as slender as a hair.PlateXIFig.2.
4.Filiform(Filiformes). Antennæ every where of an equal thickness.PlateXI.Fig.3.
5.Thick(Crassæ). Antennæ disproportionably thick.PlateXII.Fig.29.
6.Incrassate(Incrassatæ). Antennæ disproportionably thick in any part: at thebase,middle, orapex.PlateXXV.Fig.34, 19, 7.
a.Gradually Incrassate(Sensim Incrassatæ). When they grow gradually thicker from the base to the apex.PlateXXV.Fig.10.
b.Suddenly Incrassate(Subito Incrassatæ). When they grow suddenly thicker in any part.PlateXXV.Fig.18, 19, 24.
7.Broad(Latæ). Antennæ disproportionablywide.PlateXXV.Fig.24.
8.Dilated(Dilatatæ). When they are disproportionably wide in any part;base,middle, orapex.PlateXXV.Fig.12.PlateXII.Fig.1, 20.
9.Slender(Tenues). When they are disproportionablyslender.PlateXI.Fig.2.
10.Attenuate(Attenuatæ). Antennæ disproportionably slender in any part;base,middle, orapex.PlateXXV.Fig.8, 21, 34.
a.Gradually Attenuate(Sensim Attenuatæ). When they grow gradually more slender from the base to the apex.PlateXI.Fig.7.
b.Suddenly Attenuate(Subito Attenuatæ). When they grow suddenly slender in any part.PlateXII.Fig.1.PlateXXV.Fig.18, 34.
11.Fusiform(Fusiformes). Antennæ thickest in the middle and tapering more or less towards eachextremity.PlateXI.Fig.5.PlateXXV.Fig.8.
12.Prismatic(Prismaticales). Antennæ with three nearly equal sides.PlateXI.Fig.6.
13.Ensiform(Ensiformes). Antennæ compressed and three-sided, with one side much narrower than either of the others.PlateXI.Fig.7.
14.Falciform(Falciformes). When theClavolaof theAntennægrows gradually narrower towards the apex, and is arcuate or incurved so as to resemble asickle.PlateXI.Fig.8.
15.Nodose(Nodosæ). When antennæ have one, two, or more joints larger than those which precede or follow them.PlateXII.Fig.5.
16.Moniliform(Moniliformes). Antennæ consisting of oval or globular joints so as to resemble a necklace of beads.PlateXI.Fig.9.
17.Dentate(Dentatæ). Toothed with teeth whose sides areequal.PlateXI.Fig.10.
18.Serrate(Serratæ). Toothed with teeth whose sides areunequallike those of a saw.PlateXI.Fig.11.PlateXXV.Fig.8.
19.Biserrate(Biserratæ). So toothed on each side.PlateXXV.Fig.18.
20.Imbricate(Imbricatæ). When the summit of each joint is incumbent upon the base of that which precedes it.PlateXI.Fig.12.
21.Distichous(Distichæ). When the joints in general terminate in afork.PlateXI.Fig.13.
22.Cirrate(Cirratæ). When the joints terminate in a pair of curling hairy branches resemblingtendrils.PlateXXV.Fig.4.
23.Flabellate(Flabellatæ). When the antennæ on one side send forth from the joints, except those at the base, long flat flexile branches, which open and shut like the sticks of afan.PlateXI.Fig.17.
24.Biflabellate(Biflabellatæ). When they are flabellate on both sides.PlateXXV.Fig.11.
25.Pectinate(Pectinatæ). Antennæ furnished on one side with a number of parallel stiff branches, resembling somewhat the teeth of acomb.PlateXXV.Fig.25.PlateXI.Fig.14.
26.Bipectinate(Bipectinatæ). Pectinate on both sides.PlateXXV.Fig.22.
27.Duplicato-pectinate(Duplicato-pectinatæ). Bipectinate with the branches on each side alternately long and short.PlateXI.Fig.15.
28.Ramose(Ramosæ). Antennæ furnished on one side with two or three irregular longish branches.PlateXI.Fig.18.
29.Furcate(Furcatæ). Antennæ divided at the end into two prongs or branches.PlateXI.Fig.19.PlateV.Fig.3.
30.Bipartite(Bipartitæ). When they are divided to the base into two nearly equal branches.PlateXXV.Fig.20.
