[1307]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxv. 115—. xxvii.t.M. 8.f.1.[1308]PisoHist. Nat.63.Curui1.Jundiav.[1309]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxvii. 235.Hor. Entomolog.203.[1310]Ibid.281—.[1311]Ibid.354, 390, 397.[1312]This insect, except in its antennæ, so nearly resembles aNirmus, that it might be mistaken for one. See CoquebertIllustr. Icon.i.t.ii.f.14.[1313]Vol.III. p.590.[1314]Fuessl.Archiv.t.lii.f.5.[1315]StollSaut. de Pass.t.xx.b.f.79.[1316]See above, p.364—.[1317]Genes., ii. 19—.[1318]Pol. Synops.onGenes.ii.[1319]Genes.i. 25.[1320]Linn. Trans.iv. 51—. SeeLevit.xi. 20—.[1321]TheNeuropteraappears to be the only Order not so signalized. It is worthy of notice that insects are usually noticedgenericallyand notspecificallyin Scripture. On the insects of Scripture see BochartHierozoic.ii. 1. iv.[1322]Isai.vii. 18.Joelii.Rev.ix. 3.[1323]Prov.xxx. 24—.[1324]1Kingsiv. 33.[1325]Linn. Trans.i. 5.[1326]Vol.III. p.6.[1327]Ibid.l. i. c. 5.[1328]Ibid.l. iv. c. 7.[1329]Ibid.[1330]Ibid.l. v. c. 19.[1331]Aristotle calls winged insectsPterotawhen he would distinguish them from those that are apterous, andPtilotawhen he contrasts them with birds. (Comp.Hist. Anim.l. iv. c. 1. with l. i. c. 5.) Sometimes he calls birds thus contrastedSchizoptera, and insectsHoloptera.De Anim. Incess.c. 10.[1332]Ibid.l. i. c. 5.[1333]Ibid.and l. iv. c. 7.[1334]Ibid.[1335]Hist. Anim.l. iv. c. 1.[1336]Ibid.[1337]Ibid.l. viii. c. 11.[1338]Gr. Ον τροφης χαριν εχει οδοντας αλλ' αλκης. Αλκη meansStrength of mind,Fortitude,Strenuousness, alsoHelp:—it here probably signifies their strenuous use of their oral organs in fulfilling their instincts.De Partib. Anim.l. iv. c. 5.[1339]Hist. Anim.l. iv. c. 7.[1340]Ibid.[1341]Gr. Αερσιποτητος αραχνη.Dies.lin. 13.[1342]Hist. Nat.l. xi. c. 25.[1343]Vol.I. p.481.Vol.II. p.121—.[1344]De Natur. Animal.l. vi. c. 20.[1345]Ibid.l. xv. c. 1.[1346]Operavi. 683.[1347]Ibid.153—.[1348]Ibid.154, 233, 265, &c.[1349]Operavi. 676, 679, 680.[1350]See above, p.428.[1351]Operavi. 682—.[1352]Esperienz. ed Osserv.i. 42—.[1353]Pultency'sSketches of Botany in England, i. 86.[1354]Theatr. Insect. Epist. Ded.i.[1355]Theatr. Insect. Epist. Ded.i.[1356]Theriotroph. Siles.455.[1357]Aristotle (Hist. Anim.l. i. c. 1.) says, "The sponge seems to have some sensation: as a proof, it is not easily plucked up, unless, so they say, the attempt is concealed."[1358]Lister's Goedart,Præf.ii.[1359]SeeVol.I. p.65—, where these terms are explained.[1360]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.i. 38—.[1361]Ibid.92—.[1362]Ibid.119—.[1363]Ibid.ii. 1—.[1364]Ibid.31—.[1365]Ibid.30.[1366]Hist. Ins.Prolegom. ix.—[1367]These are allAnnelida.[1368]Larvæ.[1369]VariousApteraand the Bed Bug.[1370]Nymphon.[1371]Scorpio.[1372]Spiders,Phalangia, and Mites.[1373]Iulus.[1374]Scolopendra.[1375]Annelida.[1376]This section is divided by the author into thirteen tribes.[1377]Lepidoptera.[1378]Apis,Bombus, &c.[1379]Vespidæ.[1380]Andrena,Halictus,Nomada, &c.[1381]Crabro,Philanthus,Cerceris, &c.[1382]Serifera?Ichneumon, &c.[1383]Trichoptera.[1384]Pimpla Manifestator, and otherIchneumonidæ, with a long ovipositor.[1385]Our author has followed Swammerdam in this unnatural separation of thoseDipterawhose metamorphosis is coarctate from the rest; and in associating with them theChalcidites, whose metamorphosis is really different. Into this error both were led by system.[1386]Philos. Lett.&c. 141.[1387]Ibid.343.[1388]Ray died in 1705, and Linné was born in 1707.[1389]When a boy he attempted to introduce wasps and bees into his father's garden, to the great annoyance of the old gentleman.—Stœver'sLife of Linnæus, 4.[1390]Ibid.75.[1391]Linn.Philos. Botan.n. 87, 188, 189.[1392]See above, p.342, n. 5.[1393]Linn. n. 291.[1394]Fn. Suec.Præf.[1395]Vol.III. p.681—.[1396]Histoire abrégée des Insectes.[1397]See the oppositepage.[1398]The first volume of hisMémoireswas published in 1752.[1399]The first volume of this work was published in 1734, the sixth and last in 1742.[1400]Reaum. i. Mém. vi. vii. and Mém. ii. 68—.[1401]Smith'sTour, iii. 150.[1402]Vol.I. p.175. Also see above, p.166—.[1403]Bonnet i. 19—.[1404]We have been informed that these valuable remains are at length likely to be rescued from oblivion, and given to the public.[1405]Vol.II. p. 48, note51.