war with England,492;war with France,492f.,502f.;colonies of,527;becomes the Batavian republic,604;Louis Bonaparte, king of,613;annexed to France,620;made a kingdom,625,632.See alsoUnited Netherlands.Holy Land, commercial interests of Italian cities in,198f.Holy League formed by Pope Julius II against France,365.Holy League, French,456.Holy Roman Empire,85,152f.,473;consolidation of, in 1803,603f.;dissolution of,612.See alsoGermany.Homage,109and note;refusal of,116f.Horace, idea of life entertained by,45;Satiresof,333, note.Hospitalers,194f.House of Lords, abolition of,487.See alsoParliament.Hrolf,122f.Huguenots,454ff.,467;Charles I attempts to aid,478f.;position of, under Louis XIV,504f.Humanists, Italian,334f.;German,379f.Humanities,334.Hundred Years' War,281ff.,291ff.Hungarians,149;defeated by Otto the Great,150.Hungary, freed from the Turks,518;during revolution of 1848,646,648f.;dual union of, with Austria,650.Huns,25,27.Huss,309,315ff.,393.Hussite wars,317.Hussites,432,465.Hutten, Ulrich von,385f.,395f.,399,404,410.Iconoclasticcontroversy,74.SeeImages.Illuminations,261f.Images, demolition of, in England,433f.;in the Netherlands,447f.Immunities,101.Imperial title,151f.See alsoEmperor.Indemnity, the French,664.Independents,482f. and note.India, Portuguese seek a sea route to,348;Europeans in,528ff.;during Seven Years' War,530.Indulgences attacked by Wycliffe,308;explained,390f.;attitude of Luther toward,390ff.,412,423.Industrial revolution,679f.Industry stimulated by commerce in Middle Ages,244f.Infeudation,106f.;of other things than land,115.Innocent III, Pope, struggle of, with the Hohenstaufens,181f.;attempts to reform the Church,223.Inquisition established,224,231;in Spain,358,619;in the Netherlands,445,447.Institutes of Christianity, Calvin's,425f.Interdict,183,213.International law,507f.Invasions of the ninth and tenth centuries,98f.Invention, progress of, in fourteenth and fifteenth centuries,352f.;modern,674ff.Investiture, lay,155ff.,161;prohibition of,163,167;question of, settled at Worms,171f.Invincible Armada,463.Ireland,461f.,487f.Irene, Empress,84.Irish monks in Britain,62.Iron industry,352,675f.Isabella, queen of Castile,357.Islam,69.Italian language, derivation of,251;used by Dante in theDivine Comedy,330;by Petrarch,334.Italy, during the barbarian invasions,33;united to Charlemagne's empire,85,93,96;German kings make vain attempt to control,151f.;towns of, under Frederick I,174f.;Hohenstaufens in,180,186;commerce of,198f.,243f.;divisions of, in fourteenth century,321f.;culture of, during the Renaissance,321,339ff.;invasion of, by Charles VIII,360f.;hold of Austria on,507;Bonaparte's campaign in,594;Napoleon, king of,611;after 1815,636f.,638f.;war of independence of,645f.;constitutions granted to various states of,646;unification of,654ff.;formation of the present kingdom of,655f.Ivan the Terrible,511.Jacobins,578f.,590.Jacobites,526and note.James I of England,467;theory of kingship of,475ff.James II,493.James VI of Scotland,462.See alsoJames I of England.Jamestown,528.Jefferson, Thomas, opinion of the condition of France,544.Jena, battle of,614.Jerome, St.,51;advocate of the monastic life,57.Jerome Bonaparte,614.Jerusalem,185,188;Kingdom of,192ff.,197f.Jesuits, order of,462,465f.,494.Jewry,246.Jews, economic importance of,246;persecution of,246,358.Joan of Arc,293f.John of England,126f.,144ff.;vassal of pope,183.John, king of France,285.John Frederick of Saxony,415,418f.John XXIII, Pope,313.Jongleurs,256.Joseph Bonaparte, king of Spain,618.Josephine,607,620.Journal des Savants,501.Jousts,118.Jubilee at Rome (1300),305.Julius II, Pope,344,365.Jury, origin of,142.Just price, doctrine of,245.Justification by faith,388,439.Justinian33;closes government schools,267.Kadijah, wife of Mohammed,69.Kappel, battle of,425.Kent, king of, converted,61.King, position of, in Middle Ages,73,102,108,120.King of Rome,620.King of the Romans,152, note.Kneeling Parliament,436.Knighthood,257f.Knights, summoned to the English Parliament,147;in Germany,407;revolt of,409f.;disappearance of,604.Knox, John,459.Koran, the,69f.Kossuth,650.Labor, division of,677.Labor unions,681f.Laborers, protection of,681.Lafayette,534,563,570.Laissez faire,553,681.Lancaster, house of, in England,291,296;genealogical table of,297, note.Lancelot, description of, quoted,258.Landholding, in the Roman Empire,104.See alsoFeudalism.Lanfranc,138.Langton, Stephen,183.Langue