Chapter 13

A.ā,ever, always, aye.abbudisse, f.,abbess[Lat. abbatissa].ābēodan(§109),bid, offer;him hǣl ābēad138, 9=bade him hail, wished him health.ābrecan(§120, Note 2),break down, destroy.ābūgan(§109, Note1),give way, start[bow away].ac, conj.,but.ācweðan(§115),say, speak.ācȳðan(§126),reveal, proclaim[cūð].ād, m.,funeral pile.adesa, m.,adze, hatchet.ǣ(ǣw), f.,law.ǣdre(ēdre), f.,stream, canal, vein;blōd ēdrum dranc139, 4=drank blood in streams(instr.).ǣfæstnis, f.,piety.ǣfen-ræst, f.,evening rest.ǣfen-sprǣc, f.,evening speech.ǣfęst(ǣwfęst),law-abiding, pious.ǣfęstnis, seeǣfæstnis.ǣfre,ever, always.ǣfter, prep. (§94, (1)),after;ǣfter ðǣm,after that, thereafter;æfter ðǣm ðe, conj.,after.æfter, adv.,after, afterwards.ǣghwā(§77, Note),each, every.ǣghwilc(§77, Note),each, any.ǣglǣca, seeāglǣca.ǣgðer(ǣghwæðer, āðer) (§77, Note),each, either;ǣgðer ... ōðer ... ōðer,either ... or ... or;ǣgðer ge ... ge(§95, (2)),both ... and;ǣgðer ge ... ge ... ge,both ... and ... and.ǣht, f.,property, possession[āgan].ǣlc(§77),each.ælde(ielde) (§47), m. pl.,men; gen. pl.,ælda.ælmihtig,almighty.ǣmetta, m.,leisure[empti-ness].ǣnig(§77),any;ǣnige ðinga141, 22=for anything.(See140, 15, Note.)ǣr, adv.,before, formerly, sooner;nō þȳ ǣr140, 1=none the sooner;ǣror, comparative,before, formerly;ǣrest, superlative,first.ǣr, conj. (§105, 2),ere, before=ǣr ðǣm ðe.ǣr, prep, with dat.,before(time);ǣr ðǣm ðe, conj. (§105, 2),before.ærcebisceop, m.,archbishop[Lat. archiepiscopus].ǣrendgewrit, n.,message, letter.ǣrendwreca(-raca), m.,messenger.ǣrest, adj. (§96, (4)),first.ærnan(§127),ride, gallop[iernan].ǣrra, adj. (§96, (4)),former.ǣrwela, m.,ancient wealth.æsc, m.,ash, spear; gen. pl.,asca.Æscesdūn, f.,Ashdown(in Berkshire).æstel, m.,book-mark[Lat. hastula].æt(§94, (1)),at, in;withleornian,to learn,geðicgan,to receive, and other verbs of similar import,æt=from:115, 18;137, 8, etc.ætberan(§114),bear to, hand.ætgæd(e)re, adv.,together.ætsteppan(§116),step up, advance; pret. sing.,ætstōp.æðele,noble, excellent.æðeling, m.,a noble, prince.Æðelwulfing, m.,son of Ethelwulf.Æðered, m.,Ethelred.āfeallan(§117),fall.āfierran(§127),remove[feor].āgan(§136),to own, possess.āgen, adj.-part.,own; dat. sing.,āgnum[āgan].āgiefan(§115),give back.āglǣca(ǣglǣca), m.,monster, champion.āhton, seeāgan.ālǣtan(§117),let go, leave.aldor, seeealdor.ālęcgan(§125, Note),lay down[licgan]; past part.,ālēd.Ālīesend, m.,Redeemer[ālīesan=release, ransom].ālimpan(§110),befall, occur.ālȳfan(§126),entrust, permit.ambor, m.,measure; gen. pl.,ambra(§27, (4)).ambyre,favorable.ān(§89),one;āna,alone, only;ānra gehwylcum141, 15=to each one.(See140, 15, Note.)anda, m.,zeal, injury, indignation;hæleðum on andan153, 6=harmful to men.andēfn, f.,proportion, amount.andgiet(-git), n.,sense, meaning.andgitfullīce,intelligibly;-gitfullīcost,superlative.andswaru, f.,answer.andwyrdan(§127),to answer; pret.,andwyrde.Angel, n.,Anglen(in Denmark); dat. sing.,Angle(§27(4)).Angelcynn, n.,English kin,English people,England.ānhaga(-hoga), m.,a solitary,wanderer[ān+hogian,to meditate].ānlīpig,single,individual.ānunga(§93, (2)),once for all[ān].apostol, m.,apostle[Gr.ἀπόστολος].ār, f.,honor,property,favor;āre gebīdeð148, 3=waits for divine favor(gen.).ārǣd, adj.,inexorable.ārǣdan(§126),read.āręcc(e)an(§128),translate,expound.ārfæstnis, f.,virtue.ārīsan(§102),arise.asca, seeaesc.āsęcgan(§132),say,relate.āsęttan(§127),set,place.āsingan(§110),sing.āspęndan(§127),spend,expend.āstīgan(§102),ascend,arise.āstǫndan(§116),stand up.ātēah, seeātēon.atelīc,horrible,dire.ātēon(§118),draw,draw away,take(as a journey).atol,horrible,dire.āttor, n.,poison.ātuge, seeātēon.āð, m.,oath.āðer, seeǣgðer.āwęccan(§128),awake,arouse; pret. sing.,āweahte,āwęhte.aweg,away.āwęndan(§127),turn,translate.āwrītan(§102),write,compose.