The atmosphere of thought engendered by the progress of biology is beneficial in every way. While its progress has dealt the death-blow to many superstitions and changed materially views regarding the universe, it is gratifying to think that it has not been iconoclastic in its influence, but that it has substituted something better for that which was taken away. It has given a broader and more wholesome basis for religion and theories of ethics; it has taught greater respect for truth and morality. However beneficial this progress has been in the past, who can doubt that the mission of biology to the twentieth century will be more important than to the past, and that there will be embraced in its progress greater benefits than any we have yet known?
FOOTNOTES:[9]It is a source of gratification to biologists that—thanks to the Wistar Institute of Anatomy—the publication of theJournal of Morphologyis to be continued.
FOOTNOTES:
[9]It is a source of gratification to biologists that—thanks to the Wistar Institute of Anatomy—the publication of theJournal of Morphologyis to be continued.
[9]It is a source of gratification to biologists that—thanks to the Wistar Institute of Anatomy—the publication of theJournal of Morphologyis to be continued.
READING LIST
The books and articles relating to the history of biology are numerous. Those designated below embrace some of the more readily accessible ones. While some attention has been given to selecting the best sources, no attempt has been made to give a comprehensive list.
I. GENERAL REFERENCES
Cuvier.Histoire des Sciences Naturelles. 5 vols., 1841-1845. Excellent. Written from examination of the original documents.
Carus.Geschichte der Zoologie, 1872. Also Histoire de la Zoologie, 1880. A work of scholarship. Contains excellent account of the Physiologus.
Sachs.History of Botany, 1890. Excellent. Articles in theBotanical Gazettefor 1895 supplement his account by giving the more recent development of botany.
White.A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, 2 vols., 1900. Good account of Vesalius and the overthrow of authority in science.
Whewell.History of the Inductive Sciences, vol. II, 1863. Lacks insight into the nature of biology and the steps in its progress. Mentioned because so generally known.
Williams.A History of Science, 5 vols., 1904. Finely illustrated. Contains many defects in the biological part as to the relative rank of the founders: Vesalius diminished, Paracelsus magnified, etc. Also, the Story of Nineteenth Century Science, 1900. Collected articles fromHarper's Magazine. Good portraits. Uncritical on biological matters.
Thomson.The Science of Life, 1899. An excellent brief history of biology.
Foster.Lectures on the History of Physiology, 1901. Fascinatingly written. Notable for poise and correct estimates, based on the use of the original documents.
Geddes.A Synthetic Outline of the History of Biology.Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., 1885-1886. Good.
Richardson.Disciples of Æsculapius, 2 vols., 1901. Collected papers fromThe Asclepiad. Sympathetic accounts of Vesalius, Malpighi, J. Hunter, and others. Good illustrations.
Lankester.The History and Scope of Zoology, in The Advancement of Science, 1890. Good. Same article in Ency. Brit. under the title of Zoology.
Spencer.Principles of Biology, 2 vols., 1866.
Hertwig.The Growth of Biology in the Nineteenth Century,Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1900.
Buckle.History of Civilization, vol. I, second edition, 1870.
Macgilivray.Lives of Eminent Zoölogists from Aristotle to Linnæus.
Merz.A History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century, vol. II, Scientific Thought, 1903.
Routledge.A Popular History of Science. General and uncritical as to biology.
Hoefer.Histoire de la Zoologie, 1873. Not very good.
Encyclopædia Britannica.Among the more excellent articles are: Biology by Huxley; Protoplasm by Geddes; History of Anatomy by Turner.
Chambers's Encyclopædia.New Edition. Discerning articles by Thomson on the Cell-theory, by Geddes on Biology, Evolution.
Nouvelle Biographie Générale.Good articles on the older writers. Often unreliable as to dates.
Haeckel.The historical chapters in The Evolution of Man, 1892, and Anthropogenie, fifth edition, 1903. Good.
Haeckel.The History of Creation, vol. I, 1884.