[1406]Since the former edition of these volumes was published, another and most important association has been formed, having for its object the Animal Kingdom solely; which not only has a museum to receive specimens of dead animals (by the liberal donation of its present learned secretary, of his own rich collection, and from other sources, already most interesting both as a spectacle and to the student), but also a Vivarium, in which a considerable and curious assemblage of living animals may be seen. This association, which is namedThe Zoological Society, is principally indebted for its formation to the efforts of a great, amiable, and lamented character, the late Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, whose merits were equally conspicuous both as a Politician and a Naturalist, and who was its first President.[1407]Linné is recorded to have said, "Si Dominus Fabricius venit cum aliquoInsecto, et Dominus Zoega cum aliquoMusco, tunc ego pileum detraho et dico: Estote doctores mei." Stœver'sLife of Linnæus. 186.[1408]Fab.Philos. Entomolog.Præf.[1409]Vol.III. p.416.[1410]Philos. Entomolog.vi. §. 2.Syst. Ent.Prolegom.[1411]From Ελευθερος, Free.[1412]Derivation uncertain. Perhaps Αυλων, A long and narrow space or tract.[1413]Συνιστημι, To stand together.[1414]Πιεζω, To press.[1415]Οδους, A tooth.[1416]Μιτος, A thread.[1417]Unogatais probably a mistake forOnychata; from Ονυξ, A claw.[1418]Doubtless forPolygnatha; from Πολυς, Many, and Γναθος, A jaw.[1419]Κλειστος, Closed, and Γναθος.[1420]Εξω, Without, and Γναθος.[1421]Γλώσσα, A tongue.[1422]Ῥυγχος, A rostrum.[1423]Αντλια, A pump.[1424]Dispositio insectorum sistit divisiones s. conjunctiones eorum, et estartificialisquæClassesetOrdines, etnaturalisquægenera,species, etvarietatesdocet.Philos. Entomol.vi. §. 2.[1425]Ibid.§. 7.[1426]LatreilleGen. Crust. et Ins.iii. 214.[1427]With respect to Natural Genera he says—"Cavendum tamen ne nimis imitandonaturamsystematis amittamus filum Ariadneum."Ibid.§ 6.[1428]Fab.Entomolog. Syst. em. et auct.i. Præf. iv.[1429]Fabricius calls this a chaos, and threatens to prove it, but he never fulfilled his threat. See Fab.Supplem.Præf. i.[1430]Introd. ad Hist. Nat.401.[1431]SeeN. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.x. articleEntomologie; andFamilles Naturelles du Règne Animal262—.[1432]These tables, except the first, are taken from theFamilles Naturelles du Règne Animal. As a new edition of M. Le Baron Cuvier'sRègne Animalis preparing, M. Latreille will doubtless give in it a still more improved arrangement of theCrustacea,Arachnida, andInsecta.[1433]Several of the minor groups given in the table he has further resolved before he arrives at his genera.[1434]Vol.III. p. 348, note903.[1435]See above, p.433.[1436]Syst. des Anim. sans Vertèbr.185.[1437]Ibid.171.[1438]Anim. sans Vertèbr.iii. 332—.[1439]Anat. Comp.i.t.viii.[1440]Expos. d'une Meth. Nat.17.[1441]Vol.III. p.19.[1442]Linn. Trans.xi. 376. N. B. I have transferred from theArachnidahis suborderNotostomata, as he subsequently placed it at the end ofInsecta, under theOmaloptera.[1443]See above, pp.378,380,385,390.[1444]Vol.III. p.14.[1445]SeeVol.III. p.25—. and above, p.394—.[1446]Hor. Entomolog.c.vi.[1447]See above, p.382.[1448]Hor. Entomolog.420—.[1449]Ibid.422.[1450]Other systems or methods have been promulgated by various authors, as by Schæffer, Scopoli, Geoffroy, &c. Walckenaer and Blainville have proposed one founded on the number of thelegsof insects; but those in the text are the principal and best known.—N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xvi. 277.[1451]Linn. Trans.xiv. 59—.Annulos. Javan.6. See above, p.408.[1452]LatreilleGen. Crust. et Ins.iii. 226. note 1.[1453]Præf.ii.[1454]Linn. Trans.ii. 63—.[1455]Mon. Ap. Angl.i. 211—.[1456]Vol.III. p.620. n. 3.[1457]It may not be unprofitable here to mention those works which the Entomologist may find it most useful to consult in various departments of the science. For descriptions of theGeneraandSpeciesof insects in general, he must have recourse to theEntomologia Systematica emendata et auctaof Fabricius, and itsSupplement; to the volumes he subsequently published under the titlesSystema Eleutheratorum,Rhyngotorum,Glossatorum,Piezatorum, andAntliatorum; to theGenera Crustaceorum et Insectorumof Latreille; to the same department of theRègne Animalof Cuvier; and to theAnimaux sans Vertèbresof Lamarck. He will find the genera of Linné and Fabricius illustrated