31.Palmate(Palmatæ). Very short antennæ which send forth externally a few long finger-shaped branches, giving them some resemblance of ahand.PlateXI.Fig.24.
32.Irregular(Irregulares). When the joints of the antennæ vary so much in size and shape that they cannot well be defined.PlateXI.Fig.22.
h.termination.
α.versatile antennæ.
1.Subulate(Subulatæ). When they terminate in a minute joint, much slenderer than the preceding one.PlateXII.Fig.16.2.Setigerous(Setigeræ). When they terminate in a bristle.PlateXII.Fig.14, 15.PlateXXV.Fig.29.3.Capillaceous(Capillaceæ). When they terminate in a fine capillary joint.PlateXII.Fig.1.4.Mucronate(Mucronatæ). When they terminate in a short point or mucro.PlateXII.Fig.2.5.Uncinate(Uncinatæ). When their apex is incurved so as to form a kind ofhook.PlateXII.Fig.3.6.Unguiculate(Unguiculatæ). When they terminate in a hard horny incurved sharpclawresembling those of the tarsi of insects.PlateXXV.Fig.16.a.7.Clavate(Clavatæ). When their apex grows gradually thicker.PlateXII.Fig.4.PlateXXV.Fig.7, 14.8.Capitate(Capitatæ). When they terminate suddenly in a larger knob of one or more joints.PlateXII.Fig.8-10, andXXV. 1-3, 5, 6.a.Fissile Knob(Capitulum fissile). When it is divided into severallaminæwhich the insect can open and shut.PlateXXV.Fig.1-3, 5.b.Tunicate Knob(Capitulum tunicatum). When the laminæ, at least on one side, appear to inosculateor to be imbedded in each other.PlateXII.Fig.8.PlateXXV.Fig.5, 6.c.Perfoliate Knob(Capitulum perfoliatum). When the joints of the knob are connected by a pedicle, which has the appearance of passing through them.PlateXII.Fig.10.d.Solid Knob(Capitulum solidum). When the knob consists of a single joint, or if of more, exhibits very faint traces of their separation.PlateXII.Fig.9.PlateXXV.Fig.33.e.Inflated Knob(Capitulum inflatum). When the knob is disproportionably large, and looks as if blown out.PlateXII.Fig.28.PlateXXV.Fig.9.
1.Subulate(Subulatæ). When they terminate in a minute joint, much slenderer than the preceding one.PlateXII.Fig.16.
2.Setigerous(Setigeræ). When they terminate in a bristle.PlateXII.Fig.14, 15.PlateXXV.Fig.29.
3.Capillaceous(Capillaceæ). When they terminate in a fine capillary joint.PlateXII.Fig.1.
4.Mucronate(Mucronatæ). When they terminate in a short point or mucro.PlateXII.Fig.2.
5.Uncinate(Uncinatæ). When their apex is incurved so as to form a kind ofhook.PlateXII.Fig.3.
6.Unguiculate(Unguiculatæ). When they terminate in a hard horny incurved sharpclawresembling those of the tarsi of insects.PlateXXV.Fig.16.a.
7.Clavate(Clavatæ). When their apex grows gradually thicker.PlateXII.Fig.4.PlateXXV.Fig.7, 14.
8.Capitate(Capitatæ). When they terminate suddenly in a larger knob of one or more joints.PlateXII.Fig.8-10, andXXV. 1-3, 5, 6.
a.Fissile Knob(Capitulum fissile). When it is divided into severallaminæwhich the insect can open and shut.PlateXXV.Fig.1-3, 5.
b.Tunicate Knob(Capitulum tunicatum). When the laminæ, at least on one side, appear to inosculateor to be imbedded in each other.PlateXII.Fig.8.PlateXXV.Fig.5, 6.
c.Perfoliate Knob(Capitulum perfoliatum). When the joints of the knob are connected by a pedicle, which has the appearance of passing through them.PlateXII.Fig.10.
d.Solid Knob(Capitulum solidum). When the knob consists of a single joint, or if of more, exhibits very faint traces of their separation.PlateXII.Fig.9.PlateXXV.Fig.33.
e.Inflated Knob(Capitulum inflatum). When the knob is disproportionably large, and looks as if blown out.PlateXII.Fig.28.PlateXXV.Fig.9.