It was by the language oftermsthat he invented and employed, as well as by his system and methods of arrangement, that Linné smoothed the way to the study of Natural History;—having therefore led you through a large portion of thefloweryfields of the Science of Entomology, I must now conduct you into thataridbut not barren or unprofitable region. To enable you to understand descriptions of insects, or to describe them yourself, you must have a knowledge of thetechnicallanguage by which their parts and characters are expressed. Much of this you already know from the definitions of external parts, furnished in a former letter[1074]: I shall now give you a more full and general explanation of terms, adding many new ones for unnoticed characters, that may be conveniently employed.
The science of terms, which I shall callOrismology[1075], may be divided intotwobranches—GeneralOrismology, andPartialOrismology; the first containinggeneraldefinitions, and the last those relating toparticularparts and organs.
A. GENERAL ORISMOLOGY.
I. SUBSTANCE.
1.Membranous(Membranacea). A fine, thin, transparent substance. AMembrane.—Ex.WingsofHymenopteraandDiptera.2.Pergameneous(Pergamenea). A thin, tough, and less transparent substance, somewhat resemblingparchment.—Ex. TheTegminaof theOrthoptera[1076].3.Coriaceous(Coriacea). A thicker, flexible substance, resemblingleather.—Ex.ElytraofTelephorusand theMalacodermi.4.Corneous(Cornea). A hard inflexible substance resemblinghorn.—Ex.ElytraofLucanus Cervusand many otherColeoptera.5.Crustaceous(Crustacea). A rigid calcareous substance.—Ex. TheShellof aLobsterorCrab.6.Callous(Callosa). A substance without pores, harder than the surrounding matter, and usually elevated above it.—Ex. Elevated parts of theCollarinNomada. (Mon. Ap. Angl.Apis * b.)[1077]Spots on theelytraofStenocorus(TylostagmusK. MS.)bimaculatusand affinities.7.Cartilagineous(Cartilaginea). A gristly substance between bone and ligament.—Ex. TheTongueof manyHymenoptera.8.Subereous(Suberea). A soft elastic substancesomewhat resemblingcork[1078]. Thegallsof some species ofCynipswhen mature approach to this substance.9.Spongiose(Spongiosa). A soft elastic substance resemblingsponge.—Ex. ThePulvilliofThanasimus,Buprestis, &c.10.Ligneous(Lignosa). A hard unelastic substance likewood.—Ex.Gallsof some species ofCynips.11.Carnose(Carnosa). A soft,fleshysubstance.—Ex.CaterpillarsandGrubs.12.Tubulose(Tubulosa). When the interior ishollowor empty.13.Solid(Solida). When the interior isfull.
1.Membranous(Membranacea). A fine, thin, transparent substance. AMembrane.—Ex.WingsofHymenopteraandDiptera.
2.Pergameneous(Pergamenea). A thin, tough, and less transparent substance, somewhat resemblingparchment.—Ex. TheTegminaof theOrthoptera[1076].
3.Coriaceous(Coriacea). A thicker, flexible substance, resemblingleather.—Ex.ElytraofTelephorusand theMalacodermi.
4.Corneous(Cornea). A hard inflexible substance resemblinghorn.—Ex.ElytraofLucanus Cervusand many otherColeoptera.
5.Crustaceous(Crustacea). A rigid calcareous substance.—Ex. TheShellof aLobsterorCrab.
6.Callous(Callosa). A substance without pores, harder than the surrounding matter, and usually elevated above it.—Ex. Elevated parts of theCollarinNomada. (Mon. Ap. Angl.Apis * b.)[1077]Spots on theelytraofStenocorus(TylostagmusK. MS.)bimaculatusand affinities.
7.Cartilagineous(Cartilaginea). A gristly substance between bone and ligament.—Ex. TheTongueof manyHymenoptera.
8.Subereous(Suberea). A soft elastic substancesomewhat resemblingcork[1078]. Thegallsof some species ofCynipswhen mature approach to this substance.
9.Spongiose(Spongiosa). A soft elastic substance resemblingsponge.—Ex. ThePulvilliofThanasimus,Buprestis, &c.
10.Ligneous(Lignosa). A hard unelastic substance likewood.—Ex.Gallsof some species ofCynips.
11.Carnose(Carnosa). A soft,fleshysubstance.—Ex.CaterpillarsandGrubs.
12.Tubulose(Tubulosa). When the interior ishollowor empty.
13.Solid(Solida). When the interior isfull.
II. RESISTANCE.
1.Rigid(Rigida). Hard, which does not bend or yield to pressure.—Ex. The weevils (Rhyncophora).2.Flexile(Flexilis). Which easily bends, or yields to pressure without breaking.—Ex.ElytraofTelephorus.3.Soft(Mollis). Flexile and retaining the marks of pressure.—Ex.ElytraofMeloe.
1.Rigid(Rigida). Hard, which does not bend or yield to pressure.—Ex. The weevils (Rhyncophora).
2.Flexile(Flexilis). Which easily bends, or yields to pressure without breaking.—Ex.ElytraofTelephorus.
3.Soft(Mollis). Flexile and retaining the marks of pressure.—Ex.ElytraofMeloe.
III. DENSITY.
1.Foliaceous(Foliacea). Very thin and depressed, scarcely thicker than a leaf.—Ex.Aradus corticalisandCoreus paradoxus.2.Depressed(Depressa). When theverticalsection is shorter than thetransverse.—Ex.Trogosita mauritanica.3.Compressed(Compressa). When thetransversesection is shorter than thevertical.—Ex.Centrotus cornutus:AbdomeninCynips.4.Plump(Pinguis). Naturally and proportionably plump.—Ex.Thylacites, &c. Most of theCicadæ.5.Obese(Obesa). Unnaturally enlarged and distended, as if from disease or too much food. Ex.Chrysomela Polygoni♀,Galeruca Tanaceti♀,Brachycerus.6.Ventricose(Ventricosa). Bellying out as if filled with air.—Ex.Pneumora.
1.Foliaceous(Foliacea). Very thin and depressed, scarcely thicker than a leaf.—Ex.Aradus corticalisandCoreus paradoxus.
2.Depressed(Depressa). When theverticalsection is shorter than thetransverse.—Ex.Trogosita mauritanica.
3.Compressed(Compressa). When thetransversesection is shorter than thevertical.—Ex.Centrotus cornutus:AbdomeninCynips.
4.Plump(Pinguis). Naturally and proportionably plump.—Ex.Thylacites, &c. Most of theCicadæ.
5.Obese(Obesa). Unnaturally enlarged and distended, as if from disease or too much food. Ex.Chrysomela Polygoni♀,Galeruca Tanaceti♀,Brachycerus.
6.Ventricose(Ventricosa). Bellying out as if filled with air.—Ex.Pneumora.
IV. PROPORTION.
1.Thick(Crassa). Disproportionably thick throughout.—Ex.Copris.2.Incrassate(Incrassata). Disproportionably thick in part.—Ex.Baseof theAbdomenofÆshnaand manyLibellulina.PlateIX.Fig.9.3.Slender(Tenuis). Disproportionably slender throughout.—Ex.Lixus paraplecticus.4.Attenuate(Attenuata). Disproportionably slender in part.—Ex.TailofScorpio,Raphidia♂, &c.5.Broad(Lata). Disproportionably broad throughout.6.Dilatate(Dilatata). Disproportionably broad in part.—Ex.ElytraofLycus fasciatus, &c.PlateXIII.Fig.20.7.Narrow(Angusta). Disproportionably narrow throughout.—Ex.AbdomenofAgrion.8.Angustate(Angustata). Disproportionably narrow in part.—Ex.ElytraofSitaris humeralis.PlateXIII.Fig.19.9.Long(Longa). Disproportionably long throughout.—Ex.Scolopendra.10.Elongate(Elongata). Disproportionably long in part.—Ex.AbdomenofLibellulina.11.Short(Brevis). Disproportionably short throughout.—Ex.Copris.12.Abbreviate(Abbreviata). Disproportionably short in part.—Ex.ElytraofStaphylinidæ,Atractocerus, &c.
1.Thick(Crassa). Disproportionably thick throughout.—Ex.Copris.
2.Incrassate(Incrassata). Disproportionably thick in part.—Ex.Baseof theAbdomenofÆshnaand manyLibellulina.PlateIX.Fig.9.
3.Slender(Tenuis). Disproportionably slender throughout.—Ex.Lixus paraplecticus.
4.Attenuate(Attenuata). Disproportionably slender in part.—Ex.TailofScorpio,Raphidia♂, &c.
5.Broad(Lata). Disproportionably broad throughout.
6.Dilatate(Dilatata). Disproportionably broad in part.—Ex.ElytraofLycus fasciatus, &c.PlateXIII.Fig.20.
7.Narrow(Angusta). Disproportionably narrow throughout.—Ex.AbdomenofAgrion.
8.Angustate(Angustata). Disproportionably narrow in part.—Ex.ElytraofSitaris humeralis.PlateXIII.Fig.19.
9.Long(Longa). Disproportionably long throughout.—Ex.Scolopendra.
10.Elongate(Elongata). Disproportionably long in part.—Ex.AbdomenofLibellulina.
11.Short(Brevis). Disproportionably short throughout.—Ex.Copris.
12.Abbreviate(Abbreviata). Disproportionably short in part.—Ex.ElytraofStaphylinidæ,Atractocerus, &c.
V. FIGURE[1079].
1.Circular(Circularis). Having the diameter every way equal.PlateXXIX.Fig.16, 17.2.Rotundate(Rotundata). Rounded at the angles or sides.PlateXXIX.Fig.19.3.Oval(Ovalis). Having thelongitudinaldiametertwicethe length of thetransverse, and the ends circumscribed by equal segments of a circle.PlateXX.Fig.6.4.Elliptic(Elliptica). Oval, but having thelongitudinaldiametermorethantwicethe length of thetransverse.PlateXX.Fig.19.5.Oblong(Oblonga). Having thelongitudinaldiametermorethantwicethe length of thetransverse, and the ends varying, or rounded.PlateXX.Fig.3, 9.6.Ovate(Ovata). Oval, but having the ends circumscribed by unequal segments of circles.PlateXX.Fig.12, 13.7.Cordate(Cordata). Heart-shaped. Ovate or subovate and hollowed out at the base, without posterior angles.PlateIX.Fig.22.8.Sagittate(Sagittata). Arrow-shaped. Triangular, hollowed out at the base with posterior angles.PlateXXVII.Fig.41.w´´´.9.Hastate(Hastata). Halberd-shaped. Triangular, hollowed out at the base and sides with the posterior angles spreading.—Ex.Hornof theprothoraxofDynastes hastatus.Postfurcain manyColeoptera.PlateXXII.Fig.5.b†.10.Triangular;Quadrangular;Quinquangular;Sexangular(Triangula;Quadrangula;Quinquangula;Sexangula). Havingthree,four,five, orsixangles.11.Turbinate(Turbinata). Top-shaped, triangular with curved sides.PlateXXV.Fig.18.12.Ensate(Ensata). Gradually tapering till it ends in a point.—Ex.OvipositorofAcrida viridissima.PlateXV.Fig.19.13.Lanceolate(Lanceolata). Oblong and gradually tapering towards each extremity.—Ex. TheCerciinBlatta.PlateXV.Fig.23.Q´´.14.Sigmoidal(Sigmoidea). S-shaped. Lanceolate and concave on one side at the base, and on the other at the apex.—Ex.OvipositorofCimbex,PlateXV.Fig.21.H´´.15.Cuneate(Cuneata). Wedge-shaped. Having thelongitudinaldiameter exceeding thetransverse,and narrowing gradually downwards.PlateX.Fig.11.16.Acinacicate(Acinacicata). Falchion-shaped. Curved with the apex truncate, and growing gradually wider towards the end.—Ex.AbdomenofOphion,Fœnus, and otherIchneumonidæ[1080].17.Lunulate(Lunulata). Crescent-shaped. Curved with both ends acute, like the moon in her first quarter.—Ex.Lastjoint of thelabial palpiofOxyporus.PlateXIII.Fig.4.a.18.Falcate(Falcata). Sickle-shaped. Curved with the apex acute.—Ex.OvipositorofAcrida varia.AntennæofAtractocerus.PlateXI.Fig.8.19.Linear(Linearis). Narrow and of the same width throughout.—Ex.WingsofPterophorus monodactylus.20.Arcuate(Arcuata). Linear and bent like a bow.—Ex.RostrumofBalaninus Nucum.PlateXIII.Fig.12.21.Cultrate(Cultrata). Coulter-shaped. Straight on one side and curved on the other.—Ex.Ovipositorof someSaw-flies.Under-wingof manyIchneumonidæ.22.Spatulate(Spatulata). Spatula-shaped. Broader and rounded at theapex, linear and narrow at thebase.—Ex.AbdomenofIchneumon amictoriusPanz.23.Clepsydrate(Clepsydrata). Hour-glass-shaped.Broader at the base and apex—Ex. TheProsternumof many Capricorn beetles.24.Clavate(Clavata). Club-shaped. Linear at thebase, but towards theapexgrowing gradually broader.PlateXI.Fig.4.25.Quadrate(Quadrata). Square. Quadrilateral with the sidesequaland the anglesrightangles.26.Rhomboid(Rhomboidea). Quadrilateral with the sides equal, but with two opposite anglesacute, and twoobtuse.PlateXXVII.Fig.62.t´´.27.Trapezate(Trapezata). Quadrilateral with thefoursides unequal, and none of them perfectly parallel.PlateXIV.Fig.4.28.Trapezoid(Trapezoidea). Quadrilateral, withtwosides unequal and parallel[1081].PlateXXVI.Fig.34. b´.29.Parallelogramical(Parallelogramica). Quadrilateral, withallthe angles right angles, andallthe sides parallel, but two longer than the others.
