Chapter 11

escenario, scene, stage

escenográfico,-a, scenic, picturesque

escepticismo, scepticism

esclavitud, slavery

esclavo, slave

escoger, to select

escolar, student

escolástico,-a, scholastic

escombro, rubbish, ruins

esconder, to hide

escribir, to write

escrito, writing

escritor, writer

escritorio, office, writing-desk

escritura, Scripture

escrupuloso,-a, scrupulous

escrutador,-ora, scrutinizing

escuadra, fleet

escuadrón,m., squadron

escuchar, to listen

escudo, shield

escudriñador,-ora, searching

escuela, school

escueto,-a, unincumbered, bare

escupir, to spit, belch

ese, that

ése, that one, that

esencialmente, essentially

esfinge,f., sphinx

esforzado,-a, strong, valiant

esforzarse, to strive

esfuerzo, effort

esfumarse, to disappear, fade away

esgrima, art and rule of fencing

esgrimir, to wield

esmerado,-a, careful

esmeralda, emerald

espaciarse, to roam

espacio, space, distance

espada, sword

espalda, back, shoulder;a la ——, in the rear, behind

espantar, to frighten

espanto, fright

espantoso,-a, frightful

España, Spain

español,-ola, Spanish

esparcir, to scatter

Esparta, Sparta, one of former independent Greek states, whose citizens were renowned for manliness