Hertwig.The General Survey of the History of Zoölogy in his Manual of Zoölogy, 1902. Brief but excellent.
ParkerandHaswell. Text-book of Zoölogy, 1897. Historical chapter in vol. II.
Nicholson.Natural History, its Rise and Progress in Britain, 1886. Also Biology.
Pettigrew.Gallery of Medical Portraits, 5 vols. Contains many portraits and biographical sketches of men of general influence, as Bichat, Galen, Malpighi, etc.
Puschmann.Handbuch der Geschichte der Medizin, 3 vols. Good for topics in anatomy and physiology.
Baas.The History of Medicine, 1889.
Radl.Geschichte der Biologischen Theorien seit dem Ende des Siebzehnten Jahrhundert, 1905.
Janus.A Periodical devoted to the history of medicine and natural science, founded in 1896.
Zoologische Annalen.Founded by Max Braun in 1904 in the interests of the history of zoölogy.
Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und Naturwissenschaften, founded 1901.
Surgeon General's Library.The Catalogue should be consulted for its many biographical references to biologists. The Library is especially rich in historical documents, as old anatomies, physiologies, zoölogies, etc.
Evolution.The bibliography of Evolution is given below under the chapters dealing with the evolution theory.
II. SPECIAL REFERENCES
CHAPTER I
Ancient biological Science: Carus; Botany after 1530, Sachs.Aristotle: Cuvier, a panegyric; Lewes, Aristotle—A Chapter from the History of Science, 1864, a critical study; Huxley, On some Mistakes Attributed to Aristotle; Macgilivray; Aristotle's History of Animals translated in Bohn's Classical Library, 1887.Pliny: Macgilivray; Thorndike, The Place of Magic in the Intellectual History of Europe, 1905, chap. III.The Renaissance: Symonds.Epochs in Biological History: Geddes (see General List).
CHAPTER II
Vesalius: Roth, Andreas Vesalius Bruxellensis, the edition of 1892, the standard source of knowledge of Vesalius and his times, contains bibliography, references to his different portraits, the resurrection bone, etc., etc.; Foster (see General List), Lecture I, excellent; Richardson in Disciples of Æsculapius, vol. I, contains pictures, his signature, etc.; Pettigrew; White, vol. II, pp. 51-55; The Practitioner, 1896, vol. 56; The Asclepiad, 1885, vol. II; De Humani Corporis Fabrica, editions of 1543 and 1555; Opera Omnia, edited by Boerhaave, 2 vols., 1725.Galen: Pettigrew; Huxley in his essay on William Harvey.
CHAPTER III
Harvey: Foster, Lecture II, with quotations, excellent; Dalton, History of the Circulation; Huxley, William Harvey, a critical essay; Harvey's Works translated by Willis, with biography, Sydenham Society, 1847; Lifeof Harvey by D'Arcy Power, 1898; Brooks, Harvey as Embryologist, Bull. Johns Hop. Hospit., vol. VIII, 1897, good. An Anatomical Dissertation upon the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals, a facsimile reproduction of the first edition of the famous De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis, 1628. Privately reproduced by Dr. Moreton in 1894. Very interesting.
CHAPTER IV
Hooke: Biography in encyclopædias, his microscope in Carpenter, The Microscope and Its Revelations, 8th ed., 1900.
Malpighi: Richardson, vol. II; Same article inThe Asclepiad, vol. X, 1893; Atti, Life and Work, in Italian, 1847, portrait; Pettigrew, vol. II; Marcello Malpighi e l'Opera Sua, 1897, a collection of addresses at the unveiling of Malpighi's monument at Crevalcuore, that by Koelliker excellent; Locy, Malpighi, Swammerdam, and Leeuwenhoek,Pop. Sci. Mo., 1901—portrait and pictures from his works; MacCallum,J. Hop. Univ. Hospit. Bull.Malpighi's Writings: Opera Omnia, difficult to obtain, the Robt. Littlebury edition, Lond., 1687, contains posthumous papers and biography; separate works not uncommon; Traité du Ver à Soie, Montpellier, 1878, contains his life and works.