1.Circular(Circularis). Having the diameter every way equal.PlateXXIX.Fig.16, 17.
2.Rotundate(Rotundata). Rounded at the angles or sides.PlateXXIX.Fig.19.
3.Oval(Ovalis). Having thelongitudinaldiametertwicethe length of thetransverse, and the ends circumscribed by equal segments of a circle.PlateXX.Fig.6.
4.Elliptic(Elliptica). Oval, but having thelongitudinaldiametermorethantwicethe length of thetransverse.PlateXX.Fig.19.
5.Oblong(Oblonga). Having thelongitudinaldiametermorethantwicethe length of thetransverse, and the ends varying, or rounded.PlateXX.Fig.3, 9.
6.Ovate(Ovata). Oval, but having the ends circumscribed by unequal segments of circles.PlateXX.Fig.12, 13.
7.Cordate(Cordata). Heart-shaped. Ovate or subovate and hollowed out at the base, without posterior angles.PlateIX.Fig.22.
8.Sagittate(Sagittata). Arrow-shaped. Triangular, hollowed out at the base with posterior angles.PlateXXVII.Fig.41.w´´´.
9.Hastate(Hastata). Halberd-shaped. Triangular, hollowed out at the base and sides with the posterior angles spreading.—Ex.Hornof theprothoraxofDynastes hastatus.Postfurcain manyColeoptera.PlateXXII.Fig.5.b†.
10.Triangular;Quadrangular;Quinquangular;Sexangular(Triangula;Quadrangula;Quinquangula;Sexangula). Havingthree,four,five, orsixangles.
11.Turbinate(Turbinata). Top-shaped, triangular with curved sides.PlateXXV.Fig.18.
12.Ensate(Ensata). Gradually tapering till it ends in a point.—Ex.OvipositorofAcrida viridissima.PlateXV.Fig.19.
13.Lanceolate(Lanceolata). Oblong and gradually tapering towards each extremity.—Ex. TheCerciinBlatta.PlateXV.Fig.23.Q´´.
14.Sigmoidal(Sigmoidea). S-shaped. Lanceolate and concave on one side at the base, and on the other at the apex.—Ex.OvipositorofCimbex,PlateXV.Fig.21.H´´.
15.Cuneate(Cuneata). Wedge-shaped. Having thelongitudinaldiameter exceeding thetransverse,and narrowing gradually downwards.PlateX.Fig.11.
16.Acinacicate(Acinacicata). Falchion-shaped. Curved with the apex truncate, and growing gradually wider towards the end.—Ex.AbdomenofOphion,Fœnus, and otherIchneumonidæ[1080].
17.Lunulate(Lunulata). Crescent-shaped. Curved with both ends acute, like the moon in her first quarter.—Ex.Lastjoint of thelabial palpiofOxyporus.PlateXIII.Fig.4.a.
18.Falcate(Falcata). Sickle-shaped. Curved with the apex acute.—Ex.OvipositorofAcrida varia.AntennæofAtractocerus.PlateXI.Fig.8.
19.Linear(Linearis). Narrow and of the same width throughout.—Ex.WingsofPterophorus monodactylus.
20.Arcuate(Arcuata). Linear and bent like a bow.—Ex.RostrumofBalaninus Nucum.PlateXIII.Fig.12.
21.Cultrate(Cultrata). Coulter-shaped. Straight on one side and curved on the other.—Ex.Ovipositorof someSaw-flies.Under-wingof manyIchneumonidæ.
22.Spatulate(Spatulata). Spatula-shaped. Broader and rounded at theapex, linear and narrow at thebase.—Ex.AbdomenofIchneumon amictoriusPanz.
23.Clepsydrate(Clepsydrata). Hour-glass-shaped.Broader at the base and apex—Ex. TheProsternumof many Capricorn beetles.
24.Clavate(Clavata). Club-shaped. Linear at thebase, but towards theapexgrowing gradually broader.PlateXI.Fig.4.
25.Quadrate(Quadrata). Square. Quadrilateral with the sidesequaland the anglesrightangles.
26.Rhomboid(Rhomboidea). Quadrilateral with the sides equal, but with two opposite anglesacute, and twoobtuse.PlateXXVII.Fig.62.t´´.
27.Trapezate(Trapezata). Quadrilateral with thefoursides unequal, and none of them perfectly parallel.PlateXIV.Fig.4.
28.Trapezoid(Trapezoidea). Quadrilateral, withtwosides unequal and parallel[1081].PlateXXVI.Fig.34. b´.
29.Parallelogramical(Parallelogramica). Quadrilateral, withallthe angles right angles, andallthe sides parallel, but two longer than the others.
VI. FORM[1082].
1.Spherical(Sphærica). The shape of aglobe. A body whose diameter every way is equal.PlateXX.Fig.5.2.Orbiculate(Orbiculata). A depressed globe, whosehorizontalsection is circular, andverticaloval.PlateXX.Fig.10, 11.3.Lenticular(Lenticularis). Lens-shaped. Whosehorizontalsection is circular, andverticallanceolate.—Ex.AbdomenofCynips aptera.4.Ovaliform(Ovaliformis). Whoselongitudinalsection is oval, andtransversecircular.PlateXX.Fig.6.5.Ellipsoid(Ellipsoidea). Whoselongitudinalsection is elliptical, andtransversecircular.PlateXX.Fig.19.6.Oviform(Oviformis). Whoselongitudinalsection is ovate, andtransversecircular.PlateXX.Fig.12, 13.7.Cucumiform(Cucumiformis). Cucumber-shaped. Whoselongitudinalsection is oblong, andtransversecircular.PlateXX.Fig.18, excluding theneck.8.Cordiform(Cordiformis). Oviform and hollowed out at the base without posterior angles.PlateIX.Fig.22.9.Conical(Conica). Whoseverticalsection is triangular, andhorizontalcircular.—Ex.AbdomenofCœlioxys conica(Apis* * b. K.).PlateXX.Fig.7.10.Turbiniform(Turbiniformis). Whoseverticalsection is turbinate, andhorizontalcircular.—Ex.JointsofantennæofAleochara socialis, and many others of that genus.11.Pyramidal(Pyramidalis). Whoseverticalsection is triangular, andhorizontalquadrangular.12.Cuneiform(Cuneiformis). Whoseverticalsection is cuneate, andhorizontalparallelogramical.13.Triquetrous(Triquetra). Whosehorizontalsections are equilateral triangles.PlateXI.Fig.6.14.Ensiform(Ensiformis). Whosehorizontalsections areacute-angled triangles graduallydiminishingin diameter from the base to the apex, and propagated in astraightline.PlateXI.Fig.7.15.Acinaciform(Acinaciformis). Whosehorizontalsections areacute-angled triangles graduallyincreasingin diameter from the base to the apex, and propagated in acurvedline.16.Cultriform(Cultriformis). Whosehorizontalsections are equal acute-angled triangles, or a three-sided body with two equal sides large and the third small.17.Deltoid(Deltoidea). Short with the horizontal section triangular and decreasing in diameter towards the base.—Ex.Apexof theposterior tibiainCopris lunaris.18.Trigonal;Tetragonal;Pentagonal;Hexagonal;Polygonal(Trigona;Tetragona;Pentagona;Hexagona;Polygona). Whose horizontal section is triangular; quadrangular; quinquangular; sexangular; multiangular.19.Triedral;Tetraedral;Pentaedral;Hexaedral;Polyedral(Triedra;Tetraedra;Pentaedra;Hexaedra;Polyedra). That haththreesides;foursides;fivesides;sixsides;manysides.20.Prismoidal(Prismoidalis). Having more thanfoursides and whosehorizontalsection is a polygon[1083].PlateVI.Fig.13.a, b,d´.21.Trapeziform(Trapeziformis). Whosehorizontalsection is aTrapezium.22.Trapezoidiform(Trapezoidiformis). Whosehorizontalsection is trapezoid.23.Rhombiform(Rhombiformis). Whosehorizontalsection is rhomboidal.PlateVIII.Fig.11.24.Two-edged(Anceps). Whosehorizontalsection is lanceolate.25.Cylindrical(Cylindrica). Whosehorizontalsections are all equal circles.PlateXXI.Fig.4.26.Fusiform(Fusiformis). Spindle-shaped. Whoseverticalsection is lanceolate or lineari-lanceolate, andhorizontalcircular.PlateXXIII.Fig.12.27.Columnar(Teres). Whoseverticalsection is cuneate, andhorizontalcircular.PlateXVI.Fig.2, 3.28.Claviform(Claviformis). Whoseverticalsection is clavate, andhorizontalcircular.PlateXI. XII.Fig.4.29.Cubical(Cubica).Six-sided, with sides quadrate.30.Parallelopipedous(Parallelopipeda).Six-sided, withfourparallelogramical andtwoquadrate sides.31.Pyriform(Pyriformis). Pear-shaped. Whoseverticalsection is spatulate, andhorizontalcircular.—Ex.Apion, &c.32.Infundibuliform(Infundibuliformis). Funnel-shaped. Whosehorizontalsections are circular, at first equal and then progressively larger and larger.PlateXXII.Fig.12. c.33.Fornicate(Fornicata). Convex above and concave beneath.PlateXIII.Fig.18.a.34.Coarctate(Coarctata). When the diameter ofthemiddleis less than that of theends.—Ex.Posterior thighofLocusta.PlateXIV.Fig.5.35.Calceoliform(Calceoliformis). Oblong, and somewhat coarctate in the middle.—Ex.AbdomenofChelonus.36.Lageniform(Lageniformis). Bellying out and then ending in a narrow neck, something like abottle.—Ex.Sperm-reservoirattached to the oviduct inPontia.PlateXXX.Fig.12.d.37.Constrict(Constricta). Suddenly and disproportionably smaller at one end.PlateXXII.Fig.15.38.Luniform(Luniformis). Whose longitudinal section is lunate.PlateXIII.Fig.4.39.Nodose(Nodosa). Having one or more knobs or swellings.PlateXII.Fig.5.40.Geniculate(Geniculata). Bent so as to form a knee or angle.PlateXII.Fig.7.
1.Spherical(Sphærica). The shape of aglobe. A body whose diameter every way is equal.PlateXX.Fig.5.
2.Orbiculate(Orbiculata). A depressed globe, whosehorizontalsection is circular, andverticaloval.PlateXX.Fig.10, 11.
3.Lenticular(Lenticularis). Lens-shaped. Whosehorizontalsection is circular, andverticallanceolate.—Ex.AbdomenofCynips aptera.
4.Ovaliform(Ovaliformis). Whoselongitudinalsection is oval, andtransversecircular.PlateXX.Fig.6.
5.Ellipsoid(Ellipsoidea). Whoselongitudinalsection is elliptical, andtransversecircular.PlateXX.Fig.19.
