AAbiogenesis,277Acquired characters, inheritance of,314;Weismann on,398Agassiz, essay on classification,137;agreement of embryological stages and the fossil record,334;fossil fishes,334;portrait,334Aldrovandi,115Alternative inheritance,316Amphimixis, the source of variations,396Anatomical sketches, the earliest,32;from Vesalius,31,33Anatomical studies, recent tendencies of,442Anatomy, of Aristotle,23;beginnings of,23;earliest known illustrations,32;of Galen,24;of the Middle Ages,24;comparative, rise of,141-165;of insects, Dufour,109;Lyonet,91;Malpighi,63;Newport,100;Réaumur,96;Roesel,96;Straus-Dürckheim,96;Swammerdam,70, 73-77;minute, progress of,89-104;of plants, Grew,56;Malpighi,66Ancients, return to the science of,112Animal behavior, studies of,441Animal kingdom of Cuvier,133Aquinas, St. Thomas, on creation,409Arcana Naturæ, of Leeuwenhoek,78Aristotle,9-15;books of,13;errors of,13;estimate of,10;extensive knowledge of animals,12;the founder of natural history,9;influence of,15;personal appearance,13,14;portrait,14;position in the development of science,11Arrest of inquiry, effect of,17Augustine, St., on creation,409Authority declared the source of knowledge,18BBacteria, discovery of,276;disease-producing,300;and antiseptic surgery,302;nitrifying, of the soil,303Bacteriology, development of,276Baer, Von, and the rise of embryology,195-236;his great classic on development of animals,214;and germ-layers,218;makes embryology comparative,220;and Pander218;period in embryology,214-226;portraits,216,217;his rank in embryology,220;his especial service,217;sketches from his embryological treatise,222Balfour, masterly work of,226;his period in embryology,226-232;personality,228;portrait,227;tragic fate,228;university career,227Bary, H.A. de,271;portrait,272Bassi, and the germ-theory of disease,293"Bell, Charles, discoveries on the nervous system,183;portrait,184Berengarius,26Bernard, Claude, in physiology,190;personality,191;portrait,191Biblia Naturæ of Swammerdam,73Bichat, and the birth of histology,166-178;Buckle's estimate of,166,167;education,167;in Paris,167;personality,168;phenomenal industry,168;portrait,169;results of his work,170;writings,170;successes of,170Binomial nomenclature of Linnæus,126Biological facts, application of,443Biological laboratories, establishment and maintenance of,445;the station at Naples,444;picture of,445;the Woods Hole station,444Biological periodicals,446Biological progress, continuity of,434;atmosphere engendered by,448;from Linnæus to Darwin,138-140Biology, defined,4;domain of,4,5;epochs of,20;progress of,3,5;applied,443Boerhaave, quoted,71,72;and Linnæus,122Bois-Reymond, Du,189;portrait,189Bones, fossil,322,324Bonnet, and emboîtement,208;opposition to Wolff,211;portrait,212Books, the notable, of biology,435Brown, Robert, discovers the nucleus in plant-cells,243Buckland,324Buckle, on Bichat,166,167Buffon,129,411;portrait,412;position in evolution,412CCæsalpinus, on the circulation,50Cajal, Ramon y,176;portrait,176Camper, anatomical work of,143;portrait,144Carpenter, quoted,170Carpi, the anatomist,26Castle, experiments on inheritance,316Catastrophism, theory of, Cuvier,326;Lyell on,331Caulkins, on protozoa,109Cell, definition of,258;diagram of,257;earliest known pictures of,238,239;in heredity,257Cell-lineage,234,442Cell-theory, announcement of,242;effect on embryology,222,224;founded by Schleiden and Schwann,242;Schleiden's contribution,247;Schwann's treatise,248;modifications of,250;vague foreshadowings of,237Child, studies on regulation,440Chromosomes,254,312Circulation of the blood, Harvey,46,47;Servetus,50;Columbus,50;Cæsalpinus,50;in the capillaries,84;Leeuwenhoek's sketch of,83;Vesalius on, with illustration,49Classification of animals, tabular view of,137-138Cohn, portrait,271Color, in evolution,386Columbus, on the circulation,50Comparative anatomy, rise of,141-165;becomes experimental,165Cope, in comparative anatomy,165;portrait,336;important work in palæontology,337,437Creation, Aquinas on,409;St. Augustine on,408;special,410;evolution the method of,348Cuvier, birth and early education,149;and catastrophism,326;comprehensiveness of mind,154;correlation of parts,133;debate with St. Hilaire,416;domestic life,155;forerunners of,143;founds comparative anatomy,154;founder of vertebrate palæontology,325;his four branches of the animal kingdom,132;goes to Paris,151;life at the seashore,150;opposition