especial, special

especialidad, specialty, peculiarity

especie,f., kind, class

espectáculo, spectacle, sight

espectador, spectator

espectativa, expectation

espejismo, mirage, deception

espejo, mirror

espera, wait, waiting

esperanza, hope

esperar, to hope, expect

espesísimo,-a, very thick

espeso,-a, thick

espesor,m., thickness, density

espesura, thickness, forest

espiar, to spy

espinillo, thorn, prickly tree

espinoso,-a, thorny, prickly

espiral,m., curl, spiral

espíritu, spirit, mind

esplendidez, splendor

espléndido,-a, splendid

esplendor,m., splendor

esplorador, scout, explorer

espoleta, bomb fuse

esponjazo, blow with a sponge, shower

espontáneamente, spontaneously

espontáneo,-a, spontaneous

esposa, wife

esposo, husband

espuela, spur

espuma, foam

esquina, corner

esquisito,-a, exquisite

establecer, to establish

establecimiento, establishment

estación, station; season

estacionar, to station

estado, state, condition;—— mayor, staff

estallar, to burst

estampa, stamp, appearance

estampar, to print, stamp

estampido, crash

estancia, large tract of land for raising stock; ranch

estanciero, rancher

estandarte, standard, banner

estar, to be, stand, lie;—— en, to know

estatuaria, statuary, statues

estatura, stature

este, this

éste, this one, the latter

estepa, steppe

estereotipar, to stereotype

estéril, sterile, barren

estero, marsh, lake

estertor, throat rattle

estético,-a, æsthetic

estimación, esteem, estimation

estimular, to stimulate

estímulo, stimulant, stimulus

estirar, to stretch

estirpe,m., stock, family

esto, this;por ——, on this account

estoico,-a, stoic

estopín,m., quick-match

estorbar, to hinder

estorbo, hindrance

estrangular, to strangle

estrategia, strategy

estratégicamente, strategically

estratégico,-a, strategic

estrato, layer, level

estrechar, to squeeze, clasp, press, shut in

estrechez, narrowness, penury

estrecho,-a, narrow, closely bound

estrechura, narrowness

estrella, star

estrellado,-a, starry

estrellar, to clash, smash

estremecer, to shake, agitate

estremecimiento, trembling, shudder

estrépito, noise, din

estribor,m., starboard

estro, inspiration

estrofa, stanza

estruendo, roar, thunder

estruendoso,-a, noisy, thunderous

estuario, estuary

estuche,m., casing

estudiante, student

estudiar, to study

estudio, study

estudioso,-a, studious

estupefacto,-a, stupefied

estupendo,-a, stupendous

estúpido,-a, stupid

etapa, stop, station

etéreo,-a, ethereal, unsullied

eternamente, eternally

eternidad, eternity

eterno,-a, eternal

ético,-a, hectic, weak, panting

Europa, Europe

europeo,-a, European

Eva, Eve

evacuar, to evacuate

evangelio, gospel

evasión, escape, evasion

evidencia, evidence

evidenciar, to give evidence of

evidente, evident

evitar, to avoid

evocador,-ora, evoking

evocar, to evoke

evolución, evolution

exactamente, exactly

exactitud, exactness

exacto,-a, exact

exagerar, to exaggerate

exaltación, loftiness, exaltation

exaltar, to exalt

examen,m., examination

examinar, to examine

exánime, lifeless

excelente, excellent

excelentísimo,-a, very excellent

excepcional, exceptional

excepto, except;—— en cuanto, except in so far as

excesivo,-a, excessive

exceso, excess

excitar, to excite

exclamar, to exclaim

exclusivamente, exclusively

exclusivo,-a, exclusive

excursión, excursion

excusado,-a, excused, old, useless

excusar, to excuse, shun

exento,-a, exempt

exhalar, to exhale

exhausto,-a, exhausted

exhibición, exhibition, portrayal

exhibir, to exhibit

exigencia, exigency, need

exigir, to demand, require, arouse

exiguo,-a, scarce, small

existencia, existence

existir, to exist

éxito, outcome, success

Excmo.,abbreviation forExcelentísimo

éxodo, exodus

exorbitante, exorbitant

exótico,-a, exotic

expansión, expansion

expansivo,-a, expansive, expansionist

expedición, expedition

expedicionario,-a, expeditionary