āwyrcan(§128),work,do,perform.B.Bāchsęcg, m.,Bagsac.bæcbord, n.,larboard,left side of a ship.bǣl, n.,funeral fire,funeral pile.bān, n.,bone.bān-fāg,adorned with bonesorantlers.bān-loca, m.,flesh[bone-locker].Basengas, m. pl.,Basing(in Hantshire).be(bī) (§94, (1)),by,about,concerning,near,along,according to;be norðan þǣm wēstenne(§94, (4)),north of the waste(desert);be fullan,fully,perfectly.bēag, seebūgan.bēag-hroden,ring-adorned.bēah(bēag), m.,ring,bracelet,collar[būgan].bealo-nīð, m.,dire hatred,poison,venom.bearn, n.,child,son[bairn].bebēodan(§109),command,bid,entrust(with dat.).bebīo-, seebebēo-.bebohte, seebebycgan.bebycgan(§128),sell.bēc, seebōc.becuman(§114),come,arrive,befall.bedǣlan(§126),separate,deprive.bedrēosan(§109),deprive; past part. pl.,bedrorene(bidrorene) [dross, dreary].befǣstan(§127),fasten,implant.befēolan(§110),apply one’s self;ðāra ðe ðā spēda hæbben ðǣt hīe ðǣm befēolan mægen119, 20=of those who have the means by which they may apply themselves to it.beforan, prep. with dat.,before.bēgen(declined liketwēgen,§89),both.begeondan(begiondan), prep. with dat.,beyond.begietan(§115),get,obtain,find.beginnan(§110),begin.beheonan(behionan), prep. with dat.,on this side of.behreōsan(§109),fall upon,cover; past part. pl.,behrorene(bihrorene).belimpan(§110),pertain,belong.beniman(§114),take,derive.bęnn, f.,wound[bana=murderer].bēon(bīon) (§134),be,consist.beorh(beorg,biorh), m.,mound[barrow].beorht,bright,glorious.Beormas, m. pl.,Permians.beorn, m.,man,hero,chief.bēor-þęgu, f.,beer-drinking[þicgan=receive].bēot, n.,boast.beran(§114),bear.berēafian(§130),bereave;since berēafod145, 22=bereft of treasure.beren, adj.,of a bear,bear.berstan(§110),burst,crack.besmiðian(§130),make hard(as at the forge of a smith).bęt, seewel(§97, (2)).bētan(§126),make good,requite; past part. pl.,gebētte.bętera(bętra), seegōd(§96, (3)).betlīc,excellent.bętsta, seegōd(§96, (3)).betuh(betux) (§94, (1)),between.betwēonan(§94, (1)),between.betȳnan(§126),close,end[tūn=enclosure].bewāwan(§117),blow upon; past part. pl.,bewāune(biwāune,bewāwene).bewrēon(§118, 1),enwrap; pret. 3d sing.,bewrāh(biwrāh).bī, seebe.bi-, seebe-.bīdan(§102),bide,await,expect,endure(with gen.).biddan(§115, Note 2),bid,pray,request(§65, Note 3);bæd hine blīðne136, 7=bade him be blithe.bindan(§110),bind.bīo, seebēo(imperative sing.).bisceop(biscep), m.,bishop[Lat. episcopus].bisceop-stōl, m.,episcopal seat,bishopric.bisigu, f.,business,occupation; dat. pl.,bisgum.bītan(§102),bite,cut.biwrāh, seebewrēon.blǣd, m.,glory,prosperity[blāwan=blow,inflate].Blēcinga-ēg, f.,Blekingen.bliss, f.,bliss[blīðe].blīðe,blithe,happy.blōd, n.,blood.bōc(§68, (1), Note 1), f.,book.bōcere, m.,scribe[bōc].bǫna(bana), m.,murderer[bane].bōt, f.,boot,remedy,help,compensation.brād(§96, (1)),broad.brǣdan(§126),extend,spread[brād].brǣdra, seebrād.brægd, seebregdan.brēac, seebrūcan.breahtm, m.,noise,revelry;burgwara breahtma lēase152, 10=bereft of the revelries of citizens.bregdan(§110),brandish,draw[braid]; pret. ind. 3d sing.,brægd.brenting, m.,high ship.brēost, n.,breast(the pl. has the same meaning as the sing.).brēost-cofa, m.,breast-chamber,heart,mind.brēost-gehygd, n.,breast-thought,thought of the heart,emotion.brim, n.,sea,ocean.brimfugol, m.,sea-fowl.bringan(§128),bring.brōhte,brōhton, seebringan.brōðor(brōður) (§68, (2)), m.,brother.brūcan(§109, Note 1),use,enjoy(§62, Note 1; but Alfred frequently employs the acc. withbrūcan).brycg, f.,bridge.brȳcð, seebrūcan.brytta, m.,distributor,dispenser[brēotan=break in pieces].būan(§126, Note 2),dwell,cultivate[bower].būde, seebūan.bufan, prep. with dat. and acc.,above.būgan(§109, Note 1),bow,bend,turn.bune, f.,cup.burg(burh) (§68, (1), Note), f.,city,borough; dat. sing.,byrig.Burgenda, m. gen. pl.,of the Burgundians;Burgenda land,Bornholm.burgware(§47), m. pl.,burghers,citizens.burh, seeburg.būtan(būton), prep. (§94, (1)),without,except,except for,but.būtan(būton), conj.,except that,unless.būtū,both(=both—two.The word is compounded of the combined neuters ofbēgenandtwēgen, but is m. and f. as well as n.).bȳn(§126, Note 2),cultivated.byrde, adj.,of high rank,aristocratic.byrig, seeburg.byrne, f.,byrnie,corselet,coat of mail.byrnwiga, m.,byrnie-warrior,mailed soldier.byrð, seeberan.C.canōn, m.,sacred canon,Bible[Lat. canon, Gr.