Birds in the moss forest near Tenom appeared to be breeding in January, paralleling the trend found by Voous (1950a) for the lowlands of Borneo.
Other Bornean observations.—Voous (1950a) summarized data assembled by Coomans de Ruiter on the breeding of birds in the lowland of western Borneo near Pontianak. It appears that thebreeding season in that part of Borneo, and indeed in all of western Borneo (Banks, 1950), starts in December and reaches a peak in March.
TABLE 3.—Monthly rainfall records, Cocoa Research Station, Quoin Hill.
YearJan.Feb.Mar.AprilMayJuneJulyAug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.19596.4912.1611.117.6412.114.758.3312.1013.8119609.248.173.7610.658.8411.006.3111.258.565.498.3911.8119616.688.064.354.747.557.255.932.407.475.584.3810.7319623.826.7613.729.686.827.496.595.827.819.4719.809.28196321.278.187.640.575.834.620.6412.495.248.757.4311.0519644.177.924.4011.2011.828.042.427.525.6913.158.829.88Average9.037.816.777.228.838.254.928.596.588.4610.1511.09
Gibson-Hill (1952) has questioned Banks' (1950) interpretation of data from the egg collection of V. W. Ryves. Gibson-Hill has shown that the data collected by Ryves covered two widely separated localities, one at Kiau near Kota Belud and the other near Sandakan. The former locality is on the west coast of North Borneo and the latter on the east coast of North Borneo. Gibson-Hill points out, and rightly so, that the timing of the rainfall in different parts of Borneo must be taken into account because of the large regional variation. The nesting data from the Ryves egg collection are scant and when used alone possibly yield a distorted view of the actual breeding season. Ryves did no collecting in the Sandakan area between September and March, and in the Kiau area between May and January. Although the breeding data from North Borneo accumulated by both Ryves and myself are limited, and records of rainfall are scant, there appears to be a trend toward breeding after the heavy rains have fallen.
Seasonality of breeding in tropical birds.—Possibly Bornean birds breed mostly in the "driest" part of the year. If so, this is in contrast with the time of breeding of birds of other tropical areas. Moreau (1950) found that in the Congo there was no distinct breeding season for most groups of birds, but that in East Africa there was a double breeding season; the peaks coincided with the two rainy seasons. Lack (1950) found that the Geospizinae of the Galapagos breed only when it rains and that rainfall causes a flurry of nest building and singing. If the rains stop, then the courtship activities stop until the next rains. Miller (1963) found that in birds of a western Andean cloud forest the breeding seasonwas spread over the year and that breeding could not be correlated with rainfall.
Obviously more study is required on breeding of birds in Borneo before the timing of the annual cycle can be ascertained.
The English names used in this report follow Smythies (1960) where possible. If the bird has not been recorded from Borneo previously, then I have resorted to Delacours and Mayr's "Birds of the Philippines" (1946). The taxonomy is that of Smythies (1960), except where current American or my own opinion differs and where new evidence has warranted a change. The sequence of families is that of Wetmore (1960).
Two species listed beyond that had not previously been recorded from the island of Borneo are: Red-footed Booby,Sula sula; and Whitehead's Thick-head,Pachycephala whiteheadi. Six additional kinds listed beyond had not previously been recorded from North Borneo. They are: Chinese Egret,Egretta eulophotes; Knot,Calidris canutus; Ground Cuckoo,Carpococcyx radiceus;Stachyris nigriceps hartleyi; Finch's Bulbul,Criniger finschii; and Pale Blue Flycatcher,Muscicapa unicolor.
Sula sula(Linnaeus): Red-footed Booby.—A captive seen in the Tawau police station was said to have been caught when it landed at night on a police launch anchored off Siamil Island in or near May, 1962. The bird was in first-year or second-year plumage, seemed to be tame, and was thriving on a diet of fish. Identification was made by Alexander Wetmore from a photographic print. This is the first seemingly substantiated record of the species from Borneo, although it probably occurs there regularly. The species breeds on Bankoran Island and on Tubbataha Reef in the Sulu Sea (Smythies, 1960:113).
Fregata ariel(G. R. Gray): Lesser Frigatebird.—This conspicuous bird on the waters around Tawau is occasionally seen in Cowie Harbor but more often along the coast outside the Harbor. On September 20 an estimated 300-500 birds circled over the shore northeast of Tawau.
Ardea sumatrana sumatranaRaffles: Dusky-gray Heron.—Specimens, 2. Karindingen Island: ♂ testis 12 × 23 mm., November 24, 1962, MCT 3308; ♂, November 24, 1962, MCT 3309.
The specimens were taken on the coral sand beach surrounding Karindingen Island. At least 10 were seen feeding on the beach and on a reef. One (MCT 3308) had testes of a size suggesting that it was in breeding condition.
The specimens were taken on the coral sand beach surrounding Karindingen Island. At least 10 were seen feeding on the beach and on a reef. One (MCT 3308) had testes of a size suggesting that it was in breeding condition.
Casmerodius alba modestus(Gray): Common Egret.—Specimen, 1. Karindingen Island: ♀, November 24, 1962, MCT 3310.
This species was seen on three dates: August 17 at Karindingen Island, where 30 were observed feeding along the mangroves bordering the island; on November 24, on the same island, where a specimen was taken from a flockof 30 birds that had been feeding on the coral sand and reef; and on November 30 when a single bird landed at the small reservoir at the Cocoa Research Station and began to feed in the shallow water. Only four specimens appear to have been recorded earlier (Smythies, 1957:561), although Smythies (1963:270) lists additional sight records.
This species was seen on three dates: August 17 at Karindingen Island, where 30 were observed feeding along the mangroves bordering the island; on November 24, on the same island, where a specimen was taken from a flockof 30 birds that had been feeding on the coral sand and reef; and on November 30 when a single bird landed at the small reservoir at the Cocoa Research Station and began to feed in the shallow water. Only four specimens appear to have been recorded earlier (Smythies, 1957:561), although Smythies (1963:270) lists additional sight records.
Egretta garzetta(Linnaeus): Little Egret.—On November 24 at Karindingen Island, I observed several mixing freely with individuals ofE. sacraon the coral sand beaches and reefs.
Egretta eulophotes(Swinhoe): Chinese Egret.—Specimen, 1: Ka-Karis, Kinabatangan River, 200 feet: ♂, October 20, 1963, ADG 326.
This is the only record known to me of this species from North Borneo. Smythies (1960:126) lists 11 specimens from other parts of Borneo.
This is the only record known to me of this species from North Borneo. Smythies (1960:126) lists 11 specimens from other parts of Borneo.
Egretta sacra(Gmelin): Reef Egret.—The species was observed at Karindingen Island on August 17 and November 24, 1962, and was the most common egret on the island. One compact flock of 50 was seen at high tide. No white-phased birds were in the flock.
Bubulcus ibis coromandus(Boddaert): Cattle Egret.—Specimen, 1: Tongod: ♀, October 21, 1963, ADG 328.
Individuals were observed daily at Tuaran with cattle at the Agricultural Research Centre. I saw them on December 9 when I arrived at Tuaran and again on January 13, when I departed.
Individuals were observed daily at Tuaran with cattle at the Agricultural Research Centre. I saw them on December 9 when I arrived at Tuaran and again on January 13, when I departed.
Ardeola bacchus(Bonaparte): Chinese Pond Heron.—Specimen, 1: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 26, 1962, MCT 3151.
The specimen was brought to our camp by a local boy who obtained it on a stream that ran through his kampong (village) near our sulap (hut). The stream was a small one that ran out of the primary forest, through the village, and back into secondary forest.
The specimen was brought to our camp by a local boy who obtained it on a stream that ran through his kampong (village) near our sulap (hut). The stream was a small one that ran out of the primary forest, through the village, and back into secondary forest.
Butorides striatus(Linnaeus): Little Green Heron.—Specimens, 2: Telipok: ♀, March 10, 1963, TM 67; Sex?, December 13, 1962, TM 6.
This heron was seen at Karindingen Island on August 17, 1962, in a small swamp near the Tawau airport on September 16, and on the reef at Siamil Island on September 18. The specimens collected at Telipok were not identified to subspecies.
This heron was seen at Karindingen Island on August 17, 1962, in a small swamp near the Tawau airport on September 16, and on the reef at Siamil Island on September 18. The specimens collected at Telipok were not identified to subspecies.
Ixobrychus cinnamomeus cinnamomeus(Gmelin): Chestnut Bittern.—Specimen, 1: Tuaran: Sex?, December 24, 1963, SCFC 32.
This specimen was probably taken in the paddy around the Agricultural Research Centre, where I saw Chestnut Bitterns in January 1963.
This specimen was probably taken in the paddy around the Agricultural Research Centre, where I saw Chestnut Bitterns in January 1963.
Leptoptilos javanicus(Horsfield): Lesser Adjutant Stork.—Specimen, 1: Karindingen Island: ♂ testis small, November 24, 1962, MCT 3311.