Swammerdam: Life by Boerhaave in Biblia Naturæ, 1735; also Bibel der Natur, 1752; also The Book of Nature, 1758; Von Baer, Johann Swammerdam's Leben und Verdienste um die Wissenschaft, 1864, inReden, vol. I; Locy,loc. cit.—portrait.
Leeuwenhoek: New biographical facts in Richardson, vol. I, p. 108; same article inThe Asclepiad, vol. II, 1885, portrait, signature, and other illustrations; Arcana Naturæ; Selected works in English, 1758; Locy,Pop. Sci. Mo., April, 1901.
CHAPTER V
Lyonet:The Gentleman's Magazine, LIX, 1789; the famous Traité Anatomique, etc., 1750, 1752, not rare.Réaumur: Portrait and life inLes Savants Modernes, p. 332.Roesel: Portrait and biography inDer monatlich herausgegebenen Insecten Belustigung, part IV, 1761; Zeigler inNatur und Haus, 1904—nine figs.Straus-Dürckheim: his monograph on Anatomy of the Cockchafer, rather rare.The Minute Anatomists: Straus-Dürckheim, Dufour, Newport, Leidig, etc., in Miall and Denney's The Cockroach, 1886.
Discovery of the Protozoa: Leeuwenhoek, Müller, Ehrenberg, Dujardin, etc., Kent's Manual of the Infusoria, vol. I.Ehrenberg: Life by Laue, 1895.
CHAPTER VI
The Physiologus: Carus, White (for titles see General List).Gesner: Brooks inPop. Sci. Mo., 1885—illustrations; Cuvier,loc. cit.; Jardine's Naturalist's Library, vol. VI; Gesner's Historia Animalium, 1551-1585.Aldrovandi: Naturalist's Library, vol. III; Macgilivray,loc. cit.Jonston: Macgilivray.Ray: Macgilivray; Nicholson; Memorial of, in the Ray Society, 1846; Correspondence of, Ray Soc., 1848.Linnæus: Macgilivray;Janus, vol. 8, 1903; Cuvier,loc. cit.; Agassiz, Essay on Classification, 1859; Jubilee at Upsala,Science, Apl. 26, 1907; Caddy, Through the Fields with Linnæus, 1887; The Systema Naturæ, especially the tenth edition, 1758.Leuckart: Archives de Parasit., vol. I, no. 2;Nature, 1898.General Biological Progress from Linnæus to Darwin: Geddes, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. 13, 1884-1886.
CHAPTER VII
Camper: Naturalist's Library, vol. VII; Vorlesungen, by his son, with short sketch of his life, 1793; Cuvier,loc. cit.;Kleinere Schriften, 2 vols. with copper plates illustrating brain and ear of fishes, etc., 1782-1785.John Hunter: The Scientific Works of, 2 vols., 1861; TheAsclepiad, vol. VIII, 1891; the same article with illustrations in Richardson,loc. cit.; Pettigrew,loc. cit.Vicq d'Azyr: Cuvier,loc. cit.; Huxley in Life of Owen, p. 289; His works in 6 vols., 1805.Cuvier: Life by Flourens; Memoirs by Mrs. Lee, 1833; Buckle, Hist. Civ., vol. I, p. 633 et seq.; Lettres de Geo. Cuvier à C.M. Paff, 1788-1792, translated from the German, 1858. Cuvier's numerous writings—The Animal Kingdom, Leçons d'Anat. Comparée, etc.—are readily accessible.H. Milne-Edwards: Biographical sketch inAnn. Rept. Smithson. Inst, for 1893.Lacaze-Duthiers: Life with portraits inArchives de Zool. Expériment., vol. 10, 1902.Richard Owen: Life and Letters, 2 vols., 1894; Clark, Old Friends at Cambridge and Elsewhere, p. 349 et seq.J. Fr. Meckel: Carus,loc. cit.Gegenbaur: Erlebtes und Erstrebtes, portrait, 1901; Anat. Anz., vol. 23, 1903;Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1904.Cope: Osborn inThe Century, vol. 33, 1897; Gill, Edward Drinker Cope, Naturalist, A Chapter in the History of Science,Am. Naturalist, 1897; Obituary notice, with portraits,Am. Naturalist, 1897;Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 19, 1881.