κανών].cearu(cearo), f.,care.ceaster-būend, m.,castle-dweller.cēne,keen,bold,brave.cēosan(§109),choose,accept,encounter.cild, n.,child.cirice, f.,church; nom. pl.,ciricean.cirr(cierr), m.,turn,time,occasion[char, chore, ajar = on char, on the turn].cirran(§127),turn.clǣne,clean,pure.clǣne, adv.,entirely[“clean out of the way,” Shaks.].clūdig,rocky[having boulders or masses likeclouds].clyppan(§127),embrace,accept[clip = clasp for letters, papers, etc.].cnapa, m.,boy[knave].cnēo(cnēow), n.,knee; acc. pl.,cnēo.cniht, m.,knight,warrior.cnyssan(§125),beat.collenferð(-ferhð),proud-minded,fierce.costnung, f.,temptation.Crēcas(Crēacas), m. pl.,Greeks.cringan(§110),cringe,fall.Crīst, m.,Christ.Crīsten,Christian; nom. pl. m.,Crīstene,Crīstne.cuma, m.,new-comer,stranger.cuman(§114),come. (Seep. 138, Note on ll. 2-6.)cunnan(§137),know,can,understand.cunnian(§130),make trial of,experience[cunnan].cure, seecēosan.cūð,well-known,familiar[past part. ofcunnan: cf. uncouth].cūðe,cūðen,cūðon, seecunnan.cwǣden,cwǣdon, seecweðan.cwalu, f.,death,murder[cwelan].cwealm-cuma, m.,murderous comer.cwelan(§114),die[to quail].cwēn, f.,queen.Cwēnas, m. pl.,a Finnish tribe.cweðan(§115),say,speak[quoth, bequeath].cwic,living,alive[quicksilver; the quick and the dead].cwidegiedd, n.,word,utterance[cweðanandgieddian, both meaningto speak].cwīðan(§126),bewail(trans.).cwōm, seecuman.cyle(ciele), m.,cold[chill];cyle gewyrcan110, 7=produce cold,freeze.cyme, m.,coming[cuman].cyn(n), n.,kin,race.cyn(n), adj. (used only in pl.),fitting things,etiquette,proprieties,courtesies;cynna gemyndig136, 3=mindful of courtesies.cynerīce, n.,kingdom.cyning, m.,king.cyssan(§125),kiss.cyst, f.,the choice,the pick,the best[cēosan].cȳðan(§126),make known,display, [cūð];2d sing. imperative,cȳð.D.dǣd, f.,deed.dæg, m.,day.dæg-hwīl, f.,day-while,day;hē dæg-hwīla gedrogen hæfde eorðan wynne145, 2=he had spent his days of earth’s joy.dæg-rīm, n.,number of days[day-rime];dōgera daeg-rīm143, 7=the number of his days.dæl, n.,dale.dǣl, m.,part,deal,division.dēad,dead.dēað, m.,death.dēman(§126),deem,judge.Dęnamearc, seeDęnemearc.Dęne(§47), m. pl.,Danes.Dęnemearc(Dęnemearce), f.,Denmark; dat. sing.,Dęnemearce(strong),Dęnemearcan(weak).Dęnisc,Danish;ðā Dęniscan,the Danes.dēofol, m.,n.,devil; gen. sing.,dēofles(§27, (4)).dēope,deeply,profoundly[dēop].dēor, n.,wild animal[deer].deorc,dark,gloomy.dōgor, n.,day; gen. pl.,dōgora,dōgera,dōgra.dōgor-gerīm, n.,number of days,lifetime.dōm, m.,doom,judgment,glory.dōmgeorn, adj.,eager for glory[doom-yearning].dōn(§135),do,cause,place,promote,remove.dorste,dorston, seedurran.drēam, m.,joy,mirth[dream].drēogan(§109),endure,enjoy,spend[Scotch dree].drēorig,dreary,sad.drēorighlēor, adj.,with sad face[hlēor=cheek,face,leer].drēosan(§109),fall,perish[dross].drīfan(§102),drive.drihten, seedryhten.drincan(§110),drink.drohtoð(-að), m.,mode of living,occupation[drēogan].drugon, seedrēogan.dryhten(drihten), m.,lord,Lord; dat. sing.,dryhtne.dryht-sęle, m.,lordly hall.duguð, f.,warrior-band,host,retainers[doughtiness].Induguðandgeogoð, the higher (older) and lower (younger) ranks are represented, the distinction corresponding roughly to the mediæval distinction between knights and squires.durran(§137),dare.duru, f.,door.dyde, seedōn.dynnan(§125),resound[din].dȳre(dīere,dēore,dīore),dear,costly.E.ēa, f.,river; gen. sing.,ēas; dat. and acc. sing.,ēa.ēac,also,likewise[a nickname = an eek-name. See§65, Note 2];ēac swilce(swelce)112, 3=also.ēaca, m.,addition[ēac];tō ēacan=in addition to(§94, (4)).ēage, n.,eye.eahta,eight.ēalā,oh!alas!ealað, seeealu.eald(§96, (2)),old.ealdor(aldor), n.,life;gif ðū ðæt ęllenweorc aldre gedīgest138, 17=if thou survivest that feat with thy life(instr.).ealdor-dæg(aldor-,ealder-), m.,day of life.ealdor-gedāl(aldor-), n.,death[life-deal].ealdormǫn, m.,alderman,chief,magistrate.ealgian, (§130),protect,defend.eall(eal),all;ealne weg,all the way(§98, (1));ealneg(

