[1074]Vol.III. p.353—.[1075]Ibid. p.527.[1076]The elytra of this Order in general differ so materially both from membrane and corium, that it was requisite to invent a term to distinguish them.[1077]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.v.f.8.b, c.[1078]We use this term becausesubcrosais employed in a quite different sense.[1079]We restrict the termFigure, to the shape of asuperficies.[1080]The termfalcatehas usually been applied to signify this figure, as well as that to which we have restricted it; but as the truncate and sharp extremity forms a striking difference, we thought it best to invent a new term.[1081]We have departed from the more usual definition oftrapezoid, "An irregular figure whose four sides are not parallel," because the above is best suited to forms in insects.[1082]We use this term to denote the shape of solid bodies.[1083]The word employed in Botany to denote a Polygon isprismatical; but since, properly defined, this term is synonymous withtriquetrous, we thought it best to use an adjective derived fromprismoid, which implies a body that approaches to prismatical.[1084]This term inAnatomydenotes any unnatural protuberance or convexity of the body, as a person hunched, or hump-backed. InAstronomyit is used in reference to the enlightened parts of the moon, whilst she is moving from the first quarter to the full, and from the full to the last quarter; for all that time the dark part appears horned or falcated, and the light one hunched out, convex or gibbous.[1085]We employ the termæquatusinstead ofæqualiscommonly used in this sense, becauseæqualisis also applied to magnitude, to which we would restrict it.[1086]I do not find in Schönherr (Curculionid. Method. Disp.) any genus or subgenus of Rhyncophorous beetles the characters of which correspond with those of the insect here alluded to, which I once thought might be aCyphusGerm. but it is not. It appears common in Brazil, and I have at least two species of it.[1087]Linn. Trans.vi. 194.t.xx.f.5.[1088]Germ.Insect. Spec. Nov.332—. To this genusCurculio Tribulusandquadridensappear to belong.[1089]This kind of pubescence has usually been denominated sericeous (sericea); but it certainly does not resemblesilk; and is very different from the proper sericeous splendour, exhibited byCryptocephalus sericeus.[1090]Mon. Ap. Angl.1.t.iv. ** c.f.1.a.[1091]See above, p.283. no7.[1092]Linné inCoccinellahas employed the termGuttafor a white or yellow spot in a darker ground, andPustulafor a red spot in a black ground. We thought one term sufficient to express spots bigger than atoms.[1093]See above, p.208—.[1094]As this work is intended for general readers as well as for the learned, the above rules, &c. it is hoped will not be deemed without use.[1095]These symbols are inserted here, because they may be very conveniently adopted in a correspondence on the subject of Entomology.[1096]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.xii. * *. e. 1.neut.f.6.c.andt.x. * *, d, 1,f.1.c.[1097]Oliv.Ins.No. 44.Pæderus.t.i.f.1. e.[1098]Germ.Insect. Spec.486—.[1099]Fn. Suec.1183. Fabricius has not admitted this moth among hisNoctuæ, I know not why.[1100]Curtis,Brit. Ent.t.154.[1101]Monogr. Ap. Angl.i. 97.t.xii.Apis**. e. 1. Neut.f.21.d.[1102]This term may be applied to theMesothoraxin heteropterousHemiptera, in which that part liesburiedunder theProthorax.PlateVIII.Fig.20.i, k.[1103]ChabrierSur le Vol des Insectes.Mém. du Mus.t.viii. 55.[1104]In many moths, particularlySpilosoma ocularia, and affinities, the insect looks as if its neck was ornamented with a beautifultippetformed by thePatagia, and its shoulders by theselappets.[1105]NeitherChrysomelanorImatidiumhave a discoidalEpipleura; which furnishes a further proof thatNotocleais distinct fromChrysomela, andImatidiumfromCassida.[1106]For the reason of this change of the name ofLocustaF., seeZool. Journ.Noiv.AnAcridawith this spot is figured by Professor Lichtenstein.Linn. Trans.iv.t.v. A.[1107]Reaum. i.t.xx.f.12-15.[1108]Linn. Trans.v.t.iv.f.10, 11. From my specimens, which are not in a very good state, I cannot ascertain whether this belongs to any of the modern genera into which theIchneumones minutiof Linné are now divided.[1109]To this genus or subgenusScarabæus Syphax,Antæus,Titanus, &c. belong.[1110]Jones.Linn. Trans.ii.t.viii.f.1, 3-6, 8.[1111]JurineHymenopt.t.i.f.3.b.[1112]Ibid.t.iii. Gen. 4, 5.[1113]Ibid.t.x. Gen. 23, 24.[1114]Ibid.t.vi. Gen. 2.[1115]See Kirby inLinn. Trans.xii. 450—.t.xxii.f.16.[1116]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.iv.Melitta**. c.f.10.a.[1117]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.xii.f.19.a, b.[1118]Mon. Ap. Angl.t.iv. **. c.f.14 *. a.f.12.