expediente,m., expedient, measure

expedir, to issue, send, expedite

expeditivamente, expeditely, expeditiously

expeditivo,-a, expeditious

expeler, to expel

experimentar, to undergo, experiment

experto,-a, expert, clever

explicar, to explain

explicativo,-a, explanatory

exploración, exploration

expolio, spoliation

exponente, exponent

exposición, exposition

expresar, to express

expresión, expression

expresivo,-a, expressive

exquisito,-a, exquisite

extasiado,-a, ecstatic, in ecstasy

extender, to extend

extensión, space, extent

extenso,-a, extensive

extenuar, to wear away, weaken

exterior, exterior, outer

exterior,m., exterior, outside;en el ——, abroad

exteriorizar, to show, manifest, bring to the surface

exterminador, exterminator

exterminar, to exterminate

externo,-a, external, foreign

extinguir, to extinguish

extramuros, outside the city limits

extranjero, foreigner, stranger

extrañar, to wonder at, alienate, miss

extrañeza, strangeness

extraño,-a, strange

extraordinario,-a, extraordinary

extraviar, to lose, put off the track

extremo, extreme

exuberante, exuberant, overflowing

F

fábrica, manufactory, factory

fabricación, manufacture

fabricante,a. and s., making; maker

fabricar, to construct, make

fabril, manufacturing, textile

fabuloso,-a, fabulous

facción, feature, faction, act

fácil, easy

facilidad, facility

fácilmente, easily

facticio,-a, artificial, sham

facultad, power, faculty

faena, task, work

faja, sash, belt, strip

falaz, deceitful

falda, slope, skirt

falsificado,-a, falsified

falta, absence, fault, lack

faltar, to be lacking, fail;—— a una cita, to break an appointment

falto,-a, lacking;—— de, lacking in

fallar, to pass sentence

fallo, sentence, decree

fama, fame

famélico,-a, hungry

familia, family

familiar, familiar

familiarizar, to familiarize

familiarmente, familiarly

famoso,-a, famous

fanático,-a, fanatic

fanatismo, fanaticism

fanatizar, to fanaticize

fanfarronamente, swaggeringly

fantasear, to fancy, imagine

fantasía, fantasy

fantasma,m., phantom

fantasmagoría, illusion

fantástico,-a, fantastic

fardo, weight, pack

farol,m., lamp, lantern

farola, big lantern

fascinación, fascination, bewilderment

fascinador,-ora, fascinating

fascinar, to fascinate

fase,f., phase, aspect

fastidiar, to bore, disgust, weary

fatal, fatal

fatalidad, fatality

fatalismo, fatalism

fatalista,m., fatalist

fatídico,-a, fateful

fatigar, to fatigue, tire

fatigoso,-a, fatiguing, tedious, tiresome

favor,m., favor;a —— de, favored by

favorecer, to favor, aid

favorito,-a, favorite

faz,f., face, appearance, phase, surface

fe,f., faith;hacer ——, to constitute evidence

febrero, February

febril, feverish

fecundante, life-giving, fertile

fecundidad, fertility

fecundo,-a, fertile

fecha, date

federal, federal

feísimo,-a, very ugly

felicidad, happiness

felicitar, to congratulate

feliz, happy

felizmente, happily

fenómeno, phenomenon

feraz, fruitful

féretro, coffin, hearse

ferocidad, fierceness

feroz, fierce, wild

férreo,-a, of iron, firm

ferrocarril,m., railroad

fértil, fertile

fertilidad, fertility

festín,m., feast, entertainment

feudalismo, feudalism

fiado,-a, trusting

fiambre,m., cold meats

fiambre, cold-served

ficticio,-a, fictitious

fidelidad, faithfulness

fiebre,f., fever

fiel, faithful

fielmente, faithfully

fiera, wild beast

fiero,-a, fierce, wild

fiesta, holiday, feast

figura, shape, form, appearance

figurar, to figure, shape;—se, to imagine

fijamente, assuredly, fixedly, exactly

fijar, to fix, set, allot

fijeza, accuracy, firmness

fijo,-a, fixed, inflexible

fila, file, row

filosofía, philosophy

filosófico,-a, philosophical

filtrar, to percolate, filter

fin,m., end;al ——, finally

finado,-a, dead, deceased, late

final, last

final,m., end

financiero,-a, financial

finanza, finance

fingir, to feign, pretend

fino,-a, fine, keen, polite

fiord,m., fiord

