Chapter 44

[324]See above, p.62.[325]Reference for life and death of Mary Stuart, Green,Short History, pp. 379–392, 416–417.[326]References, Green,Short History of the English People, pp. 418–420; Froude,English Seamen, pp. 176–228.[327]Reference, Johnson,Europe in the Sixteenth Century, Chapter VII, §§ 1 and 3.[328]See above, pp.419–420.[329]Reference, Wakeman,Europe from 1598-1715, Chapter III.[330]Wallenstein (b. 1583) had been educated in the Catholic faith, although he came of a family with Hussite sympathies.[331]Reference, Wakeman,Europe from 1598-1715, Chapter IV.[332]Reference, Wakeman,Europe from 1598-1715, Chapter V.[333]See above, p.452.[334]Reference, Wakeman,Europe from 1598-1715, Chapter VI. For a brief and excellent review of the whole war, see Schwill,Modern Europe, pp. 141–160.[335]See above, p.467.[336]See above, p.273.[337]See the translators' dedication to James I in the authorized version of the Bible. Only recently has it been deemed necessary to revise the remarkable work of the translators of the early seventeenth century. Modern scholars discovered very few serious mistakes in this authorized version, but found it expedient for the sake of clearness to modernize a number of words and expressions.[338]See Lee,Source-book of English History, pp. 348–352.[339]See Lee,Source-book of English History, pp. 352–355, for the first writ of ship money.[340]See above, p.426, n. 1.[341]The name Puritan, it should be noted, was applied loosely to the English Protestants, whether Low Churchmen, Presbyterians, or Independents, who aroused the antagonism of their neighbors by advocating a godly life and opposing popular pastimes, especially on Sunday.[342]Reference, Green,Short History, pp. 595–614. For a contemporary account of Puritans, seeReadings, Chapter XXX.[343]Reference, Lee,Source-book of English History, pp. 355–357.[344]Reference for Cromwell's early career and his generalship, Green,Short History, pp. 554–559.[345]For charge against the king, etc., see Lee,Source-book of English History, pp. 364–372.[346]Reference, Green,Short History, pp. 580–588, 594–600.[347]See below, p.502.[348]Reference, Wakeman,Europe from 1598-1715, Chapter VII.[349]Louis does not appear to have himself used the famous expression, "Iam thestate," usually attributed to him, but it exactly corresponds to his idea of the relation of the king and the state.[350]Reference, Perkins,France under the Regency, pp. 129–141.[351]Reference, Perkins,France under the Regency, Chapter IV.[352]Reference, Perkins,France under the Regency, pp. 141–147.[353]See above, pp.488and492,493.[354]See below, pp.517–518.[355]Reference, Perkins,France under the Regency, Chapter VI.[356]The title Tsar, or Czar, was formerly supposed to be connected with Cæsar (German,Kaiser), i.e., emperor, but this appears to have been a mistake.[357]References, Schwill,Modern Europe, pp. 215–230; Wakeman,European History from 1598-1715, pp. 300–308.[358]See above, p.196.[359]The title King of Prussia appeared preferable to the more natural King of Brandenburg, because Prussia lay wholly without the empire, and consequently its king was not in any sense subject to the emperor but was wholly independent. Since western Prussia still belonged to Poland in 1701 the new king satisfied himself at first with the title, KinginPrussia.[360]Reference, Schwill,Modern Europe, pp. 230–238.[361]Reference, Schwill,Modern Europe, pp. 238–247.[362]Reference, Hassall,The Balance of Power, pp. 18, 19, 303–317. See map below, p. 584.[363]The last instance in which an English ruler vetoed a measure passed by Parliament was in 1707.[364]See above, pp.278–280.[365]Originally there had been but seven electors (see above, p. 372), but the duke of Bavaria had been made an elector during the Thirty Years' War, and in 1692 the father of George I had been permitted to assume the title of Elector of Hanover.[366]Wolsey, it will be remembered, had advanced the same reason in Henry VIII's time for England's intervention in continental wars. See above, p.428.[367]Except in 1718–1720, when she joined an alliance against Spain, and her admiral, Byng, destroyed the Spanish fleet.[368]Derived fromJacobus, the Latin for James. The name was applied to the adherents of James II and of his son and grandson, the elder and younger pretenders to the throne.[369]It will be remembered that the children of James II by his second and Catholic wife, Mary of Modena, were excluded from the throne at the accession of William and Mary. See genealogical table on preceding page.[370]The Dutch occupation of a portion of the coast of North America was brought to an end, as has been mentioned, by the English. See above, p.492.[371]For the settlement of the English and French in North America, see Morris,The History of Colonization, Vol. I, Chapter X, and Vol. II, Chapter XVII; also Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe, Vol. I, pp. 20–35.[372]See above, p.348.