byfigures, in Rœmer'sGenera; and many of the species described by the latter in Coquebert'sIllustratio Iconographica. In our countryman Drury's beautifulIllustrations of Natural History, a large number of new and rare insects are depicted; and in Mr. Donovan'sInsects of China, India, and New Holland, some of the most brilliant and interesting that have been imported from those countries. Panzer'sFaunæ Insectorum Germanicæ Initiahas little short of 3000 figures of insects of every Order (a considerable number of which are found to inhabit Britain), by the celebrated Sturm; and the latter, in hisDeutschlands Fauna, has illustrated many Coleopterous genera analytically (as has also M. Clairville the weevils and Predaceous beetles of Switzerland in hisEntomologie Helvétique) by his admirable pencil. Beetles in general are well figured and described in Olivier's splendidEntomologie; as are those of Europe in a beautiful work now in course of publication, under the title ofColeoptères d'Europe, by MM. Latreille and Dejean. The latter author has also begun a work on this Order under the title ofSpecies général des Coléoptères de la Collection de M. Le Comte Dejean; two volumes of which have appeared, containing part of theCarabiciLatr. but I fear it has stopped for want of encouragement. Had the descriptions been less verbose it would have had a better chance of success. For theOrthopteraandHemiptera, the student must have recourse to Stoll'sSpectres,Mantes,Sauterelles,Grillons,Blattes,Cigales, andPunaises. To a knowledge of the species ofLepidoptera, the admirable figures of Cramer (Papillons Exotiques de trois Partiesdu Monde), Esper (Schmetterlinge,Tagschmetterlinge), Hübner (Schmetterlinge, &c.), and Ochsenheimer's valuableSchmetterlinge von Europa, with the continuation by Treitschke, will afford a useful avenue. Meigen also, author of a most valuable work on the EuropæanDiptera, is publishing at this time a work onLepidopteraunder the title ofEuropäische Schmetterlinge. To theHymenopteraJurine and Christian are the best guides, and to theDipteraMeigen.With regard to works in British Entomology in general—Donovan'sNatural History of British Insects, and Samouelle'sEntomologist's Useful Compendium, will be found very excellent helps to the student. For the British Genera, the most important work that has yet appeared is Mr. John Curtis'sBritish Entomology, in which not only are the insects admirably represented, but their trophi correctly delineated, accompanied by able descriptions. For theColeopteraof our country, Mr. Marsham'sEntomologia Britannicashould be consulted: for theLepidoptera, theButterfliesof Lewin, Mr. Haworth's usefulLepidoptera Britannica, and Miss Jermyn'sButterfly-Collector's Vade Mecum; and for the English species of Linné's genusApis, theMonographia Apum Angliæ. A BritishFauna Insectorum, under the title ofIllustrations of British Entomology, has at length been happily begun by a gentleman (J. F. Stephens, Esq.) who both by his accurate knowledge of the subject, and the extent of his collection of British Insects, is best qualified to undertake it. As far as it has proceeded, it is ably executed, and possesses this advantage, (an advantage seldom to be obtained in works published periodically,) that it finishes, as far as possible, as it goes.[1458]Linn.Philos. Botan.§ 334.[1459]Linn. Trans.x. 20—. &c.Dict. des Scienc. Nat.xviii.[1460]Selbornei. 173.[1461]Philos. Entomolog.ix. § 20.[1462]Mém. du Mus.1815.[1463]Hor. Entomolog.42—. 518.[1464]Essai Elément. de Géograph. Botan.62.[1465]Wisdom of God, &c. 2d edit. 9.[1466]Hor. Entomolog.469. This calculation includes theCrustacea.[1467]It has lately been discovered that the larva ofDrilus flavescens, a beetle, feeds upon the common snail. (Bulletin des Scienc. Nat.1824. iii. 297; v. 110; vi. 221.) I have found anAcaruson the same animal.[1468]See above, p.219—.[1469]We employ this term, because the more common one,herbivorous, does not properly include devourers of timber, fungi, &c.[1470]If we consider the number of species ofAcari,Nirmi,Poduræ, andAraneidæ, this proportion will appear moderate.[1471]Hor. Entomolog.48.[1472]Philos. Entomolog.ix. § 20.[1473]Géograph. Génér. des Ins.5.[1474]Ibid.[1475]Ibid.7—.[1476]Ibid.8, 11.[1477]Personal Narrat.E. T. v. 88. He says also that each stream almost has its peculiar species (Ibid.98), and that they sometimes emigrate to stations they had not infested before.Ibid.106—.