My first observation of this species was at Karindingen Island on August 17, when approximately 100 birds were seen feeding on the coral sand and reefs. I saw them also within a mile of Semporna along the ship channel, usually in the vicinity of fish traps. On August 31 two birds flew high overhead at Quoin Hill, proceeding in the direction of Cowie Harbor. On November 24, large numbers at Karindingen Island were sitting in mangroves and feeding on the reefs around the island. Two birds were caught by the rising tide while feeding on the reef and were unable to take off. One of these was shot in approximately six to seven feet of water; its feathers were completely waterlogged. Interestingly the flaky skin of the crown had blue-green algae growing on it. These birds were heard calling many times on the reef and in the mangroves; the call is much like the deep growl of a dog.Sims, Banks, and Harrison have found the storks common in this area (Smythies, 1957:569). Although I could find no evidence of it, possibly Karindingen Island is a nesting locality.
My first observation of this species was at Karindingen Island on August 17, when approximately 100 birds were seen feeding on the coral sand and reefs. I saw them also within a mile of Semporna along the ship channel, usually in the vicinity of fish traps. On August 31 two birds flew high overhead at Quoin Hill, proceeding in the direction of Cowie Harbor. On November 24, large numbers at Karindingen Island were sitting in mangroves and feeding on the reefs around the island. Two birds were caught by the rising tide while feeding on the reef and were unable to take off. One of these was shot in approximately six to seven feet of water; its feathers were completely waterlogged. Interestingly the flaky skin of the crown had blue-green algae growing on it. These birds were heard calling many times on the reef and in the mangroves; the call is much like the deep growl of a dog.
Sims, Banks, and Harrison have found the storks common in this area (Smythies, 1957:569). Although I could find no evidence of it, possibly Karindingen Island is a nesting locality.
Anas querquedulaLinnaeus: Garganey.—Specimen, 1: Kg. Banjar: sex? November 13, 1963, ADG 329.
This teal obtained by Garcia is our only record of any duck from North Borneo.
This teal obtained by Garcia is our only record of any duck from North Borneo.
Haliastur indus(Boddaert): Brahminy Kite.—This common resident of the Cocoa Research Station was observed almost daily while I was in the field. It seemed to prefer the cleared areas replanted to cocoa and oil palm and was common also at Tawau, Semporna, and Karindingen Island.
Accipiter trivirgatus microstictusMayr: Crested Goshawk.—Specimens, 2: Pintasan Agriculture Station: ♂, October 17, 1963, ADG 314. Cocoa Research Station: ♂, April 30, 1963, ADG 89.
Spizaetus cirrhatus limnaetus(Horsfield): Changeable Hawk-eagle.—Specimen, 1: Tiger Estate: ♂, April 28, 1963, ADG 74 (Specimen in black phase).
Hieraetus kienerii formosus(E. Geoffroy): Rufous-bellied Hawk-eagle.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ imm., July 10, 1962, MCT 2615. Tiger Estate: ♀, July 13, 1962, MCT 2621.
The presence of an immature bird of this species in North Borneo lends support to the suggestion of Smythies (1957:580) that this species breeds in Borneo.
The presence of an immature bird of this species in North Borneo lends support to the suggestion of Smythies (1957:580) that this species breeds in Borneo.
Haliaeetus leucogaster(Gmelin): White-bellied Sea Eagle.—This eagle appears to be fairly common along the coast in the Tawau-Darvel Bay area. I saw it around Cowie Harbor, Tawau, Semporna, and Siamil Island.
Spilornis cheelaLatham: Crested Serpent Eagle.—I saw this eagle but once, circling overhead at the Cocoa Research Station on September 26, 1962.
Microhierax latifronsSharpe: White-fronted Falconet.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., 41.2 gm., July 6, 1962, MCT 2600. Tiger Estate: ♀ oviduct regressing, old brood patch, December 1, 1962, MCT 3418.
This species was first seen at the Cocoa Research Station. The specimen taken there bobbed its head in the manner of various other falcons. On two occasions individuals were observed sitting in a low tree in the front yard of a home in Kalabakan.These records extend the known range of this species south from Darvel Bay (Smythies, 1960:161) to Cowie Harbor.
This species was first seen at the Cocoa Research Station. The specimen taken there bobbed its head in the manner of various other falcons. On two occasions individuals were observed sitting in a low tree in the front yard of a home in Kalabakan.
These records extend the known range of this species south from Darvel Bay (Smythies, 1960:161) to Cowie Harbor.
Falco peregrinus japonensisGmelin: Peregrine Falcon.—Specimen, 1: Kampong Kuamut: ♂, October 20, 1963, ADG 327.
Coturnix chinensis(Linnaeus): Painted Quail.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 8 × 5 mm., September 6, 1962, MCT 2881.
This specimen is intermediate betweenC. c. lineataandC. c. caerulescens, tending slightly toward the latter in having more rufous coloring on the tertials.R. E. Kuntz took a male at Ranau (USNM 472504) that was also intermediate in its characters but was referable toC. c. lineata. These two specimens, when compared with series of specimens from the Philippines and Sumatra, fitted into a clinal progression of increasingly rufous tertials toward Sumatra. Peters (1934:96) unitedC. c. caerulescenswithC. c. palmeri, but Amadon (inlitt.) retainsC. c. caerulescens(Smythies, 1957:588). No clear-cut distributional pattern is yet discernible in North Borneo and the arrangement of Amadon (MS) should probably be reviewed again when more specimens become available.These birds were observed several times at the Cocoa Research Station but were difficult to collect. They were abundant in the grasslands on the Brantian Estate.
This specimen is intermediate betweenC. c. lineataandC. c. caerulescens, tending slightly toward the latter in having more rufous coloring on the tertials.R. E. Kuntz took a male at Ranau (USNM 472504) that was also intermediate in its characters but was referable toC. c. lineata. These two specimens, when compared with series of specimens from the Philippines and Sumatra, fitted into a clinal progression of increasingly rufous tertials toward Sumatra. Peters (1934:96) unitedC. c. caerulescenswithC. c. palmeri, but Amadon (inlitt.) retainsC. c. caerulescens(Smythies, 1957:588). No clear-cut distributional pattern is yet discernible in North Borneo and the arrangement of Amadon (MS) should probably be reviewed again when more specimens become available.
These birds were observed several times at the Cocoa Research Station but were difficult to collect. They were abundant in the grasslands on the Brantian Estate.
Rollulus roulroul(Scopoli): Crested Green Wood Partridge.—It was observed once along the Apas River at the Cocoa Research Station, in primary forest.
Haematortyx sanguinicepsSharpe: Crimson-headed Wood Partridge.—Frederick Dunn saw one fly across the padang at the Cocoa Research Station rest house on September 9.
Lophura ignita(Shaw and Nodder): Crested Fireback Pheasant.—Specimens, 3: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, molting, July 20, 1962, MCT 2624. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, November 4, 1962, MCT 3206; ♂, November 7, 1962, MCT 3216.
This pheasant was taken in native snares from primary forest.
This pheasant was taken in native snares from primary forest.
Lophura bulweri(Sharpe): Bulwer's Pheasant.—Specimens, 3: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♀, December 25, 1962, MCT 3534; ♂, December 27, 1962, MCT 3539; ♀, December 27, 1962, MCT 3540.
This bird was first taken in a snare 12 miles north of Kalabakan. Unfortunately, the specimen was stolen and only its tail feathers were brought in by the trappers. Mr. Comber of Sapong Estates in Tenom said this species comes in numbers with the wild-pig migration and that he had observed this at least three times. He has also seen three-quarters grown young at Tenom, so they seemingly nest there. They were found only in primary forest.These specimens constitute the first records of the species for the west coast of North Borneo (cf.Smythies, 1957:593).
This bird was first taken in a snare 12 miles north of Kalabakan. Unfortunately, the specimen was stolen and only its tail feathers were brought in by the trappers. Mr. Comber of Sapong Estates in Tenom said this species comes in numbers with the wild-pig migration and that he had observed this at least three times. He has also seen three-quarters grown young at Tenom, so they seemingly nest there. They were found only in primary forest.
These specimens constitute the first records of the species for the west coast of North Borneo (cf.Smythies, 1957:593).
Argusianus argus grayi(Elliott): Great Argus Pheasant.—Specimens, 6: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 14, 1962, MCT 3034; ♀, October 22, 1962, MCT 3121; ♂, October 23, 1962, MCT 3130; ♂, October 27, 1962, MCT 3166; ♀?, October 29, 1962, MCT 3307. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♀, December 19, 1962, MCT 3464.
This species is a common resident of the primary forest at Kalabakan and in the lower areas around Tenom (J. A. Comber, pers. comm.). It is found only in primary forest.
This species is a common resident of the primary forest at Kalabakan and in the lower areas around Tenom (J. A. Comber, pers. comm.). It is found only in primary forest.
Rallina fasciata(Raffles): Malaysian Banded Crake.—Specimen, 1: Tiger Estate: ♂, July 11, 1963, ADG 193.