[373]Baber claimed to be descended from an earlier invader, the famous Timur (or Tamerlane), who died in 1405. The so-called Mongol (or Mogul) emperors were really Turkish rather than Mongolian in origin. A very interesting account of them and their enlightenment may be found in Holden,The Mogul Emperors of Hindustan(Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00).[374]Reference, Perkins,France under Louis XV, Vol. I, Chapter XI.[375]Reference, Green,Short History of the English People, pp. 776–786.[376]See below, p.568.[377]The interior customs lines roughly coincided with the boundaries of the region of the great salt tax. See accompanying map.[378]The figures indicate the various prices of a given amount of salt.[379]See above, p.366.[380]Reference, Lowell,Eve of the French Revolution, Chapter III.[381]See above, ChapterXVIII.[382]Only a very small portion of the nobility were descendants of the ancient and illustrious families of France. The king could grant nobility to whom he would; moreover, many of the government offices, especially those of the higher judges, carried the privileges of nobility with them.[383]Reference, Lowell,Eve of the French Revolution, Chapter XIII.[384]See above,§ 192.[385]See Lowell,Eve of the French Revolution, pp. 116–118.[386]See the account of Voltaire's defense of Calas in Perkins,Louis XV, Vol. II, pp. 198sqq.[387]See above, p.500.[388]Turgot, the leading economist of the time, argues that it would be quite sufficient if "the government should always protect the natural liberty of the buyer to buy, and of the seller to sell. For the buyer being always the master to buy or not to buy, it is certain that he will select among the sellers the man who will give him at the best bargain the goods that suit him best. It is not less certain that every seller, it being his chief interest to merit preference over his competitors, will sell in general the best goods and at the lowest price at which he can make a profit in order to attract customers. The merchant or manufacturer who cheats will be quickly discredited and lose his custom without the interference of government."[389]Reference, Lowell,Eve of the French Revolution, Chapter II.[390]Turgot succeeded in inducing the king to abolish the guilds and the forced labor on the roads, but the decrees were revoked after Turgot's dismissal. For an admirable short account of Turgot's life, ideas, and reforms, see Say,Turgot(McClurg, 75 cents).[391]SeeReadings, Chapter XXIV.[392]Reference, Lowell,Eve of the French Revolution, pp. 238–242.[393]See above, pp.131–132.[394]Reference, H. Morse Stephens,The French Revolution, Vol. I, pp. 13–15, 20–24.[395]Pronounced kă-yā'.[396]Examples of thecahiersmay be found inTranslations and Reprints, Vol. IV, No. 5.[397]Reference, Lowell,Eve of the French Revolution, Chapter XXI.[398]Reference, Stephens,The French Revolution, Vol. I, pp. 128–145.[399]Reference, Stephens,The French Revolution, Vol. I, Chapter VI.[400]This decree may be found inTranslations and Reprints, Vol. I, No. 5.[401]Reference, Stephens,French Revolution, Vol. I, Chapter VII.[402]See above, p.568.[403]The text of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy may be found inTranslations and Reprints, Vol. I, No. 5.[404]Reference, Mathews,The French Revolution, Chapter XII.[405]The formerly despotic king is represented as safely caged by the National Assembly. When asked by Marie Antoinette's brother what he is about, Louis XVI replies, "I am signing my name,"—that is, he had nothing to do except meekly to ratify the measures which the Assembly chose to pass.[406]By June, 1791, there were four hundred and six of these affiliated clubs.[407]A committee of the Convention was appointed to draw up a new republican calendar. The year was divided into twelve months of thirty days each. The five days preceding September 22, at the end of the year, were holidays. Each month was divided into threedecades, and each "tenth day" (décadi) was a holiday. The days were no longer dedicated to saints, but to agricultural implements, vegetables, domestic animals, etc.[408]In former times it had been customary to inflict capital punishment by decapitating the victim with the sword. At the opening of the Revolution a certain Dr. Guillotin recommended a new device, which consisted of a heavy knife sliding downward between two uprights. This instrument, called after him, the guillotine, which is still used in France, was more speedy and certain in its action than the sword in the hands of the executioner.[409]Reference, for the conduct of the terrorists and the executions at Paris, Nantes, and Lyons: Mathews,The French Revolution, Chapter XVII.It should not be forgotten that very few of the people at Paris stood in any fear of the guillotine. The city during the Reign of Terror was not the gloomy place that we might imagine. Never did the inhabitants appear happier, never were the theaters and restaurants more crowded. The guillotine was making away with the enemies of liberty, so the women wore tiny guillotines as ornaments, and the children were given toy guillotines and amused themselves decapitating the figures of "aristocrats." See Stephens,French Revolution, Vol. II, pp. 343–361.