38.Mazarin,495.Mazzini,639,648.Mecca,68,69,70.Medici,328f.,361,366;Lorenzo de',328,344;library of the,337.Medicine, modern advance in,674.Medina,69.Melanchthon,417.Mendicant orders,225f.Merovingian documents, carelessness of,87.Merovingian kings,38,72.Mersen, Treaty of,95f.Metric system,591.Metternich,634;overthrow of,644f.Metz,452,473,663.Mexican expedition,662.Mexico,351,358.Michael Angelo,342,344f.Microscope, development of,674.Middle Ages, meaning of term,5f.;character of,42f.Middle kingdom of Lothaire,94f.Milan, Edict of,21;married clergy in,163;destruction of, by Frederick I,176f.;despots of,324f.;claimed by France,364f.;claimed by Charles V,366,417.Miles Coverdale,431.Military service, feudal,110.Miniature, derivation of word,262.Minnesingers,258.Minor orders of the clergy,20.Minorca,507.Mirabeau,564.Miracles, frequency of, in Middle Ages,46f.Missi dominici,86,102.Missions, greatly increase the power of the pope,66;of the Jesuits,442.Model Parliament,147.Modern languages, origin of,40,250ff.Mohammed,68f.Mohammedan conquests,seeArabic conquests.Mohammedan invasion of Italy,150.Mohammedanism,69f.Mohammedans,68ff.,88;gradual expulsion of, from Spain,83,356f.;commerce of,199,243.Molière,500.Moluccas,347,348.Monasteries, breaking up of, in Germany,407f.;in England,432f.Monasticism, attraction of, for many different classes,56f.Money, scarcity of, in the Middle Ages,98;use of,236,247.Mongol emperors of India,529and note.Mongols,510.Moniteur,578.Monk, George,490.Monk of St. Gall,78and note.Monks,46;origin and distinguished services of,56f.,219.Monte Cassino, founding of,57.Montesquieu,552.Moors, in Spain,357f.;expulsion of,464.Moravians,149.More, Sir Thomas,427,432.Morgarten, battle of,421.Mort d' Arthur, Malory's,255, note.Moscow,512,514;princes of,510f.;Napoleon at,621.Mosque,70.Mountain party,585f.Münster,472.Murat, king of Naples,618.Murten, battle of,422.Nantes, Edict of, granting of,457;revocation of,504f.Nantes, massacre at,589.Naples, kingdom of,180,360, note,363f.,613;revolution in,635,637f.Napoleon Bonaparte,536,574,592ff.;idea of, of a European empire,609;Memoirsof,624.Napoleon II,620.Napoleon III,644;intervenes in Italy,654f.;position of, after 1866,662.Naseby, battle of,486.National Assembly, first French,564,570;close of,576f.National guard,566.National workshops,643f."Natural boundaries" of France,501f.Natural laws, discovery of,672f.Navigation Act,488.Necker,556.Nelson,597f.,615.Netherlands,295;come into Austrian hands,301;revolt of,445ff.;Louis XIV claims,502;Spanish, ceded to Austria,507.Neustria,37f.New Testament, edition of, by Erasmus,382.New York,492.Newspapers, origin of French,578;Napoleon's attitude toward,608f.Newton, Sir Isaac,673.Nicæa, Council of,21;during First Crusades,188,192.Niccola of Pisa,340.Nicholas II, Pope, decree of,162.Nicholas V,320,337.Niebelungs, Song of the,253.Nimwegen, Peace of,503.Nobility, origin of Frankish,38;titles of,86;character of feudal,112,234f.;in France under Louis XI,299f.;established by Napoleon,608,617.Nobles, privileges of, in France,542f.;emigration of French,575.Nogaret,306.Non-juring clergy,572f.,579.Nördlingen, battle of,470.Norman conquest of England,136ff.;results of,138f.Normandy,122f.,127,284,292.Normans, amalgamate with the English,139,146;in Sicily,180, note.See alsoNorthmen.Norse literature,99, note.North German Federation,660f.Northmen, treaty of Charles the Fat with,96f.,99and note;in Russia,510.Northumbria, king of,62.Notables, meeting of,558f.Novara, battle of,650.Novgorod,248,510.Nuremberg,373;diet of (1522),410f.Odo,96,120f.Odoacer,28.Ordeal,41,142.Ordination, sacrament of,211.Orient, European relations with,199f.,244.Orleanists,664, note.Orleans, duke of,292;Maid of,294.Ormond,487.Osnabrück,472.Ostrogoths,seeEast Goths.Other-worldliness of mediæval Christianity,45.Othman,517.Otto I, the Great, of Germany,149ff.Otto of Brunswick,182.Otto of Freising,173,197.Overlord,106, note.Paganidea of the life after death,18,45.Paganism, merges into Christianity,19;of Italian humanists,335.Painting, Italian,340f.,346;in northern Europe,346.Palace, school of the,90.Palatinate, electorate of,372,467;Louis XIV's operations in,505.Pallium,203,307.Pan-Slavic Congress of 1848,648.Papacy, origin