at diet of Worms,400;at Augsburg,417f.;attitude toward the Protestants,438;abdicates,444.Charles VI, Emperor,518.Charles VII, Emperor,518f.Charles I of England,478ff.;financial exactions of,479,481;execution of,486f.Charles II of England,488,490ff.Charles II of Spain,502;will of,506.Charles XII of Sweden,513f.Charles Albert of Sardinia,646,647,650.Charter, French, of 1814,629f.Charter, the Great, of England,144,146.Charters granted to mediæval towns,239f.Chemistry,672.Chivalry,256f.Christian IV of Denmark,467f.Christian missions, map of,63.Christianity, preparation for, in Roman Empire,18;promises of,18;pagan rites and conceptions adopted by,19.Christians, persecution of,10.Chrysoloras called to teach Greek in Florence,336.Church, apostolic,19;organization of, before Constantine,20;in the Theodosian Code,21;survives the Roman Empire,22;greatness of,44;sources of power of,45ff.;attitude of, toward the civil government,47;begins to perform the functions of the civil government,48;coöperation of, with the civil government,80, note,81;maintains knowledge of Latin,87;policy of William the Conqueror in regard to English,138;wealth of,154;lands of, feudalized,154;offices bought and sold,158;and state,165,303;character and organization of mediæval,201ff.;services of, to civilization,216;evil effects of wealth upon,217f.;loses power as modern states develop,303f.;reasons for influence of, in Middle Ages,303,370;corruption of,217ff.;during Babylonian Captivity of,307;in Germany,383;attempted reformation of,223;at Constance,317;taxation of,307;attempted union of, with Eastern Church,319;attitude of humanists toward,335;enthusiasm for, in Germany before Luther,377;discontent with, in Germany,385;in France before the Revolution,541ff.;attacked by Voltaire,550;property of, confiscated by the National Assembly,570f.;lands, secularization of,603.Church fathers,50f.Cicero, humanists' estimate of,332,334.Cisalpine republic,595,601,602.Cistercian order,219.City of God, The, Augustine's,26, note,78.Civil Constitution of the Clergy,571f.,580,606f.Civil war in England,485f.Classics, Greek and Roman, neglect of, in the Middle Ages,259,330,333, note;Dante's respect for,331;revival of,332ff.;Petrarch's enthusiasm and search for,332ff.Clement V, Pope, removes seat of papacy to France,306.Clement VII, anti-pope, returns to Avignon,310.Clement VII, Pope,412,430.Clergy, minor orders of,20;privileges of, in Theodosian Code,21;attitude toward civil government,81;lower, demoralized by simony,159;importance of, to civilization,214f.;benefit of,214, note;corruption of,217f.;secular, opposition of, to mendicant orders,231;reform of, at Regensburg,412;policy of Henry VIII toward,429ff.;in France before the Revolution,542;representatives of, join third estate,564;Civil Constitution of,571f.,580,606f.;non-juring, in France,572,579,606.See alsoMarriage.Clericis laicos, papal bull,304.Clive,531f.Clovis, conquests of,35f.;conversion of,35;number of soldiers of, baptized,39.Cnut, king of England,134.Coal, use of,676.Code Napoléon,607f.Coinage, French king's control of,131.Colbert, reforms of,499f.Colet,426f.Coligny,455f.Cologne,12,248;elector of,372.Coloni, condition of,15f.Colonies, European,527ff.,684;Roman,12;French, in North America,527f.;Spanish,684f.Columban, St.,65.Columban St., Life of,65, note.Columbus,350.Comitatus,105f.Comites,67.Commendation,105and note.Commerce, development of,199f.,243f.;restrictions on,245f.;in Italy,243,322f.;in France and England,302.Commercial war between Holland and England,488.Committee of Public Safety,585,587f.Common law, English,142.Commons, House of,147.SeeParliament.Commons, summoned to the French Estates General,131;the English,147.Commonwealth, England a,487.Commune, Paris,586;insurrection of, 1871,664.Communes, establishment of, in France in 1789,566.Communes, origin of,239f.Communication, modern means of,678f.,684.Communion under both kinds,432and note.Compass, invention of,352.Compendiums, reliance upon, in later Roman Empire,17;inherited by Middle Ages,18.Compurgation,41.Concordat, between Francis I and Pope Leo X,366, note;of 1801,607.Condé,472.Condottieri, Italian mercenary troops,326f.Confederation of the Rhine,612f.Confession,212, note.Confession of Augsburg,417f.Confirmation, sacrament of,211.Congregational church,483.Congress of Berlin,670.Congress of Vienna,625ff.Conrad II, Emperor,153.Conrad III, Emperor,173, note,197.Consolation of Philosophy, The, of Boethius,19,134.Constance, heiress of Naples and Sicily, marries Emperor Henry VI,180.Constance, Peace of (1183),179;Council of (1414),314.Constantine,21f.Constantine VI,84.Constantinople,22f.;threatened by Turks,188;taken by the Turks,23,517;Bishop of, put on an equal footing with the Bishop of Rome,51;during First Crusade,191;culture of, affects the