[1478]Hor. Entomolog.519.[1479]Latr.ubi supr.3.[1480]Géographie, &c. 22—.[1481]Ibid.27.[1482]Géographie, &c. 20—.[1483]See above, p.494.[1484]As this insect is the type of a distinct genus amongst theScutelleridæ, I have distinguished it by the name Fabricius gave the whole tribe.[1485]M. Latreille (Géographie, &c. 8.) seems to regard these varieties asdistinct; in which case they would be therepresentativesof the species named in the text: but the variations are mostly so slight, as not to afford any satisfactory distinctive characters.[1486]Géogr. Génér. des Ins.2.[1487]When I described the Melville Island insects for Captain Sabine, I received from him noCulices; but I afterwards saw in his possession a genuine one from thence.—K.[1488]Linn. Trans.xii. 380—. n. 6, 7.[1489]Ibid.n. 5.[1490]Dejean in his catalogue gives only 434 species; while Mr. Stephens,fouryears ago, had 550, and has since increased the number to above 600.[1491]Journal of a Tour in Iceland, 272.[1492]Vol.I. p.115—.[1493]Entomogr. Russ.Coleopt.t.xiii.f.1.[1494]Ahren'sFn. Europ.i. 1.[1495]Hor. Ent.47—.[1496]Annulosa Javanica, 36.[1497]See the Rev. L. Guilding's admirableHistoryofXylocopa TeredoandHoria(CissitesLatr.)maculata, Linn. Trans, xiv. 313—.[1498]Out of 51 species described by Bilberg, 28 are African, and 19 of these are from the Cape.[1499]Géogr. Génér. des Ins.18.[1500]Hor. Entomolog.45.[1501]Dr. Leach has described 8 British species (Linn. Trans.xi. 37.); Dejean has 7 Spanish ones.[1502]I have a very splendid species of this genus taken by C. C. Elwes Esq. on the Pyrenees, which is undescribed, and falls under none of the count Dejean's Families, having its elytra perfectly smooth, without striæ, punctures, &c. It is of a brilliant golden green. It stands in my cabinet under the name ofC. lævigatus. K.[1503]FischerEntomogr. Russ.90—.t.viii.f.13.[1504]Vol.III. p.562.[1505]Major General Hardwicke gave me one of this description from Nepal.[1506]Latr.Géograph.&c. 18—.[1507]Linn. Trans.xiv.t.iii.f.4.[1508]Hor. Entom.147.[1509]Linn. Trans.ubi supr.f.1.[1510]Ibid.xii.t.xxi.f.9.[1511]Ibid.f.14.[1512]To this genus belongMelolontha aurulenta. Ibid. 400; andM. sericea. Ibid. 463.[1513]Latr.Géograph.7.[1514]Cetonia atropunctataandBrowniiofLinn. Trans.(xii. 464.t.xxiii.f.6.) belong to this genus.[1515]Linn. Trans.xii.t.xxii.f.2;t.xxiii.f.7.[1516]Latreille,Géograph.&c. 10.[1517]Linn. Trans.xiv. 569.[1518]See above, p.496.[1519]Fischer,Entomogr. Russ.i. 135.[1520]From finding it in water, Fabricius considered this insect as aHydrophilus, but it is a trueCercyon.[1521]See above, p.401.[1522]Personal Narrat.E. T. v. 91—.[1523]SeeVol.I. p.470—.[1524]A species ofGyrinus(G. Viola aquatica), described by Modeer (Linn. Syst. Nat.Ed. Gmel. i. 1612. n. 9.), is said to inhabitsaltwater.[1525]Géograph.&c. 6.[1526]Apis*., a.Mon. Ap. Angl.ii. 178—.[1527]Linn. Trans.iv. 30—. v. 96—.t.iv.[1528]Vol.I.LetterVI.[1529]Géograph.&c. 6.[1530]Vol.II. p.255.[1531]These, as well asMelecta, are probably a kind ofCuckow-bee.Mon. Ap. Angl.i. 150.[1532]Melitta* *. b.Mon. Ap. Angl.i. 138—.[1533]Mémoires sur le gènreHalicte.[1534]Vol.II. p.9.[1535]Linn. Trans.ix. 78—.t.i.f.20.[1536]Ibid.55.t.i.f.12.[1537]This insect does not, I believe, eat the petals of the rose, butlapsthe nectar it produces. I have seen it employed upon wounded trees lapping the sap.[1538]Mon. Ap. Angl.ii. 172. 257.[1539]See above, p. 491, note1467.[1540]Ibid.p. 219; andVol.I. p.267—.[1541]Ibid.p. 256—.[1542]Apis* *. e. 2. K.[1543]Apis* *. c. 2. α. K.[1544]Butterfly Collector's Vade Mecum, 66, noted.[1545]De Geer ii. 638—. 641—.[1546]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.i. Conf. 114 with 103.[1547]Reaum. vi. 480—.[1548]Vol.II. p.11.[1549]Lepidopt. Britann.263—.[1550]Linn. Trans.v. 256.[1551]Vol.II. p.95—.[1552]See above, p.254—.[1553]Vol.II. p.217. See above, p.200.[1554]Entomologist's Useful Compendium.t.xi.f.5.[1555]PlateXXIV.Fig.1.[1556]Lepidopt. Britann.20.[1557]Vol.I. p.187.[1558]PlateXXIV.Fig.3.[1559]PlateXXIV.Fig.4.[1560]Samouelle'sCompendium.t.xi.f.1, 2.
[1307]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxv. 115—. xxvii.t.M. 8.f.1.
[1308]PisoHist. Nat.63.Curui1.Jundiav.
[1309]N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xxvii. 235.Hor. Entomolog.203.
[1310]Ibid.281—.
[1311]Ibid.354, 390, 397.