of,49ff.;seat of, transferred to Avignon,306f.,308,317.See alsoPope.Papal legates,162.Papal states,75f.,170,320,620,639,655,667.See alsoPope.Papyrus, supply of, cut off,87.Paris,37,96;Treaty of (1763),532;Peace of (1783),534;importance in the Revolution,570;commune of,581,589;insurrection of (June, 1848),643;of 1871,664.Parish, administration of,208f.Parlements, French, origin of,130f.,547f.,559f.Parliament, English,147,281,286,289;after Wars of the Roses,298,308,475;struggle of, with Charles I,478ff.,496.Parma, duchess of,447f.Parsifal, by Wolfram von Eschenbach,258.Patrick, St.,62.Paulus Diaconus,90.Peasants' War, in England,309;in Germany,407,413ff.Peasants in France, condition of, before the French Revolution,544f.Penance, sacrament of,211f.Pepys,Diaryof,492.Persecution, religious,432,436;of English Catholics,462.Peter Lombard,Sentencesof,268,334,425.Peter, St.,49f.Peter the Great,511ff.;reforms of,512.Peter the Hermit,190.Petition of Right,479.Petrarch,288,332ff.Philip Augustus of France,125ff.,130,183,197,246.Philip the Fair, of France,131,196,280;struggle of, with Boniface VIII,304f.Philip VI of France,283.Philip the Good, of Burgundy,293,295,300.Philip II of Spain,436,444ff.;reign of,463f.Philip V, first Bourbon king of Spain,506.Picts,279.Piedmont, reforms in,654.Piers Ploughman,290.Pilgrim Fathers,483.Pillnitz, Declaration of,577f.Pins, illustration of the manufacture of,677.Pippin of Heristal,38.Pippin the Short,72f.,75f.Pisa, Council of,313.Pitt, the elder,530.Pius IX,639,648.Plantagenets,125ff.,140ff.Plassey, battle of,531f.Plebiscite,600,644.Poitiers, battle of,285.Poland,153,514;first partition of,521,583f.;Napoleon's campaign in,614;dispute over, at the Congress of Vienna,626f.Pomerania,473.Pondicherry,530.Pope,52;origin of name of,52, note;54f.,66;alliance of, with Franks,72f.,75f.;opposition to iconoclasm,74,85;relations of, with Otto the Great,151f.;position of, in tenth and early eleventh centuries,161;election of,162;powers of, claimed for by Gregory VII,164f.;position of, in the Church,202ff.;during the Great Schism,310ff.;attitude of, toward councils,438;attitude of, toward Italian unity,639,647;position of, since 1870,667.Popular sovereignty defended by Rousseau,552.Port Mahon,532.Portuguese, explorations by,347f.;colonies of,348,527,685.Praise of Folly, by Erasmus,383,427.Prayer-book, English,435,458,482,491.Preaching Friars,231.Prefects, French,599.Presbyterian Church,425f.,459,482f.Presbyters,19f.,426, note.Press, censorship of, in the eighteenth century,549.Pressburg, Treaty of,611.Pride's Purge,486.Priest,20;duties of,208f.Prime minister,526.Prince Charlie,527.Prince of Wales, origin of title of,278.Printing, invention of,337f.;modern methods of,678.Privileges in France,540;abolition of,567.Protestant, origin of term,416f.Protestant revolt, conditions explaining,377;course of, in Germany,405ff.Protestant union of German princes,415,466.Protestantism, in Germany,418ff.;in Switzerland,423ff.;in England,430–435;in the Netherlands,447ff.;in France,451ff."Protests" of the Frenchparlements,547.Provençal language,254;troubadours' songs in,256.Provisors, statute of, in England,308.Prussia,474,515ff.,544;war of, with France,581,583f.,593,613f.;reforms of Stein and Hardenberg,622f.;after 1815,626f.,631;in 1848,646;strengthening of army of,656f.;war with Austria (1866),660;war with France (1870),662f.;predominating influence of, in the German empire,666.Prussians conquered by the Teutonic knights,196.Ptolemy's estimate of size of the world,350.Pufendorf,508.Purgatory,212.Puritans,482,483and note,491.Quakers,491.Quebec,528,530.Racine,500.Railroads, development of,678f.Rajah,529.Raphael,344f.Ravenna, interior of a church at,29.Reaction, after Napoleon's downfall,628;in Germany,634f.Reason, worship of,589.Reform Act, English,682, note.Regalia,177.Regensburg, formation of Catholic party at,412.Regular clergy defined,59.Reichsdeputationshauptschluss,603.Reign of Terror,537,573,588ff.;customs of, abolished,607.Relics, German collections of,377f.Relief,108, note.Religious equality,683.Rembrandt,346.Renaissance,321,329f.Republic, the "red," in France,643.Republican calendar,591.Republican party in France, origin of,576.Restoration in England,