Norman conquest of,136ff.;made tributary to pope by John,183;commerce of,244f.,351,460f.;conquers Wales,278;relations of, with Scotland,279f.;union of, with Scotland,280;during the Hundred Years' War,281ff.,291ff.,301f.;labor problem of, and Peasants' War,288ff.;Wars of the Roses,296f.;humanism in,335,363;Protestant revolt in,426ff.;struggle for constitutional government,475ff.;establishment of commonwealth,487ff.;restoration of the Stuarts,490;revolution of 1688,493;in the War of the Austrian Succession,526;in the Seven Years' War,520f.;expansion of,523ff.;colonies of, in North America,527ff.;settlements of, in India,529;colonial possessions of, at end of eighteenth century,535;involved in war with France (1793),583;renews war with Napoleon,610;expansion of, in the nineteenth century,685.See alsoBritain.English language,134,147,251,253f.Epictetus,18.Equality before the law,683.Erasmus,381f.;attitude of, toward Luther,394,427.Estates General,131f. and note,285,298f.,305,475,496f.;demanded by theparlementof Paris,560;summoning of,561;meeting of (1789),562f.Esthonia,514.Etruria, kingdom of,620.Eucharist,seeMass.Eugene IV, Pope,319.Eugene of Savoy,507.Euric, king of West Goths,26.Europe after 1814,625,627f.;contemporaneous,671.Excommunication,213.Exorcist,20.Fabliaux, mediæval,256.Far Eastern Question,686.Ferdinand I, Emperor, brother of Charles V,412,444,465,517.Ferdinand II, Emperor,467.Ferdinand of Aragon,357,363,364.Ferrara-Florence, Council of,319f.Feudal dues,110f.;in France,543;abolition of,567.Feudal hierarchy, no regular,116.Feudal registers,112.Feudalism,104ff.;origins of,99ff.,102f.,104f.;anarchy of,116f.;in England,135;connection of, with chivalry,257.Fief, hereditary character of,106ff.;conditions upon which granted,110and note;classes of,110,111f.,115.Five Hundred, Council of,590,599.Flanders,94,123f.,244;weavers from, in England,139;relations of, with England,283f.;under dukes of Burgundy,300;art of,346."Flayers,"298.Florence,321,325,327ff.,342;under Savonarola,361f.Fontenay, battle of,93.Foot soldiers, English, defeat French knights at Crécy,284;at Poitiers,285;at Agincourt,292.Forest cantons,421.France, origin of,94,95f.,121;position of early kings of,121f.,125;under Philip Augustus,130;genealogical table of the kings of,282, note;during the Hundred Years' War,281ff.,288,291ff.;standing army of, established,298;condition under Louis XI,299ff.;influence of Italian culture,335,363;Protestantism in,451ff.;wars of religion,451ff.;limits of, in 1659,501f.;ascendency of, under Louis XIV,495ff.;absolute monarchy in,545;reforms of Colbert,499f.;condition of, at end of the reign of Louis XIV,508;joins in War of Austrian Succession,518;alliance with the Hapsburgs,520;possessions in North America,527f.;in India,529ff.;losses of, at close of Seven Years' War,532;aids the United States,534;in the eighteenth century,535f.,537ff.;first Revolution, cause of,545,563;course of,558ff.;First Republic,581ff.;Reign of Terror,585ff.;constitution of the year III,590f.;reforms of Bonaparte,599,606,616;restoration of the Bourbons,629f.;revolution of 1848,642ff.;Third Republic,664f.Franche-Comté,300,366,471;ceded to France,502f.SeeBurgundy, county of.Francis I, Emperor,519.Francis II, Emperor, assumes the title of Emperor of Austria,612.Francis I of France,365,415,417,425;wars with Emperor Charles V,366;persecutes the Protestants,452.Francis II of France,452f.Francis Joseph I, accession of,650.Francis of Assisi,226ff.Franciscan order founded,228.Franconian line of emperors,153.Franco-Prussian War,662f.Frankfurt, National Assembly at,646,651f.Franks, conquests of,30,34;conversion of,35;history of,36f.;alliance of, with popes,73,75f.See alsoCharlemagne.Frederick, Elector of the Palatinate,466f.,477.Frederick I (Barbarossa), Emperor,173,197.Frederick II, Emperor,181f.,198.Frederick I of Prussia,516.Frederick II of Prussia,seeFrederick the Great.Frederick the Great,516,518ff.Frederick the Wise, of Saxony, collects relics,377;patron of Luther,389.Frederick William III of Prussia,613f.,621f.Frederick William IV of Prussia,652f.,656, note.Freedmen, condition of,15.Freedom of the Christian, by Luther,397, note.Freemen in competition with slaves in Roman Empire,15.Free towns, German.SeeTowns.French Academy,501.French and Indian War,530.French language,94,251,254,260.French Revolution,4,537f.;opening of,557,558ff.;second,574, ff.Frequens, decree, of Council of Constance,318, note.Friends, Society of,491.Frisia,79.Fritzlar, sacred oak of Odin at,66.Fust, John, printer of Psalter of 1459,338, note.Future life, pagan view of,18;Christian view of,19.Galileo,673.Gall, St., Irish missionary,65;monk of,78and note.Garibaldi,655,667.Gascony,124.Gaul, West Goths establish a kingdom in,26;occupied by the Franks,30,35;church in, reformed and brought under the papal supremacy,66.Gelasius, Pope, his