[410]The date of Robespierre's fall is generally known as the 9th Thermidor, the day and month of the republican calendar.[411]There were about forty billions of francs in assignats in circulation at the opening of 1796. At that time it required nearly three hundred francs in paper money to procure one in specie.[412]See above, pp.326–327.[413]Reference, Rose,Life of Napoleon, Vol. I, Chapter VIII.[414]Reference, Rose,Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era, pp. 95, 96, 104–108, 114, 115.[415]Reference, Rose,Life of Napoleon, Vol. I, pp. 144–148.[416]Reference,Ibid., Chapter X.[417]See above,§ 134.[418]Reference, Rose,Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era, pp. 132–133.[419]The roads were dilapidated and the harbors filled with sand; taxes were unpaid, robbery prevailed, and there was a general decay in industry. A manufacturer in Paris who had employed sixty to eighty workmen now had but ten. The lace, paper, and linen industries were as good as destroyed.[420]See above, pp.572–573,579–580.[421]Reference, Rose,Life of Napoleon, Vol. I, Chapter XII.[422]Reference, Rose,Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era, pp. 148–163.[423]SeeTranslations and Reprints, Vol. II, No. 2.[424]See above, p.604.[425]See above, p.581.[426]That is, a blockade too extensive to be really carried out by the ships at the disposal of the power proclaiming it.[427]Reference, Rose,Life of Napoleon, Vol. II, pp. 197–207. For documents relating to the blockade and "the Continental system," seeTranslations and Reprints, Vol. II, No. 2.[428]SeeReadings, Chapter XXXVIII.[429]Napoleon was never content with his achievements or his glory. On the day of his coronation, December, 1806, he complained to his minister Decrès that he had been born too late, that there was nothing great to be done any more. On his minister's remonstrating he added: "I admit that my career has been brilliant and that I have made a good record. But what a difference is there if we compare ours with ancient times. Take Alexander the Great, for example. After announcing himself the son of Jupiter, the whole East, except his mother, Aristotle, and a few Athenian pedants, believed this to be true. But now, should I nowadays declare myself the son of the Eternal Father, there isn't a fishwife who would not hiss me. No, the nations are too sophisticated, there is nothing great any longer possible."[430]"It depends upon you alone," he said to the Spanish in his proclamation of December 7, "whether this moderate constitution that I offer you shall henceforth be your law. Should all my efforts prove vain, and should you refuse to justify my confidence, then nothing remains for me but to treat you as a conquered province and find a new throne for my brother. In that case I shall myself assume the crown of Spain and teach the ill-disposed to respect that crown, for God has given me power and will to overcome all obstacles."[431]Reference, Rose,Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era, pp. 193–201. Louis Bonaparte, the father of Napoleon III, and the most conscientious of the Bonaparte family, had been so harassed by his imperial brother that he had abdicated as king of Holland.[432]Reference, Rose,Life of Napoleon, Vol. II, Chapter XXXII.[433]See above, p.544.[434]This decree may be found inTranslations and Reprints, Vol. II, No. 2.[435]Reference, Rose,Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era, pp. 335–361.[436]The son of Louis XVI had been imprisoned and maltreated by the terrorists. He died while still a boy in 1795, but nevertheless takes his place in the line of French kings as Louis XVII.[437]Compare the accompanying map with that below, pp.666–667.[438]This document may be found inTranslations and Reprints, Vol. I, No. 3.[439]Reference, Andrews,Modern Europe, Vol. I, Chapter IV.[440]Observe the boundary of the German Confederation as indicated on the map, pp. 626–627, above. Important portions of the German constitution of 1815 are given inTranslations and Reprints, Vol. I, No. 3.[441]For the Carlsbad Resolutions, seeTranslations and Reprints, Vol. I, No. 3.[442]Reference, Andrews,Modern Europe, Vol. I, pp. 229–257.[443]The island of Sardinia had, in 1720, been given to the duke of Savoy, who was also ruler of Piedmont. The duke thereupon assumed the title of king of Sardinia, but Piedmont, with Turin as its capital, remained, nevertheless, the most important part of the kingdom of Sardinia.[444]Reference, Andrews,Modern Europe, Vol. I, pp. 205–212.[445]Reference, Fyffe,History of Modern Europe(Popular Edition, 1896), Chapter XV.[446]See above, p.449.

