Abbeys,seeMonasteries.Abbot, meaning of,58.Abbots chosen by feudal lords,155.Abelard,268f.Absolute monarchy,475ff.,496ff.Acolyte,20.Acre taken in First Crusade,194.Act of Appeals,430.Act of Supremacy,430.Act of Uniformity,491.Adda, valley of,471.Address to the German Nobility, by Luther,396f.Adrian VI, Pope, attempts reformation of Church,310.Adrianople, battle of,25.Æneid, copies of, in Middle Ages,333, note.Agincourt, battle of (1415),292.Agricola, Rudolph,379.Aids, feudal,111,145and note.Aistulf, Lombard king,74f.Aix-la-Chapelle, Charlemagne's palace at,78.Alaric takes Rome,26.Albertus Magnus,231,260;writes commentary on Aristotle,272.Albigenses,221f.;crusade against,223f.,256.Alchemy,672.Aleander's views of Protestant revolt,399,403.Alemanni,35;attempted conversion of, by St. Columban,65.Alessandria built,178.Alexander III, Pope,178f.Alexander VI, Pope (Borgia),362,364.Alexander I, Tsar,611,620.Alexius, Emperor, and First Crusade,188,191.Alfred the Great,133f.Alsace ceded to Germany,472f.,663and note.Alva,448ff.Amalfi, commerce of,243.Ambrose,51.America, North, explored by English,351.American colonies of England, revolt of,532ff.American Revolution,533ff.Amiens, rupture of Treaty of,610.Anabaptists,416.Anagni, attack on Boniface VIII at,306.Ancien Régime,537ff.Andrea del Sarto,346.Angelico, Fra,343.Angevins,seePlantagenets.Angles,27;settle in Britain,60.Anglo-Saxon,253.Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,134,253.Anjou,126,301.Anne, Queen,524.Antioch, Latin principality of,193.Antwerp,450.Appanages, creation of, in France,128.Aquinas,231,272.Aquitaine,67,82,93,124,126.See alsoGuienne.Arabia,243.Arabs, condition of, before Mohammed,69;conquests of,70f.;conquer Syria,188;civilization of, in Spain,356.Aragon united with Castile,357.Archbishops, origin of,21;powers of,203ff.Arches defined and illustrated,264.Architecture, mediæval,262f.;Romanesque,263;Gothic,264f.;domestic,266f.;Renaissance,339f.Aristotle, mediæval veneration for,271f.;Dante's estimate of,331.Arius,30.Arles,seeBurgundy.Armada,463.Arnold of Brescia,177.Arnulf of Carinthia,97.Art, mediæval,261f.;fostered by Italian despots,326;Renaissance,339;Arabic,356.Arthur, nephew of John of England,127.Artois, count of,575,630.SeeCharles X of France.Assignats,571,591and note.Astrology,260,672.Astronomy, mediæval knowledge of,331;discoveries of Copernicus,351;modern,672f.Athanasius,50.Athens, school at, closed,33.Attila,27.Augsburg, Hungarians defeated near,150;confession of,417f.;diet of,417f.;religious Peace of,419f.,465.Augustine, Bishop of England,61.Augustine, Bishop of Hippo,26, note,51,390,393.Augustinian order,385, note,387.Austerlitz, battle of,611.Australia,685f.Austrasia,37,38.Austria,150,354f.;hold of, on Italy,507;conflicts with Turks,517f.;war of 1809 with Napoleon,619;mixed population of,632;influence of, after 1815,640;revolution of 1848 in,644f.;opposition of, to German unity,651f.;decline of influence of, after 1851,653f.;war with Prussia (1866),660.Austrian Mark,150.Austrian Netherlands, given to France,604;to Holland,625.Austrian Succession, War of,518ff.Avignon, seat of papacy (1305–1377),307f.;Clement VII, anti-pope, reëstablishes papal court at,310.Azores Islands discovered by Portuguese,347.Baber,529and note.Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1305–1377),307f.Babylonian Captivity of the Church, by Luther,397.Bacon, Francis,478.Bacon, Roger,273,478,671.Bacteria,674.Baden granted a constitution,635.Bæda,seeVenerable Bede.Bagdad,83, note.Baillis, established by Philip Augustus,130.Balance of power,427f.,625f.Baldwin, in First Crusade,191f.;ruler of Jerusalem,194.Balliol,279.Banking, origin of,246.Bannockburn, battle of (1314),280.Banquet, Dante's,331.Baptism essential to salvation,46;sacrament of,210.Baptists,491.Barbarians,seeGermans.Barbarians, Laws of the,40.Barbarossa, Frederick,seeFrederick I, Emperor.Barebone's Parliament,489.Barons, War of the,146f.Basel, Council of (1431–1449),318f.Basil,51.Bastile, fall of the,565.Bavaria, conquered by the Franks,37;65,67,82,93,98,112;made an electorate,467;in War of Austrian Succession,518f.;elector of, assumes title of king,612;granted a constitution,635.Baylen, battle of,618.Bede,seeVenerable Bede.Bedford, duke of,293."Beggars" of the Netherlands,447.Belgium,627f.;becomes an independent kingdom,640f.Belisarius overthrows the Vandal kingdom,33.Benedict, St.,57f.;Rule of,57f.Benedict IX, Pope,160.Benedict XIII, Pope, deposed by Council of Pisa,313;by Council of Constance,315.Benedictine order,57, note.Beneficium,105f.Berbers,71.Berlin, Congress of,670.Bible, translated into Gothic,252;Wycliffe's translation of,309;first printed,338;German, before Luther,378,405;Luther's translation of,405f.;German, for Catholics,413;English translation of,431;King James