6.Oviform(Oviformis). Whoselongitudinalsection is ovate, andtransversecircular.PlateXX.Fig.12, 13.
7.Cucumiform(Cucumiformis). Cucumber-shaped. Whoselongitudinalsection is oblong, andtransversecircular.PlateXX.Fig.18, excluding theneck.
8.Cordiform(Cordiformis). Oviform and hollowed out at the base without posterior angles.PlateIX.Fig.22.
9.Conical(Conica). Whoseverticalsection is triangular, andhorizontalcircular.—Ex.AbdomenofCœlioxys conica(Apis* * b. K.).PlateXX.Fig.7.
10.Turbiniform(Turbiniformis). Whoseverticalsection is turbinate, andhorizontalcircular.—Ex.JointsofantennæofAleochara socialis, and many others of that genus.
11.Pyramidal(Pyramidalis). Whoseverticalsection is triangular, andhorizontalquadrangular.
12.Cuneiform(Cuneiformis). Whoseverticalsection is cuneate, andhorizontalparallelogramical.
13.Triquetrous(Triquetra). Whosehorizontalsections are equilateral triangles.PlateXI.Fig.6.
14.Ensiform(Ensiformis). Whosehorizontalsections areacute-angled triangles graduallydiminishingin diameter from the base to the apex, and propagated in astraightline.PlateXI.Fig.7.
15.Acinaciform(Acinaciformis). Whosehorizontalsections areacute-angled triangles graduallyincreasingin diameter from the base to the apex, and propagated in acurvedline.
16.Cultriform(Cultriformis). Whosehorizontalsections are equal acute-angled triangles, or a three-sided body with two equal sides large and the third small.
17.Deltoid(Deltoidea). Short with the horizontal section triangular and decreasing in diameter towards the base.—Ex.Apexof theposterior tibiainCopris lunaris.
18.Trigonal;Tetragonal;Pentagonal;Hexagonal;Polygonal(Trigona;Tetragona;Pentagona;Hexagona;Polygona). Whose horizontal section is triangular; quadrangular; quinquangular; sexangular; multiangular.
19.Triedral;Tetraedral;Pentaedral;Hexaedral;Polyedral(Triedra;Tetraedra;Pentaedra;Hexaedra;Polyedra). That haththreesides;foursides;fivesides;sixsides;manysides.
20.Prismoidal(Prismoidalis). Having more thanfoursides and whosehorizontalsection is a polygon[1083].PlateVI.Fig.13.a, b,d´.
21.Trapeziform(Trapeziformis). Whosehorizontalsection is aTrapezium.
22.Trapezoidiform(Trapezoidiformis). Whosehorizontalsection is trapezoid.
23.Rhombiform(Rhombiformis). Whosehorizontalsection is rhomboidal.PlateVIII.Fig.11.
24.Two-edged(Anceps). Whosehorizontalsection is lanceolate.
25.Cylindrical(Cylindrica). Whosehorizontalsections are all equal circles.PlateXXI.Fig.4.
26.Fusiform(Fusiformis). Spindle-shaped. Whoseverticalsection is lanceolate or lineari-lanceolate, andhorizontalcircular.PlateXXIII.Fig.12.
27.Columnar(Teres). Whoseverticalsection is cuneate, andhorizontalcircular.PlateXVI.Fig.2, 3.
28.Claviform(Claviformis). Whoseverticalsection is clavate, andhorizontalcircular.PlateXI. XII.Fig.4.
29.Cubical(Cubica).Six-sided, with sides quadrate.
30.Parallelopipedous(Parallelopipeda).Six-sided, withfourparallelogramical andtwoquadrate sides.
31.Pyriform(Pyriformis). Pear-shaped. Whoseverticalsection is spatulate, andhorizontalcircular.—Ex.Apion, &c.
32.Infundibuliform(Infundibuliformis). Funnel-shaped. Whosehorizontalsections are circular, at first equal and then progressively larger and larger.PlateXXII.Fig.12. c.
33.Fornicate(Fornicata). Convex above and concave beneath.PlateXIII.Fig.18.a.
34.Coarctate(Coarctata). When the diameter ofthemiddleis less than that of theends.—Ex.Posterior thighofLocusta.PlateXIV.Fig.5.
35.Calceoliform(Calceoliformis). Oblong, and somewhat coarctate in the middle.—Ex.AbdomenofChelonus.
36.Lageniform(Lageniformis). Bellying out and then ending in a narrow neck, something like abottle.—Ex.Sperm-reservoirattached to the oviduct inPontia.PlateXXX.Fig.12.d.
37.Constrict(Constricta). Suddenly and disproportionably smaller at one end.PlateXXII.Fig.15.
38.Luniform(Luniformis). Whose longitudinal section is lunate.PlateXIII.Fig.4.
39.Nodose(Nodosa). Having one or more knobs or swellings.PlateXII.Fig.5.
40.Geniculate(Geniculata). Bent so as to form a knee or angle.PlateXII.Fig.7.
VII. SUPERFICIES.
i. PARTS.
1.Disk(Discus). The middle of a surface.2.Limb(Limbus). The circumference.3.Margin(Margo). The extreme sides.4.Apex(Apex). The summit.5.Base(Basis). The bottom.6.Supine Surface(Pagina superior). Theuppersurface.7.Prone Surface(Pagina inferior). Theundersurface.
1.Disk(Discus). The middle of a surface.
2.Limb(Limbus). The circumference.
3.Margin(Margo). The extreme sides.
4.Apex(Apex). The summit.
5.Base(Basis). The bottom.
6.Supine Surface(Pagina superior). Theuppersurface.
7.Prone Surface(Pagina inferior). Theundersurface.
ii. ELEVATIONandDEPRESSION.
1.Navicular(Navicularis). When two sides meet and form an angle like theouterbottom of aboat.—Ex.Notonecta glauca.2.Convex(Convexa). An elevation the arc of whichisthe segment of a circle.—Ex.UpperSurface of the body of mostColeoptera.3.Gibbous(Gibba). An elevation the arc of which isnotthe segment of a circle[1084].—Ex.Shouldersof theelytraofPrionus coriarius, and of many otherColeoptera.4.Plane(Plana). Flat. When the disk is not higher than the limb, nor the limb than the disk.5.Concave(Concava). A depression the arc of whichisthe segment of a circle.6.Excavate(Excavata). A depression the arc of which isnotthe segment of a circle.—Ex.ProthoraxofSinodendrum cylindricum.
1.Navicular(Navicularis). When two sides meet and form an angle like theouterbottom of aboat.—Ex.Notonecta glauca.
2.Convex(Convexa). An elevation the arc of whichisthe segment of a circle.—Ex.UpperSurface of the body of mostColeoptera.
3.Gibbous(Gibba). An elevation the arc of which isnotthe segment of a circle[1084].—Ex.Shouldersof theelytraofPrionus coriarius, and of many otherColeoptera.
4.Plane(Plana). Flat. When the disk is not higher than the limb, nor the limb than the disk.
5.Concave(Concava). A depression the arc of whichisthe segment of a circle.
6.Excavate(Excavata). A depression the arc of which isnotthe segment of a circle.—Ex.ProthoraxofSinodendrum cylindricum.
iii. SCULPTURE.
1.Equate[1085](Æquata). Withoutlargerpartial elevations or depressions.2.Smooth(Lævis). Withoutsmallerpartial elevations or depressions.3.Levigate(Lævigata). Withoutanypartial elevations or depressions.4.Pore(Porus). A minute impression thatperforatesthe substance.5.Porose(Porosa). Beset with many pores.—Ex.Elytraof mostApions.6.A Point(Punctum). A minute impression upon the surface, butnot perforatingit.7.Punctate(Punctata). Beset with many points.—Ex. Impression on theHeadandProthoraxofPhyllopertha Horticola, &c.8.Variole(Variola). A shallow impression like a mark of the small-pox.9.Variolous(Variolosa). Beset with many varioles.—Ex.Scarabæus variolosus.10.Umbilicate(Umbilicata). When a variole, tubercle, granule, &c. has adepressionin its centre.—Ex.ThoraxofPachygaster scabrosus.11.Foveolet(Foveola). A roundish and rather deep depression, larger than a variole.12.Foveolate(Foveolata). Having one or more foveolets.—Ex.ProthoraxofGeotrupes stercorarius.13.Fossulet(Fossula). A somewhat long and narrow depression.14.Fossulate(Fossulata). Having one or more fossulets.—Ex.Oxytelus rugosus, &c.15.Unequal(Inæqualis). Having very slight and indeterminate excavations.—Ex.ProthoraxofSilpha thoracica,Cerambyx moschatus, &c.16.Lacunose(Lacunosa). Having a few scattered, irregular, broadish but shallow excavations.—Ex.ElytraofDonacia vittata,Sagittariæ, &c.17.Rimose(Rimosa). Chinky, resembling the bark of a tree. Having numerous minute, narrow andnearly parallel excavations, which run into each other.—Ex.ElytraofColymbetes adspersus♀, andCybister Rœselii.18.Undose(Undosa). Having undulating nearly parallel broader depressions which run into each other, and resemble the sand of the sea-shore when left by the tide.—Ex.Cymatodes[1086]undosusK. MS.19.Vermiculate(Vermiculata). Having tortuous excavations as if eaten by worms.—Ex.ProthoraxofColymbetes Hybneriandtransversalis.20.Reticulose(Reticulosa). Having a number of minute impressed lines which intersect each other in various directions like the meshes of a net.—Ex.ProthoraxofCybister Rœselii.21.Acuducted(Acuducta). Scratched across very finely as if with the point of a needle or pin.—Ex.Colymbetes acuductus.22.Striate(Striata). Having ratherslightlyimpressed longitudinal parallel lines.—Ex.Amara communis, &c.23.Sulcate(Sulcata). Havingdeeperimpressed longitudinal parallel lines.—Ex.Dytiscus marginalis♀.24.Clathrose(Clathrosa). When strias or furrows cross each other at right angles.—Ex.AbdomenofMicropeplus porcatus.25.Rivose(Rivosa). When furrows do not run in a parallel direction and are rather sinuate.—Ex.ProthoraxofElophorus stagnalis, &c.26.Interstice(Interstitium). The space between elevations and depressions running in lines.27.Interval(Intervallum). The space between irregular and scattered elevations and depressions.28.Complanate(Complanata). A convex or irregular surface having a plane slight depression.—Ex.Sidesof theProthoraxofPrionus cervicornis.29.Canaliculate(Canaliculata). Having a longitudinal impressed line or channel.—Ex.ProthoraxofGeotrupes,Broscus cephalotes, &c.30.Carinate(Carinata). Having a longitudinal elevated line.—Ex.RostrumofCurculio nebulosus.Bicarinate,Tricarinate, &c., havingtwoorthreesuch lines.—Ex.ElytraofSilpha recta.31.Cristate(Cristata). Having one or two very elevated lines usually crenate.—Ex.ProthoraxofPterophylla laurifolia.32.Porcate(Porcata). Having several parallel elevated longitudinal ridges.—Ex.Onthophilus striatus.33.Costate(Costata). Having several broad elevated lines.—Ex.Brachinus bimaculatus, &c.34.Clathrate(Clathrata). Having several elevated lines which cross each other at right angles.—Ex.AbdomenofMicropeplus porcatus.35.Reticulate(Reticulata). Having many small elevated lines which intersect each other in various directions like the meshes of a net.—Ex.Lycus reticulatus.Wingsof theLibellulina.36.Rugose(Rugosa). Wrinkled. Intricate with approximating elevations and depressions whose direction is indeterminate.—Ex.ElytraofPrionus coriarius.37.Cicatricose(Cicatricosa). Having elevated spots of a different colour from the rest of the surface, resemblingscars.—Ex.ElytraofPtomaphila lachrymosaK. MS[1087].38.Embossed(Cælata). Having several plane tracts of a different shape higher than the rest of the surface.—Ex.ProthoraxofPrionus damicornis,maxillosus, &c.39.Gibbose(Gibbosa). Having one or more large elevations.—Ex.Sidesof theProthoraxofBrachycerus barbarus.40.Tubercle(Tuberculum). A pimple-like knob.41.Tuberculate(Tuberculata). Having several tubercles.—Ex.Apoderus gemmatus.BaseofProthoraxofCerambyx moschatus.42.Verruca. A small flattish wart-like prominence.43.Verrucose(Verrucosa). Having severalverrucæ.—Ex.Pimelia muricata.44.Muricate(Muricata). Armed with sharp thick, but not close, elevated points like aMurex.—Ex.Bronchus Tribulus,quadridens[1088], &c.45.Echinate(Echinata). Armed with sharp spines like a hedgehog orEchinus.—Ex.Hispa atra.46.Rugged(Salebrosa). When a surface is roughwith mucros, spines and tubercles intermixed.—Ex. Numerous species ofBronchus.47.Granule(Granulum). A very minute elevation.48.Granulate(Granulata). Beset with many granules likeshagreen.—Ex.Otiorhynchus sulcatus.ProthoraxofCopris Molossus.49.Scabrous(Scabra). Rough to the touch from granules scarcely visible.—Ex.ElytraofOtiorhynchus Ligustici.50.Papillule(Papillula). A tubercle or variole with an elevation in its centre.51.Papillulate(Papillulata). Beset with many papillules.—Ex.ElytraofDynastes Hercules♀.52.Catenulate(Catenulata). Having a series of elevated oblong tubercles resembling achain.—Ex.Carabus catenulatus.53.Spherulate(Sphærulata). Having one or more rows of minute tubercles.—Ex.Trox lutosus,Limnius tuberculatus.54.Consute(Consuta). Having very minute elevations in a series at some distance from each other, of a different colour from the rest of the surface, and somewhat resemblingstitching.—Ex.ElytraofOryctes Sylvanus(CœlosisK. MS.).55.Intricate(Intricata). When depressions or elevations so run into each other as to be difficult to trace.—Ex.ElytraofCarabus intricatus.56.Corrugate(Corrugata). When a surface rises and falls in parallel angles more or less acute.—Ex.FrontofNothiophilus aquaticus.57.Obliterate(Obliterata). Applied to impressions and elevations when almost effaced.