[1312]This insect, except in its antennæ, so nearly resembles aNirmus, that it might be mistaken for one. See CoquebertIllustr. Icon.i.t.ii.f.14.
[1313]Vol.III. p.590.
[1314]Fuessl.Archiv.t.lii.f.5.
[1315]StollSaut. de Pass.t.xx.b.f.79.
[1316]See above, p.364—.
[1317]Genes., ii. 19—.
[1318]Pol. Synops.onGenes.ii.
[1319]Genes.i. 25.
[1320]Linn. Trans.iv. 51—. SeeLevit.xi. 20—.
[1321]TheNeuropteraappears to be the only Order not so signalized. It is worthy of notice that insects are usually noticedgenericallyand notspecificallyin Scripture. On the insects of Scripture see BochartHierozoic.ii. 1. iv.
[1322]Isai.vii. 18.Joelii.Rev.ix. 3.
[1323]Prov.xxx. 24—.
[1324]1Kingsiv. 33.
[1325]Linn. Trans.i. 5.
[1326]Vol.III. p.6.
[1327]Ibid.l. i. c. 5.
[1328]Ibid.l. iv. c. 7.
[1329]Ibid.
[1330]Ibid.l. v. c. 19.
[1331]Aristotle calls winged insectsPterotawhen he would distinguish them from those that are apterous, andPtilotawhen he contrasts them with birds. (Comp.Hist. Anim.l. iv. c. 1. with l. i. c. 5.) Sometimes he calls birds thus contrastedSchizoptera, and insectsHoloptera.De Anim. Incess.c. 10.
[1332]Ibid.l. i. c. 5.
[1333]Ibid.and l. iv. c. 7.
[1334]Ibid.
[1335]Hist. Anim.l. iv. c. 1.
[1336]Ibid.
[1337]Ibid.l. viii. c. 11.
[1338]Gr. Ον τροφης χαριν εχει οδοντας αλλ' αλκης. Αλκη meansStrength of mind,Fortitude,Strenuousness, alsoHelp:—it here probably signifies their strenuous use of their oral organs in fulfilling their instincts.De Partib. Anim.l. iv. c. 5.
[1339]Hist. Anim.l. iv. c. 7.
[1340]Ibid.
[1341]Gr. Αερσιποτητος αραχνη.Dies.lin. 13.
[1342]Hist. Nat.l. xi. c. 25.
[1343]Vol.I. p.481.Vol.II. p.121—.
[1344]De Natur. Animal.l. vi. c. 20.
[1345]Ibid.l. xv. c. 1.
[1346]Operavi. 683.
[1347]Ibid.153—.
[1348]Ibid.154, 233, 265, &c.
[1349]Operavi. 676, 679, 680.
[1350]See above, p.428.
[1351]Operavi. 682—.
[1352]Esperienz. ed Osserv.i. 42—.
[1353]Pultency'sSketches of Botany in England, i. 86.
[1354]Theatr. Insect. Epist. Ded.i.
[1355]Theatr. Insect. Epist. Ded.i.
[1356]Theriotroph. Siles.455.
[1357]Aristotle (Hist. Anim.l. i. c. 1.) says, "The sponge seems to have some sensation: as a proof, it is not easily plucked up, unless, so they say, the attempt is concealed."
[1358]Lister's Goedart,Præf.ii.
[1359]SeeVol.I. p.65—, where these terms are explained.
[1360]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.i. 38—.
[1361]Ibid.92—.
[1362]Ibid.119—.
[1363]Ibid.ii. 1—.
[1364]Ibid.31—.
[1365]Ibid.30.
[1366]Hist. Ins.Prolegom. ix.—
[1367]These are allAnnelida.
[1368]Larvæ.
[1369]VariousApteraand the Bed Bug.
[1370]Nymphon.
[1371]Scorpio.
[1372]Spiders,Phalangia, and Mites.
[1373]Iulus.
[1374]Scolopendra.
[1375]Annelida.
[1376]This section is divided by the author into thirteen tribes.
[1377]Lepidoptera.
[1378]Apis,Bombus, &c.
[1379]Vespidæ.
[1380]Andrena,Halictus,Nomada, &c.
[1381]Crabro,Philanthus,Cerceris, &c.
[1382]Serifera?Ichneumon, &c.
[1383]Trichoptera.
[1384]Pimpla Manifestator, and otherIchneumonidæ, with a long ovipositor.
[1385]Our author has followed Swammerdam in this unnatural separation of thoseDipterawhose metamorphosis is coarctate from the rest; and in associating with them theChalcidites, whose metamorphosis is really different. Into this error both were led by system.
[1386]Philos. Lett.&c. 141.
[1387]Ibid.343.
[1388]Ray died in 1705, and Linné was born in 1707.
[1389]When a boy he attempted to introduce wasps and bees into his father's garden, to the great annoyance of the old gentleman.—Stœver'sLife of Linnæus, 4.
[1390]Ibid.75.
[1391]Linn.Philos. Botan.n. 87, 188, 189.
[1392]See above, p.342, n. 5.
[1393]Linn. n. 291.
[1394]Fn. Suec.Præf.
[1395]Vol.III. p.681—.
[1396]Histoire abrégée des Insectes.
[1397]See the oppositepage.
[1398]The first volume of hisMémoireswas published in 1752.