Amaurornis phoenicurus javanicus(Horsfield): White-breasted Waterhen.—Specimens, 3: Tuaran: sex?, March 1, 1963, ADG 5. Telipok: ♀, February 2, 1963, TM 23; ♂, February 2, 1963, TM 24.
This species was commonly observed in marshes near Tawau and on the Brantian Estate.
This species was commonly observed in marshes near Tawau and on the Brantian Estate.
Gallicrex cinerea(Gmelin): Watercock.—Specimen, 1: Tiger Estate: sex?, December 17, 1962 (taken on dry grassland).
Squatarola squatarola(Linnaeus): Black-bellied Plover.—On September 2 I saw a flock of 12 plovers on the Tawau golf course. They were in a mottled plumage indicating extensive molt and feather growth. Later in the day a bird in almost complete breeding plumage flew overhead.
Charadrius peroniSchlegel: Malay Sand Plover.—On September 15, one was sitting on the Tawau Airport runway. Another was observed on November 20, feeding near a water buffalo wallow on the Brantian Estate. Smythies (1960:191) lists sandy beaches as the only habitat.
Charadrius leschenaultiLesson: Large Sand Plover.—On September 16 one was sitting on the Tawau Airport runway.
Numenius phaeopus variegatus(Scopoli): Whimbrel.—Specimen, 1: Karindingen Island: ♂, November 24, 1962, MCT 3315.
This was the most common curlew around Karindingen Island on November 24. Flocks of 10 to 20 individuals were feeding on the coral sand around the island, and a few individuals were sitting in the tops of dead mangroves at low tide.
This was the most common curlew around Karindingen Island on November 24. Flocks of 10 to 20 individuals were feeding on the coral sand around the island, and a few individuals were sitting in the tops of dead mangroves at low tide.
Numenius arquata(Linnaeus): Common Curlew.—On November 24, a Common Curlew flew from Karindingen Island toward the mainland.
Numenius madagascariensis(Linnaeus): Eastern Curlew.—I first observed this curlew on August 17 at Karindingen Island, where 50 were feeding on the coral sand. At that time it was the most abundant shorebird. When I returned to the island on November 24, several were seen around the island, but the species was not so abundant asN. phaeopus.
Limosa lapponica(Linnaeus): Bar-tailed Godwit.—A flock of five was observed at Karindingen Island on November 24.
Tringa totanus eurhinus(Oberholser): Redshank.—Specimens, 2: Karindingen Island: ♀, November 24, 1962, MCT 3312; ♀, November 24, 1962, MCT 3313.
On August 17, this bird was common and feeding on the coral sand at Karindingen Island. When I revisited the island on November 24 the Redshank seemed to prefer the mangrove areas for feeding and was the most common wader.
On August 17, this bird was common and feeding on the coral sand at Karindingen Island. When I revisited the island on November 24 the Redshank seemed to prefer the mangrove areas for feeding and was the most common wader.
Tringa ochropusLinnaeus: Green Sandpiper.—Specimen, 1: Brantian Estate: ♀, November 19, 1962, MCT 3305.
The specimen, one of three or four birds seen, was taken near a grassland pond.
The specimen, one of three or four birds seen, was taken near a grassland pond.
Heteroscelus incanum(Gmelin): Wandering Tattler.—One was feeding along a sandy beach and later on rocks on Siamil Island on September 18, 1962.
Capella megala(Swinhoe): Swinhoe's Snipe.—Specimens, 3: Tiger Estate: sex?, December 9, 1962; sex?, December 9, 1962. Pintasan Agriculture Station: ♂, October 17, 1963, ADG 317.
These three specimens lend support to the theory of Smythies (1960:206) that this species is the common snipe of North Borneo.
These three specimens lend support to the theory of Smythies (1960:206) that this species is the common snipe of North Borneo.
Calidris canutus(Linnaeus): Knot.—On August 17, I saw 20 Knots feeding on the coral sand at Karindingen Island. They were still partly in breeding feather, showing rusty color here and there on the breast. I saw no Knots onNovember 24 at Karindingen Island. There is but one prior record for Borneo, from the North Natuna Islands (Chasen, 1935:39).
Erolia ruficollis(Pallas): Red-necked Stint.—Specimen, 1: Karindingen Island: ♂, November 24, 1962, MCT 3314.
The species was common on November 24 around Karindingen Island, usually in flocks of 5 to 10 birds.
The species was common on November 24 around Karindingen Island, usually in flocks of 5 to 10 birds.
Glareola pratincola(Linnaeus): Collared Pratincole.—Specimen, 1: Tiger Estate: ♂, April 28, 1963, ADG 75.
Chlidonias hybrida(Pallas): Whiskered Tern.—Specimen, 1: Kuala Sumawang: sex?, September 18, 1962, ADG 280.
Smythies (1960:217) lists no record for North Borneo.
Smythies (1960:217) lists no record for North Borneo.
Sterna bergiiLichtenstein: Greater Crested Tern.—Specimens, 2: Kuala Sumawang: ♀, September 18, 1963, ADG 278; ♂, September 18, 1963, ADG 279.
This tern was observed several times off the coast of North Borneo near Tawau.
This tern was observed several times off the coast of North Borneo near Tawau.
Treron curvirostra curvirostra(Gmelin): Thick-billed Pigeon.—Specimens, 9: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 9 × 5 mm., 166.7 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2693; ♂ testis 5 × 4 mm., 167.2 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2694; ♂ testis 13 × 6 mm., 167.8 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2695; ♂ testis 9 × 5 mm., 155.5 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2700; ♀, 112.9 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2712; ♂, 185.8 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2713; ♀, 135.4 gm., growing new 5th primary, August 25, 1962, MCT 2806; ♀, 132.2 gm., August 31, 1962, MCT 2842; ♂, 112.5 gm., August 31, 1962, MCT 2843.
This pigeon was the most common bird eating wild figs (Ficus) in the communal feeding trees, where there were as many as 30 gathered in one tree to feed. While resting, individual birds commonly dipped their tails.
This pigeon was the most common bird eating wild figs (Ficus) in the communal feeding trees, where there were as many as 30 gathered in one tree to feed. While resting, individual birds commonly dipped their tails.
Treron olax olax(Temminck): Little Green Pigeon.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 11 × 5 mm., September 1, 1962, MCT 2844. Pintasan Agriculture Station: ♂, October 14, 1963, ADG 306.
The species was seen only once. At the Cocoa Research Station, one bird sat on a dead tree and fed on a red berry from a vine. The call resembled the crying of a child. Others called in the cocoa. The bird taken had testes of a size indicating possible breeding condition.
The species was seen only once. At the Cocoa Research Station, one bird sat on a dead tree and fed on a red berry from a vine. The call resembled the crying of a child. Others called in the cocoa. The bird taken had testes of a size indicating possible breeding condition.
Treron vernans purpurea(Gmelin): Pink-necked Green Pigeon.—Specimens, 10: Tiger Estate: ♂, November 25, 1962, MCT 3323; ♀, November 25, 1962, MCT 3325. Telipok: ♀, January 31, 1963, TM 22; ♀, January 31, 1963, TM 20; ♂, January 31, 1963, TM 19; ♀, January 31, 1963, TM 21; ♂, February 10, 1963, TM 35; ♂, February 2, 1963, TM 25. Mt. Rumas: ♀, March 6, 1963, ADG 11. Tuaran: ♀, November 29, 1963, SCFC 34.
The species was confined to the lowlands around Tawau, as at the Tawau Airport in the scrub growth. Flocks of 50 to 100 were observed at Tuaran. None of the specimens taken in November was in breeding condition.
The species was confined to the lowlands around Tawau, as at the Tawau Airport in the scrub growth. Flocks of 50 to 100 were observed at Tuaran. None of the specimens taken in November was in breeding condition.
Ducula bicolor(Scopoli): Pied Imperial Pigeon.—I observed this pigeon on September 18 and 19 at Siamil Island. On the first day two were seen in the few remaining trees on the island and on September 19 a flock of 12 flew southwest over the island at about 8:30 A. M.
Streptopelia bitorquata(Temminck): Javanese Turtle Dove.—On Siamil Island on September 18 and 19, two were seen at close range feeding with10S. chinensis. There is only one other record from Borneo; Pryer took one at Sandakan in the 1880's (Everett, 1889:193) and it has not been recorded since. Chasen (1935:22) speculated that the Javanese Turtle Dove was introduced to Borneo as a cage bird. But, Borneo is seemingly well within the normal range of the species and probably it is a resident of North Borneo. The Javanese Turtle Dove and the Spotted-necked Dove,S. chinensis, closely resemble each other; this resemblance may help to account for the lack of records ofS. bitorquata.
Streptopelia chinensis(Scopoli): Spotted-necked Dove.—Specimens, 2: Tiger Estate: ♂, June 19, 1963, ADG 149. Telipok: ♂, February 10, 1963, TM 34.
This is a common bird of the coconut groves around Tawau and on Siamil Island.