[1119]Ibid.t.xxi.f.20.[1120]ChabrierSur le Vol des Insectes.Ann. du Mus.xiv.t.viii.f.1. K.n.[1121]Vol.III. p.396.[1122]Vol.III. p.125—.[1123]De Geer vii. 38—.t.iii.f.10.rr.[1124]Vol.II. p.248—.[1125]De Geer ii. 507.t.xi.f.16. m. n.[1126]Philos. Botan.97. n. 153.[1127]Ibid.98. n. 155, &c.[1128]Μεθοδος is rendered "Anartificialand compendious mode of doing any thing; a mode ofteachingorlearning:" Μεθοδευω is "To overcome byartifice." Συσεμα applied to music is "Afullandharmoniousassemblage of tones." So that in fact,Systemshould express the actual disposition of objects, or aNaturalarrangement; andMethod, anArtificialone.[1129]Wisdom. xi. 20.[1130]Genes. i. 31.[1131]W. S. MacLeay inLinn. Trans.xiv. 54.[1132]Linn.Syst. Nat.i. 11.[1133]Qu. Whether every real species or group has not some one or morepeculiarcharacters which it neither derives from its predecessor nor imparts to its successor in a series?[1134]Œuvresvii. 51—.[1135]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xx. 485.[1136]Vol.III. p.11—.[1137]W. S. MacLeay.Hor. Entomolog.passim; and inLinn. Trans.ubi supr. 53—.[1138]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xx. 485.[1139]The idea of a continuousseriesmilitates somewhat against that of a circle returning into itself. The progression of the series may be in a circle; but at the point of contact where the second circle meets the first, the lines must cut each other; and at this point of intersection of the two circles are of course the osculant groups constituting the first and the last of each circle, which in their intervention come in contact with each other, or rather formingtransitiongroups. If each circle is regarded asabsolute, theseriesis broken, though the osculant groups connect the circular ones.[1140]Mr. MacLeay almost admits that there arenaturalgenera.Hor. Ent.492.[1141]Œuvr.vii. 52.[1142]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ii. 34—.[1143]Even those animals that like theSpongiæandAlcyoniaare aggregate, and fixed by a common base, have a partial degree of voluntary locomotion in their cells.[1144]Vol.III. p.10.[1145]Cuv.Anat. Comp.i. 173.[1146]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ii. 25.[1147]Ibid.26—.[1148]Vol.III. p.12—.[1149]Hor. Entomolog.200—. See above, p.3—.[1150]SavignyMém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr.II. i. 3.[1151]MacLeayHor. Ent.204.[1152]Vol.III. p.46—, See above, p.247.[1153]See above, p.195—.[1154]Vol.II. p.306—.[1155]In this respect insects excel many reptiles, which can reproduce some of their parts.[1156]See MacLeayHor. Entomolog.203, 206—. 298—.[1157]Linn.Philos. Botan.n. 155, 160.[1158]Vol.III.LetterXXVIII.[1159]Scias Characterem non constituere Genus, sed Genus Characterem; Characterem fluere e Genere, non Genus e Charactere; Characterem non esse ut Genus fiat, sed ut Genus noscatur.Philos. Botan.m. 169.[1160]Vol.I. p. 66. note90.[1161]Vol.III. p.417.[1162]Derived from κολεος,a sheath, and πτερον,a wing.[1163]Hist. Animal.l. iv. c. 7. l. v. c. 20.[1164]Ὁσα το πτερον εχει εν κολεῳ.[1165]Latr.Gen. Crust. et Ins.i. 169. Oliv.Ins.i. Introd. v.[1166]Vol.I. p.65.[1167]In some genera, asMolorchus, &c., they do not completely cover the wings.PlateX.Fig.1.PlateI.Fig.4, 5.[1168]InBuprestis,Molorchus, &c., they are only longitudinally folded.[1169]PlateX.Fig.4.[1170]From σρεψις,a turning or twisting, and πτερον.[1171]Vol.III. p. 589. note1769.[1172]Hor. Entomolog.371—.[1173]Linn. Trans.xi. 96—.[1174]Ibid.t.ix.f.1. d.[1175]PlateII.Fig.1.[1176]Linn. Trans.Ibid.f.15. b.[1177]From δερμα,a skin.[1178]PlateX.Fig.5.[1179]From ορθος,straight.[1180]Fn. Suec.[1181]From δικτυον,a net.[1182]See above, p.266.[1183]From νευρον,a nerve.[1184]Her. Entomolog.433.[1185]Vol.III. p.563.[1186]Ibid. p.125—.[1187]Ibid. p.423,441—,451,454—.[1188]Ibid. p.656.[1189]See above, p.186—.[1190]N. Dict, d'Hist. Nat.x. 344.[1191]The ovipositor ofRaphidiaseems merely calculated to introduce its eggs under bark; it seems incapable of boring.[1192]From ὑμην,a membrane.[1193]De Geer ii. 1035.[1194]Since this was written, Mr. Stephens has showed me a remarkable Hymenopterous insect taken by him in Hertfordshire, which appears to have the antennæ of one of theIchneumonidæand the wings and abdomen of aTenthredoL., so as to form a link connecting the two tribes or suborders. This may probably have a vermiform larva.[1195]Hor. Entomolog.431.[1196]Hor. Entomolog.429.[1197]Vol.III. p.67. See above, p.160.[1198]Whoever consults De Geer ii. 941—.t.xxxiii.f.14, 15.t.xxxvi.f.27. andt.xxxix.f.7, 8, will be convinced that the metamorphosis ofTenthredoL. isincompleterather thanobtected.