1.Equate[1085](Æquata). Withoutlargerpartial elevations or depressions.
2.Smooth(Lævis). Withoutsmallerpartial elevations or depressions.
3.Levigate(Lævigata). Withoutanypartial elevations or depressions.
4.Pore(Porus). A minute impression thatperforatesthe substance.
5.Porose(Porosa). Beset with many pores.—Ex.Elytraof mostApions.
6.A Point(Punctum). A minute impression upon the surface, butnot perforatingit.
7.Punctate(Punctata). Beset with many points.—Ex. Impression on theHeadandProthoraxofPhyllopertha Horticola, &c.
8.Variole(Variola). A shallow impression like a mark of the small-pox.
9.Variolous(Variolosa). Beset with many varioles.—Ex.Scarabæus variolosus.
10.Umbilicate(Umbilicata). When a variole, tubercle, granule, &c. has adepressionin its centre.—Ex.ThoraxofPachygaster scabrosus.
11.Foveolet(Foveola). A roundish and rather deep depression, larger than a variole.
12.Foveolate(Foveolata). Having one or more foveolets.—Ex.ProthoraxofGeotrupes stercorarius.
13.Fossulet(Fossula). A somewhat long and narrow depression.
14.Fossulate(Fossulata). Having one or more fossulets.—Ex.Oxytelus rugosus, &c.
15.Unequal(Inæqualis). Having very slight and indeterminate excavations.—Ex.ProthoraxofSilpha thoracica,Cerambyx moschatus, &c.
16.Lacunose(Lacunosa). Having a few scattered, irregular, broadish but shallow excavations.—Ex.ElytraofDonacia vittata,Sagittariæ, &c.
17.Rimose(Rimosa). Chinky, resembling the bark of a tree. Having numerous minute, narrow andnearly parallel excavations, which run into each other.—Ex.ElytraofColymbetes adspersus♀, andCybister Rœselii.
18.Undose(Undosa). Having undulating nearly parallel broader depressions which run into each other, and resemble the sand of the sea-shore when left by the tide.—Ex.Cymatodes[1086]undosusK. MS.
19.Vermiculate(Vermiculata). Having tortuous excavations as if eaten by worms.—Ex.ProthoraxofColymbetes Hybneriandtransversalis.
20.Reticulose(Reticulosa). Having a number of minute impressed lines which intersect each other in various directions like the meshes of a net.—Ex.ProthoraxofCybister Rœselii.
21.Acuducted(Acuducta). Scratched across very finely as if with the point of a needle or pin.—Ex.Colymbetes acuductus.
22.Striate(Striata). Having ratherslightlyimpressed longitudinal parallel lines.—Ex.Amara communis, &c.
23.Sulcate(Sulcata). Havingdeeperimpressed longitudinal parallel lines.—Ex.Dytiscus marginalis♀.
24.Clathrose(Clathrosa). When strias or furrows cross each other at right angles.—Ex.AbdomenofMicropeplus porcatus.
25.Rivose(Rivosa). When furrows do not run in a parallel direction and are rather sinuate.—Ex.ProthoraxofElophorus stagnalis, &c.
26.Interstice(Interstitium). The space between elevations and depressions running in lines.
27.Interval(Intervallum). The space between irregular and scattered elevations and depressions.
28.Complanate(Complanata). A convex or irregular surface having a plane slight depression.—Ex.Sidesof theProthoraxofPrionus cervicornis.
29.Canaliculate(Canaliculata). Having a longitudinal impressed line or channel.—Ex.ProthoraxofGeotrupes,Broscus cephalotes, &c.
30.Carinate(Carinata). Having a longitudinal elevated line.—Ex.RostrumofCurculio nebulosus.Bicarinate,Tricarinate, &c., havingtwoorthreesuch lines.—Ex.ElytraofSilpha recta.
31.Cristate(Cristata). Having one or two very elevated lines usually crenate.—Ex.ProthoraxofPterophylla laurifolia.
32.Porcate(Porcata). Having several parallel elevated longitudinal ridges.—Ex.Onthophilus striatus.
33.Costate(Costata). Having several broad elevated lines.—Ex.Brachinus bimaculatus, &c.
34.Clathrate(Clathrata). Having several elevated lines which cross each other at right angles.—Ex.AbdomenofMicropeplus porcatus.
35.Reticulate(Reticulata). Having many small elevated lines which intersect each other in various directions like the meshes of a net.—Ex.Lycus reticulatus.Wingsof theLibellulina.
36.Rugose(Rugosa). Wrinkled. Intricate with approximating elevations and depressions whose direction is indeterminate.—Ex.ElytraofPrionus coriarius.
37.Cicatricose(Cicatricosa). Having elevated spots of a different colour from the rest of the surface, resemblingscars.—Ex.ElytraofPtomaphila lachrymosaK. MS[1087].
38.Embossed(Cælata). Having several plane tracts of a different shape higher than the rest of the surface.—Ex.ProthoraxofPrionus damicornis,maxillosus, &c.
39.Gibbose(Gibbosa). Having one or more large elevations.—Ex.Sidesof theProthoraxofBrachycerus barbarus.
40.Tubercle(Tuberculum). A pimple-like knob.
41.Tuberculate(Tuberculata). Having several tubercles.—Ex.Apoderus gemmatus.BaseofProthoraxofCerambyx moschatus.
42.Verruca. A small flattish wart-like prominence.
43.Verrucose(Verrucosa). Having severalverrucæ.—Ex.Pimelia muricata.
44.Muricate(Muricata). Armed with sharp thick, but not close, elevated points like aMurex.—Ex.Bronchus Tribulus,quadridens[1088], &c.
45.Echinate(Echinata). Armed with sharp spines like a hedgehog orEchinus.—Ex.Hispa atra.
46.Rugged(Salebrosa). When a surface is roughwith mucros, spines and tubercles intermixed.—Ex. Numerous species ofBronchus.
47.Granule(Granulum). A very minute elevation.
48.Granulate(Granulata). Beset with many granules likeshagreen.—Ex.Otiorhynchus sulcatus.ProthoraxofCopris Molossus.
49.Scabrous(Scabra). Rough to the touch from granules scarcely visible.—Ex.ElytraofOtiorhynchus Ligustici.
50.Papillule(Papillula). A tubercle or variole with an elevation in its centre.
51.Papillulate(Papillulata). Beset with many papillules.—Ex.ElytraofDynastes Hercules♀.
52.Catenulate(Catenulata). Having a series of elevated oblong tubercles resembling achain.—Ex.Carabus catenulatus.
53.Spherulate(Sphærulata). Having one or more rows of minute tubercles.—Ex.Trox lutosus,Limnius tuberculatus.
54.Consute(Consuta). Having very minute elevations in a series at some distance from each other, of a different colour from the rest of the surface, and somewhat resemblingstitching.—Ex.ElytraofOryctes Sylvanus(CœlosisK. MS.).
55.Intricate(Intricata). When depressions or elevations so run into each other as to be difficult to trace.—Ex.ElytraofCarabus intricatus.
56.Corrugate(Corrugata). When a surface rises and falls in parallel angles more or less acute.—Ex.FrontofNothiophilus aquaticus.
57.Obliterate(Obliterata). Applied to impressions and elevations when almost effaced.
iv. CLOTHING.
a.general.
1.Scutate(Scutata). Covered with large flat scales.—Ex.Machilis polypoda.2.Squamose(Squamosa). Covered with minute scales.—Ex.Lepidoptera.3.Pulverulent(Pulverulenta). Covered with very minute powder-like scales.—Ex.Ceutorhynchus Sisymbrii.4.Pollinose(Pollinosa). Covered with a loose mealy and often yellow powder resembling thepollenof flowers.—Ex.Lixus paraplecticus.5.Farinose(Farinosa). Covered with a fixed mealy powder resemblingflour.—Ex.Spotson theElytraofCetonia aurata,variegata, &c.6.Lutose(Lutosa). Covered with a powdery substance resemblingmudor dirt, whicheasily rubs off.—Ex.Trox lutosus.7.Rorulent(Rorulenta). Covered like a plum with a bloom which may be rubbed off.—Ex.Peltis limbata.8.Stupeous(Stupea). Covered with long loose scales resemblingtow.—Ex. ThePalpiofLepidoptera.Antennæof someDiptera.PlateXII.Fig.23.9.Pilose(Pilosa). Covered with long distinct flexible hairs.—Ex.ThoraxofVespa Crabro.10.Villose(Villosa). Covered with soft flexible hairs thickly set.—Ex.ProthoraxofAmphimalla solstitialis.11.Lanate(Lanata). Covered with fine, very long,flexible and rather curling hairs likewool.—Ex.Melolontha lanigeraF.12.Lanuginose(Lanuginosa). Covered with longish very soft fine down.—Ex.ProthoraxofTrichius fasciatus.Thoraxandbaseof theAbdomenofMegachile circumcincta(Apis**. c. 2. α K.).13.Hirsute(Hirsuta). Covered with long stiffish hairs very thickly set.—Ex.Bombus.14.Plumulose(Plumulosa). When the hairs branch out laterally like feathers.—Ex.Hairon thebaseof theMaxillaofEucera(Apis** d. 1. K.).15.Hairy(Hirta). Covered with short stiffish sub-distinct hairs.—Ex. GenusLagria.16.Tomentose(Tomentosa). Covered with short interwoven inconspicuous hairs.—Ex.Acanthocinus Ædilis.17.Pubescent(Pubescens). Covered with very fine decumbent short hairs.—Ex.Harpalus ruficornis, &c.18.Stupulose(Stupulosa). Covered with coarse decumbent hairs.—Ex.ElytraofMelolontha vulgaris.19.Velutinous(Velutina). Covered with very thick-set upright short hairs or pile, resemblingvelvet.—Ex.Trombidium holosericeum.ScutellumofStaphylinus hybridus.20.Holosericeous(Holosericea). Covered with thick-set shining short decumbent hairs, resemblingsatin[1089].—Ex.Under sideof the body ofElophorus stagnalis,Argyroneta aquatica, &c.21.Setose(Setosa). Bristly. Sprinkled with stiff scattered hairs like bristles.—Ex.Echinomyia grossa.22.Setulose(Setulosa). Setose with the bristles truncated.—Ex.Thylacites setosus.23.Hispid(Hispida). Rough from minute spines, or very stiff rigid bristles.—Ex.Hispa atra.Phoberus horridus, &c.24.Rough(Aspera). Rough from pubescence in general.25.Bald(Calva). A part of a surface with little or no hair, when the rest of it is very hairy.—Ex.VertexofMelittaandApisKirby.26.Glabrous(Glabra). Without any hair or pubescence.27.Lubricous(Lubrica). Slippery as if lubricated.—Ex.Dynastes Centaurus.