[1399]The first volume of this work was published in 1734, the sixth and last in 1742.
[1400]Reaum. i. Mém. vi. vii. and Mém. ii. 68—.
[1401]Smith'sTour, iii. 150.
[1402]Vol.I. p.175. Also see above, p.166—.
[1403]Bonnet i. 19—.
[1404]We have been informed that these valuable remains are at length likely to be rescued from oblivion, and given to the public.
[1405]Vol.II. p. 48, note51.
[1406]Since the former edition of these volumes was published, another and most important association has been formed, having for its object the Animal Kingdom solely; which not only has a museum to receive specimens of dead animals (by the liberal donation of its present learned secretary, of his own rich collection, and from other sources, already most interesting both as a spectacle and to the student), but also a Vivarium, in which a considerable and curious assemblage of living animals may be seen. This association, which is namedThe Zoological Society, is principally indebted for its formation to the efforts of a great, amiable, and lamented character, the late Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, whose merits were equally conspicuous both as a Politician and a Naturalist, and who was its first President.
[1407]Linné is recorded to have said, "Si Dominus Fabricius venit cum aliquoInsecto, et Dominus Zoega cum aliquoMusco, tunc ego pileum detraho et dico: Estote doctores mei." Stœver'sLife of Linnæus. 186.
[1408]Fab.Philos. Entomolog.Præf.
[1409]Vol.III. p.416.
[1410]Philos. Entomolog.vi. §. 2.Syst. Ent.Prolegom.
[1411]From Ελευθερος, Free.
[1412]Derivation uncertain. Perhaps Αυλων, A long and narrow space or tract.
[1413]Συνιστημι, To stand together.
[1414]Πιεζω, To press.
[1415]Οδους, A tooth.
[1416]Μιτος, A thread.
[1417]Unogatais probably a mistake forOnychata; from Ονυξ, A claw.
[1418]Doubtless forPolygnatha; from Πολυς, Many, and Γναθος, A jaw.
[1419]Κλειστος, Closed, and Γναθος.
[1420]Εξω, Without, and Γναθος.
[1421]Γλώσσα, A tongue.
[1422]Ῥυγχος, A rostrum.
[1423]Αντλια, A pump.
[1424]Dispositio insectorum sistit divisiones s. conjunctiones eorum, et estartificialisquæClassesetOrdines, etnaturalisquægenera,species, etvarietatesdocet.Philos. Entomol.vi. §. 2.
[1425]Ibid.§. 7.
[1426]LatreilleGen. Crust. et Ins.iii. 214.
[1427]With respect to Natural Genera he says—"Cavendum tamen ne nimis imitandonaturamsystematis amittamus filum Ariadneum."Ibid.§ 6.
[1428]Fab.Entomolog. Syst. em. et auct.i. Præf. iv.
[1429]Fabricius calls this a chaos, and threatens to prove it, but he never fulfilled his threat. See Fab.Supplem.Præf. i.
[1430]Introd. ad Hist. Nat.401.
[1431]SeeN. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.x. articleEntomologie; andFamilles Naturelles du Règne Animal262—.
[1432]These tables, except the first, are taken from theFamilles Naturelles du Règne Animal. As a new edition of M. Le Baron Cuvier'sRègne Animalis preparing, M. Latreille will doubtless give in it a still more improved arrangement of theCrustacea,Arachnida, andInsecta.
[1433]Several of the minor groups given in the table he has further resolved before he arrives at his genera.
[1434]Vol.III. p. 348, note903.
[1435]See above, p.433.
[1436]Syst. des Anim. sans Vertèbr.185.
[1437]Ibid.171.
[1438]Anim. sans Vertèbr.iii. 332—.
[1439]Anat. Comp.i.t.viii.
[1440]Expos. d'une Meth. Nat.17.
[1441]Vol.III. p.19.
[1442]Linn. Trans.xi. 376. N. B. I have transferred from theArachnidahis suborderNotostomata, as he subsequently placed it at the end ofInsecta, under theOmaloptera.
[1443]See above, pp.378,380,385,390.
[1444]Vol.III. p.14.
[1445]SeeVol.III. p.25—. and above, p.394—.
[1446]Hor. Entomolog.c.vi.
[1447]See above, p.382.
[1448]Hor. Entomolog.420—.
[1449]Ibid.422.
[1450]Other systems or methods have been promulgated by various authors, as by Schæffer, Scopoli, Geoffroy, &c. Walckenaer and Blainville have proposed one founded on the number of thelegsof insects; but those in the text are the principal and best known.—N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat.xvi. 277.
[1451]Linn. Trans.xiv. 59—.Annulos. Javan.6. See above, p.408.
[1452]LatreilleGen. Crust. et Ins.iii. 226. note 1.
[1453]Præf.ii.
[1454]Linn. Trans.ii. 63—.
[1455]Mon. Ap. Angl.i. 211—.
[1456]Vol.III. p.620. n. 3.