This is a common bird of the coconut groves around Tawau and on Siamil Island.
Chalcophaps indica(Linnaeus): Emerald Dove.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, June 17, 1963, ADG 146.
Birds, always solitary, of this species often were seen in the cocoa groves at the Cocoa Research Station.
Birds, always solitary, of this species often were seen in the cocoa groves at the Cocoa Research Station.
Tanygnathus lucionensis lucionensis(Linnaeus): Blue-naped Parrot.—Specimens, 3: Siamil Island: ♂, September 19, 1962, MCT 2928; ♀, September 19, 1962, MCT 2929; ♀, September 19, 1962, MCT 2930.
These birds were seen on September 18 and 19. I saw flocks of 10 to 20 in the remnant of forest on the north side of the island. The birds were almost entirely inhabitants of the forest and were rarely seen in the coconut groves. I estimated the entire island population to be between 30 and 100 birds. The Japanese residents knew nothing of the birds, although they were aware of a cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) that had lived at large on the island for several years. The Blue-naped Parrot has been found only on the Maratuas and on Mantanani Island. Smythies (1960:242) surmised that the Mantanani population was introduced by sailing craft from the Sulu Sea. In the light of the present discovery, I think the species is a naturally-established resident of the North Bornean islands.
These birds were seen on September 18 and 19. I saw flocks of 10 to 20 in the remnant of forest on the north side of the island. The birds were almost entirely inhabitants of the forest and were rarely seen in the coconut groves. I estimated the entire island population to be between 30 and 100 birds. The Japanese residents knew nothing of the birds, although they were aware of a cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) that had lived at large on the island for several years. The Blue-naped Parrot has been found only on the Maratuas and on Mantanani Island. Smythies (1960:242) surmised that the Mantanani population was introduced by sailing craft from the Sulu Sea. In the light of the present discovery, I think the species is a naturally-established resident of the North Bornean islands.
Psittinus cyanurus cyanurus(Forester): Little Malay Parrot.—Specimens, 2: Tiger Estate: ♀, October 11, 1962, MCT 2998; ♂, October 11, 1962, MCT 2997.
Smythies (1963:277) was the first to record this species from North Borneo. However, the Harvard Primate Expedition in 1938 took three specimens as follows: ♂, Sandakan, June 6, 1937, MCZ 197123; ♂, Morutai Besar, June 27, 1937, MCZ 197124; ♂, Kalabakan River, July 16, 1937, MCZ 197125. The Harvard collection of birds from North Borneo appears to have been overlooked, although it was mentioned in passing by Smythies (1960:526). The specimens in my collection were taken in the same general area where H. G. Deignan took the Harvard specimens.
Smythies (1963:277) was the first to record this species from North Borneo. However, the Harvard Primate Expedition in 1938 took three specimens as follows: ♂, Sandakan, June 6, 1937, MCZ 197123; ♂, Morutai Besar, June 27, 1937, MCZ 197124; ♂, Kalabakan River, July 16, 1937, MCZ 197125. The Harvard collection of birds from North Borneo appears to have been overlooked, although it was mentioned in passing by Smythies (1960:526). The specimens in my collection were taken in the same general area where H. G. Deignan took the Harvard specimens.
Loriculus galgulus(Linnaeus): Malay Lorikeet.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, May 1, 1963, ADG 103.
This lorikeet was rare at all of our collecting localities.
This lorikeet was rare at all of our collecting localities.
Cuculus fugax fugaxHorsfield: Malayan Hawk-Cuckoo.—Specimens, 3: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 86.0 gm., August 28, 1963, MCT 2825; ♂, 79.0 gm., September 11, 1962, MCT 2899; ♀, September 28, 1962, MCT 2977.
This species was first observed on August 28 in primary forest and was seen regularly from then until September 28 in secondary forest, primary forest, and in cocoa shade trees.
This species was first observed on August 28 in primary forest and was seen regularly from then until September 28 in secondary forest, primary forest, and in cocoa shade trees.
Cacomantis sonnerati(Latham): Banded Bay Cuckoo.—Birds that may have been of this species were observed on several occasions. E. J. H. Berwick (pers. comm.) claimed he had heardC. sonneratiat the Cocoa Research Station. I have heard many times a call sometimes ascribed to this species but I have not actually seen the bird making the sound. If the call note I heard is actually of this species it is not rare in the Quoin Hill area.
Cacomantis merulinus threnodesCabanis and Heine: Plaintive Cuckoo.—Specimens, 5: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 25.0 gm., September 8, 1962, MCT 2891; ♀ imm., 27.0 gm., September 8, 1962, MCT 2892; ♂ testis 4 × 3 mm., November 29, 1962, MCT 3382. Tenom: ♂, January 1, 1963, MCT 3563. Ulu Balung: ♀, July 15, 1963, ADG 199.
This cuckoo was common in all habitats examined at all of our collecting stations, except the moss forest near Tenom.
This cuckoo was common in all habitats examined at all of our collecting stations, except the moss forest near Tenom.
Cacomantis variolosus sepulchralis(S. Muller): Fantailed Cuckoo.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 30.8 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2824. Ulu Balung: ♂, July 10, 1963, ADG 183.
The specimens were collected in primary forest. There are only five earlier records for all of Borneo (Smythies, 1960:253-254). Probably this species nests in Borneo; it is unlikely that specimens taken in August and July are migrants.
The specimens were collected in primary forest. There are only five earlier records for all of Borneo (Smythies, 1960:253-254). Probably this species nests in Borneo; it is unlikely that specimens taken in August and July are migrants.
Chalcites xanthorhynchus xanthorhynchus(Horsfield): Violet Cuckoo.—Specimens, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ largest ovum 1 mm., September 26, 1962, MCT 2964.
This species was seen twice, both times in the research station cocoa plantings. The specimen taken was from a shade tree,Trema orientalis.
This species was seen twice, both times in the research station cocoa plantings. The specimen taken was from a shade tree,Trema orientalis.
Chalcites malayanus aheneusJunge: Malaysian Green Cuckoo.—Specimens, 9: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ definite brood patch, 17.5 gm., body molt, July 4, 1962, MCT 2587; ♂ testis 4 × 4 mm., 19.1 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2736; ♀, 17.5 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2737; ♂, 17.5 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2738; ♂ testis 4 × 3 mm., 18.2 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2739; ♀, August 25, 1962, MCT 2809; ♂, 21.1 gm., September 11, 1962, MCT 2900; ♂, October 2, 1962, MCT 2984. Tiger Estate: ♀ oviduct enlarged, brood patch, November 25, 1962, MCT 3318.
This cuckoo was common in the cocoa planting at the Cocoa Research Station and not found in any other type of habitat. Smythies (1960:255) thought that possibly two species ofChalciteswere represented in the series ofChalcites malayanusfrom Borneo. I have assembled all 20 known specimens, however, including seven in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard unreported by Smythies (1957:638) and find that the variation in the coloration of the head and upperparts is due to the difference in sexes, the males being darker than the females. There is much variation in the length of the wing, but the meaning of this variation is not yet clear.
This cuckoo was common in the cocoa planting at the Cocoa Research Station and not found in any other type of habitat. Smythies (1960:255) thought that possibly two species ofChalciteswere represented in the series ofChalcites malayanusfrom Borneo. I have assembled all 20 known specimens, however, including seven in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard unreported by Smythies (1957:638) and find that the variation in the coloration of the head and upperparts is due to the difference in sexes, the males being darker than the females. There is much variation in the length of the wing, but the meaning of this variation is not yet clear.
Surniculus lugubris barussarum(Oberholser): Drongo-cuckoo.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ imm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2672, discarded; ♀ imm., 28.6 gm., August 25, 1962, MCT 2810.
The first specimen was taken in secondary forest; it had been sitting in a dead tree, occasionally darting out after insects. The second specimen was taken in cocoa; its stomach contained 50 caterpillars.
The first specimen was taken in secondary forest; it had been sitting in a dead tree, occasionally darting out after insects. The second specimen was taken in cocoa; its stomach contained 50 caterpillars.
Eudynamys scolopacea(Linnaeus): Koel.—This species was observed at Tawau and on Siamil Island, on August 30 and September 18, respectively.
Clamator coromandus(Linnaeus): Red-winged Crested Cuckoo.—Specimen, 1: Telipok: ♀, February 10, 1963, TM 33.
Phaenicophaeus chlorophaeus fuscigularis(Baker): Raffles Malcoha.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, August 26, 1962, MCT 2813.
Flocks of three and four were seen in the cocoa. At Kalabakan the species was feeding about 40 feet up in the second canopy layer of the primary forest.
Flocks of three and four were seen in the cocoa. At Kalabakan the species was feeding about 40 feet up in the second canopy layer of the primary forest.
Phaenicophaeus diardi borneensis(Salvadori): Lesser Green-billed Malcoha.—Specimens, 3: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 58.2 gm., July 22, 1962, MCT 2636; ♀, 55.8 gm., September 8, 1962, MCT 2890; ♂, September 13, 1962, MCT 2918.