[324]See above, p.62.

[325]Reference for life and death of Mary Stuart, Green,Short History, pp. 379–392, 416–417.

[326]References, Green,Short History of the English People, pp. 418–420; Froude,English Seamen, pp. 176–228.

[327]Reference, Johnson,Europe in the Sixteenth Century, Chapter VII, §§ 1 and 3.

[328]See above, pp.419–420.

[329]Reference, Wakeman,Europe from 1598-1715, Chapter III.

[330]Wallenstein (b. 1583) had been educated in the Catholic faith, although he came of a family with Hussite sympathies.

[331]Reference, Wakeman,Europe from 1598-1715, Chapter IV.

[332]Reference, Wakeman,Europe from 1598-1715, Chapter V.

[333]See above, p.452.

[334]Reference, Wakeman,Europe from 1598-1715, Chapter VI. For a brief and excellent review of the whole war, see Schwill,Modern Europe, pp. 141–160.

[335]See above, p.467.

[336]See above, p.273.

[337]See the translators' dedication to James I in the authorized version of the Bible. Only recently has it been deemed necessary to revise the remarkable work of the translators of the early seventeenth century. Modern scholars discovered very few serious mistakes in this authorized version, but found it expedient for the sake of clearness to modernize a number of words and expressions.

[338]See Lee,Source-book of English History, pp. 348–352.

[339]See Lee,Source-book of English History, pp. 352–355, for the first writ of ship money.

[340]See above, p.426, n. 1.

[341]The name Puritan, it should be noted, was applied loosely to the English Protestants, whether Low Churchmen, Presbyterians, or Independents, who aroused the antagonism of their neighbors by advocating a godly life and opposing popular pastimes, especially on Sunday.

[342]Reference, Green,Short History, pp. 595–614. For a contemporary account of Puritans, seeReadings, Chapter XXX.

[343]Reference, Lee,Source-book of English History, pp. 355–357.

[344]Reference for Cromwell's early career and his generalship, Green,Short History, pp. 554–559.

[345]For charge against the king, etc., see Lee,Source-book of English History, pp. 364–372.

[346]Reference, Green,Short History, pp. 580–588, 594–600.

[347]See below, p.502.

[348]Reference, Wakeman,Europe from 1598-1715, Chapter VII.

[349]Louis does not appear to have himself used the famous expression, "Iam thestate," usually attributed to him, but it exactly corresponds to his idea of the relation of the king and the state.

[350]Reference, Perkins,France under the Regency, pp. 129–141.