1.Scutate(Scutata). Covered with large flat scales.—Ex.Machilis polypoda.
2.Squamose(Squamosa). Covered with minute scales.—Ex.Lepidoptera.
3.Pulverulent(Pulverulenta). Covered with very minute powder-like scales.—Ex.Ceutorhynchus Sisymbrii.
4.Pollinose(Pollinosa). Covered with a loose mealy and often yellow powder resembling thepollenof flowers.—Ex.Lixus paraplecticus.
5.Farinose(Farinosa). Covered with a fixed mealy powder resemblingflour.—Ex.Spotson theElytraofCetonia aurata,variegata, &c.
6.Lutose(Lutosa). Covered with a powdery substance resemblingmudor dirt, whicheasily rubs off.—Ex.Trox lutosus.
7.Rorulent(Rorulenta). Covered like a plum with a bloom which may be rubbed off.—Ex.Peltis limbata.
8.Stupeous(Stupea). Covered with long loose scales resemblingtow.—Ex. ThePalpiofLepidoptera.Antennæof someDiptera.PlateXII.Fig.23.
9.Pilose(Pilosa). Covered with long distinct flexible hairs.—Ex.ThoraxofVespa Crabro.
10.Villose(Villosa). Covered with soft flexible hairs thickly set.—Ex.ProthoraxofAmphimalla solstitialis.
11.Lanate(Lanata). Covered with fine, very long,flexible and rather curling hairs likewool.—Ex.Melolontha lanigeraF.
12.Lanuginose(Lanuginosa). Covered with longish very soft fine down.—Ex.ProthoraxofTrichius fasciatus.Thoraxandbaseof theAbdomenofMegachile circumcincta(Apis**. c. 2. α K.).
13.Hirsute(Hirsuta). Covered with long stiffish hairs very thickly set.—Ex.Bombus.
14.Plumulose(Plumulosa). When the hairs branch out laterally like feathers.—Ex.Hairon thebaseof theMaxillaofEucera(Apis** d. 1. K.).
15.Hairy(Hirta). Covered with short stiffish sub-distinct hairs.—Ex. GenusLagria.
16.Tomentose(Tomentosa). Covered with short interwoven inconspicuous hairs.—Ex.Acanthocinus Ædilis.
17.Pubescent(Pubescens). Covered with very fine decumbent short hairs.—Ex.Harpalus ruficornis, &c.
18.Stupulose(Stupulosa). Covered with coarse decumbent hairs.—Ex.ElytraofMelolontha vulgaris.
19.Velutinous(Velutina). Covered with very thick-set upright short hairs or pile, resemblingvelvet.—Ex.Trombidium holosericeum.ScutellumofStaphylinus hybridus.
20.Holosericeous(Holosericea). Covered with thick-set shining short decumbent hairs, resemblingsatin[1089].—Ex.Under sideof the body ofElophorus stagnalis,Argyroneta aquatica, &c.
21.Setose(Setosa). Bristly. Sprinkled with stiff scattered hairs like bristles.—Ex.Echinomyia grossa.
22.Setulose(Setulosa). Setose with the bristles truncated.—Ex.Thylacites setosus.
23.Hispid(Hispida). Rough from minute spines, or very stiff rigid bristles.—Ex.Hispa atra.Phoberus horridus, &c.
24.Rough(Aspera). Rough from pubescence in general.
25.Bald(Calva). A part of a surface with little or no hair, when the rest of it is very hairy.—Ex.VertexofMelittaandApisKirby.
26.Glabrous(Glabra). Without any hair or pubescence.
27.Lubricous(Lubrica). Slippery as if lubricated.—Ex.Dynastes Centaurus.
b.partial.
1.Cirrus(Cirrus). A lock of curling hair.2.Cirrose(Cirrosa). Having one or morecirri.—Ex.AntennæofAcanthocinus araneiformis.3.Fascicule(Fasciculus). A bundle of thick-set hairs often converging at the apex.PlateXIX.Fig.6.c.4.Fasciculate(Fasciculata). Having one or more fascicules.—Ex. Catenulated lines in theElytraofTrox arenosus.Buprestis fascicularis.5.Penicil(Penicillus). A small bundle of diverging hairs.PlateXIX.Fig.6.a.6.Penicillate(Penicillata). Having one or more penicils.—Ex.LarvaofOrgyia antiqua.7.Verricule(Verriculum). A thick-set tuft of parallel hairs.PlateXIX.Fig.6.b.8.Verriculate(Verriculata). Having one or more verricules.—Ex.LarvaofDasychira pudibunda.Under sideofAbdomenofMegachile♀. (Apis**. c. 2. α. K.).9.Barbate(Barbata). When any part is clothed with longer hairs, resembling abeard.—Ex.AnusofMacroglossa stellatarum.AntennæofCerambyx AmmiralisL.PlateXII.Fig.26.10.Ciliate(Ciliata). When the margin is fringed with a row ofparallelhairs.—Ex. Thebaseandapexof theProthoraxofLucanus Cervus.11.Fimbriate(Fimbriata). When a part is terminated by hairs or bristles that are not parallel.—Ex.Anusof manyAndrenæ[1090]. (Melitta**. c. K.).12.Comate(Comata). When very long flexible hairs thickly cover a space in the upper surface.13.Crinite(Crinita). When very long hairs thinly cover any space.14.Jubate(Jubata). Having long pendent hairs in a continued series.—Ex.Intermediate LegsofAnthophora pilipes(Apis**. d. 2. α. K.).15.Furred(Pellita). When shorter decumbent hairs thickly cover any space, as in theBombyces dorso cristatoL.
1.Cirrus(Cirrus). A lock of curling hair.
2.Cirrose(Cirrosa). Having one or morecirri.—Ex.AntennæofAcanthocinus araneiformis.
3.Fascicule(Fasciculus). A bundle of thick-set hairs often converging at the apex.PlateXIX.Fig.6.c.
4.Fasciculate(Fasciculata). Having one or more fascicules.—Ex. Catenulated lines in theElytraofTrox arenosus.Buprestis fascicularis.
5.Penicil(Penicillus). A small bundle of diverging hairs.PlateXIX.Fig.6.a.
6.Penicillate(Penicillata). Having one or more penicils.—Ex.LarvaofOrgyia antiqua.
7.Verricule(Verriculum). A thick-set tuft of parallel hairs.PlateXIX.Fig.6.b.
8.Verriculate(Verriculata). Having one or more verricules.—Ex.LarvaofDasychira pudibunda.Under sideofAbdomenofMegachile♀. (Apis**. c. 2. α. K.).
9.Barbate(Barbata). When any part is clothed with longer hairs, resembling abeard.—Ex.AnusofMacroglossa stellatarum.AntennæofCerambyx AmmiralisL.PlateXII.Fig.26.
10.Ciliate(Ciliata). When the margin is fringed with a row ofparallelhairs.—Ex. Thebaseandapexof theProthoraxofLucanus Cervus.
11.Fimbriate(Fimbriata). When a part is terminated by hairs or bristles that are not parallel.—Ex.Anusof manyAndrenæ[1090]. (Melitta**. c. K.).
12.Comate(Comata). When very long flexible hairs thickly cover a space in the upper surface.
13.Crinite(Crinita). When very long hairs thinly cover any space.
14.Jubate(Jubata). Having long pendent hairs in a continued series.—Ex.Intermediate LegsofAnthophora pilipes(Apis**. d. 2. α. K.).
15.Furred(Pellita). When shorter decumbent hairs thickly cover any space, as in theBombyces dorso cristatoL.
v. COLOUR.
1.Niveous(Niveus). The pure unblended white of snow.—Ex.Arctia chrysorhea.2.White(Albus). White less intense than niveous. The colour ofchalk.—Ex.Spilosoma mendica♀.3.Lacteous(Lacteus). White with a slight tint of blue. The colour ofmilk.—Ex.Minoa lactearia.4.Cream-coloured(Lactifloreus). White with a proportion of yellow.—Ex. Pale part of thePrimary wingsofEuprepia Caja.5.Flesh-coloured(Carneus). White tinted with red. The colour of young and healthyflesh.—Ex.Secondary wingsofSphinx Ligustri.6.Hoary(Incanus). White with a small proportion of black. The colour of agray head. N.B.This term is usually confined topubescence.—Ex.Curculio sulcirostris.7.Cinereous(Cinereus). White with a shade of brown.—Ex.Sitona diffinis,Dasychira pudibunda.8.Griseous(Griseus). White mottled with black or brown.—Ex.Curculio nebulosus.9.Yellow(Flavus). Pure yellow.—Ex.Bandson theAbdomenofNomada(Apis*. b. K.),Crabro, &c.10.Straw-coloured(Stramineus). Pale yellow with a very faint tint of blue.—Ex.Ennomos cratægata.11.Sulphureous(Sulphureus). Yellow with a tint of green. The colour ofbrimstone.—Ex.Gonepteryx Rhamni♂.12.Luteous(Luteus). Deep yellow with a tint of red. The colour of theyolkof anegg.—Ex.Primary wingsofColias Edusa.13.Orange(Aurantius). Equal parts of red and yellow.—Ex.ApexofWingsofPontia Cardamines.14.Saffron-coloured(Croceus). The colour ofsaffron.—Ex. Yellow in theElytraofTrichius fasciatus.15.Miniatous(Miniatus). The colour ofred lead.—Ex.Secondary wingsofEuprepia Caja.16.Fulgid(Fulgidus). A bright fiery red.—Ex.Lycæna VirgaureæandHippothoe.17.Rufous(Rufus). A pale red.—Ex.Apion frumentarium.18.Testaceous(Testaceus). The colour of atile, a dull red.—Ex.Chrysomela Populi.19.Scarlet(Coccineus). A bright pale red.—Ex.ElytraofPyrochroa coccinea.20.Red(Ruber). Pure red.—Ex.Under WingsofHypercampa Dominula.21.Sanguineous(Sanguineus). Red with a tint of black. The colour ofblood.—Ex.SpotsinChilocorus Cacti, andProthoraxofLocusta morbillosa.22.Rose-coloured(Roseus). Colour of therose.—Ex.Partsof theWingsandBodyofDeilephila Elpenor.23.Crimson(Puniceus). A bright red with a tint of blue.—Ex.Baseof theUnder WingsofCatocala Sponsa.24.Purple(Purpureus). Equal parts of blue and red.—Ex.Sagra purpurea.Vittaon theElytraofDonacia fasciata.25.Violet(Violaceus). Blue with some red. The colour ofViola odorata.—Ex.Chrysomela Goettingensis,AbdomenofGeotrupes vernalis.26.Lilac(Lilacinus). Colour of the flowers of the lilac.—Ex. Part of theIrisof theOcellus, in theWingsofVanessa Io.27.Blue(Cyaneus). Pure blue. Colour ofCentaurea Cyanus.—Ex.Diskof theWingsofPapilio Ulysses.Callidium violaceum.28.Azure(Azureus). A paler and more brilliant blue.—Ex.WingsofMorpho Menelaus,Telemachus, &c.29.Sky-Blue(Cæruleus). A paler blue. The colour of thesky.—Ex.Polyommatus Adonis.30.Cæsious(Cæsius). Very pale blue with a little black. The colour ofblue eyes.—Ex.Under sideof theWingsofPolyommatus Argiolus.31.Green(Viridis). Equal parts of blue and yellow.—Ex.Cicindela campestris.32.Æruginous(Æruginosus). Green with a blue tint. The colour of therust of copper,verdigris.—Ex.Polydrosus Cnides.33.Prasinous(Prasinus). Green with a mixture of yellow. The colour of the leaves ofleeksoronions.—Ex.Pentatoma prasina.Under sideofWingsofThecla Rubi.34.Glaucous(Glaucus). Pale blueish green. Sea green.—Ex.ElytraofDynastes Hercules,Alcides,Tityus, &c.35.Mouse-coloured(Murinus). Black with a small proportion of yellow. The colour of the commonmouse.—Ex.Baseof theabdominal segmentsofCossus ligniperda.36.Lurid(Luridus). Yellow with some mixture of brown. Dirty yellow.—Ex.ElytraofAphodius luridusandnigrosulcatus.37.Livid(Lividus). A pale purplish brown. The colour of abruise.—Ex.Berosus luridus.38.Tawny(Fulvus). A pale dirty orange.—Ex. Thepaleparts of theWingsofHipparchia Pamphilus.39.Fawn-coloured(Cervinus). A reddish brown.—Ex.Lasiocampa Rubi.40.Olive(Olivaceus). A brownish green. The colour ofolives.—Ex.Dytiscus marginalis.41.Fuscous(Fuscus). A dull brown.—Ex.Hipparchia Semele.Prionus scabricornis.42.Ferruginous(Ferrugineus). A yellowish brown with some red. The colour of therust of iron.—Ex.BaseofUnder WingsofSmerinthus Populi.Gastropacha quercifolia.43.Cinnamon-coloured(Cinnamomeus). A yellowish brown. The colour ofcinnamon.—Ex.Prionus cinnamomeus.44.Brown(Brunneus). Pure brown.—Ex.Darkparts in thePrimary WingsofEuprepia Caja.45.Bay(Badius). Bright red brown of thechestnut.—Ex.ElytraofMelolontha vulgariswhen the hairs are rubbed off.46.Chestnut(Castaneus). Colour of thedarkpart of the chestnut.—Ex.ElytraofLucanus Cervus.47.Piceous(Piceus). Shining reddish black. The colour ofpitch.—Ex.Prionus coriarius.48.Fuliginous(Fuliginosus). The opaque black ofsoot.—Ex.WingsofLithosia rubricollis.49.Black(Niger). A dull black with some brown.—Ex.Pachygaster niger.50.Atrous(Ater). Pure black of the deepest tint.—Ex.Liparus anglicanus.