ā,ever, always, aye.

abbudisse, f.,abbess[Lat. abbatissa].

ābēodan(§109),bid, offer;

him hǣl ābēad138, 9=bade him hail, wished him health.

ābrecan(§120, Note 2),break down, destroy.

ābūgan(§109, Note1),give way, start[bow away].

ac, conj.,but.

ācweðan(§115),say, speak.

ācȳðan(§126),reveal, proclaim[cūð].

ād, m.,funeral pile.

adesa, m.,adze, hatchet.

ǣ(ǣw), f.,law.

ǣdre(ēdre), f.,stream, canal, vein;

blōd ēdrum dranc139, 4=drank blood in streams(instr.).

ǣfæstnis, f.,piety.

ǣfen-ræst, f.,evening rest.

ǣfen-sprǣc, f.,evening speech.

ǣfęst(ǣwfęst),law-abiding, pious.

ǣfęstnis, seeǣfæstnis.

ǣfre,ever, always.

ǣfter, prep. (§94, (1)),after;

ǣfter ðǣm,after that, thereafter;

æfter ðǣm ðe, conj.,after.

æfter, adv.,after, afterwards.

ǣghwā(§77, Note),each, every.

ǣghwilc(§77, Note),each, any.

ǣglǣca, seeāglǣca.

ǣgðer(ǣghwæðer, āðer) (§77, Note),each, either;

ǣgðer ... ōðer ... ōðer,either ... or ... or;

ǣgðer ge ... ge(§95, (2)),both ... and;

ǣgðer ge ... ge ... ge,both ... and ... and.

ǣht, f.,property, possession[āgan].

ǣlc(§77),each.

ælde(ielde) (§47), m. pl.,men; gen. pl.,ælda.

ælmihtig,almighty.

ǣmetta, m.,leisure[empti-ness].

ǣnig(§77),any;

ǣnige ðinga141, 22=for anything.

(See140, 15, Note.)

ǣr, adv.,before, formerly, sooner;

nō þȳ ǣr140, 1=none the sooner;

ǣror, comparative,before, formerly;

ǣrest, superlative,first.

ǣr, conj. (§105, 2),ere, before=ǣr ðǣm ðe.

ǣr, prep, with dat.,before(time);

ǣr ðǣm ðe, conj. (§105, 2),before.

ærcebisceop, m.,archbishop[Lat. archiepiscopus].

ǣrendgewrit, n.,message, letter.

ǣrendwreca(-raca), m.,messenger.

ǣrest, adj. (§96, (4)),first.

ærnan(§127),ride, gallop[iernan].

ǣrra, adj. (§96, (4)),former.

ǣrwela, m.,ancient wealth.

æsc, m.,ash, spear; gen. pl.,asca.

Æscesdūn, f.,Ashdown(in Berkshire).

æstel, m.,book-mark[Lat. hastula].

æt(§94, (1)),at, in;

withleornian,to learn,geðicgan,to receive, and other verbs of similar import,

æt=from:115, 18;137, 8, etc.

ætberan(§114),bear to, hand.

ætgæd(e)re, adv.,together.

ætsteppan(§116),step up, advance; pret. sing.,ætstōp.

æðele,noble, excellent.

æðeling, m.,a noble, prince.

Æðelwulfing, m.,son of Ethelwulf.

Æðered, m.,Ethelred.

āfeallan(§117),fall.

āfierran(§127),remove[feor].

āgan(§136),to own, possess.

āgen, adj.-part.,own; dat. sing.,āgnum[āgan].

āgiefan(§115),give back.

āglǣca(ǣglǣca), m.,monster, champion.

āhton, seeāgan.

ālǣtan(§117),let go, leave.

aldor, seeealdor.

ālęcgan(§125, Note),lay down[licgan]; past part.,ālēd.

Ālīesend, m.,Redeemer[ālīesan=release, ransom].

ālimpan(§110),befall, occur.

ālȳfan(§126),entrust, permit.

ambor, m.,measure; gen. pl.,ambra(§27, (4)).

ambyre,favorable.

ān(§89),one;

āna,alone, only;

ānra gehwylcum141, 15=to each one.

(See140, 15, Note.)

anda, m.,zeal, injury, indignation;

hæleðum on andan153, 6=harmful to men.

andēfn, f.,proportion, amount.

andgiet(-git), n.,sense, meaning.

andgitfullīce,intelligibly;

-gitfullīcost,superlative.

andswaru, f.,answer.

andwyrdan(§127),to answer; pret.,andwyrde.