to Lamarck,414;portraits,152,153;physiognomy,152;and the rise of comparative anatomy,141-156;shortcomings of,156;successors of,156;type-theory of,133DDarwin, Charles, his account of the way his theory arose,427;factors of evolution,380;habits of work,426;home life,423;at Downs,426;ill health,426;naturalist on the Beagle,425;natural selection,383;opens note-book on the origin of species,426;personality,422;portraits,382,423;parallelism in thought with Wallace,427;publication of the Origin of Species,429;his other works,391,429;theory of pangenesis,306;variation in nature,382;the original drafts of his theory sent by Hooker and Lyell to the Linnæan Society,420-422;working hours,426;summary of his theory,405Darwin, Erasmus,413;portrait,413Darwinism and Lamarckism confused,391;not the same as organic evolution,347Davenport, experiments,319Deluge, and the deposit of fossils,323De Vries, mutation theory of,402;portrait,403;summary,406Dufour, Léon, on insect anatomy,100Dujardin,250,262;discovers sarcode,250,266;portrait,265;writings,264EEdwards, H. Milne-,157;portrait,157Ehrenberg,106,107;portrait,108Embryological record, interpretation of,229Embryology, Von Baer and the rise of,194-236;experimental,232;gill-clefts and other rudimentary organs in embryos,361;theoretical,235Epochs in biological history,20Evolution, doctrine of, generalities regarding,345;controversies regarding the factors,346,369;factors of,368;effect on embryology,225;on palæontology,332;nature of the question regarding,348;a historical question,348;the historical method in,348;sweep of,366;one of the greatest acquisitions of human knowledge,366;predictions verified,367;theories of,369;Lamarck,369;Darwin,386;Weismann,392;De Vries,402;summary of evolution theories,404;vagueness regarding,346Evolutionary series,351;shells,351;horses,354Evolutionary thought, rise of,407-433;views of certain fathers of the church,408Experimental observation, introduced by Harvey,39-53Experimental work in biology,439FFabrica, of Vesalius,30Fabricius, Harvey's teacher,41;portrait,43Factors of evolution,369Fallopius,36;portrait,37Flood, fossils ascribed to,323Fossil life, the science of,320-341;bones,322,325;horses in America,355;collections in NewHaven,355;in New York,355;man,340,364;Neanderthal skull,365;ape-like man,364Fossil remains an index to past history,329Fossils, arrangement in strata,328;ascribed to the flood,323;their comparison with living animals,324;from the Fayûm district,341;method of collecting,340;nature of,322;determination of, by Cuvier,325;Da Vinci,322;Steno,322;strange views regarding,320GGalen,23,180;portrait,25Galton, law of ancestral inheritance,318;portrait,317Geer, De, on insects,95Gegenbaur,163;portrait,164Generation, Wolff's theory of,210Germ-cells, organization of,210Germ-layers,218Germ-plasm, continuity of,393;complexity of,395;the hereditary substance,311;union of germ-plasms the source of variations,396Germ-theory of disease,293Germinal continuity,224,308;doctrine of,224,311,393Germinal elements,305Germinal selection,397Germinal substance,310Gesner,112;personality,113;portrait,114;natural history of,113Gill-clefts in embryos,361Goodsir,174Grew, work of,56HHaeckel,431;portrait,432Haller, fiber-theory,242;opposition to Wolff,211;in physiology,181;portrait,182Harvey, and experimental observation,39-53;his argument for the circulation,51;discovery of the circulation,47;his great classic,46;education,40;in embryology,198;embryological treatise,199,200;frontispiece from his generation of animals (1651),202;influence of,52;introduces experimental method,47;at Padua,41;period in physiology,180;personal appearance and qualities,42,44,45;portrait,44;predecessors of,48;question as to his originality,46;his teacher,43;writings,45Heredity,305;a cellular study,257;according to Darwin,307;Weismann,309;application of statistics to,314;inheritance of acquired characters,314;steps in advance of knowledge of,308Hertwig, Oskar, portrait,231;service in embryology,232;Richard, quoted,125Hilaire, St., portrait,416;see St. HilaireHis, Wilhelm,232;portrait,234Histology, birth of,166-178;Bichat its founder,170;normal and pathological,172;text-books of,177Hooke, Robert,55;his microscope illustrated,55Hooker, letter on the work of Darwin and Wallace,420-422Horse, evolution of,354Human ancestry, links in,364,365Human body, evolution of,363Human fossils,340,364Hunter, John,144;