[351]Reference, Perkins,France under the Regency, Chapter IV.

[352]Reference, Perkins,France under the Regency, pp. 141–147.

[353]See above, pp.488and492,493.

[354]See below, pp.517–518.

[355]Reference, Perkins,France under the Regency, Chapter VI.

[356]The title Tsar, or Czar, was formerly supposed to be connected with Cæsar (German,Kaiser), i.e., emperor, but this appears to have been a mistake.

[357]References, Schwill,Modern Europe, pp. 215–230; Wakeman,European History from 1598-1715, pp. 300–308.

[358]See above, p.196.

[359]The title King of Prussia appeared preferable to the more natural King of Brandenburg, because Prussia lay wholly without the empire, and consequently its king was not in any sense subject to the emperor but was wholly independent. Since western Prussia still belonged to Poland in 1701 the new king satisfied himself at first with the title, KinginPrussia.

[360]Reference, Schwill,Modern Europe, pp. 230–238.

[361]Reference, Schwill,Modern Europe, pp. 238–247.

[362]Reference, Hassall,The Balance of Power, pp. 18, 19, 303–317. See map below, p. 584.

[363]The last instance in which an English ruler vetoed a measure passed by Parliament was in 1707.

[364]See above, pp.278–280.

[365]Originally there had been but seven electors (see above, p. 372), but the duke of Bavaria had been made an elector during the Thirty Years' War, and in 1692 the father of George I had been permitted to assume the title of Elector of Hanover.

[366]Wolsey, it will be remembered, had advanced the same reason in Henry VIII's time for England's intervention in continental wars. See above, p.428.

[367]Except in 1718–1720, when she joined an alliance against Spain, and her admiral, Byng, destroyed the Spanish fleet.

[368]Derived fromJacobus, the Latin for James. The name was applied to the adherents of James II and of his son and grandson, the elder and younger pretenders to the throne.

[369]It will be remembered that the children of James II by his second and Catholic wife, Mary of Modena, were excluded from the throne at the accession of William and Mary. See genealogical table on preceding page.

[370]The Dutch occupation of a portion of the coast of North America was brought to an end, as has been mentioned, by the English. See above, p.492.

[371]For the settlement of the English and French in North America, see Morris,The History of Colonization, Vol. I, Chapter X, and Vol. II, Chapter XVII; also Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe, Vol. I, pp. 20–35.

[372]See above, p.348.

[373]Baber claimed to be descended from an earlier invader, the famous Timur (or Tamerlane), who died in 1405. The so-called Mongol (or Mogul) emperors were really Turkish rather than Mongolian in origin. A very interesting account of them and their enlightenment may be found in Holden,The Mogul Emperors of Hindustan(Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00).

[374]Reference, Perkins,France under Louis XV, Vol. I, Chapter XI.

[375]Reference, Green,Short History of the English People, pp. 776–786.

[376]See below, p.568.

[377]The interior customs lines roughly coincided with the boundaries of the region of the great salt tax. See accompanying map.

[378]The figures indicate the various prices of a given amount of salt.

[379]See above, p.366.

[380]Reference, Lowell,Eve of the French Revolution, Chapter III.

[381]See above, ChapterXVIII.

[382]Only a very small portion of the nobility were descendants of the ancient and illustrious families of France. The king could grant nobility to whom he would; moreover, many of the government offices, especially those of the higher judges, carried the privileges of nobility with them.

[383]Reference, Lowell,Eve of the French Revolution, Chapter XIII.

[384]See above,§ 192.

[385]See Lowell,Eve of the French Revolution, pp. 116–118.

[386]See the account of Voltaire's defense of Calas in Perkins,Louis XV, Vol. II, pp. 198sqq.

[387]See above, p.500.

[388]Turgot, the leading economist of the time, argues that it would be quite sufficient if "the government should always protect the natural liberty of the buyer to buy, and of the seller to sell. For the buyer being always the master to buy or not to buy, it is certain that he will select among the sellers the man who will give him at the best bargain the goods that suit him best. It is not less certain that every seller, it being his chief interest to merit preference over his competitors, will sell in general the best goods and at the lowest price at which he can make a profit in order to attract customers. The merchant or manufacturer who cheats will be quickly discredited and lose his custom without the interference of government."