[1199]TheHymenoptera, though they have all the usual oral organs, cannot be denominated masticators generally; these organs, especially the mandibles, being chiefly used in their economy.[1200]See above, p.350.[1201]Vol.III. p.417.[1202]From ἡμισυ,the half.[1203]Vol.III. p.463—. Linn.Syst. Nat.Ord. II.[1204]If considered assuborders, their denomination should not terminate precisely as that ofOrders. PerhapsHemipteritaandHeteropteritamight be an improvement.[1205]Hor. Entomolog.374—.[1206]Vol.III. p.554.[1207]See above, p.159—.[1208]Vol.III. p.463.[1209]Vol.III. p.611—.604—.[1210]Ibid. p.684—.[1211]From θριξ, τριχος,hair. Mr. MacLeay, thinking it indisputable that thePerlidæshould be included in this Order, suggests the propriety of changing its name, both as inapplicable, and as being preoccupied by a Dipterous genus. As I do not think thePerlidæbelong to the Order, and as the great body of theTrichopteraare distinguished byhairyupper wings, I cannot think the name improper: but to apply a name to aGenuswhich terminates like the denominations ofOrders, I think leads to mistakes, and should not be tolerated.—K.[1212]Hor. Entomolog.430—.[1213]Vol.III. p.546—.[1214]The location of the legs together, their long coxæ, and their calcaria, are analogous also to those of theLepidoptera.[1215]Reaum. vi. Mem. x.t.xxxii.f.13.t.xxxiv.f.1-6. De Geer vi. 169—.t.x.f.7, 8.[1216]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxv. 286.[1217]De Geer ii. 511—. He however observes, that they often attack other insects: but the form of their mandibulæ, like that of the caterpillars ofLepidoptera, which also on some occasions become carnivorous (Vol.I. p.386), is fitted for a vegetable diet. De Geer,Ibid.505.[1218]This is evident from De Geer's account.Ibid.516.t.xii.f.14.t.xv.f.4.[1219]PlateXX.Fig.25.[1220]From λεπις,a scale.[1221]Vol.III. p.537.PlateIX.Fig.4.[1222]Ibid.Fig.5.[1223]Vol.I. p.65—.[1224]Vol.III. p.468.[1225]From διςtwice, ordouble.[1226]Hist. Animal.l. iv. c. 1, 27.[1227]Vol.II. p.354—.[1228]Ibid. p.355.[1229]Vol.III. p.465—.[1230]Ibid. p.552—.[1231]Ibid. p.632.[1232]See above, p.163.[1233]From αφανης;inconspicuous; so named because something likeelytraappear.[1234]Vol.III. p.470.[1235]Ibid. p.23.[1236]From α,priv.and πτερον.[1237]Vol.III. p.221—.[1238]Vol.III. p.22.[1239]Ibid. p.471.[1240]Hor. Entomolog.381.[1241]Vol.III. p. 22. note36.[1242]Ibid. p.471—.[1243]Ibid. p.653.[1244]See above, p.236.[1245]Hor. Entomolog.286.[1246]The number of segments and legs acquired by these insects in their progress to their last state, distinguishes their metamorphosis from that of otherAptera, and requires a distinct name.[1247]Vol.III. p.417.[1248]When I said (Vol.III. p.31.) thatPhrynusprobably belonged to the trueArachnida, it escaped my recollection that Latreille had placed that genus there.[1249]L. DufourSix Nouvell. Arachnid.&c.Ann. Gen. des Scienc. Physiq.IV. iii. 17.t.lxix.f.7,b.[1250]Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr.I. i. 57—.[1251]PlateXXIX.Fig.1.[1252]PlateXV.Fig.10.T´´. PlateXXIII.Fig.15. 17.T´´.[1253]PlateXV.Fig.7.[1254]PlateXXVII.Fig.50.[1255]Called theCentris.Vol.III. p.388,716.[1256]M. Latreille thinks that inGaleodesthe prothorax is coalite with the head (N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xii. 370.); but that it is not so, is evident from the six real legs being affixed to the pieces behind it. See alsoVol.III. p. 23. note40.[1257]L. Dufourubi supr.IV. iii. 18.[1258]Ibid.19.[1259]Ibid.t.lxix.f.7.d.[1260]When the characters of the ClassArachnidawere drawn up (Vol.III. p.30.) I had not seen aGaleodes: they should be thus amended:Palpifour: anterior pair pediform, cheliform, or unguiculate; posterior pediform.TrunkLegs six, &c.[1261]PlateXIII.Fig.1.[1262]Familles Naturelles du Règne Animal.[1263]Annulosa Javanica.5.[1264]See above, p.365.[1265]Coléopt. d'Europei. 75.[1266]Vol.III. p.167—. I formerly hinted (Ibid.p. 163.) that the larva ofCicindelamay be regarded asAraneidiform: this is further confirmed by its havingeighteyes, (and notsix,) as I have since discovered, and by the aspect of its large head and prothorax. The other larvæ of theAdephaganahavetwelveeyes.—Mr. Stephens (Illustrations of British Entomology, no. xv. p. 175.) has confirmed the above statement, as to the number of eyes of the larva ofCicindela.[1267]Mr. MacLeay says that more than 100,000Annulosaexist in collections.—Hor. Ent.469.[1268]Vigors inZoolog. Journ.I. ii. 188.[1269]Hor. Entomolog.125—.[1270]See Bicheno inLinn. Trans.xv. 491.