This malcoha was seen only three times; it was the second most common malcoha.
This malcoha was seen only three times; it was the second most common malcoha.
Phaenicophaeus javanicus pallidus(Robinson and Kloss): Red-billed Malcoha.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 97.0 gm., August 31, 1962, MCT 2841; ♂, 98.0 gm., September 8, 1962, MCT 2889.
The two specimens were taken in cocoa. On October 2, 1962, I saw one about 100 feet up in the top canopy layer of the primary forest at the Cocoa Research Station and, on October 3, two more hopping from branch to branch about 150 feet up in a tree.
The two specimens were taken in cocoa. On October 2, 1962, I saw one about 100 feet up in the top canopy layer of the primary forest at the Cocoa Research Station and, on October 3, two more hopping from branch to branch about 150 feet up in a tree.
Phaenicophaeus curvirostris borneensis(Blasius and Nehrkorn): Chestnut-breasted Malcoha.—Specimens, 7: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ old brood patch, 121.8 gm., July 6, 1962, MCT 2602; ♀, September 4, 1962, MCT 2864; ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., 143.6 gm., wing molt, July 7, 1962, MCT 2611; ♂ testis 6 × 2 mm., 111.0 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2763; ♀, May 25, 1963, ADG 110. Ulu Balung: sex?, July 24, 1963, ADG 216. Tiger Estate: ♂, June 22, 1963, ADG 156.
This was the most numerous of the malcohas at the Cocoa Research Station. It was observed in primary forest, secondary forest, citrus trees, and cocoa trees. In the primary forest it ranged in the upper canopy from 100 to 150 feet up.As Peters has indicated (1940:56), the nameP. c. borneensis(Blasius and Nehrkorn) 1881 has priority overP. c. microrhinusBerlepsch 1895 (used by Smythies).
This was the most numerous of the malcohas at the Cocoa Research Station. It was observed in primary forest, secondary forest, citrus trees, and cocoa trees. In the primary forest it ranged in the upper canopy from 100 to 150 feet up.
As Peters has indicated (1940:56), the nameP. c. borneensis(Blasius and Nehrkorn) 1881 has priority overP. c. microrhinusBerlepsch 1895 (used by Smythies).
Centropus sinensis(Stephens): Common Coucal.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, May 15, 1963, ADG 108.
The finding of a coucal at the Cocoa Research Station on May 15, 1963, came as something of a surprise, since none had been seen there earlier by our group. Coucals were seen at Tawau but were not collected or identified to species.
The finding of a coucal at the Cocoa Research Station on May 15, 1963, came as something of a surprise, since none had been seen there earlier by our group. Coucals were seen at Tawau but were not collected or identified to species.
Centropus bengalensis(Gmelin): Lesser Coucal.—Specimens, 2: Tuaran: ♀, April 1, 1963, ADG 46; sex?, December 3, 1963, SCFC 17.
Carpococcyx radiceus radiceus(Temminck): Ground Cuckoo.—Specimen, 1: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂ imm., November 7, 1962, MCT 3217.
This male was taken in a native snare in primary forest and provides our only record. The specimen is in the postjuvenal (first prebasic) molt.This record is the first for this species from North Borneo (Smythies, 1957:643); others are known from Sarawak and Indonesian Borneo.
This male was taken in a native snare in primary forest and provides our only record. The specimen is in the postjuvenal (first prebasic) molt.
This record is the first for this species from North Borneo (Smythies, 1957:643); others are known from Sarawak and Indonesian Borneo.
Otus bakkamoena lemurumDeignan. Collared Scops Owl.—Specimens, 3: Tiger Estate: ♀, November 25, 1962, MCT 3319. Tenom: ♂ testis 6 × 5 mm., body molt, January 1, 1963, MCT 3552. Agricultural Oil Palm Station: ♂, October 6, 1963, ADG 299.
The specimen from Tenom was taken in a bird net set in a grass-scrubland situation; the testes were regressing. Harrison (Smythies, 1957:645) found this species breeding in the Kelabit uplands in January.
The specimen from Tenom was taken in a bird net set in a grass-scrubland situation; the testes were regressing. Harrison (Smythies, 1957:645) found this species breeding in the Kelabit uplands in January.
Glaucidium brodiei borneenseSharpe: Pygmy Owlet.—Specimen, 1: Ulu Balung: ♂, July 19, 1963, ADG 210.
The specimen taken by Garcia is the sixth known (Smythies, 1957:646) from Borneo and the first from the east coast. Specimens were collected in 1956 in North Borneo by the Cambridge Expedition.
The specimen taken by Garcia is the sixth known (Smythies, 1957:646) from Borneo and the first from the east coast. Specimens were collected in 1956 in North Borneo by the Cambridge Expedition.
Ninox scutulata borneensis(Bonaparte): Hawk-owl.—Specimen, 1: Tenom: ♀ largest ovum 2 mm., oviduct evident, January 6, 1963, MCT 3583.
This female, taken in a bird net in a grass-scrubland association, was coming into breeding condition.
This female, taken in a bird net in a grass-scrubland association, was coming into breeding condition.
Strix leptogrammicaTemminck: Malaysian Wood Owl.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: sex?, July 9, 1963, ADG 182; ♂, May 25, 1963, ADG 111.
On September 7, 1962, I flushed two of these owls from a tree beside the Apas River in primary forest. One was subsequently shot but lost. Garcia's two specimens were not identified to subspecies.
On September 7, 1962, I flushed two of these owls from a tree beside the Apas River in primary forest. One was subsequently shot but lost. Garcia's two specimens were not identified to subspecies.
Caprimulgus macrurus salvadoriSharpe: Long-tailed Nightjar.—Specimens, 3: Tuaran: ♀, January 12, 1963, MCT 3592; ♀, March 2, 1963, ADG 6. Mt. Rumas: ♂, March 6, 1963, ADG 13.
This was an abundant bird on the Jesselton-Tuaran road but was not seen at any of the other collecting stations in North Borneo.
This was an abundant bird on the Jesselton-Tuaran road but was not seen at any of the other collecting stations in North Borneo.
Collocalia fuciphaga natunaeStresemann: Thunberg Swiftlet.—Specimens, 3: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ largest ovum 7 mm., oviduct enlarged, 13.1 gm., June 30, 1962, MCT 2570; ♀ ovary small, September 8, 1962, MCT 2887. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♀, December 20, 1962, MCT 3485.
This swiftlet was seen every day while we were at the Cocoa Research Station and was common also in the mountains around Tenom, where it flew in and out of the fog over our camp.
This swiftlet was seen every day while we were at the Cocoa Research Station and was common also in the mountains around Tenom, where it flew in and out of the fog over our camp.
Collocalia esculentassp.: White-bellied Swiftlet.—Specimens, 7: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 5.5 gm., July 4, 1962, MCT 2591; ♂, 6.2 gm., July 5, 1962, MCT 2594; ♂, 6.2 gm., July 1, 1962, MCT 2574; ♀, 6.0 gm., July 4, 1962, MCT 2589; ♀, 5.7 gm., July 4, 1962, MCT 2590. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂ testis 4 × 2 mm., November 10, 1962, MCT 3236; ♂, November 10, 1962, MCT 3237.
This was the most abundant of all the swifts at the Cocoa Research Station and in the Kalabakan area and was seen also at Semporna on August 16, 1962, in a small coral cave near the District Officer's house. This cave was 10 feet high at most, but averaged five to six feet. It harbored about 1,000 birds, most of them nesting back in the dimly lit zone but one small group of 50 nested in the entrance in bright light. The adults were still feeding young, although the latter could fly strongly.
This was the most abundant of all the swifts at the Cocoa Research Station and in the Kalabakan area and was seen also at Semporna on August 16, 1962, in a small coral cave near the District Officer's house. This cave was 10 feet high at most, but averaged five to six feet. It harbored about 1,000 birds, most of them nesting back in the dimly lit zone but one small group of 50 nested in the entrance in bright light. The adults were still feeding young, although the latter could fly strongly.
Chaetura leucopygialis(Blyth): White-rumped Spine-tailed Swift.—Specimens, 12: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ well-developed brood patch, June 28, 1962, MCT 2565; ♀, 12.9 gm., June 30, 1962, MCT 2567; ♀, June 30, 1962, heavy molt on body, head, wing, tail, MCT 2568; ♀, 14.5 gm., June 30, 1962, MCT 2569; ♀, 13.0 gm., June 30, 1962, MCT 2571; ♀, 13.0 gm., July 1, 1962, MCT 2572; ♂ testis 4 × 2 mm., 12.3 gm., July 1, 1962, MCT 2575; ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., 14.9 gm., July 2, 1962, MCT 2576; ♀, 15.4 gm., July 5, 1962, MCT 2595; ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., 15.4 gm., wing molt, July 5, 1962, MCT 2596; ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., 11.9 gm., July 6, 1962, MCT 2598; ♀, 13.0 gm., July 6, 1962, MCT 2599.