1.Niveous(Niveus). The pure unblended white of snow.—Ex.Arctia chrysorhea.
2.White(Albus). White less intense than niveous. The colour ofchalk.—Ex.Spilosoma mendica♀.
3.Lacteous(Lacteus). White with a slight tint of blue. The colour ofmilk.—Ex.Minoa lactearia.
4.Cream-coloured(Lactifloreus). White with a proportion of yellow.—Ex. Pale part of thePrimary wingsofEuprepia Caja.
5.Flesh-coloured(Carneus). White tinted with red. The colour of young and healthyflesh.—Ex.Secondary wingsofSphinx Ligustri.
6.Hoary(Incanus). White with a small proportion of black. The colour of agray head. N.B.This term is usually confined topubescence.—Ex.Curculio sulcirostris.
7.Cinereous(Cinereus). White with a shade of brown.—Ex.Sitona diffinis,Dasychira pudibunda.
8.Griseous(Griseus). White mottled with black or brown.—Ex.Curculio nebulosus.
9.Yellow(Flavus). Pure yellow.—Ex.Bandson theAbdomenofNomada(Apis*. b. K.),Crabro, &c.
10.Straw-coloured(Stramineus). Pale yellow with a very faint tint of blue.—Ex.Ennomos cratægata.
11.Sulphureous(Sulphureus). Yellow with a tint of green. The colour ofbrimstone.—Ex.Gonepteryx Rhamni♂.
12.Luteous(Luteus). Deep yellow with a tint of red. The colour of theyolkof anegg.—Ex.Primary wingsofColias Edusa.
13.Orange(Aurantius). Equal parts of red and yellow.—Ex.ApexofWingsofPontia Cardamines.
14.Saffron-coloured(Croceus). The colour ofsaffron.—Ex. Yellow in theElytraofTrichius fasciatus.
15.Miniatous(Miniatus). The colour ofred lead.—Ex.Secondary wingsofEuprepia Caja.
16.Fulgid(Fulgidus). A bright fiery red.—Ex.Lycæna VirgaureæandHippothoe.
17.Rufous(Rufus). A pale red.—Ex.Apion frumentarium.
18.Testaceous(Testaceus). The colour of atile, a dull red.—Ex.Chrysomela Populi.
19.Scarlet(Coccineus). A bright pale red.—Ex.ElytraofPyrochroa coccinea.
20.Red(Ruber). Pure red.—Ex.Under WingsofHypercampa Dominula.
21.Sanguineous(Sanguineus). Red with a tint of black. The colour ofblood.—Ex.SpotsinChilocorus Cacti, andProthoraxofLocusta morbillosa.
22.Rose-coloured(Roseus). Colour of therose.—Ex.Partsof theWingsandBodyofDeilephila Elpenor.
23.Crimson(Puniceus). A bright red with a tint of blue.—Ex.Baseof theUnder WingsofCatocala Sponsa.
24.Purple(Purpureus). Equal parts of blue and red.—Ex.Sagra purpurea.Vittaon theElytraofDonacia fasciata.
25.Violet(Violaceus). Blue with some red. The colour ofViola odorata.—Ex.Chrysomela Goettingensis,AbdomenofGeotrupes vernalis.
26.Lilac(Lilacinus). Colour of the flowers of the lilac.—Ex. Part of theIrisof theOcellus, in theWingsofVanessa Io.
27.Blue(Cyaneus). Pure blue. Colour ofCentaurea Cyanus.—Ex.Diskof theWingsofPapilio Ulysses.Callidium violaceum.
28.Azure(Azureus). A paler and more brilliant blue.—Ex.WingsofMorpho Menelaus,Telemachus, &c.
29.Sky-Blue(Cæruleus). A paler blue. The colour of thesky.—Ex.Polyommatus Adonis.
30.Cæsious(Cæsius). Very pale blue with a little black. The colour ofblue eyes.—Ex.Under sideof theWingsofPolyommatus Argiolus.
31.Green(Viridis). Equal parts of blue and yellow.—Ex.Cicindela campestris.
32.Æruginous(Æruginosus). Green with a blue tint. The colour of therust of copper,verdigris.—Ex.Polydrosus Cnides.
33.Prasinous(Prasinus). Green with a mixture of yellow. The colour of the leaves ofleeksoronions.—Ex.Pentatoma prasina.Under sideofWingsofThecla Rubi.
34.Glaucous(Glaucus). Pale blueish green. Sea green.—Ex.ElytraofDynastes Hercules,Alcides,Tityus, &c.
35.Mouse-coloured(Murinus). Black with a small proportion of yellow. The colour of the commonmouse.—Ex.Baseof theabdominal segmentsofCossus ligniperda.
36.Lurid(Luridus). Yellow with some mixture of brown. Dirty yellow.—Ex.ElytraofAphodius luridusandnigrosulcatus.
37.Livid(Lividus). A pale purplish brown. The colour of abruise.—Ex.Berosus luridus.
38.Tawny(Fulvus). A pale dirty orange.—Ex. Thepaleparts of theWingsofHipparchia Pamphilus.
39.Fawn-coloured(Cervinus). A reddish brown.—Ex.Lasiocampa Rubi.
40.Olive(Olivaceus). A brownish green. The colour ofolives.—Ex.Dytiscus marginalis.
41.Fuscous(Fuscus). A dull brown.—Ex.Hipparchia Semele.Prionus scabricornis.
42.Ferruginous(Ferrugineus). A yellowish brown with some red. The colour of therust of iron.—Ex.BaseofUnder WingsofSmerinthus Populi.Gastropacha quercifolia.
43.Cinnamon-coloured(Cinnamomeus). A yellowish brown. The colour ofcinnamon.—Ex.Prionus cinnamomeus.
44.Brown(Brunneus). Pure brown.—Ex.Darkparts in thePrimary WingsofEuprepia Caja.
45.Bay(Badius). Bright red brown of thechestnut.—Ex.ElytraofMelolontha vulgariswhen the hairs are rubbed off.
46.Chestnut(Castaneus). Colour of thedarkpart of the chestnut.—Ex.ElytraofLucanus Cervus.
47.Piceous(Piceus). Shining reddish black. The colour ofpitch.—Ex.Prionus coriarius.
48.Fuliginous(Fuliginosus). The opaque black ofsoot.—Ex.WingsofLithosia rubricollis.
49.Black(Niger). A dull black with some brown.—Ex.Pachygaster niger.
50.Atrous(Ater). Pure black of the deepest tint.—Ex.Liparus anglicanus.
vi. SPLENDOUR.
a.gemmeous.
1.Margaritaceous(Margaritaceus). Glossy, white with changeable tints of purple, green, and blue.The splendour ofpearls.—Ex. ThedrumsinCicada capensis.2.Opaline(Opalinus). A blueish white reflecting the prismatic colours. The splendour of theopal.—Ex.WingsofNotonecta glaucaand someNepæ.3.Crystalline(Crystallinus). The white splendour ofcrystalor glass.—Ex.Stemmataof manyHymenoptera, &c.4.Topazine(Topazinus). The yellow splendour of thetopaz.—Ex. ManyStemmataofHymenoptera, andEyesofSpiders.5.Rubineous(Rubineus). The red splendour of theruby.6.Smaragdine(Smaragdinus). The green splendour of theemerald.7.Amethystine(Amethystinus). The purple splendour of theamethyst.
1.Margaritaceous(Margaritaceus). Glossy, white with changeable tints of purple, green, and blue.The splendour ofpearls.—Ex. ThedrumsinCicada capensis.
2.Opaline(Opalinus). A blueish white reflecting the prismatic colours. The splendour of theopal.—Ex.WingsofNotonecta glaucaand someNepæ.
3.Crystalline(Crystallinus). The white splendour ofcrystalor glass.—Ex.Stemmataof manyHymenoptera, &c.
4.Topazine(Topazinus). The yellow splendour of thetopaz.—Ex. ManyStemmataofHymenoptera, andEyesofSpiders.
5.Rubineous(Rubineus). The red splendour of theruby.
6.Smaragdine(Smaragdinus). The green splendour of theemerald.
7.Amethystine(Amethystinus). The purple splendour of theamethyst.
b.metallic.
1.Argent(Argenteus). The splendour ofsilver.—Ex. Thespotson theunder sideof theWingsinArgynnis Lathonia, &c.2.Golden(Aureus). The splendour ofgold.—Ex.Entimus imperialis.Spotin theWingsofPlusia Festucæ.3.Orichalceous(Orichalceus). A splendour intermediate between that ofgoldandbrass.—Ex.Upper WingsofPlusia Chrysitis.4.Æneous(Æneus). The splendour ofbrass.—Ex.ElytraofCarabus clathratus.5.Cupreous(Cupreus). The reddening splendour ofcopper.—Ex.Carabus nitens.6.Chalybeous(Chalybeus). The blue splendour ofsteelcase-hardened, or of the mainspring of a watch.—Ex.Helops chalybeus.LegsofLithosia Quadra.7.Plumbeous(Plumbeus). The colour oflead.—Ex.ProthoraxofClytra dentata?8.Inaurate(Inauratus). When striæ or otherimpressedparts have a metallic splendour.—Ex.MarginofProthoraxandElytraofCarabus violaceus.StriæofElytra&c. ofPhanæus Mimas.9.Deaurate(Deauratus). A metallic hue which looks as if the gilding was worn off.—Ex.Donacia ænea, &c.
1.Argent(Argenteus). The splendour ofsilver.—Ex. Thespotson theunder sideof theWingsinArgynnis Lathonia, &c.
2.Golden(Aureus). The splendour ofgold.—Ex.Entimus imperialis.Spotin theWingsofPlusia Festucæ.
3.Orichalceous(Orichalceus). A splendour intermediate between that ofgoldandbrass.—Ex.Upper WingsofPlusia Chrysitis.
4.Æneous(Æneus). The splendour ofbrass.—Ex.ElytraofCarabus clathratus.
5.Cupreous(Cupreus). The reddening splendour ofcopper.—Ex.Carabus nitens.
6.Chalybeous(Chalybeus). The blue splendour ofsteelcase-hardened, or of the mainspring of a watch.—Ex.Helops chalybeus.LegsofLithosia Quadra.
7.Plumbeous(Plumbeus). The colour oflead.—Ex.ProthoraxofClytra dentata?
8.Inaurate(Inauratus). When striæ or otherimpressedparts have a metallic splendour.—Ex.MarginofProthoraxandElytraofCarabus violaceus.StriæofElytra&c. ofPhanæus Mimas.