[1271]Dr. Horsfield, in his very ingenious and generally admirableDescriptive Catalogueof the Javanese Lepidoptera in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company, has divided that Order intofiveprimary groups, apparently to accommodate it to Mr. W. S. MacLeay's quinary system. I trust he will pardon me for observing, that in this arrangement he seems to me rather toforcethan tofollownature; and that though he adheres to the above system as to thenumber, he forsakes it in theconstructionof his groups.The obvious primary sections of the Lepidoptera, which have been evident to almost every one who has at all studied the Order, are thethreenamed in the text, corresponding with Linné's generaPapilio,Sphinx, andPhalæna. The groups of the last or nocturnal section, which Dr. Horsfield has elevated to the same rank with the two first, are evidently not of equal value, nor to be placed upon the same platform; for theBombycidæ,Noctuidæ, andPhalænidæ, are clearly of asecondaryrank. Indeed this section is resolvable intomoregroups ofequalvalue than the learned Doctor has assigned to it; for theTortricidæ,Tineidæ, &c. are not so united to the Geometers, or genuinePhalænidæ, as to form with them aprimarygroup of theNocturnal Lepidoptera, but are themselves entitledseparatelyto that distinction. This will be evident to every one who will take the trouble to compare the larvæ and their habits, of the two tribes, as well as the perfect insects.In the construction of his groups, he seems not to have discovered in theLepidopteraa great typical group resolvable intotwo, or at least he has not built his system on this foundation, which appears an essential part of the quinary arrangement. (See Mr. W. S. MacLeay inLinn. Trans.xiv. 56—.) As tovalue, thePapilionidæconstitute the typical group or centre of the Order, though thePhalænidæprevail as tonumbers: but neither of these are resolvable into two primary groups.[1272]Linn. Trans.xiv. 56—. It is to be observed, however, that what Mr. MacLeay calls theaberrant groupsare usually also resolvable into two.[1273]Hor. Entomolog.318,et passim.[1274]Linn. Trans.ubi supr. Mr. W. S. MacLeay informs me that M. Agardh has found that the distribution ofFuciis regulated by the same law.[1275]Zool. Journ.iii. 312—.[1276]Vol.III. p. 15. note21.[1277]Hor. Entomolog.199.[1278]Viz. 1.Copris Hesperus; 2.C. reflexa; 3.C. Sabæus; 4.C. lunaris; 5.C. Carolina; 6.C. Œdipus; 7.C. Midas; 8.C. capucina; 9.C. Bucephalus; 10.C. Molossus; 11.C. Eridanus; 12.C. sexdentataK.[1279]Hor. Entomolog.518.[1280]The most natural and consistent interpretation of 1 Cor. xiii. 12, Βλεπομεν γαρ αρτι δι' εσοπτρου εν αινιγματι, is, that "we see now as it were in a mirror the glory of God reflected enigmatically by the things that he has made." Comp. Rom. i. 20—. Our Saviour (Luke x. 19.) callsserpentsandscorpionsthe power of theenemy; which can only mean that they arefiguresorsymbolsof the enemy.[1281]Rom. i. 20, to the end of the chapter.[1282]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xx. 484. comp. ii. 30—.[1283]Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr.I. i. 20—.[1284]Horæ Entomologicæ.[1285]Vol.III. p.173—.[1286]Ibid. p. 348. note905.[1287]See above, p.382—.[1288]Vol.I. p.7—.[1289]A most singular insect belonging to this tribe, and which seems to form a link, having a notched cubit, between theAmauronaand theLamprona, has been described and figured by Hagenbach under the name ofMormolyce phyllodes. It exhibits such a striking resemblance to aMantisorPhasma, that it might be mistaken for one. It was found on the western side of the island of Java. Mr. Samouelle showed me a second species of this genus from China, belonging to a lady, who put it into his hands, it being broken, to put together.[1290]A remarkable imitation of an antelope's horn, a process of the mandible of an insect, in the possession of R. D. Alexander, Esq. F.L.S., is figured in the fifth Number of theZoological Journal.[1291]Hor. Entomolog.456. Comp.Linn. Trans.xiv. 67—.[1292]Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr.I. i. 20—.[1293]See above, p.382.[1294]Vol.III. pp.372,598.[1295]Ibid. p.412.[1296]Vol.II. p.397—.[1297]Vol.III. p.413.[1298]Ent. Carn.168. n. 446.[1299]Meigen has figured a Dipterous insect exactly resembling aCimbex, which he callsAspistes berolinensis(Dipt.i. 319.t.xi.f.16, 17.)[1300]PrædonesLatr., &c.[1301]AndrenaF., &c.[1302]Hor. Entomolog.437.[1303]Vol.III. p.644.[1304]Mém. du Mus.1819. 136.[1305]Rifferschw.de Ins. Genital.9.[1306]Annulos. Javan.i. 1.
[1074]Vol.III. p.353—.
[1075]Ibid. p.527.
[1076]The elytra of this Order in general differ so materially both from membrane and corium, that it was requisite to invent a term to distinguish them.
[1077]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.v.f.8.b, c.
[1078]We use this term becausesubcrosais employed in a quite different sense.