This species was common around the Cocoa Research Station but was not seen elsewhere. There is some variation in color within the populations.
This species was common around the Cocoa Research Station but was not seen elsewhere. There is some variation in color within the populations.
Hemiprocne comata comata(Temminck): White-whiskered Tree Swift.—Specimens, 3: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., 17.0 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2675; sex?, young in juvenal plumage, MCT 2812; ♂, April 28, 1963, ADG 76.
At the Cocoa Research Station this common bird usually was seen sitting on a dead branch of a shade tree in the cocoa whence it would dart out after insects. It rarely perched higher than 12 feet. Occasionally it was seen in a clearing in the primary forest.
At the Cocoa Research Station this common bird usually was seen sitting on a dead branch of a shade tree in the cocoa whence it would dart out after insects. It rarely perched higher than 12 feet. Occasionally it was seen in a clearing in the primary forest.
Hemiprocne longipennis longipennis(Rafinesque): Crested Tree Swift.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 4 × 3 mm., September 4, 1962, MCT 2866; sex?, 42.8 gm., September 8, 1962, MCT 2888.
These swifts also were common at the Cocoa Research Station. UnlikeH. comata, these birds flew high and sat far up in trees while resting. I never observed them in the primary forest.The two specimens were more greenish-blue dorsally than typicalH. l. longipennis. Specimens from Java were paler gray ventrally and their tertials were more nearly white. Too few specimens were available to permit determination of the constancy of the mentioned variation and the two from the station are referred to the nominate subspecies until more material becomes available.
These swifts also were common at the Cocoa Research Station. UnlikeH. comata, these birds flew high and sat far up in trees while resting. I never observed them in the primary forest.
The two specimens were more greenish-blue dorsally than typicalH. l. longipennis. Specimens from Java were paler gray ventrally and their tertials were more nearly white. Too few specimens were available to permit determination of the constancy of the mentioned variation and the two from the station are referred to the nominate subspecies until more material becomes available.
Harpactes diardi diardi(Temminck): Diard's Trogon.—Specimens, 8: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 95.9 gm., July 2, 1962, MCT 2579; 3 alcoholic naked young, July 3, 1962, presumed young of 2579, MCT 2581-83; ♀, 95.0 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2782; ♂ testis 6 × 3 mm., September 5, 1962, MCT 2870; ♂, September 5, 1962, MCT 2871; ♂, December 1, 1962, MCT 3409.
This was the most numerous of the trogons at the Cocoa Research Station. One female was taken in a live trap set for rats in the cocoa. The next day a laborer found a young, presumably of that female, in a nest in the same area. On August 20, a flock of 5 to 10 birds was seen moving together in a loose group through the jungle. This species appeared to be a bird of the primary forest, but occasionally was found in the cocoa.
This was the most numerous of the trogons at the Cocoa Research Station. One female was taken in a live trap set for rats in the cocoa. The next day a laborer found a young, presumably of that female, in a nest in the same area. On August 20, a flock of 5 to 10 birds was seen moving together in a loose group through the jungle. This species appeared to be a bird of the primary forest, but occasionally was found in the cocoa.
Harpactes kasumba impavidus(Chasen and Kloss): Red-naped Trogon.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 72.1 gm., August 5, 1962, MCT 3730 (discarded); ♀, September 7, 1962, MCT 2883.
This species of the deep forest was not seen in any other habitat.
This species of the deep forest was not seen in any other habitat.
Harpactes duvauceli(Temminck): Scarlet-rumped Trogon.—Specimens, 7: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 30.9 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2648; ♂?, December 1, 1962, MCT 3407; ♂, December 1, 1962, MCT 3408. Ulu Balung:♀, July 18, 1963, ADG 209; ♂, July 18, 1963, ADG 208. Kinabatangan Agricultural Station: ♀, October 13, 1963, ADG 305. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 10, 1962, MCT 2996.
This trogon of the primary forest was second in abundance only toH. diardi.
This trogon of the primary forest was second in abundance only toH. diardi.
Halcyon concreta(Temminck): Chestnut-collared Kingfisher.—Specimens, 2: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, November 8, 1962, MCT 3222; ♀, November 8, 1962, MCT 3223.
This kingfisher was netted near a small stream in the deep primary forest. Another individual was obtained in moss forest at an elevation of 4,000 feet at Tenom, but was discarded.
This kingfisher was netted near a small stream in the deep primary forest. Another individual was obtained in moss forest at an elevation of 4,000 feet at Tenom, but was discarded.
Halcyon chloris chloroptera(Oberholser): White-collared Kingfisher.—Specimens, 4: 9.5 mi. E Tawau: ♀ largest ovum 3 mm., 61.7 gm., July 29, 1962, MCT 2683; ♂ testis 5 × 4 mm., 60.3 gm., July 29, 1962, paired with 2683. Telipok: ♀, February 9, 1963, G. R. Conway; ♀, February 10, 1963, G. R. Conway.
This is a bird of the sea coast. It was seen at Tawau, Siamil Island, and Karindingen Island.
This is a bird of the sea coast. It was seen at Tawau, Siamil Island, and Karindingen Island.
Halcyon sancta sancta(Vigors and Horsfield): Sacred Kingfisher.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, June 17, 1963, ADG 147.
The specimen was taken along the Apas River in scrubland near the river. One previously was recorded from North Borneo, this from Labuan (Smythies, 1957:660). He (1963:278) saw another at Bauto on the Labuk River.
The specimen was taken along the Apas River in scrubland near the river. One previously was recorded from North Borneo, this from Labuan (Smythies, 1957:660). He (1963:278) saw another at Bauto on the Labuk River.
Halcyon pileata(Boddaert): Black-capped Kingfisher.—Specimens, 3: Tenom: ♂, January 1, 1963, MCT 3564. Pintasan Agriculture Station: ♀, October 18, 1963, ADG 322; ♂, October 11, 1963, ADG 301.
The specimen from Tenom was caught in a net in the scrub-grassland association. The others were taken along the Kinabatangan River.
The specimen from Tenom was caught in a net in the scrub-grassland association. The others were taken along the Kinabatangan River.
Pelargopsis capensis fraseriSharpe: Stork-billed Kingfisher.—Specimens, 2: Telipok: ♂, February 9, 1963, TM 30. Mt. Rumas: ♂, April 16, 1963, ADG 53.
This species was common along the lower reaches of the Kalabakan and Brantian rivers and in the mangroves near Tawau.
This species was common along the lower reaches of the Kalabakan and Brantian rivers and in the mangroves near Tawau.
Alcedo atthis bengalensisGmelin: Common Kingfisher.—Specimen, 1: Pintasan Agriculture Station: ♀, October 12, 1963, ADG 304.
I saw this kingfisher once along the Apas River at Quoin Hill and again along the beach at Siamil Island.
I saw this kingfisher once along the Apas River at Quoin Hill and again along the beach at Siamil Island.
Alcedo euryzona euryzonaTemminck: Blue-banded Kingfisher.—Specimens, 4: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, September 7, 1962, MCT 2884. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 19, 1962, MCT 3091; ♀, October 20, 1962, MCT 3099; ♂, October 20, 1962, MCT 3101.
This species was fairly common along streams deep in the primary forest at Quoin Hill.
This species was fairly common along streams deep in the primary forest at Quoin Hill.
Ceyx erithacusssp. (Linnaeus): Forest Kingfisher.—Specimens, 4: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 13.2 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2924; 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 18, 1962, MCT 3075; ♀, October 26, 1962, MCT 3163. Oil Palm Research Station: ♂, September 5, 1963, ADG 273.
All specimens taken showed characters intermediate between those of the subspeciesC. e. motleyiandC. e. rufidorsus. Voous (1951) states that, in all the Malaysian region, the greatest number of hybrids between these two subspeciesoccurred in Borneo and, further, that he could find hybrid specimens showing practically all imaginable character combinations. My specimens also showed these intermediate tendencies and I am unable at present to allocate the specimens to subspecies.
All specimens taken showed characters intermediate between those of the subspeciesC. e. motleyiandC. e. rufidorsus. Voous (1951) states that, in all the Malaysian region, the greatest number of hybrids between these two subspeciesoccurred in Borneo and, further, that he could find hybrid specimens showing practically all imaginable character combinations. My specimens also showed these intermediate tendencies and I am unable at present to allocate the specimens to subspecies.
Merops viridis viridisLinnaeus: Blue-throated Bee-eater.—Specimens, 9: Mt. Rumas: ♂, March 5, 1963, ADG 9; ♂, March 5, 1963, ADG 10; ♀, March 6, 1963, ADG 20; ♂, March 7, 1963, ADG 21; ♀, March 7, 1963, ADG 22; ♂, March 7, 1963, ADG 23. Telipok: ♀, March 24, 1963; ADG 39. Pintasan: ♂, October 22, 1963, ADG 302; ♀, October 12, 1963, ADG 303.