version of,478and note.Bishop of Rome, not yet pope in Constantine's time,21;obscurity of the early,50;Valentinian's decree concerning,51.SeePope.Bishops, origin of,20,67;method of choosing,155;complicated position of,156,174;duties, position, and importance of,204,206f.Bismarck,657ff.,663.Black Death (1348–1349),288.Black Friars,seeDominicans."Black Hole" of Calcutta,531.Black Prince of England, at Crécy,285;and Poitiers,287.Blockade,615f.Boethius, last distinguished Roman writer,19,31f.,134.Bohemia, Huss spreads Wycliffe's doctrines in,309;relation with Council of Basel,318f.;revolts from the Hapsburgs,466f.;in 1848,646,648.Bohemians, Charlemagne forces, to pay tribute,82.Bohemond, in First Crusade,191f.Boleyn, Anne,429f.Bologna, study of Roman law at,177.Bonaparte, analysis of character of,595ff.SeeNapoleon.Bonaventura, head of Franciscan order, quoted,232.Boniface, St., apostle to the Germans,65f.;anoints Pippin,73.Boniface VIII, Pope, struggle with Philip the Fair,304f.Book of Prayer, English,435,458,482,491.Books copied by monks,58.Borgia, Cæsar, hero of Machiavelli'sPrince,362.Borgia, Pope Alexander VI,362.Borodino, battle of,621.Bosnia,669,670and note.Boso, count of Vienne,97.Bosworth Field, battle of,297.Bothwell,459f.Boulogne, Napoleon's army at,610f.Bourbon kings,453,630.Brandenburg, electorate of,372,474,515f.SeePrussia.Brazil,685.Breitenfeld, battle of,470.Bremen, foundation of,81;commerce of,244;member of the German empire,604.Bretigny, Treaty of (1360),286f.Britain conquered by the Angles and Saxons,60;church of, yields to Roman Church,62.Brittany,123.Bruce, Robert,279f.Bruges,123,245.Brumaire, eighteenth,598.Bruni, Leonardo, estimate of importance of Greek studies,336.Bruno, Archbishop,149.Buckingham,478.Bulgaria,669f.Bulgaria, South,670, note.Bulls, papal, origin of name,204, note.Bundesrath,661,666.Burgher class, rise of,249.Burgundians,30,36;number of, entering the empire,39.Burgundy, county of,366,471.See alsoFranche-Comté.Burgundy, duchy of,124,292;alliance with England,292f.;importance of, under Philip the Good and Charles the Bold,300,354,417.Burgundy, kingdom of,38,97,124and note,153.Burnt Njal, The Story of,99, note.Buttress, flying, defined and illustrated,264f.Byzantium,22, note.Cabinet, English,524f.Cadiz,479.Cædmon,253.Cæsar, drives back the Germans,5;conquers Britain,60.Cahiers,562f.Calais taken by English,285,295.Calcutta,529;"Black Hole" of,531.Calendar, French republican,582and note.Caliph, title of,70.Calmar, Union of,469.Calonne,556f.;reforms proposed by,558ff.Calvin,425f.,452.Calvinists,420,473.Cambray, League of (1508),365.Campo-Formio, Treaty of,594f.Canada won by the English,530,532,685f.Canary Islands discovered by Portuguese,347.Canon law,202, note;burned by Luther,399.Canonical election,155.Canons,207, note.Canons and decrees of the Council of Trent, The,440.Canossa,169.Canterbury, the religious capital of England,61;St. Martin's at,61;dispute concerning Archbishop of, under John,183.Capet, Hugh,121.Capetian kings, position of early,121f.,124f.Capitularies,87.Carbonari,637.Cardinals,162and note,204.Carloman, brother of Pippin,72.Carlsbad Resolutions,634f.Carlstadt,407f.Carnot,588.Carolingian line in France,120f.Cassiodorus, his treatises on the liberal arts and sciences,32.Castile, united with Aragon,357.Castle, mediæval,100,267.Catechism, Napoleon's,617.Cathari,221.Cathedral, the mediæval,262f.;of Wells,265f.Catherine de' Medici,454f.Catherine of Aragon,367,428ff.Catherine II of Russia,514.Catholic Church, early conception of,20.SeeChurch, Clergy.Catholic League of Dessau,415.Catholic League in Germany,466f.Catholic party, formation of a, at Regensburg,412.Catholic reaction,438, note.Catholic reformation,412f.,437ff.Cavaliers,485.Cavour,654.Celibacy of the clergy,seeMarriage.Celts in Britain,60.Chalcedon, Act of the Council of,51.Châlons, battle of,27.Champagne, counts of, growth of possessions of,113f;position of,114f.Chapter, cathedral,207.Charlemagne,77ff.;ideal of, of a great German empire,79;coronation of, as emperor,83f.;reëstablishes the Western Empire,84f.;system of government of,86;his farms,86and note;interest of, in schools,87ff.,268;disruption of empire of,92ff.;collects German poems,253;hero of romances,254.Charles Martel,38;aids Boniface,66,67ff.;defeats the Mohammedans at Tours,72.Charles the Bald,92f.,95.Charles the Fat,96f.Charles the Simple,96, note,113,121f.Charles V of France (1364–1380) reconquers most of English possessions in France,287f.Charles VI of France,292f.Charles VII of France,293f.Charles VIII of France invades Italy,360f.Charles IX of France,454ff.Charles X of France,630.See alsoArtois, count of.Charles the Bold of Burgundy,300,422.Charles V, Emperor,301;possessions of,354,359f.;coronation of,367;wars with Francis I,366,415,417;