CHAPTER VIII
Bichat: Pettigrew; Buckle, Hist. Civ., vol. I, p. 639; The Hundred Greatest Men;Les Savants Modernes, p. 394;The Practitioner, vol. 56, 1896.Koelliker: His Autobiography, Erinnerungen aus MeinemLeben, 1899, several portraits, interesting; Weldon, Life and Works inNature, vol. 58, with fine portrait; Sterling,Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1905.Schultze: Portrait and Necrology by Schwalbe inArchiv für Mikroscop. Anat., vol. 10, 1874; See further under chapter XII.Virchow:J. Hop. Univ. Circulars, vol. XI, 1891, Celebration of Seventieth Birthday of Virchow, Addresses by Osler, Welch, and others; Jacobi,Medical Record, N.Y., vol. XX, 1881, good; Israel, inAnn. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1902.Leydig: Brief sketch in his Horæ Zoologicæ, 1902.Ramon y Cajal: Portrait in Tenth Anniversary of Clark University, 1899.
CHAPTER IX
The best brief account of the Rise of Physiology in Verworn's General Physiology, 1899. More recent German editions of the same work. Historical outline in Rutherford's Text-Book of Physiology, 1880.Galen's Physiology: Verworn.Harvey: See references under Chapter III; The analysis of his writings by Willis in The Works of Harvey, translated into English, Sydenham Soc., 1847; See also Dr. Moreton's facsimile reproduction of the first edition (1628) of De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis, 1894.Haller: Fine portrait in his Elementa Physiologiæ, 1758; English translations of the Elementa.Charles Bell: Pettigrew; Good summary in Foster's Life of Claude Bernard, p. 38 et seq.Johannes Müller: His life, complete list of works, etc., in Gedächtnissrede auf Johannes Müller by Du Bois-Reymond, 1860;Elogeby Virchow inEdinburgh Med. Journ., vol. 4; Picture of his monument in Coblenz,Archiv f. Mik. Anat., vol. 55; Briefe von J. Müller and Anders Retzius (1830-1857), 1900; His famous Handbuch der Physiologie and English translations should be inspected.Ludwig: Burdon-Sanderson, Ludwig and Modern Physiology,Sci. Progress, vol. V, 1896; The same article inAnn. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1896.Claude Bernard: Life by M. Foster, 1899, excellent.
CHAPTER X
Good general account of the Rise of Embryology in Koelliker's Embryologie, 1880; Minot, Embryology and Medical Progress,Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 69, 1906; Eycleshymer, A Sketch of the Past and Future of Embryology,St. Louis Med. Rev., 1904.Harvey: As Embryologist, Brooks inJ. Hop. Univ. Hospit. Bull., vol. VIII, 1897. See above, Chaps. III and IX for further references to Harvey.Malpighi: in Embryology, Locy inPop. Sci. Mo., 1905—portrait and selected sketches from his embryological treatises.Wolff: Wheeler, Wolff and the Theoria Generationis, in Woods Holl Biological Lectures, 1898; Kirchoff inJenaische Zeitschr., vol. 4, 1868; Waldeyer, Festrede in Sitzbr. d. K. Preus. Akad. d. Wissenschaft., 1904; Haeckel in Evolution of Man, vol. I, 1892.Bonnet and Pre-delineation: Whitman, Bonnet's Theory of Evolution, also Evolution and Epigenesis, both in Woods Holl Biological Lectures, 1895.Von Baer: Leben und Schriften, his autobiography (1864), 2d edition, 1886; Life by Steida, 1886; Obituary,Proc. Roy. Soc., 1878; Waldeyer inAllg. Wien. Med. Ztg., 1877;Nature, vol. 15; Life by Stölzle, 1897; Haeckel,loc. cit., vol. I; Locy, V. Baer and the Rise of Embryology,Pop. Sci. Mo., 1905; Fine portrait as young man inHarper's Mag. for 1899;Rev. Scient., 1879.Kowalevsky: Lankester inNature, vol. 66, 1902; Portrait and biog. inAnn. Mus. Hist. Nat. Marseille, vol. 8, 1903.Balfour: M. Foster inNature, vol. 29, 1882; Also Life with portrait in the Memorial Edition of Balfour's Works; Waldeyer inArch. f. Mik. Anat., vol. 21, 1882; Osborn Recollections, with portrait,Science, vol. 2, 1883.His: Mall inAm. Journ. Anat., vol. 4, 1905; Biography inAnat. Anz., vol. 26, 1904.