firmar, to sign; to strengthen

firme, firm, strong

firmeza, firmness

fisga, harpoon

fisica, physics

físico,-a, physical

fisonomía, physiognomy, aspect, character, figure, features

flamear, to wave, flame, gleam

flanco, flank, side

flaquear, to become weak

flauta, flute

flecha, arrow

flexibilidad, flexibility

flexible, flexible

flor,f., flower

flora, flora

flordelisado,-a, adorned with fleur-de-lis

florecer, to flower, bloom

florido,-a, flowering, blossoming

flota, fleet

flotante, floating

flotar, to float

flotilla, flotilla

flúido, fluid

fluvial, fluvial, pertaining to a river

foco, center, focus

fogoso,-a, fiery

follaje,m., foliage

fomentar, to encourage, foment

fondear, to anchor

fondo, bottom, depth, fund, background;de ——, of importance;en el ——, at bottom

forastero,-a, strange, foreign

forense, forensic

forjar, to forge, create, shape

forma, form, formality, means, outline, feature, manner

formación, formation

formal, serious, grave, solemn, dignified

formar, to form, create, line up

fornido,-a, robust, thickset

fórmula, formula

fortalecido,-a, strengthened

fortaleza, strength, fortification

fortuna, fortune;por ——, luckily

forzar, to force, violate, overthrow

forzosamente, necessarily

forzoso,-a, necessary, unavoidable, exacting

fosco,-a, frowning, dark, sullen

fosforescer, to be visible, phosphorescent

fracasar, to shatter, fail, break

fragata, frigate

fragor,m., roar

fraguar, to forge

fraile, friar

francés,-esa, French

Francia, France

franco,-a, frank, open

franqueza, sincerity, frankness

frase,f., sentence, expression

fraternal, brotherly

fraternizar, to fraternize

fratricida,a. and s., fratricidal; fratricide

fray,contraction offraile,title used before the name of a monk, brother

frecuencia, frequency

frecuente, frequent

freno, bridle; restraint

frenología, phrenology

frente,f., forehead, brow;hacer —— a, to face;—— de,Arg., in one’s face

fresco,-a, fresh, cool

frescura, coolness

fríamente, coldly

frigio,-a, Phrygian

frío,-a, cold

frío, cold

frondosidad, leafiness

frondoso,-a, leafy

frontera, frontier, boundary

frotar, to rub, stroke

fruta, fruit

fruto, fruit; produce

fuego, fire, discharge

fuente,f., fountain

fuera, outside, beyond;tan —— de, so farorentirely beyond

fuerte, strong

fuerte,m., fort

fuertemente, strongly

fuerza, strength, violence;enora —— de, by dint of

fuga, flight

fugaz, fleeing, fleeting

fugitivo, fugitive

fulgor,m., brilliancy

fulminante, thundering, fulminating

fulminar, to fulminate, strike down

fumar, to smoke

función, function, entertainment

fundación, settlement, foundation

fundador, founder

fundamental, fundamental

fundamento, foundation

fundar, to found

fundir, to cast, melt, fuse

funeral,m., funeral

funesto,-a, fatal, sad, dismal

furia, fury, excitement

furioso,-a, furious

furor,m., fury

furtivamente, furtively

fusil,m., gun, rifle

fusilar, to shoot

fusilería, musketry

futuro,-a, future

G

gabinete,m., office, cabinet;hombre de ——, administrator

gala, gala

galante, gallant

galante,m., gallant

galantería, gallantry

galería, gallery

galo, Gaul, Frenchman

galopar, to gallop

galope,m., gallop;a —— tendido, at full gallop

galpón,m.,Arg., shed, warehouse

galvanizar, to galvanize, quicken into life

gallardamente, gracefully, bravely

gallardía, deed of bravery, gallantry

galleguito,diminutive ofgallego, inhabitant of the province of Galicia in north-western Spain

gamo, buck

ganado, stock, cattle

ganar, to gain, win

garantía, guaranty, assurance

garantizar, to guarantee, protect

garbo, gracefulness, cleverness

garganta, throat; gorge

garra, clutch, claw

garrote,m., stick, cudgel

gas,m., gas

Gascuña, Gascony

gasto, expense

gato, cat

gauchaje,m.,collective forgauchos, gathering of gauchos

gauchesco,-a, pertaining to the gaucho

gaucho, cowboy of the pampas;—— malo, outlaw gaucho, “bad man”