West,336f.;desire of Russia for,668.Constitution, first French,576;of the year VIII,599;veneration for a, in Italy,637.Constitutional government, desire for, in France,563;demand for, in Prussia,632;granted in southern Germany,635;in Piedmont,651.Consul, title of Bonaparte,600,608.Continental blockade,615f.Continental system, the,616.Continuity of history,4.Conventicle Act,492.Convention, French,582ff.;close of,590f.Conversion of the Germans,56ff.;of the Saxons,80.Copernicus (Kopernik), astronomical discoveries of,351f.Copyists, carelessness of,89and note,90.Corbie, school at,90.Cordova, emir of,83;brilliant civilization of caliphate of,356.Corn Laws,681.Corneille,500.Corsica added to France,536,592f.Cortez conquers Mexico,351.Council, general,311f.;of Clermont,188;fourth Lateran,184;of Pisa,313;of Constance,314ff.;of Basel,318f.;of Ferrara-Florence,319f.;Luther recognizes fallibility of,393.Council of Blood,448.Council of State, French,599.Counter-reformation,438, note.Counties, sheriffs in the English,137.Counts, origin of,67;position of,102.Counts of the march,82,86.Coup d'état,598.Court, lord's,110and note.Court of High Commission,482.Covenant, National,483f.Crécy, battle of,284.Crema destroyed by Frederick I,178.Crimean War,668f.Cromwell, Oliver,485ff.;death of,489f.Cromwell, Richard,490.Crusade, Albigensian,223f.,256.Crusades,23,187ff.;effects of,199f.,243,347.Culloden Moor,527.Culture, mediæval,250f.;general use of Latin,250;Germanic languages,251f.;Romance languages,251f.;literature, romance,254f.;chivalry,256f.;ignorance of the past,259;popular science,260;art,261f.;education, the universities,267f.;Roman and canon law,269;Aristotle,271;scholasticism,272.Curia, papal,204.Customs duties,246,681.Customs lines, interior,539f.Customs union, German,635.Cyprian,20.Czar,seeTsar.Dagobert,38.Damascus, seat of the caliphate,70,83, note.Danegeld,134.Danes,99, note;invade England,133f.;defeated by Alfred,133.Danish language, derivation of,251.Dante,330f.Danton,589.Dantzig,196,248.Dark age before Charlemagne,87."Dark ages," meaning of,6,91.Darnley,459.Dauphin, origin of title,292, note.Deacons,19f.Declaration of Independence, American,533.Declaration of Rights, English,494.Declaration of the Rights of Man,568ff.,629.Decretumof Gratian,269.Degrees, university, explained,270, note.Deist,550.Departments in France,538,567f.Desaix,601f.Dessau, League of,415.Dialoguesof Gregory the Great,54.Diaz rounds Cape of Good Hope,348.Dictatusof Gregory VII.,164.Diet, German, attempts to reform government,375.Directory, French,591,593,597f.,601.Discoveries in fourteenth and fifteenth centuries,347f.;modern scientific,671ff.Dispensations, papal,203.Dissenters,491.Divine Comedyof Dante,330.Divine right of kings,476f.,496ff.Doge of Venice,324.Domain,121.Domesday Book,138.Dominican order organized,230.Donauwörth,466.Drake, Sir Francis,461.Dresden, battle of,623.Dukes, origin of,67.Dumouriez,582,584.Dunkirk,489,588.Dupleix,531.Dürer, Albrecht,346.Dutch, commerce of,448.See alsoHolland.Dutch language, derivation of,251.EastFrankish kingdom,94,98.East Goths,28f.,30,33.East India Company, English,530;French,530.Eastern Church,seeGreek Church.Eastern Empire,22;civilization of, in Middle Ages,23.Eastern question, origin of,535,667ff.Ecclesiastical states, origin of,156, note;in Germany, disappearance of,603f.Eck,392f.,398,418.Economists, French,552f.Edessa, Latin principality of, established,193;fall of,196.Edict of Nantes,542.Edict of Restitution,468,473.Edict of Worms,403f.,415.Education, clerical monopoly of,213f.;mediæval,267;humanistic,335;compulsory,683.Edward the Confessor,134,136f.Edward I of England,147,278f.Edward II,280;forced to abdicate,281.Edward III, claims French crown,283f.,286f.Edward IV,296.Edward V,297.Edward VI,434f.Egbert, king of Wessex,133.Egypt, Bonaparte's expedition to,597f.;English occupation of,685.Eisenach, Luther at,405.Elba,624.Elders,19,426, note.Elders, Council of,590,599.Electors in empire,372,524, note.Elizabeth, queen of England,430,451,458ff.,476.Embargo acts of the United States,615f.Emigrant nobles,575,577,579;permitted to return,607.Émigrés,seeEmigrant nobles.Emirate of Cordova,83, note."Emperor Elect,"152, note.Emperor, Roman, his will law,10;worship of,10.Emperor, title of, held by Italian kings,151;assumed by Otto the Great,151;assumed by Napoleon,608;assumed by Austrian ruler,612.Empire, reëstablishment of, in the West,84;divisions of,92f.,96;relations with papacy,151f.;under Hohenstaufens,173,185;under Hapsburgs,355.SeeHoly Roman Empire.Empire, Roman, character and organization of,8ff.Engine, steam,675f.England, early culture in,64;becomes a part of the Catholic Church,64;claims of kings of, to France,130;importance of, in history of Europe,133;on the accession of William the Conqueror,135;feudalism in,135;