d'oc,254, note.Langue d'oïl,254, note.La Rochelle,455,457,478.La Salle,528.Latin Church tends to separate from the Greek,51.See alsoChurch.Latin language, contrast of the written, with the spoken,39,252, note;knowledge of, preserved by the Church,87f.;general use of, in the Middle Ages,95,202,250.Latin literature, extinction of,31.See alsoHumanists.Laud, William,481f.,484.La Vendée, revolt of,587.Law,seeCanon and Civil law.Law of Free Monarchies, The, of James I,477.Law of Nature and Nations, by Pufendorf,508.Laws of the Barbarians,40.Lay investiture,seeInvestiture.Lea, Henry C., description of Church,214;account of mendicants,230.Lefèvre,452f.Legates,162.Legion of Honor,617.Legislative Assembly,576,579f.Legitimists,664, note.Legnano, battle of,179.Leipsic, disputation at,392f.;battle of,623.Leo the Great,21,51,52.Leo III, Emperor, forbids the veneration of images,74.Leo IX, Pope, reform begun by,161f.Leo X (Medici), Pope, patron of art,344,365,391,410.Leonardo da Vinci,344f.Leopold II,577.Leopold of Hohenzollern,662, note.Letters of Obscure Men,380f., and note.Lettres de cachet,546.Leyden, siege of,451, note.Libraries, destruction of,32;established in Italy,337.Ligurian republic,610.Lisbon, trade in spices,348.Lit de justice,547.Livonia,514.Llewelyn, Prince of Wales,278.Logic, esteem for, in the Middle Ages,268,271;decline of,334f.Lombard cities,170f.,174ff.Lombard League,178.Lombard, Peter,Sentencesof,210,396f.Lombards as bankers,246.Lombards, History of the, by Paulus Diaconus,90.Lombards in Italy,33,34,65,74f.;conquered by Charlemagne,81.London,248,290.Long Parliament,484ff.;dissolved by Cromwell,488f.;recalled,490.Lord, mediæval, position of,99f.;meaning of term,106.Lord Protector, Cromwell,489.Lord's Supper, Zwingli's conception of,425.See alsoMass.Lorraine,94,300,472;added to France,536;portion of, ceded to Germany,663and note.Lorsch, Chronicles of, passage from,84.Lothaire, son of Louis the Pious,93.Lotharii regnum,94.Louis the Fat of France,125.Louis the German,92,93,95.Louis the Pious,92.Louis IX (Saint),130f.,198.Louis XI of France,299f.Louis XII of France,364f.Louis XIII of France,458.Louis XIV,472,489,492,495ff.;idea of position of,496f.;court of,498;wars of,501ff.;condition of France at end of reign of,508.Louis XV,508,553.Louis XVI, position of,545,553f.;removes to Paris,570;flight of, to Varennes,575f.;imprisonment of,581;trial and execution of,583.Louis XVII,625, note.Louis XVIII,625;policy of,629f.Louis Philippe,630,642f.Louisiana,534,602.Low Church party,482.Loyola, Ignatius,440ff.Lübeck,244,248.Lucien Bonaparte,599.Luther, Martin,387ff.;burns the canon law,368,399;early life and education of,387;enters monastery,387;justification by faith,388;called to Wittenberg, visits Rome,389;teaches biblical theology,389;the theses of,390;warfare against indulgences,390;debate with Eck at Leipsic,392;relations with humanists,393;with Ulrich von Hutten,395;Address to the German Nobilityof,396;Babylonian Captivity of the Churchof,397;excommunicated,398;at diet of Worms,401;outlawed by the emperor,403and note;translates the Bible,405;view of reform of,407ff.;rash talk of, about princes,413;attacks the peasants,414,416.Lützen, battle of,470.Luxembourg,300,662.Lyons revolts against the Convention,587,589.Machiavelli,The Princeof,327,362.Machinery, introduction of,675ff.Madras,529.Magdeburg,469.Magellan circumnavigates the globe,351.Magyars,seeHungarians.Major Domus,seeMayors of the Palace.Malory, theMort d'Arthurof,255, note.Malta,195.Mandeville, Sir John, referred to,261, note.Manor,100,234f.;court of the,236.Mantua,471.Manufacture, increase of, in thirteenth century,200;modern,675.Manuscripts,337f.Marches, establishment of,82.Marco Polo,347.Marcus Aurelius,Meditations of,18.Marengo, battle of,601.Margaret, queen of Navarre,452.Margraves, origin of,82,86,102.Maria Louisa,620.Maria Theresa,518ff.Marie Antoinette,554,570,589.Marlborough,506.Marquette,528.Marquises,86.Marriage, of the clergy,154,157and note,161,163,418;sacrament of,211.Marseilles, revolt of,587.Marston Moor, battle of,486.Mary of Burgundy,301.Mary of Modena,493.Mary, queen of England,435f.Mary Queen of Scots,seeMary Stuart.Mary Stuart,454,459ff.Mass, the,211f.,407,409,432.Matilda,126,140.Maurice of Saxony,418f.Maximilian I, Emperor,356,358f.,363,365.Maximilian of Bavaria,466,467.Mayence,66,78;elector of,372,378;printing at,338.Mayflower,483.Mayors of the Palace,