Angel, n.,Anglen(in Denmark); dat. sing.,Angle(§27(4)).

Angelcynn, n.,English kin,English people,England.

ānhaga(-hoga), m.,a solitary,wanderer[ān+hogian,to meditate].

ānlīpig,single,individual.

ānunga(§93, (2)),once for all[ān].

apostol, m.,apostle[Gr.ἀπόστολος].

ār, f.,honor,property,favor;

āre gebīdeð148, 3=waits for divine favor(gen.).

ārǣd, adj.,inexorable.

ārǣdan(§126),read.

āręcc(e)an(§128),translate,expound.

ārfæstnis, f.,virtue.

ārīsan(§102),arise.

asca, seeaesc.

āsęcgan(§132),say,relate.

āsęttan(§127),set,place.

āsingan(§110),sing.

āspęndan(§127),spend,expend.

āstīgan(§102),ascend,arise.

āstǫndan(§116),stand up.

ātēah, seeātēon.

atelīc,horrible,dire.

ātēon(§118),draw,draw away,take(as a journey).

atol,horrible,dire.

āttor, n.,poison.

ātuge, seeātēon.

āð, m.,oath.

āðer, seeǣgðer.

āwęccan(§128),awake,arouse; pret. sing.,āweahte,āwęhte.

aweg,away.

āwęndan(§127),turn,translate.

āwrītan(§102),write,compose.

āwyrcan(§128),work,do,perform.

Bāchsęcg, m.,Bagsac.

bæcbord, n.,larboard,left side of a ship.

bǣl, n.,funeral fire,funeral pile.

bān, n.,bone.

bān-fāg,adorned with bonesorantlers.

bān-loca, m.,flesh[bone-locker].

Basengas, m. pl.,Basing(in Hantshire).

be(bī) (§94, (1)),by,about,concerning,near,along,according to;

be norðan þǣm wēstenne(§94, (4)),north of the waste(desert);

be fullan,fully,perfectly.

bēag, seebūgan.

bēag-hroden,ring-adorned.

bēah(bēag), m.,ring,bracelet,collar[būgan].

bealo-nīð, m.,dire hatred,poison,venom.

bearn, n.,child,son[bairn].

bebēodan(§109),command,bid,entrust(with dat.).

bebīo-, seebebēo-.

bebohte, seebebycgan.

bebycgan(§128),sell.

bēc, seebōc.

becuman(§114),come,arrive,befall.

bedǣlan(§126),separate,deprive.

bedrēosan(§109),deprive; past part. pl.,bedrorene(bidrorene) [dross, dreary].

befǣstan(§127),fasten,implant.

befēolan(§110),apply one’s self;

ðāra ðe ðā spēda hæbben ðǣt hīe ðǣm befēolan mægen119, 20=of those who have the means by which they may apply themselves to it.

beforan, prep. with dat.,before.

bēgen(declined liketwēgen,§89),both.

begeondan(begiondan), prep. with dat.,beyond.

begietan(§115),get,obtain,find.

beginnan(§110),begin.

beheonan(behionan), prep. with dat.,on this side of.

behreōsan(§109),fall upon,cover; past part. pl.,behrorene(bihrorene).

belimpan(§110),pertain,belong.

beniman(§114),take,derive.

bęnn, f.,wound[bana=murderer].

bēon(bīon) (§134),be,consist.

beorh(beorg,biorh), m.,mound[barrow].

beorht,bright,glorious.

Beormas, m. pl.,Permians.

beorn, m.,man,hero,chief.

bēor-þęgu, f.,beer-drinking[þicgan=receive].

bēot, n.,boast.

beran(§114),bear.

berēafian(§130),bereave;

since berēafod145, 22=bereft of treasure.

beren, adj.,of a bear,bear.

berstan(§110),burst,crack.

besmiðian(§130),make hard(as at the forge of a smith).

bęt, seewel(§97, (2)).

bētan(§126),make good,requite; past part. pl.,gebētte.

bętera(bętra), seegōd(§96, (3)).

betlīc,excellent.

bętsta, seegōd(§96, (3)).

betuh(betux) (§94, (1)),between.

betwēonan(§94, (1)),between.

betȳnan(§126),close,end[tūn=enclosure].

bewāwan(§117),blow upon; past part. pl.,bewāune(biwāune,bewāwene).

bewrēon(§118, 1),enwrap; pret. 3d sing.,bewrāh(biwrāh).

bī, seebe.

bi-, seebe-.

bīdan(§102),bide,await,expect,endure(with gen.).

biddan(§115, Note 2),bid,pray,request(§65, Note 3);

bæd hine blīðne136, 7=bade him be blithe.

bindan(§110),bind.

bīo, seebēo(imperative sing.).

bisceop(biscep), m.,bishop[Lat. episcopus].

bisceop-stōl, m.,episcopal seat,bishopric.

bisigu, f.,business,occupation; dat. pl.,bisgum.

bītan(§102),bite,cut.

biwrāh, seebewrēon.

blǣd, m.,glory,prosperity[blāwan=blow,inflate].