opinion of the relation of the Church and the civil government,47.Geneva, Calvin at,425f.Genghiz Khan,510.Genoa,174,194,198;commerce of,243,347;given to Sardinia,626.Geoffrey, son of Henry II,126f. and note.George I of England,524.George II of England,526.George III,533.German Confederation of 1815,632f.;dissolution of,660.German empire, Proclamation of the,665.German kings, difficulties of, caused by the imperial title,85;vain attempt of, to control Italy,85.German kingship,148,152f.German language,94f. and note,251;reduced to writing,252f.,258f.;books published in the,250, note;in Luther's time,405f.Germans, infiltration of, into Roman Empire,8,12,16f.;objects of, in invading the Empire,25;number of invading,39;fusion of, with the Romans,39;character of early,42;conversion of,56ff.Germany,79,95f.;foundation of towns in northern,81;assigned to Louis the German,92f.,94;history of, contrasted with that of France,148;under the same ruler as Italy,151f.;confusion in, under Henry VI,182;want of unity in,185,355;culture in,335,363;before Protestant revolt: complexity, organization, the electors, theknights, the cities, neighborhood war, the diet, reorganization infifteenth century, social and intellectual conditions,371f.;during the Protestant revolt,405ff.;progress of Protestantism in,418ff.;religious division of,412,415ff.;after the Thirty Years' War,473f.;territorial reorganization of, in 1803,604;condition of, in 1814,626;effects of Napoleonic era in,631f.;in 1848,646;unification of,656ff.,665.Ghent,123;commerce of,245,248.Ghibelline party,179, note.Ghiberti,342.Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan,325.Gibbon,73,76.Gibraltar,507,532;siege of,534.Giotto,341f.Girondists,585f.,587.Glass, stained,264.Godfrey of Bouillon,191f.,193.Golden Bull sanctions neighborhood war,117.Good Hope, Cape of, rounded by Diaz (1486),348;ceded to England,685.Gothic language, Bible translated into,252.Gothic type,339.Government, difficulty of, in the Middle Ages,67,85,98;effect of feudalism on,108f.;natural,120;modern character of,682f.Grail, legend of Holy,258.Granada, fall of,83,357.Grand Alliance,506.Grand Remonstrance,484.Granson,422.Gratian,Decretumof,269.Gravitation, discovery of universal,673.Gray Friars,seeFranciscans.Great Charter of England,144–146.Great Elector of Prussia,516.Great Khan,510.Great Mogul,529.Great St. Bernard crossed by Bonaparte,601.Greece, creation of the kingdom of,640,668.Greek books brought to Venice in 1423,337.Greek Church, tends to separate from the Latin,51;union of, with Western Church,319.Greek culture in the Roman Empire,12.Greek language, knowledge of, in Middle Ages,64,336;revived study of, in Italy,320,336f.Greek New Testament,423.Gregory of Tours,33,36.Gregory the Great,52ff.;writings of,54;missionary work of,55,61.Gregory VI, Pope,160.Gregory VII,52, note,138,162,164ff.;reform of,161,162f.;conflict of, with Henry IV,167ff.;death of,170.Gregory XI, Pope,310.Gregory XII, Pope,313,315.Grotius,508.Guelf party, origin of,179,182.Guienne,130,140,283.See alsoAquitaine.Guilds, craft,241f.,500;abolition of, in France,555.Guillotine,588f. and notes.Guise, Henry of,456.Guises,454.Gunpowder, invention of,352.Gustavus Adolphus,468ff.Gustavus Vasa,469.Hades,18.Hadrian, tomb of,54.Hadrian IV, Pope, and Frederick I,176f.Hadrian VI, Pope,410–412.Hague, peace conference at The,686.Hampden, John,481.Hanover, electorate of,524, note.Hanover, house of,524;occupied by Napoleon,610;relations of, with Prussia,613f.Hanseatic League,247f.Hanseatic towns annexed to France,602.Hapsburg, Rudolf of, king of Germany,185.Hapsburgs, rise of,354f.,421,444f.,471,517ff.Harold, Earl of Wessex,136f.Hastings, battle of,136, note.Hébert,589.Heilbronn, articles of,414.Hejira, the,69.Henrietta Maria,478.Henry II of England, possession of,126,140ff.Henry III of England,146f.Henry IV of England,291.Henry V of England continues Hundred Years' War,291ff.Henry VII of England,296f.Henry VIII of England,365,367,426ff.,476.Henry II of France,452.Henry III of France,456.Henry IV of France,457f.Henry I of Germany,149and note.Henry III, Emperor,153f.;intervenes in papal matters,160,166.Henry IV of Germany,165ff.;conflict of, with Gregory VII,167ff.,174.Henry V, Emperor,171.Henry VI, Emperor,180f.Henry of Navarre,seeHenry IV of France.Henry the Lion,180.Henry the Proud,179.Heresy, in twelfth and thirteenth centuries,220f.;punishment of,225;of Huss,314f.,403and note.Herzegovina,669,670and note.Hesse, Philip of,409f.,415,419.Hesse-Cassel,628.Hildebrand,seeGregory VII.Hindustan,348,529ff.History, scope of,1;continuity or unity of,4;notions of, in the Middle Ages,259f.Hohenstaufens,173f.See alsoFrederick I, Henry VI, Frederick II.Hohenzollern family,515.See alsoBrandenburg and Prussia.Holbein, Hans,346.Holidays, number of, reduced in Germany,412.Holland,449;