CHAPTER XI
The Cell-Doctrine by Tyson, 1878.The Cell-Theory, Huxley,Medico-chir. Review, 1853, also in Scientific Memoirs, vol. I, 1898; The Modern Cell-Theory, M'Kendrick,Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasgow, vol. XIX, 1887; The Cell-Theory, Past and Present, Turner,Nature, vol. 43, 1890; The Cell-Doctrine, Burnett,Trans. Am. Med. Assn., vol. VI, 1853; First illustration of cells in Rob't Hooke's Micrographia, 1665, 1780, etc.; The Cell in Development and Inheritance, Wilson, 1896; Article Cell, in Chambers's (New) Cyclopædia, by Thomson.Schleiden: Sketch of,Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 22, 1882-1883; Sachs' Hist. of Botany 1890; Translation of his original paper of 1838 (Ueber Phytogenesis)—illustrations—Sydenham Soc., 1874.Schwann: Life,Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 37, 1900; Sa Vie et SesTravaux, Frédéricq, 1884; Nachruf, Henle,Archiv f. Mik. Anat., vol. 21, 1882; Lankester,Nature, vol. XXV, 1882;The Practitioner, vol. 49, 1897;The Catholic World, vol. 71, 1900. Translation of his contribution of 1839 (Mikroscopische Untersuchungen ueber die Uebereinstimmung in der Structur und dem Wachstum der Thiere und Pflanzen), Sydenham Soc., 1847.
CHAPTER XII
On the Physical Basis of Life, Huxley, 1868; Reprint in Methods and Results, 1894. Article Protoplasm in Ency. Brit, by Geddes.Dujardin:Notice Biographique, with portraits and other illustrations, Joubin,Archives de Parasitol., vol. 4, 1901; portrait of Dujardin hitherto unpublished. Dujardin's original description of Sarcode,Ann. des Sci. Nat.(Botanique), vol. 4, p. 367, 1835.Von Mohl: Sachs' History of Botany, 1890. Translation of his researches, Sydenham Soc., 1847.Cohn: Blätter der Erinnerung, 1898, with portrait.Schultze: Necrology, by Schwalbe inArchiv f. Mik. Anat., vol. 10, 1874, with portrait. Schultze's paper founding the protoplasm doctrine inArchiv f. Anat. und Phys., 1861, entitled Ueber Muskelkörperchen und das was man eine Zelle zu nennen habe.