9.Deaurate(Deauratus). A metallic hue which looks as if the gilding was worn off.—Ex.Donacia ænea, &c.
c.bombycine.
1.Sericeous(Sericeus). The splendour ofsilk.—Ex.Cryptocephalus sericeus.2.Tramosericeous(Tramosericeus). The splendour ofsatin.—Ex.Chlamys Bacca,monstrosa, &c.
1.Sericeous(Sericeus). The splendour ofsilk.—Ex.Cryptocephalus sericeus.
2.Tramosericeous(Tramosericeus). The splendour ofsatin.—Ex.Chlamys Bacca,monstrosa, &c.
d.reflected.
1.Resplendent(Splendens). Reflecting the light intensely.—Ex. TheHeadandThoraxofPhilonthus splendens,æneus,politus, &c.2.Shining(Nitidus). Reflecting the light, but less intensely.—Ex.Dytiscus marginalis.3.Pruinose(Pruinosus). When the splendour of the surface is somewhat obscured by the appearance of a bloom upon it like that of a plum, but whichcannot be rubbed off[1091].—Ex.ElytraofSerica ruricolaandbrunnea.4.Obscure(Obscurus). A surface which reflects the light but little.—Ex.Pælobius Hermanni.5,Opaque(Opacus). A surface which does not reflect the light at all.—Ex.Trox sabulosus,arenarius.Silpha opaca.
1.Resplendent(Splendens). Reflecting the light intensely.—Ex. TheHeadandThoraxofPhilonthus splendens,æneus,politus, &c.
2.Shining(Nitidus). Reflecting the light, but less intensely.—Ex.Dytiscus marginalis.
3.Pruinose(Pruinosus). When the splendour of the surface is somewhat obscured by the appearance of a bloom upon it like that of a plum, but whichcannot be rubbed off[1091].—Ex.ElytraofSerica ruricolaandbrunnea.
4.Obscure(Obscurus). A surface which reflects the light but little.—Ex.Pælobius Hermanni.
5,Opaque(Opacus). A surface which does not reflect the light at all.—Ex.Trox sabulosus,arenarius.Silpha opaca.
vii. TRANSPARENCE.
1.Hyaline(Hyalina). The clear transparency of glass.—Ex. TheWingsof manyNeuroptera,Hymenoptera, andDiptera.2.Diaphanous(Diaphana). Transparent, but less purely than hyaline. Semitransparent.—Ex. TheWingsof manyColeoptera.3.Adiaphanous(Adiaphana). Which does not transmit the light at all.—Ex.ElytraofColeoptera.
1.Hyaline(Hyalina). The clear transparency of glass.—Ex. TheWingsof manyNeuroptera,Hymenoptera, andDiptera.
2.Diaphanous(Diaphana). Transparent, but less purely than hyaline. Semitransparent.—Ex. TheWingsof manyColeoptera.
3.Adiaphanous(Adiaphana). Which does not transmit the light at all.—Ex.ElytraofColeoptera.
viii. PAINTING.
1.Atom(Atomus). A very minute dot.2.Irrorate(Irrorata). Sprinkled with atoms, as the earth with dew.—Ex.Onthophagus Vacca.Papilio Paris.3.Gutta(Gutta[1092]). A roundish dot intermediate in size between anatomand amacula.4.Guttate(Guttata). Sprinkled withguttæ.—Ex.Coccinella.5.Macula(Macula). A larger indeterminately shaped spot.6.Maculate(Maculata). Painted with such spots.—Ex.Abraxas grossulariata.7.Litura(Litura). An indeterminate spot growing paler at one end, as if daubed or blotted.8.Liturate(Liturata). A surface painted with one or more such spots.—Ex.Aphodius conflagratus.9.Plaga(Plaga). A long and large spot.—Ex.Aphodius plagiatus.10.Islet(Insula). A spot of a different colour, included in a plaga or macula.—Ex. TheOcelliin thePrimary WingsofHipparchia Semele. Aspotin themiddle fasciaof theunder sideof thePrimary WinginPapilio Podalirius.11.Crepera(Crepera). A gleam of paler colour upon a dark ground.—Ex.ElytraofDytiscus marginalis.12.Shadow(Umbra). A slight shade, not easily perceptible upon a paler ground.—Ex.ElytraofAcanthocinus Ædilis.WingsofPlutella asperella.13.Signatures(Signaturæ). Markings upon a surface resembling in some degree letters and characters.14.Signate(Signatus). Marked with signatures.—Ex.ElytraofAcrocinus longimanus.15.Inscribed(Inscriptus). When the surface is marked with the resemblance of a letter of any language.—Ex.Plusia Gamma.Vanessa C. album.16.Hieroglyphic(Hieroglyphicus). Painted with characters somewhat resembling hieroglyphics.—Ex.Acrocinus longimanus.Schizorhina Australasiæ.17.Annulet(Annulus). A ring-shaped spot.—Ex.Cyclophora omicronaria, &c.PlateXIV.Fig.1.o.18.Lunulet(Lunula). A small crescent-shaped spot.—Ex.Marginal spotsabove and below theSecondary WingsinMelitæa Artemis, &c.19.Reniculus(Reniculus). A small kidney-shaped spot.—Ex.Upper WingsofMamestra Persicaria.20.Ocellus(Ocellus). An eye-like spot in theWingsof manyLepidoptera, consisting of annuli of different colours, inclosing a central spot or pupil.a.Pupil(Pupilla). The central spot of the ocellus.PlateXIV.Fig.1.t.An ocellus is called bipupillate, tripupillate, &c., when there are two, three, &c. of these spots.—Ex.Primary WingofHipparchia Tithonus, &c.PlateXIV.Fig.1.p.a.Hastate Pupil(Pupilla hastata). When the pupil is a halberd-shaped spot.—Ex.PupilofOcellusofAglia Tau.PlateXIV.Fig.1.k.b.Suffulted Pupil(Pupilla suffulta). When the pupil shades into another colour.—Ex.Primary WingofVanessa Io.b.Iris(Iris). The circle which incloses the pupil.PlateXIV.Fig.1.u.c.Atmosphere(Atmosphæra). Theexteriorcircle of the ocellus.PlateXIV.Fig.1.v.21.Blind Ocellus(Ocellus cæcus). An ocellus without the pupil.—Ex.Hipparchia Davus.22.Spurious Ocellus(Ocellus spurius). A circular spot without any defined iris or pupil.—Ex.Spotin theDiskof thePrimary WingsofColias Helice.23.Simple Ocellus(Ocellus simplex). When the ocellus consists only of iris and pupil.—Ex.Ocellion theunder sideofPrimary WingsofHipparchia Semele.PlateXIV.Fig.1.t, n, u.24.Compound Ocellus(Ocellus complexus). When the ocellus consists of three or more circles.—Ex.Saturnia Spini.PlateXIV.Fig.1.l.25.Nictitant Ocellus(Ocellus nictitans). When the ocellus includes a lunular spot of a different colour.—Ex.Under sideofWingsofMorpho Perseus.PlateXIV.Fig.1.m.26.Fenestrate Ocellus(Ocellus fenestratus). When an ocellus has a transparent spot.—Ex.Attacus PaphiaandCytherea.27.Dioptrate Ocellus(Ocellus dioptratus). A fenestrate ocellus divided by a transverse line.—Ex.Attacus Polyphemus.28.Double Ocellus(Ocellus geminatus). When two ocelli are included in the same circle or spot.—Ex.Under sideofSecondary WingofMorpho Perseus.PlateXIV.Fig.1.r, v.29.Twin Ocellus(Ocellus didymus). When such ocelli join each other.—Ex.Under sideofSecondary WingofHipparchia Hyperanthus.30.Sesquialterous Ocellus(Ocellus sesquialterus). An ocellus with a smaller near it, called alsoSesquiocellus.—Ex.Under sideofSecondary WingofColias Edusa.PlateXIV.Fig.1.q.31.Supercilium(Supercilium). An arched line resembling an eyebrow, which sometimes surmounts an eyelet.—Ex.Under sideofSecondary WingofMorpho Achilles.PlateXIV.Fig.1.i.32.Nebulose(Nebulosus). Painted with colour irregularly darker and lighter, so as to exhibit some resemblance ofclouds.—Ex.Curculio sulcirostris,nebulosus;Catocala nupta.33.Testudinarious(Testudinarius). Painted with red, black and yellow, like tortoise-shell.—Ex.ElytraofAphodius testudinarius.34.Consperse(Conspersus). Thickly sprinkled with minute irregular dots often confluent.—Ex.Biston Betularia.35.Achatine(Achatinus). Painted with various concentric, curved, or parallel lines, resembling the veining of an agate.—Ex.Cossus labyrinthicus.Cerura vinula.36.Ustulate(Ustulata). So marked with brown as to have the appearance of beingscorched.—Ex.WingsofEnnomos dolabraria.37.Marmorate(Marmorata). So painted with streaks, veins, and clouds, as to resemblemarble.—Ex.Under sideof theWingsofVanessa Io.Marmarina marmorata.38.Tessellate(Tessellata). Painted in checquerwork.—Ex.AbdomenofSarcophaga carnariaandMusca maculata.39.Fascia(Fascia). A broad transverse band.a.Pyramidate Fascia(Fascia pyramidata). A band which juts out into an angle on one side.—Ex.WingofApatura Iris.Argynnis Paphia.PlateXIV.Fig.1.h.b.Macular Fascia(Fascia macularis). A band consisting of distinct spots.—Ex.WingsofAbraxas grossulariata.PlateXIV.Fig.1.b.c.Articulate Fascia(Fascia articulata). A band consisting of contiguous spots.—Ex.Under sideofWingsofMelitæa Dictynna.Upper sideofPrimary WingofMorpho Menelaus.PlateXIV.Fig.1.a.d.Dimidiate Fascia(Fascia dimidiata). A band traversing onlyhalfthe wing.—Ex.Primary WingofPapilio Turnus.PlateXIV.Fig.1.f.e.Abbreviate Fascia(Fascia abbreviata). A band traversinglessthanhalfthe wing.—Ex.Primary WingofPapilio Podalirius,Ajax, &c.PlateXIV.Fig.1.g.f.Sesquialterous Fascia(Fascia sesquialtera). When both wings are traversed by a continued band, and either the primary or secondary by another.—Ex.Endromis versicolor.PlateXIV.Fig.1.d, c.g.Sesquitertious Fascia(Fascia sesquitertia). When both wings are traversed by a continued band, and more than half of either the primary or secondary by another; or, when a wing or elytrum contains a band and the third of a band.—Ex.Tortrix Avellana.PlateXIV.Fig.1.d, e.40.Striga(Striga). A narrow transverse streak.41.Strigose(Strigosa). Painted with several such streaks.—Ex.Ennomos prunaria.42.Line(Linea). A narrowlongitudinalstripe.43.Lineate(Lineata). Painted with several such stripes. N.B. If with two, we saybilineata, with three,trilineata, &c.—Ex.Elater lineatus.44.Vitta(Vitta). A broad longitudinal stripe.45.Vittate(Vittata). Painted with several such stripes.—Ex.Chrysomela fastuosa,cerealis, &c.46.Undulate(Undulata). When fasciæ, strigæ, lines,&c. curve into alternate sinuses resembling the rise and fall of waves.47.Sinuato-Undulate(Sinuato-Undulata). When the sinuses are obtuse.—Ex.Boarmia repandaria.48.Anguloso-Undulate(Anguloso-Undulata). When they go in a zigzag direction, or with alternate acute sinuses.—Ex.Acidalia undulata.49.Radiate(Radiata). When a dot, spot, &c. appear to send forth rays.—Ex. The large blueareacommon to all theWingsofPapilio Ulysses.50.Venose(Venosa). Painted with lines that branch like veins.—Ex.Under sideofWingsofPontia Napi.51.Cancellate(Cancellata). Painted with transverse lines crossing longitudinal ones at right angles.—Ex.Macaria clathrata.52.Areolate(Areolata). Painted with lines which intersect each other in various directions, so as to exhibit the appearance of net-work.—Ex.WingsofTetanocera marginataandCossus ligniperda.53.Limbate(Limbata). When the disk is surrounded by a margin of a different colour.—Ex.Dytiscus marginalis.54.Armillate(Armillata). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded by abroadring of a different colour.—Ex.Posterior TibiaofProsopis annulata(Melitta* b. K.).55.Annulate(Annulata). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded by anarrowring of a different colour.—Ex.Antennæof manyIchneumons.56.Cingulate(Cingulata). When the abdomen or the trunk is wholly surrounded by one or morebelts of a different colour.—Ex.Abdomenof manyNomadæ(Apis*. b. K.).57.Decolorate(Decolor). When the colour appears to be discharged from any part.—Ex.Marginof theAbdominalsegments inStelis punctulatissimaLatr. (Apis**c.1. β. K.).58.Unicolorate(Unicolor). When a surface is of one colour.59.Concolorate(Concolor). Of the same colour with another part. If speaking ofLepidoptera, when the upper and under sides of the wings are of the same colour.—Ex.Hesperia Linea,Paniscus.60.Discolorate(Discolor). Of a different colour from another part. When the upper and under sides of the wings ofLepidopteraare of a different colour.—Ex.Polyommatus Corydon,Argiolus, &c.61.Versicolorate(Versicolor). When a surface changes its colour as the light varies.—Ex.Apatura Iris♂.62.Iridescent(Iricolor). When a surface reflects the colours of the rainbow.—Ex.MesothoraxofXylocopa iricolor.WingsofHymenoptera, &c.63.Infuscate(Infuscata). When a colour is darkened by the superinduction of a brownish shade or cloud.—Ex.Apexof theUpper WingsofCossus ligniperda.