Blēcinga-ēg, f.,Blekingen.

bliss, f.,bliss[blīðe].

blīðe,blithe,happy.

blōd, n.,blood.

bōc(§68, (1), Note 1), f.,book.

bōcere, m.,scribe[bōc].

bǫna(bana), m.,murderer[bane].

bōt, f.,boot,remedy,help,compensation.

brād(§96, (1)),broad.

brǣdan(§126),extend,spread[brād].

brǣdra, seebrād.

brægd, seebregdan.

brēac, seebrūcan.

breahtm, m.,noise,revelry;

burgwara breahtma lēase152, 10=bereft of the revelries of citizens.

bregdan(§110),brandish,draw[braid]; pret. ind. 3d sing.,brægd.

brenting, m.,high ship.

brēost, n.,breast(the pl. has the same meaning as the sing.).

brēost-cofa, m.,breast-chamber,heart,mind.

brēost-gehygd, n.,breast-thought,thought of the heart,emotion.

brim, n.,sea,ocean.

brimfugol, m.,sea-fowl.

bringan(§128),bring.

brōhte,brōhton, seebringan.

brōðor(brōður) (§68, (2)), m.,brother.

brūcan(§109, Note 1),use,enjoy(§62, Note 1; but Alfred frequently employs the acc. withbrūcan).

brycg, f.,bridge.

brȳcð, seebrūcan.

brytta, m.,distributor,dispenser[brēotan=break in pieces].

būan(§126, Note 2),dwell,cultivate[bower].

būde, seebūan.

bufan, prep. with dat. and acc.,above.

būgan(§109, Note 1),bow,bend,turn.

bune, f.,cup.

burg(burh) (§68, (1), Note), f.,city,borough; dat. sing.,byrig.

Burgenda, m. gen. pl.,of the Burgundians;

Burgenda land,Bornholm.

burgware(§47), m. pl.,burghers,citizens.

burh, seeburg.

būtan(būton), prep. (§94, (1)),without,except,except for,but.

būtan(būton), conj.,except that,unless.

būtū,both(=both—two.

The word is compounded of the combined neuters ofbēgenandtwēgen, but is m. and f. as well as n.).

bȳn(§126, Note 2),cultivated.

byrde, adj.,of high rank,aristocratic.

byrig, seeburg.

byrne, f.,byrnie,corselet,coat of mail.

byrnwiga, m.,byrnie-warrior,mailed soldier.

byrð, seeberan.

canōn, m.,sacred canon,Bible[Lat. canon, Gr.κανών].

cearu(cearo), f.,care.

ceaster-būend, m.,castle-dweller.

cēne,keen,bold,brave.

cēosan(§109),choose,accept,encounter.

cild, n.,child.

cirice, f.,church; nom. pl.,ciricean.

cirr(cierr), m.,turn,time,occasion[char, chore, ajar = on char, on the turn].

cirran(§127),turn.

clǣne,clean,pure.

clǣne, adv.,entirely[“clean out of the way,” Shaks.].

clūdig,rocky[having boulders or masses likeclouds].

clyppan(§127),embrace,accept[clip = clasp for letters, papers, etc.].

cnapa, m.,boy[knave].

cnēo(cnēow), n.,knee; acc. pl.,cnēo.

cniht, m.,knight,warrior.

cnyssan(§125),beat.

collenferð(-ferhð),proud-minded,fierce.

costnung, f.,temptation.

Crēcas(Crēacas), m. pl.,Greeks.

cringan(§110),cringe,fall.

Crīst, m.,Christ.

Crīsten,Christian; nom. pl. m.,Crīstene,Crīstne.

cuma, m.,new-comer,stranger.

cuman(§114),come. (Seep. 138, Note on ll. 2-6.)

cunnan(§137),know,can,understand.

cunnian(§130),make trial of,experience[cunnan].

cure, seecēosan.

cūð,well-known,familiar[past part. ofcunnan: cf. uncouth].

cūðe,cūðen,cūðon, seecunnan.

cwǣden,cwǣdon, seecweðan.

cwalu, f.,death,murder[cwelan].

cwealm-cuma, m.,murderous comer.

cwelan(§114),die[to quail].

cwēn, f.,queen.

Cwēnas, m. pl.,a Finnish tribe.

cweðan(§115),say,speak[quoth, bequeath].

cwic,living,alive[quicksilver; the quick and the dead].

cwidegiedd, n.,word,utterance[cweðanandgieddian, both meaningto speak].

cwīðan(§126),bewail(trans.).

cwōm, seecuman.

cyle(ciele), m.,cold[chill];

cyle gewyrcan110, 7=produce cold,freeze.

cyme, m.,coming[cuman].

cyn(n), n.,kin,race.

cyn(n), adj. (used only in pl.),fitting things,etiquette,proprieties,courtesies;

cynna gemyndig136, 3=mindful of courtesies.

cynerīce, n.,kingdom.

cyning, m.,king.

cyssan(§125),kiss.

cyst, f.,the choice,the pick,the best[cēosan].

cȳðan(§126),make known,display, [cūð];

2d sing. imperative,cȳð.

dǣd, f.,deed.

dæg, m.,day.

dæg-hwīl, f.,day-while,day;

hē dæg-hwīla gedrogen hæfde eorðan wynne145, 2=he had spent his days of earth’s joy.

dæg-rīm, n.,number of days[day-rime];

dōgera daeg-rīm143, 7=the number of his days.

dæl, n.,dale.

dǣl, m.,part,deal,division.

dēad,dead.

dēað, m.,death.

dēman(§126),deem,judge.