CHAPTER XIII
Spontaneous Generation: Tyndall,Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 12, 1878; Also in Floating Matter of the Air, 1881; J.C. Dalton inN.Y. Med. Journ., 1872; Dunster, good account inProc. Ann Arbor Sci. Assn., 1876; Huxley,Rept. Brit. Assn. for Adv. Sci., 1870, republished in many journals, reprint in Scientif. Memoirs, vol. IV, 1901.Redi: Works in 9 vols., 1809-1811, with life and letters and portraits; Good biographical sketch inArchives de Parasitol., vol. I, 1898; Redi's Esperienze Intorno Alla Generazione Degl'Insetti, 2 plates, first edition, 1668, in Florence, 40; reprinted at various dates, not uncommon.Spallanzani: Foster, Lects. on Physiol.; Huxley,loc. cit.; Dunster,loc. cit.; L'Abbato Spallanzani, by Pavesi, 1901, portrait.Pouchet: His treatise of historical importance—Hétérogénie; ou Traité de la Génération Spontanée, basé sur des Nouvelles Expériences, 1859.Pasteur: Life by René Vallery-Radot, 2 vols., 1902; Percy and G. Frankland, 1901; Pasteur at Home, illustrated, Tarbell inMcClure's Mag., vol. I, 1893; AlsoMcClure's, vol. 19, 1902, review of Vallery-Radot's Life of Pasteur;Nature, vol. 52, 1895;Les Savants Modernes, p. 316; Life by his son-in-law, translated by Lady Hamilton, 1886; Sketches of Pasteur, very numerous.Bacteriology: Woodhead, Bacteria and their Products, 1891; Fraenkel, Text-Book of Bacteriology, 1891; Prudden, The Story of Bacteria, etc., 1891.Germ-Theory of Disease: Crookshank's Bacteriology, 3d edition, 1890.Koch:Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 36, 1889;Review of Reviews, vol. 2, 1890; Sketches and references to his discoveries numerous.Lister:Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 52, 1898;Review of Reviews, vol. 14, 1896; celebration of Lister's 80th birthday,Pop. Sci. Mo., June, 1907;Janus, vol. 5, 1900. The New Microbe Inoculation of Wright,Harper's Mag., July, 1907.
CHAPTER XIV
The History and Theory of Heredity, J.A. Thomson,Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. XVI, 1889; Chapter on Heredity in Thomson's Science of Life, 1899; also in his Study of Animal Life, 1892.Mendel: Mendel's Principles of Heredity, with translations of his original papers on hybridization, Bateson, 1902; Mendel's Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden, two papers (1865 and 1869), edited by Tschermak, 1901;Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1901-1902;Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 62, 1903; vol. 63, 1904;Science, vol. 23, 1903.Galton:Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 29, 1886;Nature, vol. 70, 1907; Galton's Natural Inheritance, 1889.Weismann: Brief Autobiography, with portrait, inThe Lamp, vol. 26, 1903; Solomonsen, Bericht über die Feier des 70 Geburtstages von August Weismann, 1904; Weismann's The Germ-Plasm, 1893, and The Evolution Theory, 1904.
CHAPTER XV
History of Geology and Paleontology, Zittel, 1901. The Founders of Geology, Geikie, 2d edition, 1905. History and Methods of Paleontological Discovery, Marsh,Proceed. Am. Adv. Sci., 1879. Same article inPop. Sci. Mo., vol. 16, 1879-1880. The Rise and Progress of Paleontology, Huxley,Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 20, 1882.Lyell: Charles Lyell and Modern Geology, Bonney, 1895; Sketch inPop. Sci. Mo., vol. I, 1872, also vol. 20, 1881-1882.Owen: Life of, by his grandson, 2 vols., 1894; See also above under Chapter VII.Agassiz: Life and Correspondence, by his wife, 2 vols., 1885; Life, letters and works, Marcou, 2 vols., 1896; What we Owe to Agassiz, Wilder,Pop. Sci. Mo., July, 1907; Agassiz at Penikese,Am. Nat., 1898.Cope: A Great Naturalist, Osborn inThe Century, 1897; See above, under Chapter VII, for further references.Marsh:Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 13, 1878; Sketches of,Nature, vol. 59, 1898-99;Science, vol. 9, 1899;Am. J. Sci., vol. 157, 1899.Zittel: Biographical Sketch with portrait, Schuchert,Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1903-1904. Osborn, Papers on Paleontological Discovery in Science from 1899 onward. The Fayûm Expedition of the Am. Museum of Nat. History,Science, March 29, 1907.