These specimens were all taken in March and October and seem to support Smythies' (1957:664) idea that they arrive with the northeast monsoon (October to March) and are absent the rest of the year.
These specimens were all taken in March and October and seem to support Smythies' (1957:664) idea that they arrive with the northeast monsoon (October to March) and are absent the rest of the year.
Nyctiornis amicta(Temminck): Red-bearded Bee-eater.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, September 27, 1962, molting, MCT 2970.
The specimen was taken along a stream in the deep primary forest, where it was sitting on a dead twig overlooking the stream. The call note was much like that of a scolding squirrel. This was the only time this species was observed in the Quoin Hill area.
The specimen was taken along a stream in the deep primary forest, where it was sitting on a dead twig overlooking the stream. The call note was much like that of a scolding squirrel. This was the only time this species was observed in the Quoin Hill area.
Eurystomus orientalis cyanicollisVieillot: Broad-billed Roller.—Specimens, 4: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., 157.4 gm., heavy molt, July 3, 1962, MCT 2585; ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., 152.0 gm., heavy molt, July 21, 1962, MCT 2633; ♀, 146.4 gm., heavy molt, July 21, 1962, MCT 2634; ♀, April 29, 1963, ADG 83.
At the Cocoa Research Station this common bird perched in dead trees in the cocoa. On several evenings in September, an individual was seen catching insects in flight at dusk, repeatedly returning to a stump between forays. This continued until it was so dark that I could barely discern the bird.
At the Cocoa Research Station this common bird perched in dead trees in the cocoa. On several evenings in September, an individual was seen catching insects in flight at dusk, repeatedly returning to a stump between forays. This continued until it was so dark that I could barely discern the bird.
Berenicornis comatus(Raffles): White-crested Hornbill.—A pair was seen feeding about 150 feet up in a tree at the Cocoa Research Station. No other was seen in northern Borneo.
Annorrhinus galeritus(Temminck): Bushy-crested Hornbill.—This hornbill was seen only on October 3, 1962, at the Cocoa Research Station, when a flock of five flew overhead.
Aceros leucocephalus(Vieillot): Wrinkled Hornbill.—On October 3, 1962, a pair was seen in the primary forest at the Cocoa Research Station.
Aceros undulatus undulatus(Shaw): Wreathed Hornbill.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ largest ovum 5 mm., October 2, 1962, MCT 2981; ♂ testis 10 × 11 mm., October 2, 1962, MCT 2982.
This, the most common hornbill at Quoin Hill and at Kalabakan, occurred in primary forest.
This, the most common hornbill at Quoin Hill and at Kalabakan, occurred in primary forest.
Anthracoceros malayanus(Raffles): Black Hornbill.—A flock of five was seen at the Cocoa Research Station rest house on September 6 and 13, 1962.
Buceros rhinocerosLinnaeus: Rhinoceros Hornbill.—It was fairly common at the Cocoa Research Station, where several were observed in July and August.
Rhinoplax vigil(Forster): Helmeted Hornbill.—The Helmeted Hornbill was rarely observed, but almost every day we heard its call when we were on the east coast. It was also heard in the forest on the west coast aroundTenom, but is not common there owing to hunting by the natives. Skulls of this and the preceding species were on sale in a shop at Tenom, despite laws prohibiting the killing of these species.
Calorhamphus fuliginosus tertiusChasen and Kloss: Brown Barbet.—Specimens, 7: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ largest ovum 2 mm., 38.8 gm., brood patch, July 7, 1962, MCT 2610; ♀, 40.0 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2702; ♀, 44.8 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2703; ♂ testis 5 × 3 mm., September 25, 1962 (paired with MCT 2956), MCT 2955; ♀, September 1, 1962, MCT 2846, ♀, September 25, 1962, MCT 2956; ♀?, November 30, 1962, MCT 3436.
These barbets were common at the Cocoa Research Station both in secondary forest and cocoa, usually in groups of three or four. They were seen also at Kalabakan where the birds fed in the top of a 100-foot tree in the primary forest.In describing this bird, Smythies (1960:322) said the male's bill is black. The one male that I took had an orange bill and at no time did I observe any black-billed birds at the Cocoa Research Station; this black bill perhaps is a character of the subspeciesC. f. fuliginosus.
These barbets were common at the Cocoa Research Station both in secondary forest and cocoa, usually in groups of three or four. They were seen also at Kalabakan where the birds fed in the top of a 100-foot tree in the primary forest.
In describing this bird, Smythies (1960:322) said the male's bill is black. The one male that I took had an orange bill and at no time did I observe any black-billed birds at the Cocoa Research Station; this black bill perhaps is a character of the subspeciesC. f. fuliginosus.
Megalaima henrici brachyrhynchaNeumann: Yellow-crowned Barbet.—Specimens, 3: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 72.8 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2696; ♂ testis 5 × 4 mm., 83.2 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2705; ♂ testis 6 × 5 mm., 73.7 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2706.
This barbet was common at the Cocoa Research Station and its call could be heard at any time of day until dusk. Smythies (1960:324) described this call astook-took-took-took-trrrroook. All birds of this species that I watched and listened to, however, were calling thus:trrrroook-took-took-took-took. The number oftooksvaries, but is generally four and can be as high as seven. This species was heard at all stations on the east coast. At Kalabakan, one was heard calling all day long from the top of a 70-foot tree.Comparison of my specimens with those in the U. S. National Museum revealed thatM. h. brachyrhynchawas readily distinguishable from the nominate race by measurements. The average length of bill in my specimens was 23 mm., whereas the average length in two specimens from Sumatra and Siam in the U. S. National Museum was 27 mm. The Bornean specimens differ also in having the blue patch on the head larger and darker than inM. h. henrici.M. h. brachyrhynchacertainly seems to be a valid race on the basis of the available specimens.
This barbet was common at the Cocoa Research Station and its call could be heard at any time of day until dusk. Smythies (1960:324) described this call astook-took-took-took-trrrroook. All birds of this species that I watched and listened to, however, were calling thus:trrrroook-took-took-took-took. The number oftooksvaries, but is generally four and can be as high as seven. This species was heard at all stations on the east coast. At Kalabakan, one was heard calling all day long from the top of a 70-foot tree.
Comparison of my specimens with those in the U. S. National Museum revealed thatM. h. brachyrhynchawas readily distinguishable from the nominate race by measurements. The average length of bill in my specimens was 23 mm., whereas the average length in two specimens from Sumatra and Siam in the U. S. National Museum was 27 mm. The Bornean specimens differ also in having the blue patch on the head larger and darker than inM. h. henrici.M. h. brachyrhynchacertainly seems to be a valid race on the basis of the available specimens.
Megalaima chrysopogon chrysopsisGoffin: Gold-whiskered Barbet.—Specimens, 10: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ largest ovum 2 mm., 164.4 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2627; ♂ testis 6 × 3 mm., 156.0 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2697; ♀, 177.2 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2701; ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., 172.6 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2717; ?, 182.2 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2718; ♀, 181.5 gm., MCT 2721; ♂ testis 10 × 8 mm., 148.5 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2741; ♂, June 23, 1963, ADG 155; ♀, May 25, 1963, ADG 109. Tiger Estate: ♂, November 25, 1962, MCT 3324.
Next to the Brown Barbet, this was perhaps the most common barbet at the Cocoa Research Station and was often the only bird heard in the heat of the day. On three occasions birds were observed clinging to the side of a tree as a woodpecker might, pecking away at dead wood. This species was seen both in the cocoa and primary forest.
Next to the Brown Barbet, this was perhaps the most common barbet at the Cocoa Research Station and was often the only bird heard in the heat of the day. On three occasions birds were observed clinging to the side of a tree as a woodpecker might, pecking away at dead wood. This species was seen both in the cocoa and primary forest.
Megalaima mystacophanes mystacophanes(Temminck): Gaudy Barbet.—Specimens, 8: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 60.3 gm., July 25, 1962; ♂ testis 8 × 5 mm., 79.2 gm., August 9, 1962, MCT 2749; ♂ testis 9 × 5 mm., September 1, 1962, MCT 2845; ♀, September 25, 1962, MCT 2950; ♀, April 30, 1963, ADG 88. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 20, 1962, MCT 3103. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂ testis 8 × 6 mm., December 25, 1962, MCT 3530; ♀, December 25, 1962, MCT 3537.
This common bird lived in the secondary and primary forest and cocoa. I saw it at all localities. At least two calls were given by this species. One was a simpletookwith a long pause between calls; the other was as described by Smythies (1960:323).The birds fed from high in trees down to nearly ground level. This species likeM. chrysopogon, clung to the sides of trees and pecked at dead wood.
This common bird lived in the secondary and primary forest and cocoa. I saw it at all localities. At least two calls were given by this species. One was a simpletookwith a long pause between calls; the other was as described by Smythies (1960:323).
The birds fed from high in trees down to nearly ground level. This species likeM. chrysopogon, clung to the sides of trees and pecked at dead wood.