[1079]We restrict the termFigure, to the shape of asuperficies.
[1080]The termfalcatehas usually been applied to signify this figure, as well as that to which we have restricted it; but as the truncate and sharp extremity forms a striking difference, we thought it best to invent a new term.
[1081]We have departed from the more usual definition oftrapezoid, "An irregular figure whose four sides are not parallel," because the above is best suited to forms in insects.
[1082]We use this term to denote the shape of solid bodies.
[1083]The word employed in Botany to denote a Polygon isprismatical; but since, properly defined, this term is synonymous withtriquetrous, we thought it best to use an adjective derived fromprismoid, which implies a body that approaches to prismatical.
[1084]This term inAnatomydenotes any unnatural protuberance or convexity of the body, as a person hunched, or hump-backed. InAstronomyit is used in reference to the enlightened parts of the moon, whilst she is moving from the first quarter to the full, and from the full to the last quarter; for all that time the dark part appears horned or falcated, and the light one hunched out, convex or gibbous.
[1085]We employ the termæquatusinstead ofæqualiscommonly used in this sense, becauseæqualisis also applied to magnitude, to which we would restrict it.
[1086]I do not find in Schönherr (Curculionid. Method. Disp.) any genus or subgenus of Rhyncophorous beetles the characters of which correspond with those of the insect here alluded to, which I once thought might be aCyphusGerm. but it is not. It appears common in Brazil, and I have at least two species of it.
[1087]Linn. Trans.vi. 194.t.xx.f.5.
[1088]Germ.Insect. Spec. Nov.332—. To this genusCurculio Tribulusandquadridensappear to belong.
[1089]This kind of pubescence has usually been denominated sericeous (sericea); but it certainly does not resemblesilk; and is very different from the proper sericeous splendour, exhibited byCryptocephalus sericeus.
[1090]Mon. Ap. Angl.1.t.iv. ** c.f.1.a.
[1091]See above, p.283. no7.
[1092]Linné inCoccinellahas employed the termGuttafor a white or yellow spot in a darker ground, andPustulafor a red spot in a black ground. We thought one term sufficient to express spots bigger than atoms.
[1093]See above, p.208—.
[1094]As this work is intended for general readers as well as for the learned, the above rules, &c. it is hoped will not be deemed without use.
[1095]These symbols are inserted here, because they may be very conveniently adopted in a correspondence on the subject of Entomology.
[1096]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.xii. * *. e. 1.neut.f.6.c.andt.x. * *, d, 1,f.1.c.
[1097]Oliv.Ins.No. 44.Pæderus.t.i.f.1. e.
[1098]Germ.Insect. Spec.486—.
[1099]Fn. Suec.1183. Fabricius has not admitted this moth among hisNoctuæ, I know not why.
[1100]Curtis,Brit. Ent.t.154.
[1101]Monogr. Ap. Angl.i. 97.t.xii.Apis**. e. 1. Neut.f.21.d.
[1102]This term may be applied to theMesothoraxin heteropterousHemiptera, in which that part liesburiedunder theProthorax.PlateVIII.Fig.20.i, k.
[1103]ChabrierSur le Vol des Insectes.Mém. du Mus.t.viii. 55.
[1104]In many moths, particularlySpilosoma ocularia, and affinities, the insect looks as if its neck was ornamented with a beautifultippetformed by thePatagia, and its shoulders by theselappets.
[1105]NeitherChrysomelanorImatidiumhave a discoidalEpipleura; which furnishes a further proof thatNotocleais distinct fromChrysomela, andImatidiumfromCassida.
[1106]For the reason of this change of the name ofLocustaF., seeZool. Journ.Noiv.
AnAcridawith this spot is figured by Professor Lichtenstein.Linn. Trans.iv.t.v. A.
[1107]Reaum. i.t.xx.f.12-15.
[1108]Linn. Trans.v.t.iv.f.10, 11. From my specimens, which are not in a very good state, I cannot ascertain whether this belongs to any of the modern genera into which theIchneumones minutiof Linné are now divided.
[1109]To this genus or subgenusScarabæus Syphax,Antæus,Titanus, &c. belong.
[1110]Jones.Linn. Trans.ii.t.viii.f.1, 3-6, 8.
[1111]JurineHymenopt.t.i.f.3.b.
[1112]Ibid.t.iii. Gen. 4, 5.
[1113]Ibid.t.x. Gen. 23, 24.
[1114]Ibid.t.vi. Gen. 2.
[1115]See Kirby inLinn. Trans.xii. 450—.t.xxii.f.16.
[1116]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.iv.Melitta**. c.f.10.a.
[1117]Mon. Ap. Angl.i.t.xii.f.19.a, b.
[1118]Mon. Ap. Angl.t.iv. **. c.f.14 *. a.f.12.
[1119]Ibid.t.xxi.f.20.
[1120]ChabrierSur le Vol des Insectes.Ann. du Mus.xiv.t.viii.f.1. K.n.
[1121]Vol.III. p.396.
[1122]Vol.III. p.125—.
[1123]De Geer vii. 38—.t.iii.f.10.rr.
[1124]Vol.II. p.248—.
[1125]De Geer ii. 507.t.xi.f.16. m. n.
[1126]Philos. Botan.97. n. 153.
[1127]Ibid.98. n. 155, &c.