gaveta, drawer

gaviota, sea gull

gayo,-a, gay, festive;gaya ciencia, minstrelsy

gemelo, twin

gemido, groan

gemir, to moan, grieve

generación, generation

general, general

general,m., general

generala, the general (a roll of the drum);se tocó ——, the general was sounded

generalmente, generally

género, kind; gender; stuff

generosidad, generosity

generoso,-a, generous

Génesis,m., Genesis

genial, genial

genio, genius, temper, mind

gente,f., people

gentío, crowd

genuino,-a, genuine

geografía, geography

geográfico,-a, geographical

germen,m., germ, source

gestión, effort, negotiation

gesto, military feat; face, grimace; turn

gigante,m., giant

gigantesco,-a, gigantic

gimnasia, exercise, gymnastics

girar, to sweep about, lookorturn around

glauco,-a, sea-green

globo, globe

gloria, glory

gloriosamente, gloriously

glorioso,-a, glorious

gobernación, territory

gobernador, governor

gobernante, governing

gobernar, to govern

gobierno, government

goce,m., enjoyment

goleta, schooner

golfo, gulf

golondrina, swallow

golpe,m., blow;de un ——, at a blow, at one stroke

goma, gum, rubber

gordo,-a, fat

gorro, cap

gota, drop

gótico,-a, Gothic

gozar, to enjoy

gozo, joy

gozoso,-a, joyous

grabar, to engrave

gracia, grace, pardon;pl., thanks;en —— de, in exchange for

grada, step

grado, degree, step

gradual, gradual

gradualmente, gradually

granada, grenade

granadero, grenadier;—— de a caballo, mounted grenadier

Gran Bretaña, Great Britain

grande, great, broad

grandeza, greatness

grandiosidad, grandeur

grandioso,-a, grandiose, great, marvelous

granito, granite

grasoso,-a, greasy, fatty

gratitud, gratitude

grato,-a, pleasing

grave, serious, grave

gravitación, weight, gravitation

gravitar, to weigh down, gravitate

Grecia, Greece

gris, gray

grita, shouting, clamor

gritar, to shout

grito, cry, shout;decirorllamar a ——s, to shout

grosero,-a, coarse

grúa, crane, derrick

grueso,-a, thick

grupa, croup, rump of a horse

grupo, group

guanaco, guanaco, an animal like the llama

guantelete,m., glove used for protection, gauntlet

guardar, to keep, guard

guardia, guard, watch

guarecer, to shelter

guarida, den, lair, shelter

guarnición, garrison

gubernamental, governmental

guedeja, long lock of hair

guerra, war

guerrero,-a, warlike

guerrero, warrior

guerrilla,diminutive ofguerra, guerrilla

guerrillero, guerrilla, one who takes part in guerrilla warfare

guía,m. or f., guide, scout

guiar, to guide

guijarro, pebble, smooth stone

guiñar, to wink

guirnalda, garland, wreath

guisa, manner, guise

guitarra, guitar

gustar, to taste;me gusta, I like

gusto, taste, pleasure

H

habano, Havana cigar; person from Havana

haber, to have

haber,m., possession

hábil, able, clever

habilitado, paymaster

habitación, room, dwelling

habitante, inhabitant

habitar, to live in, inhabit

hábito, habit; dress; characteristic

habituado,-a, accustomed

habitual, habitual

habitud, habit

habla, speech

hablar, to speak

hacer, to do, carry on;—— que, to bring about that;—— mal, to harm;——se paso, to cut one’s way through;—— de, to act as;——se, to become

hacia, toward

hachazo, blow with an ax

hada, fairy

halagador,-ora, flattering, pleasing

halagar, to flatter

halagüeño,-a, alluring, charming

hallar, to find;——se, to be

hambre,f., hunger

hambriento,-a, hungry, famished

harto, very, excessively, more than

hasta, up to; even

hato, bundle

haz,f., surface, face

hazaña, exploit, feat

he, behold;— aquí, here is;—me aquí, here I am

hebreo,-a, Hebrew

hechicera, enchantress, witch

hecho, deed, fact

helada, frost, chill

helar, to freeze

hélice,f., propeller

hembra, woman, female

hemisferio, hemisphere

hender, to cleave

hercúleo,-a, Herculean

Hércules, Hercules, character of Greek mythology, famous for his strength

heredad, domain, estate

heredar, to inherit

hereditario,-a, hereditary

herencia, inheritance

herir, to wound, strike

hermana, sister

hermandad, brotherhood; in the Spanish world, a society which banded together to restrain crime

hermano, brother

hermosamente, beautifully

hermoso,-a, beautiful

hermosura, beauty

héroe, hero

heroicamente, heroically

heroico,-a, heroic

heroísmo, heroism

herrado,-a, iron-shod

herradura, horseshoe

herramienta, tool

herrumbrado,-a, rusty

heterogéneo,-a, heterogeneous

híbrido,-a, hybrid

hidalgo, nobleman, hidalgo

hidalguía, nobility, chivalry

hidromiel,f., a fermented drink from honey and water

hiel,f., gall, bile; bitterness

hierba, grass, verdure

hierro, iron

hija, daughter

hijo, son

hilar, to spin

hilo, thread

himno, hymn

hincadito,-a,diminutive ofhincado, kneeling, huddling

hinojo, fennel

hipócrita,m. or f., hypocrite, dissembler

hirviente, boiling

hispanoamericano,-a, Spanish-American

historia, history, story

historiado,-a, storied

historiador, historian

histórico,-a, historic

hocico, snout, muzzle

hogar,m., home, hearth

hoguera, fire

hoja, leaf

holgazán,-ana, indolent

holgazanería, indolence

holgorio, jollity

hollar, to trample under foot

hombre, man

hombro, shoulder

hombrón, big, lusty man

homenaje,m., homage

homicida,a. and s., homicidal; murderer

homogéneo,-a, homogeneous

hondamente, deeply

hondo,-a, deep

hondonada, dale, deep valley

honor,m., honor

honra, honor, good name

honrado,-a, honored, honest

hora, hour

horadar, to bore

horda, horde

horizontalidad, horizontality

horizonte,m., horizon

Hornos, Horn (Cape)