Dęnamearc, seeDęnemearc.

Dęne(§47), m. pl.,Danes.

Dęnemearc(Dęnemearce), f.,Denmark; dat. sing.,Dęnemearce(strong),Dęnemearcan(weak).

Dęnisc,Danish;

ðā Dęniscan,the Danes.

dēofol, m.,n.,devil; gen. sing.,dēofles(§27, (4)).

dēope,deeply,profoundly[dēop].

dēor, n.,wild animal[deer].

deorc,dark,gloomy.

dōgor, n.,day; gen. pl.,dōgora,dōgera,dōgra.

dōgor-gerīm, n.,number of days,lifetime.

dōm, m.,doom,judgment,glory.

dōmgeorn, adj.,eager for glory[doom-yearning].

dōn(§135),do,cause,place,promote,remove.

dorste,dorston, seedurran.

drēam, m.,joy,mirth[dream].

drēogan(§109),endure,enjoy,spend[Scotch dree].

drēorig,dreary,sad.

drēorighlēor, adj.,with sad face[hlēor=cheek,face,leer].

drēosan(§109),fall,perish[dross].

drīfan(§102),drive.

drihten, seedryhten.

drincan(§110),drink.

drohtoð(-að), m.,mode of living,occupation[drēogan].

drugon, seedrēogan.

dryhten(drihten), m.,lord,Lord; dat. sing.,dryhtne.

dryht-sęle, m.,lordly hall.

duguð, f.,warrior-band,host,retainers[doughtiness].

Induguðandgeogoð, the higher (older) and lower (younger) ranks are represented, the distinction corresponding roughly to the mediæval distinction between knights and squires.

durran(§137),dare.

duru, f.,door.

dyde, seedōn.

dynnan(§125),resound[din].

dȳre(dīere,dēore,dīore),dear,costly.

ēa, f.,river; gen. sing.,ēas; dat. and acc. sing.,ēa.

ēac,also,likewise[a nickname = an eek-name. See§65, Note 2];

ēac swilce(swelce)112, 3=also.

ēaca, m.,addition[ēac];

tō ēacan=in addition to(§94, (4)).

ēage, n.,eye.

eahta,eight.

ēalā,oh!alas!

ealað, seeealu.

eald(§96, (2)),old.

ealdor(aldor), n.,life;

gif ðū ðæt ęllenweorc aldre gedīgest138, 17=if thou survivest that feat with thy life(instr.).

ealdor-dæg(aldor-,ealder-), m.,day of life.

ealdor-gedāl(aldor-), n.,death[life-deal].

ealdormǫn, m.,alderman,chief,magistrate.

ealgian, (§130),protect,defend.

eall(eal),all;

ealne weg,all the way(§98, (1));

ealneg(

ealles(§98, (3)), adv.,altogether,entirely.

Eall(eal) is frequently used with partitive gen. =all of:143, 19;145, 3.

ealu(ealo) (§68), n.,ale; gen. sing.,ealað.

ealu-scerwen, f.,mortal panic[ale-spilling].

eard, m.,country,home[eorðe].

eardgeard, m.earth[earth-yard].

eardian(§130),dwell[eard].

eardstapa, m.,wanderer[earth-stepper].

ēare, n.,ear.

earfoð(earfeð), n.hardship,toil; gen. pl.,earfeða.

earfoðlīc, adj.,full of hardship,arduous.

earm, m.,arm.

earm, adj.,poor,wretched.

earmcearig,wretched,miserable.

earmlīc,wretched,miserable.

earnung, f.,merit[earning].

ēast,east.

ēastan(§93, (5)),from the east.

Ēast-Dęne(§47),East-Danes.

ēasteweard,eastward.

ēastrihte(ēastryhte) (§93, (6)),eastward.

Ēastron, pl.,Easter.

ēaðe,easily.

ēaðmōdlīce,humbly.

eaxl, f.,shoulder[axle].

Ebrēisc, adj.,Hebrew.

ēce,eternal,everlasting.

ęcg, f.,sword[edge].

edor, m.,enclosure,dwelling; nom. pl.,ederas.

ēdrum, seeǣdre.

efne, adv.,just,only[evenly].

eft, adv.,again,afterwards[aft].

ęgesa, m.,fear,terror[awe].

ęllen, n.,strength,courage;

mid ęlne=boldly;

on ęlne147, 17=mightily,suddenly, orin their(earls’)strength(prime).

ęllen-mǣrðu, f.fame for strength,feat of strength.

ęllen-weorc, n.,feat of strength.

ęllenwōdnis, f.,zeal,fervor.

ęllor-gāst, m.,inhuman monster[alien ghost].

ęln, f.,ell[el-bow].

ęlne,seeęllen.

ęlra, adj. comparative,another[*ęlecognate with Lat. alius];

on ęlran męn139, 14=in another man.

emnlong(-lang),equally long;

on emnlange=along(§94, (4)).

ęnde, m.,end.

ęndebyrdnes, f.,order.

ęnde-dæg, m.,end-day,day of death.

ęnde-lāf, f.,last remnant[end-leaving].

ęngel, m.,angel[Lat. angelus].

Ęnglafeld(§51), m.,Englefield(in Berkshire).

Ęngle(§47), m. pl.,Angles.

Ęnglisc, adj.,English;

on Ęnglisc117, 18and 19 =in English,into English.