Note.Since the four succeeding chapters deal with the Evolution Theory, it maybe worth while to make a few general comments on the literature pertaining to Organic Evolution. The number of books and articles is very extensive, and I have undertaken to sift from the great number a limited list of the more meritorious. Owing to the prevalent vagueness regarding evolution theories, one is likely to read only about Darwin and Darwinism. This should be avoided by reading as a minimum some good reference on Lamarck, Weismann, and De Vries, as well as on Darwin. It is well enough to begin with Darwin's Theory, but it is not best to take his Origin of Species as the first book. To do this is to place oneself fifty years in the past. The evidences of Organic Evolution have greatly multiplied since 1859, and a better conception of Darwin's Theory can be obtained by reading first Romanes's Darwin and After Darwin, vol. I. This to be followed by Wallace's Darwinism, and, thereafter, the Origin of Speciesmay be taken up. These will give a good conception of Darwin's Theory, and they should be followed by reading in the order named: Packard's Lamarck; Weismann's The Evolution Theory; and De Vries's The Origin of Species and Varieties by Mutation. Simultaneously one may read with great profit Osborn's From the Greeks to Darwin.
CHAPTER XVI
General: Romanes, Darwin and After Darwin, 1892, vol. I, chaps. I-V; Same author, The Scientific Evidences of Organic Evolution; Weismann, Introduction to the Evolution Theory, 1904; Osborn, Alte und Neue Probleme der Phylogenese,Ergebnisse der Anat. u. Entwickel., vol. III, 1893; Ziegler, Ueber den derzeitigen Stand der Descendenzlehre in der Zoologie, 1902; Jordan and Kellogg, Evolution and Animal Life, 1907, chaps. I and XIV.Evolutionary Series—Shells: Romanes,loc. cit.; Hyatt, Transformations of Planorbis at Steinheim,Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci., vol. 29, 1880.Horse: Lucas, The Ancestry of the Horse,McClure's Mag., Oct., 1900; Huxley, Three Lectures on Evolution, in Amer. Addresses.Embryology—Recapitulation Theory: Marshall, Biolog. Lectures and Addresses, 1897; Vertebrate Embryology, 1892; Haeckel, Evolution of Man, 1892.Primitive Man: Osborn, Discovery of a Supposed Primitive Race of Men in Nebraska,Century Mag., Jan., 1907; Haeckel, The Last Link, 1898. Huxley, Man's Place in Nature, collected essays, 1900; published in many forms. Romanes, Mental Evolution in Man and Animals.
CHAPTER XVII
Lamarck: Packard, Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution, His Life and Work, with Translations of his Writings on Organic Evolution, 1901; Lamarck's Philosophie Zoologique, 1809. Recherches sur l'Organisation des corps vivans, 1802, contains an early, not however the first statement of Lamarck's views. For the first published account of Lamarck's theory see the introduction to his Système des Animaux sans Vertèbres, 1801.Neo-Lamarckism: Packard,loc. cit.; also in the Introduction to the Standard Natural History, 1885; Spencer, The Principles of Biology, 1866—based on the Lamarckian principle. Cope, The Origin of Genera, 1866; Origin of the Fittest, 1887; Primary Factors of Organic Evolution, 1896, the latter a very notable book. Hyatt, Jurassic Ammonites,Proced. Bost. Sci. Nat. Hist., 1874. Osborn,Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., vol. 16, 1890. Eigenmann, The Eyes of the Blind Vertebrates of North America,Archiv f. Entwicklungsmechanik, vol. 8, 1899.
Darwin's Theory(For biographical references to Darwin see belowunder Chapter XIX): Wallace, Darwinism, 1889; Romanes, Darwin and After Darwin, vol. I, 1892; Metcalf, An Outline of the Theory of Organic Evolution, 1904, good for illustrations.Color: Poulton, The Colors of Animals; Chapters in Weismann's The Evolution Theory, 1904.Mimicry: Weismann,loc. cit.Sexual Selection: Darwin, The Descent of Man, new ed., 1892.Inadequacy of Nat. Selection: Spencer, The Inadequacy of Natural Selection, 1893; Morgan, Evolution and Adaptation, 1903. Kellogg, Darwinism To-day, 1907, contains a good account of criticisms against Darwinism.