[389]Reference, Lowell,Eve of the French Revolution, Chapter II.

[390]Turgot succeeded in inducing the king to abolish the guilds and the forced labor on the roads, but the decrees were revoked after Turgot's dismissal. For an admirable short account of Turgot's life, ideas, and reforms, see Say,Turgot(McClurg, 75 cents).

[391]SeeReadings, Chapter XXIV.

[392]Reference, Lowell,Eve of the French Revolution, pp. 238–242.

[393]See above, pp.131–132.

[394]Reference, H. Morse Stephens,The French Revolution, Vol. I, pp. 13–15, 20–24.

[395]Pronounced kă-yā'.

[396]Examples of thecahiersmay be found inTranslations and Reprints, Vol. IV, No. 5.

[397]Reference, Lowell,Eve of the French Revolution, Chapter XXI.

[398]Reference, Stephens,The French Revolution, Vol. I, pp. 128–145.

[399]Reference, Stephens,The French Revolution, Vol. I, Chapter VI.

[400]This decree may be found inTranslations and Reprints, Vol. I, No. 5.

[401]Reference, Stephens,French Revolution, Vol. I, Chapter VII.

[402]See above, p.568.

[403]The text of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy may be found inTranslations and Reprints, Vol. I, No. 5.

[404]Reference, Mathews,The French Revolution, Chapter XII.

[405]The formerly despotic king is represented as safely caged by the National Assembly. When asked by Marie Antoinette's brother what he is about, Louis XVI replies, "I am signing my name,"—that is, he had nothing to do except meekly to ratify the measures which the Assembly chose to pass.

[406]By June, 1791, there were four hundred and six of these affiliated clubs.

[407]A committee of the Convention was appointed to draw up a new republican calendar. The year was divided into twelve months of thirty days each. The five days preceding September 22, at the end of the year, were holidays. Each month was divided into threedecades, and each "tenth day" (décadi) was a holiday. The days were no longer dedicated to saints, but to agricultural implements, vegetables, domestic animals, etc.

[408]In former times it had been customary to inflict capital punishment by decapitating the victim with the sword. At the opening of the Revolution a certain Dr. Guillotin recommended a new device, which consisted of a heavy knife sliding downward between two uprights. This instrument, called after him, the guillotine, which is still used in France, was more speedy and certain in its action than the sword in the hands of the executioner.

[409]Reference, for the conduct of the terrorists and the executions at Paris, Nantes, and Lyons: Mathews,The French Revolution, Chapter XVII.It should not be forgotten that very few of the people at Paris stood in any fear of the guillotine. The city during the Reign of Terror was not the gloomy place that we might imagine. Never did the inhabitants appear happier, never were the theaters and restaurants more crowded. The guillotine was making away with the enemies of liberty, so the women wore tiny guillotines as ornaments, and the children were given toy guillotines and amused themselves decapitating the figures of "aristocrats." See Stephens,French Revolution, Vol. II, pp. 343–361.

[409]Reference, for the conduct of the terrorists and the executions at Paris, Nantes, and Lyons: Mathews,The French Revolution, Chapter XVII.

It should not be forgotten that very few of the people at Paris stood in any fear of the guillotine. The city during the Reign of Terror was not the gloomy place that we might imagine. Never did the inhabitants appear happier, never were the theaters and restaurants more crowded. The guillotine was making away with the enemies of liberty, so the women wore tiny guillotines as ornaments, and the children were given toy guillotines and amused themselves decapitating the figures of "aristocrats." See Stephens,French Revolution, Vol. II, pp. 343–361.

[410]The date of Robespierre's fall is generally known as the 9th Thermidor, the day and month of the republican calendar.

[411]There were about forty billions of francs in assignats in circulation at the opening of 1796. At that time it required nearly three hundred francs in paper money to procure one in specie.

[412]See above, pp.326–327.

[413]Reference, Rose,Life of Napoleon, Vol. I, Chapter VIII.