1.Atom(Atomus). A very minute dot.
2.Irrorate(Irrorata). Sprinkled with atoms, as the earth with dew.—Ex.Onthophagus Vacca.Papilio Paris.
3.Gutta(Gutta[1092]). A roundish dot intermediate in size between anatomand amacula.
4.Guttate(Guttata). Sprinkled withguttæ.—Ex.Coccinella.
5.Macula(Macula). A larger indeterminately shaped spot.
6.Maculate(Maculata). Painted with such spots.—Ex.Abraxas grossulariata.
7.Litura(Litura). An indeterminate spot growing paler at one end, as if daubed or blotted.
8.Liturate(Liturata). A surface painted with one or more such spots.—Ex.Aphodius conflagratus.
9.Plaga(Plaga). A long and large spot.—Ex.Aphodius plagiatus.
10.Islet(Insula). A spot of a different colour, included in a plaga or macula.—Ex. TheOcelliin thePrimary WingsofHipparchia Semele. Aspotin themiddle fasciaof theunder sideof thePrimary WinginPapilio Podalirius.
11.Crepera(Crepera). A gleam of paler colour upon a dark ground.—Ex.ElytraofDytiscus marginalis.
12.Shadow(Umbra). A slight shade, not easily perceptible upon a paler ground.—Ex.ElytraofAcanthocinus Ædilis.WingsofPlutella asperella.
13.Signatures(Signaturæ). Markings upon a surface resembling in some degree letters and characters.
14.Signate(Signatus). Marked with signatures.—Ex.ElytraofAcrocinus longimanus.
15.Inscribed(Inscriptus). When the surface is marked with the resemblance of a letter of any language.—Ex.Plusia Gamma.Vanessa C. album.
16.Hieroglyphic(Hieroglyphicus). Painted with characters somewhat resembling hieroglyphics.—Ex.Acrocinus longimanus.Schizorhina Australasiæ.
17.Annulet(Annulus). A ring-shaped spot.—Ex.Cyclophora omicronaria, &c.PlateXIV.Fig.1.o.
18.Lunulet(Lunula). A small crescent-shaped spot.—Ex.Marginal spotsabove and below theSecondary WingsinMelitæa Artemis, &c.
19.Reniculus(Reniculus). A small kidney-shaped spot.—Ex.Upper WingsofMamestra Persicaria.
20.Ocellus(Ocellus). An eye-like spot in theWingsof manyLepidoptera, consisting of annuli of different colours, inclosing a central spot or pupil.
a.Pupil(Pupilla). The central spot of the ocellus.PlateXIV.Fig.1.t.An ocellus is called bipupillate, tripupillate, &c., when there are two, three, &c. of these spots.—Ex.Primary WingofHipparchia Tithonus, &c.PlateXIV.Fig.1.p.
a.Hastate Pupil(Pupilla hastata). When the pupil is a halberd-shaped spot.—Ex.PupilofOcellusofAglia Tau.PlateXIV.Fig.1.k.
b.Suffulted Pupil(Pupilla suffulta). When the pupil shades into another colour.—Ex.Primary WingofVanessa Io.
b.Iris(Iris). The circle which incloses the pupil.PlateXIV.Fig.1.u.
c.Atmosphere(Atmosphæra). Theexteriorcircle of the ocellus.PlateXIV.Fig.1.v.
21.Blind Ocellus(Ocellus cæcus). An ocellus without the pupil.—Ex.Hipparchia Davus.
22.Spurious Ocellus(Ocellus spurius). A circular spot without any defined iris or pupil.—Ex.Spotin theDiskof thePrimary WingsofColias Helice.
23.Simple Ocellus(Ocellus simplex). When the ocellus consists only of iris and pupil.—Ex.Ocellion theunder sideofPrimary WingsofHipparchia Semele.PlateXIV.Fig.1.t, n, u.
24.Compound Ocellus(Ocellus complexus). When the ocellus consists of three or more circles.—Ex.Saturnia Spini.PlateXIV.Fig.1.l.
25.Nictitant Ocellus(Ocellus nictitans). When the ocellus includes a lunular spot of a different colour.—Ex.Under sideofWingsofMorpho Perseus.PlateXIV.Fig.1.m.
26.Fenestrate Ocellus(Ocellus fenestratus). When an ocellus has a transparent spot.—Ex.Attacus PaphiaandCytherea.
27.Dioptrate Ocellus(Ocellus dioptratus). A fenestrate ocellus divided by a transverse line.—Ex.Attacus Polyphemus.
28.Double Ocellus(Ocellus geminatus). When two ocelli are included in the same circle or spot.—Ex.Under sideofSecondary WingofMorpho Perseus.PlateXIV.Fig.1.r, v.
29.Twin Ocellus(Ocellus didymus). When such ocelli join each other.—Ex.Under sideofSecondary WingofHipparchia Hyperanthus.
30.Sesquialterous Ocellus(Ocellus sesquialterus). An ocellus with a smaller near it, called alsoSesquiocellus.—Ex.Under sideofSecondary WingofColias Edusa.PlateXIV.Fig.1.q.
31.Supercilium(Supercilium). An arched line resembling an eyebrow, which sometimes surmounts an eyelet.—Ex.Under sideofSecondary WingofMorpho Achilles.PlateXIV.Fig.1.i.
32.Nebulose(Nebulosus). Painted with colour irregularly darker and lighter, so as to exhibit some resemblance ofclouds.—Ex.Curculio sulcirostris,nebulosus;Catocala nupta.
33.Testudinarious(Testudinarius). Painted with red, black and yellow, like tortoise-shell.—Ex.ElytraofAphodius testudinarius.
34.Consperse(Conspersus). Thickly sprinkled with minute irregular dots often confluent.—Ex.Biston Betularia.
35.Achatine(Achatinus). Painted with various concentric, curved, or parallel lines, resembling the veining of an agate.—Ex.Cossus labyrinthicus.Cerura vinula.
36.Ustulate(Ustulata). So marked with brown as to have the appearance of beingscorched.—Ex.WingsofEnnomos dolabraria.
37.Marmorate(Marmorata). So painted with streaks, veins, and clouds, as to resemblemarble.—Ex.Under sideof theWingsofVanessa Io.Marmarina marmorata.
38.Tessellate(Tessellata). Painted in checquerwork.—Ex.AbdomenofSarcophaga carnariaandMusca maculata.
39.Fascia(Fascia). A broad transverse band.
a.Pyramidate Fascia(Fascia pyramidata). A band which juts out into an angle on one side.—Ex.WingofApatura Iris.Argynnis Paphia.PlateXIV.Fig.1.h.
b.Macular Fascia(Fascia macularis). A band consisting of distinct spots.—Ex.WingsofAbraxas grossulariata.PlateXIV.Fig.1.b.
c.Articulate Fascia(Fascia articulata). A band consisting of contiguous spots.—Ex.Under sideofWingsofMelitæa Dictynna.Upper sideofPrimary WingofMorpho Menelaus.PlateXIV.Fig.1.a.
d.Dimidiate Fascia(Fascia dimidiata). A band traversing onlyhalfthe wing.—Ex.Primary WingofPapilio Turnus.PlateXIV.Fig.1.f.
e.Abbreviate Fascia(Fascia abbreviata). A band traversinglessthanhalfthe wing.—Ex.Primary WingofPapilio Podalirius,Ajax, &c.PlateXIV.Fig.1.g.
f.Sesquialterous Fascia(Fascia sesquialtera). When both wings are traversed by a continued band, and either the primary or secondary by another.—Ex.Endromis versicolor.PlateXIV.Fig.1.d, c.
g.Sesquitertious Fascia(Fascia sesquitertia). When both wings are traversed by a continued band, and more than half of either the primary or secondary by another; or, when a wing or elytrum contains a band and the third of a band.—Ex.Tortrix Avellana.PlateXIV.Fig.1.d, e.
40.Striga(Striga). A narrow transverse streak.
41.Strigose(Strigosa). Painted with several such streaks.—Ex.Ennomos prunaria.
42.Line(Linea). A narrowlongitudinalstripe.
43.Lineate(Lineata). Painted with several such stripes. N.B. If with two, we saybilineata, with three,trilineata, &c.—Ex.Elater lineatus.
44.Vitta(Vitta). A broad longitudinal stripe.
45.Vittate(Vittata). Painted with several such stripes.—Ex.Chrysomela fastuosa,cerealis, &c.
46.Undulate(Undulata). When fasciæ, strigæ, lines,&c. curve into alternate sinuses resembling the rise and fall of waves.
47.Sinuato-Undulate(Sinuato-Undulata). When the sinuses are obtuse.—Ex.Boarmia repandaria.
48.Anguloso-Undulate(Anguloso-Undulata). When they go in a zigzag direction, or with alternate acute sinuses.—Ex.Acidalia undulata.
49.Radiate(Radiata). When a dot, spot, &c. appear to send forth rays.—Ex. The large blueareacommon to all theWingsofPapilio Ulysses.
50.Venose(Venosa). Painted with lines that branch like veins.—Ex.Under sideofWingsofPontia Napi.
51.Cancellate(Cancellata). Painted with transverse lines crossing longitudinal ones at right angles.—Ex.Macaria clathrata.
52.Areolate(Areolata). Painted with lines which intersect each other in various directions, so as to exhibit the appearance of net-work.—Ex.WingsofTetanocera marginataandCossus ligniperda.
53.Limbate(Limbata). When the disk is surrounded by a margin of a different colour.—Ex.Dytiscus marginalis.
54.Armillate(Armillata). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded by abroadring of a different colour.—Ex.Posterior TibiaofProsopis annulata(Melitta* b. K.).
55.Annulate(Annulata). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded by anarrowring of a different colour.—Ex.Antennæof manyIchneumons.
56.Cingulate(Cingulata). When the abdomen or the trunk is wholly surrounded by one or morebelts of a different colour.—Ex.Abdomenof manyNomadæ(Apis*. b. K.).
57.Decolorate(Decolor). When the colour appears to be discharged from any part.—Ex.Marginof theAbdominalsegments inStelis punctulatissimaLatr. (Apis**c.1. β. K.).
58.Unicolorate(Unicolor). When a surface is of one colour.
59.Concolorate(Concolor). Of the same colour with another part. If speaking ofLepidoptera, when the upper and under sides of the wings are of the same colour.—Ex.Hesperia Linea,Paniscus.
60.Discolorate(Discolor). Of a different colour from another part. When the upper and under sides of the wings ofLepidopteraare of a different colour.—Ex.Polyommatus Corydon,Argiolus, &c.
61.Versicolorate(Versicolor). When a surface changes its colour as the light varies.—Ex.Apatura Iris♂.
62.Iridescent(Iricolor). When a surface reflects the colours of the rainbow.—Ex.MesothoraxofXylocopa iricolor.WingsofHymenoptera, &c.
63.Infuscate(Infuscata). When a colour is darkened by the superinduction of a brownish shade or cloud.—Ex.Apexof theUpper WingsofCossus ligniperda.