[1128]Μεθοδος is rendered "Anartificialand compendious mode of doing any thing; a mode ofteachingorlearning:" Μεθοδευω is "To overcome byartifice." Συσεμα applied to music is "Afullandharmoniousassemblage of tones." So that in fact,Systemshould express the actual disposition of objects, or aNaturalarrangement; andMethod, anArtificialone.
[1129]Wisdom. xi. 20.
[1130]Genes. i. 31.
[1131]W. S. MacLeay inLinn. Trans.xiv. 54.
[1132]Linn.Syst. Nat.i. 11.
[1133]Qu. Whether every real species or group has not some one or morepeculiarcharacters which it neither derives from its predecessor nor imparts to its successor in a series?
[1134]Œuvresvii. 51—.
[1135]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xx. 485.
[1136]Vol.III. p.11—.
[1137]W. S. MacLeay.Hor. Entomolog.passim; and inLinn. Trans.ubi supr. 53—.
[1138]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xx. 485.
[1139]The idea of a continuousseriesmilitates somewhat against that of a circle returning into itself. The progression of the series may be in a circle; but at the point of contact where the second circle meets the first, the lines must cut each other; and at this point of intersection of the two circles are of course the osculant groups constituting the first and the last of each circle, which in their intervention come in contact with each other, or rather formingtransitiongroups. If each circle is regarded asabsolute, theseriesis broken, though the osculant groups connect the circular ones.
[1140]Mr. MacLeay almost admits that there arenaturalgenera.Hor. Ent.492.
[1141]Œuvr.vii. 52.
[1142]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ii. 34—.
[1143]Even those animals that like theSpongiæandAlcyoniaare aggregate, and fixed by a common base, have a partial degree of voluntary locomotion in their cells.
[1144]Vol.III. p.10.
[1145]Cuv.Anat. Comp.i. 173.
[1146]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.ii. 25.
[1147]Ibid.26—.
[1148]Vol.III. p.12—.
[1149]Hor. Entomolog.200—. See above, p.3—.
[1150]SavignyMém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr.II. i. 3.
[1151]MacLeayHor. Ent.204.
[1152]Vol.III. p.46—, See above, p.247.
[1153]See above, p.195—.
[1154]Vol.II. p.306—.
[1155]In this respect insects excel many reptiles, which can reproduce some of their parts.
[1156]See MacLeayHor. Entomolog.203, 206—. 298—.
[1157]Linn.Philos. Botan.n. 155, 160.
[1158]Vol.III.LetterXXVIII.
[1159]Scias Characterem non constituere Genus, sed Genus Characterem; Characterem fluere e Genere, non Genus e Charactere; Characterem non esse ut Genus fiat, sed ut Genus noscatur.Philos. Botan.m. 169.
[1160]Vol.I. p. 66. note90.
[1161]Vol.III. p.417.
[1162]Derived from κολεος,a sheath, and πτερον,a wing.
[1163]Hist. Animal.l. iv. c. 7. l. v. c. 20.
[1164]Ὁσα το πτερον εχει εν κολεῳ.
[1165]Latr.Gen. Crust. et Ins.i. 169. Oliv.Ins.i. Introd. v.
[1166]Vol.I. p.65.
[1167]In some genera, asMolorchus, &c., they do not completely cover the wings.PlateX.Fig.1.PlateI.Fig.4, 5.
[1168]InBuprestis,Molorchus, &c., they are only longitudinally folded.
[1169]PlateX.Fig.4.
[1170]From σρεψις,a turning or twisting, and πτερον.
[1171]Vol.III. p. 589. note1769.
[1172]Hor. Entomolog.371—.
[1173]Linn. Trans.xi. 96—.
[1174]Ibid.t.ix.f.1. d.
[1175]PlateII.Fig.1.
[1176]Linn. Trans.Ibid.f.15. b.
[1177]From δερμα,a skin.
[1178]PlateX.Fig.5.
[1179]From ορθος,straight.
[1180]Fn. Suec.
[1181]From δικτυον,a net.
[1182]See above, p.266.
[1183]From νευρον,a nerve.
[1184]Her. Entomolog.433.
[1185]Vol.III. p.563.
[1186]Ibid. p.125—.
[1187]Ibid. p.423,441—,451,454—.
[1188]Ibid. p.656.
[1189]See above, p.186—.
[1190]N. Dict, d'Hist. Nat.x. 344.
[1191]The ovipositor ofRaphidiaseems merely calculated to introduce its eggs under bark; it seems incapable of boring.
[1192]From ὑμην,a membrane.
[1193]De Geer ii. 1035.
[1194]Since this was written, Mr. Stephens has showed me a remarkable Hymenopterous insect taken by him in Hertfordshire, which appears to have the antennæ of one of theIchneumonidæand the wings and abdomen of aTenthredoL., so as to form a link connecting the two tribes or suborders. This may probably have a vermiform larva.
[1195]Hor. Entomolog.431.
[1196]Hor. Entomolog.429.
[1197]Vol.III. p.67. See above, p.160.
[1198]Whoever consults De Geer ii. 941—.t.xxxiii.f.14, 15.t.xxxvi.f.27. andt.xxxix.f.7, 8, will be convinced that the metamorphosis ofTenthredoL. isincompleterather thanobtected.