Ęngliscgereord, n.,English language.

ęnt, m.,giant.

ēode, seegān.

eodorcan(§130),ruminate.

eorl, m.,earl,warrior,chieftain.

eorlīc,earl-like,noble.

eorð-draca, m.,dragon[earth-drake].

eorðe, f.,earth.

eorð-ręced, n.,earth-hall.

eorðscræf, n.,earth-cave,grave.

eoten, m.,giant,monster.

ēow, seeðū.

Ēowland, n.,Öland(an island in the Baltic Sea).

ęrian(§125),plow[to ear].

Estland, n.,land of the Estas(on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea).

Estmęre, m.,Frische Haff.

Estum, dat. pl.,the Estas.

etan(§115),eat[ort].

ęttan(§127),graze[etan].

ēðel, m.,territory,native land[allodial].

ēðel-weard, m.,guardian of his country.

fæc, n.,interval,space.

fæder(§68, (2)), m.,father.

fægen,fain,glad,exultant.

fæger(fǣger),fair,beautiful.

fǣlsian(§130),cleanse.

fǣrlīce,suddenly[fǣr=fear].

fæst,fast,held fast.

fæste, adv.,fast,firmly.

fæstnung, f.,security,safety.

fæt, n.,vessel[wine-fat, vat].

fǣtels, m.,vessel; acc. pl.,fǣtels.

fæðm, m.,embrace,bosom[fathom = the spaceembracedby the extended arms].

fāg(fāh),hostile;

hē wæs fāg wið God142, 18=he was hostile to God.

fāh(fāg),variegated,ornamented.

Falster,Falster(island in the Baltic Sea).

fandian(§130),try,investigate[findan].

faran(§116),go[fare].

feallan(§117),fall,flow.

fealu,fallow,pale,dark; nom. pl. m.,fealwe.

fēawe(fēa,fēawa), pl.,few.

fela(indeclinable),much,many(with gen.).

feld(§51), m.,field.

fell(fel), n.,fell,skin,hide.

fēng, seefōn.

fęn-hlið, n.,fen-slope.

fęn-hop, n.,fen-retreat.

feoh, n.,cattle,property[fee]; gen. and dat. sing.,fēos,fēo.

feohgīfre,greedy of property,avaricious.

feohtan(§110),fight.

fēol, seefeallan.

fēond(§68, (3)), m.,enemy,fiend.

fēond-grāp, f.,fiend-grip.

feor(§96, (4)), adj.,far,far from(with dat.).

feor, adv.,far,far back(time).

feorh, m., n.,life.

feorh-bęnn, f.,life-wound,mortal wound.

feorh-lęgu, f.,laying down of life. (Seep. 146, Note on l. 13.)

feorh-sēoc,life-sick,mortally wounded.

feorm(fiorm), f.,use,benefit(food,provisions) [farm].

feormian(§130),eat,devour.

feorran,from afar.

fēowertig,forty; gen.,fēowertiges(§91, Note 1).

ferhð(ferð), m.,heart,mind,spirit.

fęrian(§125),carry,transport[to ferry];

fęrede in forðwege152, 5=carried away.

fers, n.,verse[Lat. versus].

fersc,fresh.

ferðloca(ferhð-), m.,heart,mind,spirit[heart-locker].

fēt, seefōt.

fetor, f.,fetter[fōt]; instr. pl.,feterum.

feðer, f.,feather; acc. pl.,feðra.

fierd, f.,English army[faran].

fīf,five.

fīftīene,fifteen.

fīftig,fifty; gen. sing.,fīftiges(§91, Note 1); dat. pl.,fīftegum(§91, Note 3).

findan(§110),find.

finger, m.,finger.

Finnas, m. pl.,Fins.

fiorm, seefeorm.

fīras, m. pl.,men[feorh]; gen. pl.,fīra; dat. pl.,fīrum.

firrest(fierrest), seefeor(§96, (4)).

first, m.,time,period.

fiscað(fiscnað), m.,fishing.

fiscere, m.,fisherman.

fiscnað, seefiscað.

flēon(§118, II.),flee.

flēotan(§109),float.

flęt, n.,floor of the hall.

flōd, m.,flood,wave.

folc, n.,folk,people.

folc-cwēn, f.,folk-queen.

folc-cyning, m.,folk-king.

folcgefeoht, n.,folk-fight,battle,general engagement.

fold-bold, n.,earth-building,hall.

folde, f.,earth,land,country[feld].

folm, f.,hand[fēlan=feel].

fōn(§118),seize,capture,take[fang];

tō rīce fōn=come to(ascend)the throne.

for(§94, (1)),for,on account of;

for ðǣm(ðe),for ðon(ðe),because;

for ðon,for ðȳ,for ðǣm(for-ðām),therefore.

fōr, seefaran.

forbærnan(§127),burn thoroughly[foris intensive, like Lat. per].

forgiefan(-gifan) (§115),give,grant.

forhęrgian(§130),harry,lay waste.

forhogdnis, f.,contempt.

forht,fearful,afraid.

forhwæga,about,at least.

forlǣtan(§117),abandon,leave.

forlēt,forlēton, seeforlǣtan.

forma,first;

forman sīðe,the first time(instr.).

forniman(§114),take off,destroy.

forspęndan(§127),spend,squander.

forstǫndan(-standan) (§116),understand.

Back to Index Next