[1457]It may not be unprofitable here to mention those works which the Entomologist may find it most useful to consult in various departments of the science. For descriptions of theGeneraandSpeciesof insects in general, he must have recourse to theEntomologia Systematica emendata et auctaof Fabricius, and itsSupplement; to the volumes he subsequently published under the titlesSystema Eleutheratorum,Rhyngotorum,Glossatorum,Piezatorum, andAntliatorum; to theGenera Crustaceorum et Insectorumof Latreille; to the same department of theRègne Animalof Cuvier; and to theAnimaux sans Vertèbresof Lamarck. He will find the genera of Linné and Fabricius illustrated byfigures, in Rœmer'sGenera; and many of the species described by the latter in Coquebert'sIllustratio Iconographica. In our countryman Drury's beautifulIllustrations of Natural History, a large number of new and rare insects are depicted; and in Mr. Donovan'sInsects of China, India, and New Holland, some of the most brilliant and interesting that have been imported from those countries. Panzer'sFaunæ Insectorum Germanicæ Initiahas little short of 3000 figures of insects of every Order (a considerable number of which are found to inhabit Britain), by the celebrated Sturm; and the latter, in hisDeutschlands Fauna, has illustrated many Coleopterous genera analytically (as has also M. Clairville the weevils and Predaceous beetles of Switzerland in hisEntomologie Helvétique) by his admirable pencil. Beetles in general are well figured and described in Olivier's splendidEntomologie; as are those of Europe in a beautiful work now in course of publication, under the title ofColeoptères d'Europe, by MM. Latreille and Dejean. The latter author has also begun a work on this Order under the title ofSpecies général des Coléoptères de la Collection de M. Le Comte Dejean; two volumes of which have appeared, containing part of theCarabiciLatr. but I fear it has stopped for want of encouragement. Had the descriptions been less verbose it would have had a better chance of success. For theOrthopteraandHemiptera, the student must have recourse to Stoll'sSpectres,Mantes,Sauterelles,Grillons,Blattes,Cigales, andPunaises. To a knowledge of the species ofLepidoptera, the admirable figures of Cramer (Papillons Exotiques de trois Partiesdu Monde), Esper (Schmetterlinge,Tagschmetterlinge), Hübner (Schmetterlinge, &c.), and Ochsenheimer's valuableSchmetterlinge von Europa, with the continuation by Treitschke, will afford a useful avenue. Meigen also, author of a most valuable work on the EuropæanDiptera, is publishing at this time a work onLepidopteraunder the title ofEuropäische Schmetterlinge. To theHymenopteraJurine and Christian are the best guides, and to theDipteraMeigen.
With regard to works in British Entomology in general—Donovan'sNatural History of British Insects, and Samouelle'sEntomologist's Useful Compendium, will be found very excellent helps to the student. For the British Genera, the most important work that has yet appeared is Mr. John Curtis'sBritish Entomology, in which not only are the insects admirably represented, but their trophi correctly delineated, accompanied by able descriptions. For theColeopteraof our country, Mr. Marsham'sEntomologia Britannicashould be consulted: for theLepidoptera, theButterfliesof Lewin, Mr. Haworth's usefulLepidoptera Britannica, and Miss Jermyn'sButterfly-Collector's Vade Mecum; and for the English species of Linné's genusApis, theMonographia Apum Angliæ. A BritishFauna Insectorum, under the title ofIllustrations of British Entomology, has at length been happily begun by a gentleman (J. F. Stephens, Esq.) who both by his accurate knowledge of the subject, and the extent of his collection of British Insects, is best qualified to undertake it. As far as it has proceeded, it is ably executed, and possesses this advantage, (an advantage seldom to be obtained in works published periodically,) that it finishes, as far as possible, as it goes.
[1458]Linn.Philos. Botan.§ 334.
[1459]Linn. Trans.x. 20—. &c.Dict. des Scienc. Nat.xviii.
[1460]Selbornei. 173.
[1461]Philos. Entomolog.ix. § 20.
[1462]Mém. du Mus.1815.
[1463]Hor. Entomolog.42—. 518.
[1464]Essai Elément. de Géograph. Botan.62.
[1465]Wisdom of God, &c. 2d edit. 9.
[1466]Hor. Entomolog.469. This calculation includes theCrustacea.
[1467]It has lately been discovered that the larva ofDrilus flavescens, a beetle, feeds upon the common snail. (Bulletin des Scienc. Nat.1824. iii. 297; v. 110; vi. 221.) I have found anAcaruson the same animal.
[1468]See above, p.219—.
[1469]We employ this term, because the more common one,herbivorous, does not properly include devourers of timber, fungi, &c.
[1470]If we consider the number of species ofAcari,Nirmi,Poduræ, andAraneidæ, this proportion will appear moderate.
[1471]Hor. Entomolog.48.
[1472]Philos. Entomolog.ix. § 20.
[1473]Géograph. Génér. des Ins.5.
[1474]Ibid.
[1475]Ibid.7—.
[1476]Ibid.8, 11.
[1477]Personal Narrat.E. T. v. 88. He says also that each stream almost has its peculiar species (Ibid.98), and that they sometimes emigrate to stations they had not infested before.Ibid.106—.
[1478]Hor. Entomolog.519.
[1479]Latr.ubi supr.3.
[1480]Géographie, &c. 22—.
[1481]Ibid.27.
[1482]Géographie, &c. 20—.
[1483]See above, p.494.
[1484]As this insect is the type of a distinct genus amongst theScutelleridæ, I have distinguished it by the name Fabricius gave the whole tribe.