[1199]TheHymenoptera, though they have all the usual oral organs, cannot be denominated masticators generally; these organs, especially the mandibles, being chiefly used in their economy.
[1200]See above, p.350.
[1201]Vol.III. p.417.
[1202]From ἡμισυ,the half.
[1203]Vol.III. p.463—. Linn.Syst. Nat.Ord. II.
[1204]If considered assuborders, their denomination should not terminate precisely as that ofOrders. PerhapsHemipteritaandHeteropteritamight be an improvement.
[1205]Hor. Entomolog.374—.
[1206]Vol.III. p.554.
[1207]See above, p.159—.
[1208]Vol.III. p.463.
[1209]Vol.III. p.611—.604—.
[1210]Ibid. p.684—.
[1211]From θριξ, τριχος,hair. Mr. MacLeay, thinking it indisputable that thePerlidæshould be included in this Order, suggests the propriety of changing its name, both as inapplicable, and as being preoccupied by a Dipterous genus. As I do not think thePerlidæbelong to the Order, and as the great body of theTrichopteraare distinguished byhairyupper wings, I cannot think the name improper: but to apply a name to aGenuswhich terminates like the denominations ofOrders, I think leads to mistakes, and should not be tolerated.—K.
[1212]Hor. Entomolog.430—.
[1213]Vol.III. p.546—.
[1214]The location of the legs together, their long coxæ, and their calcaria, are analogous also to those of theLepidoptera.
[1215]Reaum. vi. Mem. x.t.xxxii.f.13.t.xxxiv.f.1-6. De Geer vi. 169—.t.x.f.7, 8.
[1216]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxv. 286.
[1217]De Geer ii. 511—. He however observes, that they often attack other insects: but the form of their mandibulæ, like that of the caterpillars ofLepidoptera, which also on some occasions become carnivorous (Vol.I. p.386), is fitted for a vegetable diet. De Geer,Ibid.505.
[1218]This is evident from De Geer's account.Ibid.516.t.xii.f.14.t.xv.f.4.
[1219]PlateXX.Fig.25.
[1220]From λεπις,a scale.
[1221]Vol.III. p.537.PlateIX.Fig.4.
[1222]Ibid.Fig.5.
[1223]Vol.I. p.65—.
[1224]Vol.III. p.468.
[1225]From διςtwice, ordouble.
[1226]Hist. Animal.l. iv. c. 1, 27.
[1227]Vol.II. p.354—.
[1228]Ibid. p.355.
[1229]Vol.III. p.465—.
[1230]Ibid. p.552—.
[1231]Ibid. p.632.
[1232]See above, p.163.
[1233]From αφανης;inconspicuous; so named because something likeelytraappear.
[1234]Vol.III. p.470.
[1235]Ibid. p.23.
[1236]From α,priv.and πτερον.
[1237]Vol.III. p.221—.
[1238]Vol.III. p.22.
[1239]Ibid. p.471.
[1240]Hor. Entomolog.381.
[1241]Vol.III. p. 22. note36.
[1242]Ibid. p.471—.
[1243]Ibid. p.653.
[1244]See above, p.236.
[1245]Hor. Entomolog.286.
[1246]The number of segments and legs acquired by these insects in their progress to their last state, distinguishes their metamorphosis from that of otherAptera, and requires a distinct name.
[1247]Vol.III. p.417.
[1248]When I said (Vol.III. p.31.) thatPhrynusprobably belonged to the trueArachnida, it escaped my recollection that Latreille had placed that genus there.
[1249]L. DufourSix Nouvell. Arachnid.&c.Ann. Gen. des Scienc. Physiq.IV. iii. 17.t.lxix.f.7,b.
[1250]Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr.I. i. 57—.
[1251]PlateXXIX.Fig.1.
[1252]PlateXV.Fig.10.T´´. PlateXXIII.Fig.15. 17.T´´.
[1253]PlateXV.Fig.7.
[1254]PlateXXVII.Fig.50.
[1255]Called theCentris.Vol.III. p.388,716.
[1256]M. Latreille thinks that inGaleodesthe prothorax is coalite with the head (N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xii. 370.); but that it is not so, is evident from the six real legs being affixed to the pieces behind it. See alsoVol.III. p. 23. note40.
[1257]L. Dufourubi supr.IV. iii. 18.
[1258]Ibid.19.
[1259]Ibid.t.lxix.f.7.d.
[1260]When the characters of the ClassArachnidawere drawn up (Vol.III. p.30.) I had not seen aGaleodes: they should be thus amended:
Palpifour: anterior pair pediform, cheliform, or unguiculate; posterior pediform.
TrunkLegs six, &c.
[1261]PlateXIII.Fig.1.
[1262]Familles Naturelles du Règne Animal.
[1263]Annulosa Javanica.5.
[1264]See above, p.365.
[1265]Coléopt. d'Europei. 75.
[1266]Vol.III. p.167—. I formerly hinted (Ibid.p. 163.) that the larva ofCicindelamay be regarded asAraneidiform: this is further confirmed by its havingeighteyes, (and notsix,) as I have since discovered, and by the aspect of its large head and prothorax. The other larvæ of theAdephaganahavetwelveeyes.—Mr. Stephens (Illustrations of British Entomology, no. xv. p. 175.) has confirmed the above statement, as to the number of eyes of the larva ofCicindela.