CHAPTER XVIII
Weismann's The Evolution Theory, translated by J.A. and Margaret Thomson, 2 vols., 1904, contains the best statement of Weismann's views. It is remarkably clear in its exposition of a complicated theory. The Germ-Plasm, 1893; Romanes's An Examination of Weismannism, 1893.Inheritance of Acquired Characters: Weismann's discussion,loc. cit., vol. II, very good. Romanes's Darwin and After Darwin, vol. II.Personality of Weismann: Sketch and brief autobiography, inThe Lamp, vol. 26, 1903, portrait; Solomonsen, Bericht über die Feier des 70 Geburtstages von August Weismann, 1905, 2 portraits.
Mutation-Theory of De Vries: Die Mutations-Theorie, 1901; Species and Varieties, their Origin by Mutation, 1905; Morgan, Evolution and Adaptation, 1903, gives a good statement of the Mutation Theory, which is favored by the author; Whitman, The Problem of the Origin of Species,Congress of Arts and Science, Universal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904; Davenport, Evolution without Mutation,Journ. Exp. Zool., April, 1905.
CHAPTER XIX
For early phases of Evolutionary thought consult Osborn, From the Greeks to Darwin, 1894, and Clodd, Pioneers of Evolution, 1897.Suarez and the Doctrine of Special Creation: Huxley, in Mr. Darwin's Critics,Cont. Rev., p. 187, reprinted in Critiques and Addresses, 1873.Buffon: In Packard's Life of Lamarck, chapter 13.E. Darwin: Krause's Life of E. Darwin translated into English, 1879; Packard,loc. cit.Goethe: Die Idee der Pflanzenmetamorphose bei Wolff und bei Goethe, Kirchoff, 1867; Goethe's Die Metamorphose der Pflanzen, 1790.Oken: His Elements of Physiophilosophy, Ray Soc., 1847.Cuvier and St. Hilaire: Perrier, La Philosophie Zoologique avant Darwin, 1884; Osborn,loc. cit.Darwin and Wallace: The original communications of Darwin and Wallace, with a letter of transmissal signed by Hooker and Lyell,published in theTrans. Linnæan Soc.for 1858, were reprinted in thePop. Sci. Mo., vol. 60, 1901.Darwin: Personality and biography (For references to his theory see under Chapter XVII); Life and letters by his son, 3 vols., 1887, new ed., 1896; More Letters of Charles Darwin, 2 vols., 1903; Chapter in Marshall's Lectures on the Darwinian Theory; Darwin, Naturalist's Voyage around the World, 1880; Gould, Biographical Clinics, for Darwin's illness due to eye-strain; Poulton, Chas. Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection, 1896.Wallace: My Life, 2 vols., 1905; The Critic, Oct., 1905.Huxley: Life and Letters by his son, 1901; Numerous sketches at the time of his death, 1895, inNature,Nineteenth Century,Pop. Sci. Mo., etc., etc.Haeckel: His Life and Work by Bölsche, 1906.
CHAPTER XX
It is deemed best to omit the references to Technical papers upon which the summaries of recent tendencies are based. Morgan's Experimental Zoology, 1907. Jennings, Behavior of the Lower Organisms, 1906. Mosquitoes and other insects in connection with the transmission of disease, see Folsom, Entomology, 1906, chapter IX, p. 299.Biological Laboratories: Dean, The Marine Biological Stations of Europe,Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1894; Marine Biolog. Station at Naples,Harper's Mag., 1901; TheCentury, vol. 10 (Emily Nunn Whitman); Williams, A History of Science, vol. V, chapter V, 1904;Am. Nat., vol. 31, 1897;Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 54, 1899;ibid., vol. 59, 1901. Woods Hole Station—A Marine University,Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1902.
INDEX