horqueta, fork, crossing of two branches

horrible, horrible

horror,m., horror

horroroso,-a, horrible

hortaliza,Arg., vegetable garden; vegetables

hosanna,m., hosanna

hospitalario,-a, hospitable

hospitalidad, hospitality

hostigar, to vex, harass

hostil, hostile

hostilidad, hostility

hostilizar, to harass

hoy, to-day

hueco,-a, hollow, empty, vain

hueco, hollow, gap

huelga, rest, repose; strike;a la —, in idleness

huella, trace, footprint

huérfano,-a,a. and s., orphan

huerto, garden

hueso, bone

huésped,m., host

huída, flight

huído,-a,a. and s., fugitive

huir, to flee

hulla, soft coal

humanidad, humanity

humanitario,-a, humanitarian

humano,-a, human

humedad, humidity

húmedo,-a, humid

humildad, humility

humilde, humble

humillación, humiliation

humillar, to humiliate

humo, smoke

humor, humor, disposition

humorístico,-a, humoristic

hundir, to sink

huracán,m., hurricane

huronear, to pry, ferret out, scrutinize

husmear, to scent

I

ibérico,-a, Iberic, Iberian

ibero,-a,a. and s., Iberian

idea, idea, thought

ideal, ideal

ideal,m., ideal

idealismo, idealism

idealista, idealistic

idealista,m., idealist

idealización, idealization

identidad, identity

identificar, to identify

idolatría, idolatry

iglesia, church

ígneo,-a, fiery, igneous

ignominia, infamy

ignominioso,-a, ignominious

ignorancia, ignorance

ignorante, ignorant

ignorar, to be ignorant of, not to know

ignoto,-a, unknown

igual, equal, similar, even

igualar, to equalize

igualdad, equality

igualmente, equally

ijar,m., flank, side

ilimitado,-a, unlimited

iluminación, illumination, gleam, brilliancy

iluminar, to illuminate, light

ilusión, dream, illusion

iluso,-a, deluded, ignorant

ilustración, wisdom; explanation; fame; illustrious man

ilustrarse, to become famous

ilustre, famous

imagen,f., image

imaginación, imagination, mind

imaginar, to imagine, conceive

imaginativo,-a, imaginative

imborrable, ineradicable

imitar, to imitate

impaciencia, impatience

imparcial, impartial

impedir, to prevent

impenetrable, inscrutable, impenetrable

imperar, to hold sway

imperceptible, imperceptible

imperfectamente, imperfectly

imperio, empire, control, sway

imperioso,-a, imperious

impersonal, impersonal

ímpetu,m., impetus, impulse

impetuosidad, impetuousness

impetuoso,-a, impetuous

implacable, implacable

implícitamente, implicitly

implorar, to implore

imponente, imposing

imponer, to impose, place upon

importancia, importance

importante, important

importantísimo,-a, very important

importar, to be of importance, import

importe,m., amount

importuno,-a, importunate, vexatious

imposibilidad, impossibility

imposible, impossible

imposición, imposition

impotencia, incapacity, impotence

imprecación, imprecation

imprenta, printing press

impresión, impression

impresionable, impressionable

impresionar, to impress

imprevisor,-ora, unforeseeing, careless

imprimir, to impress, print

improbable, improbable

improvisación, improvisation

improvisador, improviser

improviso,-a, unforeseen;de ——, unexpectedly

imprudente, imprudent

impulsar, to impel, force; to foster

impulso, impulse;a ——s de, impelled by

inabarcable, incomprehensible

inaccesible, inaccessible

inagotable, inexhaustible

inalterable, impassible, unchanging, inalterable

inapelable, beyond appeal, without appeal

inapreciable, inestimable

inaudito,-a, unheard of

inavertido,-a, unnoticed; unwary, careless

incapaz, incapable

incásico,-a, pertaining to the Incas

incendiarse, to catch fire

incendio, fire

incertidumbre,f., uncertainty

incesante, incessant

incidente,m., incident

incienso, incense

incierto,-a, uncertain

inclemente, inclement

inclinación, inclination

inclinar, to bow down, incline

ínclito,-a, famous, glorious

incógnito,-a, unknown

incoloro,-a, colorless

incómodo,-a, uncomfortable, oppressive

incomparable, matchless

incompatible, incompatible

incomprensible, incomprehensible

inconciliable, irreconcilable


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