[414]Reference, Rose,Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era, pp. 95, 96, 104–108, 114, 115.

[415]Reference, Rose,Life of Napoleon, Vol. I, pp. 144–148.

[416]Reference,Ibid., Chapter X.

[417]See above,§ 134.

[418]Reference, Rose,Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era, pp. 132–133.

[419]The roads were dilapidated and the harbors filled with sand; taxes were unpaid, robbery prevailed, and there was a general decay in industry. A manufacturer in Paris who had employed sixty to eighty workmen now had but ten. The lace, paper, and linen industries were as good as destroyed.

[420]See above, pp.572–573,579–580.

[421]Reference, Rose,Life of Napoleon, Vol. I, Chapter XII.

[422]Reference, Rose,Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era, pp. 148–163.

[423]SeeTranslations and Reprints, Vol. II, No. 2.

[424]See above, p.604.

[425]See above, p.581.

[426]That is, a blockade too extensive to be really carried out by the ships at the disposal of the power proclaiming it.

[427]Reference, Rose,Life of Napoleon, Vol. II, pp. 197–207. For documents relating to the blockade and "the Continental system," seeTranslations and Reprints, Vol. II, No. 2.

[428]SeeReadings, Chapter XXXVIII.

[429]Napoleon was never content with his achievements or his glory. On the day of his coronation, December, 1806, he complained to his minister Decrès that he had been born too late, that there was nothing great to be done any more. On his minister's remonstrating he added: "I admit that my career has been brilliant and that I have made a good record. But what a difference is there if we compare ours with ancient times. Take Alexander the Great, for example. After announcing himself the son of Jupiter, the whole East, except his mother, Aristotle, and a few Athenian pedants, believed this to be true. But now, should I nowadays declare myself the son of the Eternal Father, there isn't a fishwife who would not hiss me. No, the nations are too sophisticated, there is nothing great any longer possible."

[430]"It depends upon you alone," he said to the Spanish in his proclamation of December 7, "whether this moderate constitution that I offer you shall henceforth be your law. Should all my efforts prove vain, and should you refuse to justify my confidence, then nothing remains for me but to treat you as a conquered province and find a new throne for my brother. In that case I shall myself assume the crown of Spain and teach the ill-disposed to respect that crown, for God has given me power and will to overcome all obstacles."

[431]Reference, Rose,Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era, pp. 193–201. Louis Bonaparte, the father of Napoleon III, and the most conscientious of the Bonaparte family, had been so harassed by his imperial brother that he had abdicated as king of Holland.

[432]Reference, Rose,Life of Napoleon, Vol. II, Chapter XXXII.

[433]See above, p.544.

[434]This decree may be found inTranslations and Reprints, Vol. II, No. 2.

[435]Reference, Rose,Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era, pp. 335–361.

[436]The son of Louis XVI had been imprisoned and maltreated by the terrorists. He died while still a boy in 1795, but nevertheless takes his place in the line of French kings as Louis XVII.

[437]Compare the accompanying map with that below, pp.666–667.

[438]This document may be found inTranslations and Reprints, Vol. I, No. 3.

[439]Reference, Andrews,Modern Europe, Vol. I, Chapter IV.

[440]Observe the boundary of the German Confederation as indicated on the map, pp. 626–627, above. Important portions of the German constitution of 1815 are given inTranslations and Reprints, Vol. I, No. 3.

[441]For the Carlsbad Resolutions, seeTranslations and Reprints, Vol. I, No. 3.

[442]Reference, Andrews,Modern Europe, Vol. I, pp. 229–257.

[443]The island of Sardinia had, in 1720, been given to the duke of Savoy, who was also ruler of Piedmont. The duke thereupon assumed the title of king of Sardinia, but Piedmont, with Turin as its capital, remained, nevertheless, the most important part of the kingdom of Sardinia.

[444]Reference, Andrews,Modern Europe, Vol. I, pp. 205–212.

[445]Reference, Fyffe,History of Modern Europe(Popular Edition, 1896), Chapter XV.

[446]See above, p.449.

Back to Index Next