[1267]Mr. MacLeay says that more than 100,000Annulosaexist in collections.—Hor. Ent.469.
[1268]Vigors inZoolog. Journ.I. ii. 188.
[1269]Hor. Entomolog.125—.
[1270]See Bicheno inLinn. Trans.xv. 491.
[1271]Dr. Horsfield, in his very ingenious and generally admirableDescriptive Catalogueof the Javanese Lepidoptera in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company, has divided that Order intofiveprimary groups, apparently to accommodate it to Mr. W. S. MacLeay's quinary system. I trust he will pardon me for observing, that in this arrangement he seems to me rather toforcethan tofollownature; and that though he adheres to the above system as to thenumber, he forsakes it in theconstructionof his groups.
The obvious primary sections of the Lepidoptera, which have been evident to almost every one who has at all studied the Order, are thethreenamed in the text, corresponding with Linné's generaPapilio,Sphinx, andPhalæna. The groups of the last or nocturnal section, which Dr. Horsfield has elevated to the same rank with the two first, are evidently not of equal value, nor to be placed upon the same platform; for theBombycidæ,Noctuidæ, andPhalænidæ, are clearly of asecondaryrank. Indeed this section is resolvable intomoregroups ofequalvalue than the learned Doctor has assigned to it; for theTortricidæ,Tineidæ, &c. are not so united to the Geometers, or genuinePhalænidæ, as to form with them aprimarygroup of theNocturnal Lepidoptera, but are themselves entitledseparatelyto that distinction. This will be evident to every one who will take the trouble to compare the larvæ and their habits, of the two tribes, as well as the perfect insects.
In the construction of his groups, he seems not to have discovered in theLepidopteraa great typical group resolvable intotwo, or at least he has not built his system on this foundation, which appears an essential part of the quinary arrangement. (See Mr. W. S. MacLeay inLinn. Trans.xiv. 56—.) As tovalue, thePapilionidæconstitute the typical group or centre of the Order, though thePhalænidæprevail as tonumbers: but neither of these are resolvable into two primary groups.
[1272]Linn. Trans.xiv. 56—. It is to be observed, however, that what Mr. MacLeay calls theaberrant groupsare usually also resolvable into two.
[1273]Hor. Entomolog.318,et passim.
[1274]Linn. Trans.ubi supr. Mr. W. S. MacLeay informs me that M. Agardh has found that the distribution ofFuciis regulated by the same law.
[1275]Zool. Journ.iii. 312—.
[1276]Vol.III. p. 15. note21.
[1277]Hor. Entomolog.199.
[1278]Viz. 1.Copris Hesperus; 2.C. reflexa; 3.C. Sabæus; 4.C. lunaris; 5.C. Carolina; 6.C. Œdipus; 7.C. Midas; 8.C. capucina; 9.C. Bucephalus; 10.C. Molossus; 11.C. Eridanus; 12.C. sexdentataK.
[1279]Hor. Entomolog.518.
[1280]The most natural and consistent interpretation of 1 Cor. xiii. 12, Βλεπομεν γαρ αρτι δι' εσοπτρου εν αινιγματι, is, that "we see now as it were in a mirror the glory of God reflected enigmatically by the things that he has made." Comp. Rom. i. 20—. Our Saviour (Luke x. 19.) callsserpentsandscorpionsthe power of theenemy; which can only mean that they arefiguresorsymbolsof the enemy.
[1281]Rom. i. 20, to the end of the chapter.
[1282]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xx. 484. comp. ii. 30—.
[1283]Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr.I. i. 20—.
[1284]Horæ Entomologicæ.
[1285]Vol.III. p.173—.
[1286]Ibid. p. 348. note905.
[1287]See above, p.382—.
[1288]Vol.I. p.7—.
[1289]A most singular insect belonging to this tribe, and which seems to form a link, having a notched cubit, between theAmauronaand theLamprona, has been described and figured by Hagenbach under the name ofMormolyce phyllodes. It exhibits such a striking resemblance to aMantisorPhasma, that it might be mistaken for one. It was found on the western side of the island of Java. Mr. Samouelle showed me a second species of this genus from China, belonging to a lady, who put it into his hands, it being broken, to put together.
[1290]A remarkable imitation of an antelope's horn, a process of the mandible of an insect, in the possession of R. D. Alexander, Esq. F.L.S., is figured in the fifth Number of theZoological Journal.
[1291]Hor. Entomolog.456. Comp.Linn. Trans.xiv. 67—.
[1292]Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr.I. i. 20—.
[1293]See above, p.382.
[1294]Vol.III. pp.372,598.
[1295]Ibid. p.412.
[1296]Vol.II. p.397—.
[1297]Vol.III. p.413.
[1298]Ent. Carn.168. n. 446.
[1299]Meigen has figured a Dipterous insect exactly resembling aCimbex, which he callsAspistes berolinensis(Dipt.i. 319.t.xi.f.16, 17.)
[1300]PrædonesLatr., &c.
[1301]AndrenaF., &c.
[1302]Hor. Entomolog.437.
[1303]Vol.III. p.644.
[1304]Mém. du Mus.1819. 136.
[1305]Rifferschw.de Ins. Genital.9.
[1306]Annulos. Javan.i. 1.