[1485]M. Latreille (Géographie, &c. 8.) seems to regard these varieties asdistinct; in which case they would be therepresentativesof the species named in the text: but the variations are mostly so slight, as not to afford any satisfactory distinctive characters.
[1486]Géogr. Génér. des Ins.2.
[1487]When I described the Melville Island insects for Captain Sabine, I received from him noCulices; but I afterwards saw in his possession a genuine one from thence.—K.
[1488]Linn. Trans.xii. 380—. n. 6, 7.
[1489]Ibid.n. 5.
[1490]Dejean in his catalogue gives only 434 species; while Mr. Stephens,fouryears ago, had 550, and has since increased the number to above 600.
[1491]Journal of a Tour in Iceland, 272.
[1492]Vol.I. p.115—.
[1493]Entomogr. Russ.Coleopt.t.xiii.f.1.
[1494]Ahren'sFn. Europ.i. 1.
[1495]Hor. Ent.47—.
[1496]Annulosa Javanica, 36.
[1497]See the Rev. L. Guilding's admirableHistoryofXylocopa TeredoandHoria(CissitesLatr.)maculata, Linn. Trans, xiv. 313—.
[1498]Out of 51 species described by Bilberg, 28 are African, and 19 of these are from the Cape.
[1499]Géogr. Génér. des Ins.18.
[1500]Hor. Entomolog.45.
[1501]Dr. Leach has described 8 British species (Linn. Trans.xi. 37.); Dejean has 7 Spanish ones.
[1502]I have a very splendid species of this genus taken by C. C. Elwes Esq. on the Pyrenees, which is undescribed, and falls under none of the count Dejean's Families, having its elytra perfectly smooth, without striæ, punctures, &c. It is of a brilliant golden green. It stands in my cabinet under the name ofC. lævigatus. K.
[1503]FischerEntomogr. Russ.90—.t.viii.f.13.
[1504]Vol.III. p.562.
[1505]Major General Hardwicke gave me one of this description from Nepal.
[1506]Latr.Géograph.&c. 18—.
[1507]Linn. Trans.xiv.t.iii.f.4.
[1508]Hor. Entom.147.
[1509]Linn. Trans.ubi supr.f.1.
[1510]Ibid.xii.t.xxi.f.9.
[1511]Ibid.f.14.
[1512]To this genus belongMelolontha aurulenta. Ibid. 400; andM. sericea. Ibid. 463.
[1513]Latr.Géograph.7.
[1514]Cetonia atropunctataandBrowniiofLinn. Trans.(xii. 464.t.xxiii.f.6.) belong to this genus.
[1515]Linn. Trans.xii.t.xxii.f.2;t.xxiii.f.7.
[1516]Latreille,Géograph.&c. 10.
[1517]Linn. Trans.xiv. 569.
[1518]See above, p.496.
[1519]Fischer,Entomogr. Russ.i. 135.
[1520]From finding it in water, Fabricius considered this insect as aHydrophilus, but it is a trueCercyon.
[1521]See above, p.401.
[1522]Personal Narrat.E. T. v. 91—.
[1523]SeeVol.I. p.470—.
[1524]A species ofGyrinus(G. Viola aquatica), described by Modeer (Linn. Syst. Nat.Ed. Gmel. i. 1612. n. 9.), is said to inhabitsaltwater.
[1525]Géograph.&c. 6.
[1526]Apis*., a.Mon. Ap. Angl.ii. 178—.
[1527]Linn. Trans.iv. 30—. v. 96—.t.iv.
[1528]Vol.I.LetterVI.
[1529]Géograph.&c. 6.
[1530]Vol.II. p.255.
[1531]These, as well asMelecta, are probably a kind ofCuckow-bee.Mon. Ap. Angl.i. 150.
[1532]Melitta* *. b.Mon. Ap. Angl.i. 138—.
[1533]Mémoires sur le gènreHalicte.
[1534]Vol.II. p.9.
[1535]Linn. Trans.ix. 78—.t.i.f.20.
[1536]Ibid.55.t.i.f.12.
[1537]This insect does not, I believe, eat the petals of the rose, butlapsthe nectar it produces. I have seen it employed upon wounded trees lapping the sap.
[1538]Mon. Ap. Angl.ii. 172. 257.
[1539]See above, p. 491, note1467.
[1540]Ibid.p. 219; andVol.I. p.267—.
[1541]Ibid.p. 256—.
[1542]Apis* *. e. 2. K.
[1543]Apis* *. c. 2. α. K.
[1544]Butterfly Collector's Vade Mecum, 66, noted.
[1545]De Geer ii. 638—. 641—.
[1546]Swamm.Bibl. Nat.i. Conf. 114 with 103.
[1547]Reaum. vi. 480—.
[1548]Vol.II. p.11.
[1549]Lepidopt. Britann.263—.
[1550]Linn. Trans.v. 256.
[1551]Vol.II. p.95—.
[1552]See above, p.254—.
[1553]Vol.II. p.217. See above, p.200.
[1554]Entomologist's Useful Compendium.t.xi.f.5.
[1555]PlateXXIV.Fig.1.
[1556]Lepidopt. Britann.20.
[1557]Vol.I. p.187.
[1558]PlateXXIV.Fig.3.
[1559]PlateXXIV.Fig.4.
[1560]Samouelle'sCompendium.t.xi.f.1, 2.