Megalaima australis duvauceli(Lesson): Little Barbet.—Specimens, 3: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 7 × 5 mm., 35.2 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2692; ♂ testis 9 × 5 mm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2699; ♀ ovary granular, 33.0 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2704.
I was unable to make detailed observations on this species. All specimens were taken from a high feeding tree, where it was impossible to identify them before hand.
I was unable to make detailed observations on this species. All specimens were taken from a high feeding tree, where it was impossible to identify them before hand.
Indicator archipelagicusTemminck: Malaysian Honey-guide.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ ovary minute, 29 November 1962, MCT 3394. Tenom: ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., January 5, 1963, MCT 3580.
The specimen from the Cocoa Research Station was taken in a net in the cocoa and the Tenom bird was taken in a net in the middle of Tenom, both in garden areas. These two specimens differ in coloration from Bornean birds in the U. S. National Museum; I think the difference results from "foxing" of the older specimens. Specimens have been taken previously in North Borneo on the Bengkoka River, Lumbidan, and on the Mengalong River (Smythies, 1957:669). Mary Norman saw this honey-guide once at the Quoin Estate in 1962 (Smythies, 1963:279).
The specimen from the Cocoa Research Station was taken in a net in the cocoa and the Tenom bird was taken in a net in the middle of Tenom, both in garden areas. These two specimens differ in coloration from Bornean birds in the U. S. National Museum; I think the difference results from "foxing" of the older specimens. Specimens have been taken previously in North Borneo on the Bengkoka River, Lumbidan, and on the Mengalong River (Smythies, 1957:669). Mary Norman saw this honey-guide once at the Quoin Estate in 1962 (Smythies, 1963:279).
Sasia abnormis(Temminck): Rufous Piculet.—Specimens, 13: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., molting, July 10, 1962, MCT 2612; ♀, September 24, 1962, MCT 2940; ♀, December 1, 1962, MCT 3411; ♂, July 9, 1963, ADG 177; ♂, July 7, 1963, ADG 166; ♂, June 14, 1963, ADG 135. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 17, 1962, MCT 3061. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 19, 1962, MCT 3470; ♀, December 23, 1962, MCT 3517; ♂, December 24, 1962, MCT 3529; ♀, December 27, 1962, MCT 3541. Oil Palm Research Station: ♀, August 24, 1963, ADG 257; ♂, August 15, 1963, ADG 242.
The piculet was common in the secondary undergrowth near the Cocoa Research Station, and was taken once in the primary forest. One bird was seen sitting on a small branch about 10 feet up at a right angle to the branch. It did not ascend the tree like a woodpecker. This species was also taken in the moss forest near Tenom.
The piculet was common in the secondary undergrowth near the Cocoa Research Station, and was taken once in the primary forest. One bird was seen sitting on a small branch about 10 feet up at a right angle to the branch. It did not ascend the tree like a woodpecker. This species was also taken in the moss forest near Tenom.
Picus puniceus observandus(Hartert): Crimson-winged Woodpecker.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 65.8 gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2671; ♂, September 27, 1962, MCT 2973.
This woodpecker was observed twice, both times in primary forest at the Cocoa Research Station.
This woodpecker was observed twice, both times in primary forest at the Cocoa Research Station.
Picus mentalis humei(Hargitt): Checkered-throated Woodpecker.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 93.3 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2642; sex?, 107.0 gm., August 5, 1962, MCT 2733.
I saw this bird only twice, in primary forest.
I saw this bird only twice, in primary forest.
Picus miniaceus malaccensisLatham: Banded Red Woodpecker.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 8 × 5 mm., 79.5 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2722.
On August 4 I saw two birds of this species together in badly disturbed primary forest and took the specimen listed above.
On August 4 I saw two birds of this species together in badly disturbed primary forest and took the specimen listed above.
Micropternus brachyurus badiosus(Bonaparte): Rufous Woodpecker.—Specimens, 5: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ brood patch, 4 to 5 old collapsed follicles, 73.2 gm., July 3, 1962, MCT 2584; ♀, 65.4 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2658; ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., 66.7 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2659. Tiger Estate: ♂, June 23, 1963, ADG 158; ♀, June 23, 1963, ADG 159.
I saw this woodpecker but twice, both times at the Cocoa Research Station. A female taken from a dead tree in the cocoa may have been just finishing nesting activities, judging from the size of the ova. A pair seen feeding on the ground near a brush pile in secondary forest was collected. The stomachs contained ants.
I saw this woodpecker but twice, both times at the Cocoa Research Station. A female taken from a dead tree in the cocoa may have been just finishing nesting activities, judging from the size of the ova. A pair seen feeding on the ground near a brush pile in secondary forest was collected. The stomachs contained ants.
Dendrocopos canicapillus aurantiiventris(Salvadori): Oriental Pygmy Woodpecker.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: sex?, July 22, 1962, MCT 2635; ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., 23.5 gm., molting, August 25, 1962, MCT 2807.
On July 22 four individuals were feeding on dead trees in the cocoa. They made acheep cheepsound, rattling calls, and drummed. On August 25, 1962, two were feeding in dead trees in the cocoa. The testes of specimen MCT 2807 were probably regressing since it was beginning the molt.
On July 22 four individuals were feeding on dead trees in the cocoa. They made acheep cheepsound, rattling calls, and drummed. On August 25, 1962, two were feeding in dead trees in the cocoa. The testes of specimen MCT 2807 were probably regressing since it was beginning the molt.
Meiglyptes tristis micropternusHesse: Fulvous-rumped Barred Woodpecker.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 31.7 gm., July 7, 1962, MCT 2607; ♂, May 28, 1963, ADG 115.
Compared withM. tukki, this species was comparatively rare. I saw two on July 7 working in a living tree some 15 feet above the ground. The tree was only 20 feet high and had dense foliage. The birds gave a rattling call note of about two seconds duration; it sounded like a typical woodpecker call. The single call note can be renderedcheet. They were also heard drumming, but only softly. The stomachs contained ants, which probably are what the two woodpeckers were feeding on in the green tree.
Compared withM. tukki, this species was comparatively rare. I saw two on July 7 working in a living tree some 15 feet above the ground. The tree was only 20 feet high and had dense foliage. The birds gave a rattling call note of about two seconds duration; it sounded like a typical woodpecker call. The single call note can be renderedcheet. They were also heard drumming, but only softly. The stomachs contained ants, which probably are what the two woodpeckers were feeding on in the green tree.
Meiglyptes tukki tukki(Lesson): Buff-necked Barred Woodpecker.—Specimens, 13: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., heavy molt, July 10, 1962, MCT 2614; ♀, 53.3 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2677; ♂, 51.5 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2679; ♀, 48.7 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2678; ♂, December 2, 1962, MCT 3423; ♀, December 2, 1962, MCT 3424; ♀, December 2, 1962, MCT 3425. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 26, 1962, MCT 3153. Telipok: ♀, March 24, 1962, ADG 37. Agriculture Oil Palm Research Station: ♀, October 4, 1963, ADG 292; ♀, August 15, 1963, ADG 238; ♀, August 14, 1963, ADG 234. Pintasan Agriculture Station: ♀, October 17, 1963, ADG 313.
This was the most common woodpecker at the Cocoa Research Station. A flock of four was seen on July 28, 1962, and on December 2, 1962, I took three simultaneously in one mist net. The species has flocking tendencies. Calls heard were a typical woodpecker rattle.
This was the most common woodpecker at the Cocoa Research Station. A flock of four was seen on July 28, 1962, and on December 2, 1962, I took three simultaneously in one mist net. The species has flocking tendencies. Calls heard were a typical woodpecker rattle.
Dinopium rafflesi dulitenseDelacour: Olive-backed Three-toed Woodpecker.—Specimens, 4: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 11 × 7 mm., July 12, 1962, MCT 2620; ♂, September 6, 1962, MCT 2879. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 20, 1962, MCT 3097. Oil Palm Research Station: ♂, August 12, 1963, ADG 227.
The species was taken in both primary and secondary forest. The specimen collected at the Cocoa Research Station on July 12 suggests that the species breeds there.
The species was taken in both primary and secondary forest. The specimen collected at the Cocoa Research Station on July 12 suggests that the species breeds there.
Dryocopus javensis javensis(Horsfield): Great Black Woodpecker.—Specimens, 4: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ old brood patch, 284.7 gm., light body and tail molt, July 6, 1962, MCT 2601; ♂ by plumage, July 19, 1962, MCT 2625; ♀, June 25, 1963, ADG 162; ♂, May 26, 1963, ADG 112.
This species was common at the Cocoa Research Station. On June 30, 1962, a flock of six was moving through secondary forest. On July 6, 1962, I saw four in dead trees in one of the cocoa fields.
This species was common at the Cocoa Research Station. On June 30, 1962, a flock of six was moving through secondary forest. On July 6, 1962, I saw four in dead trees in one of the cocoa fields.
Mulleripicus pulverulentus pulverulentus(Temminck): Great Slaty Woodpecker.—Specimen, 1: Tiger Estate: ♂, November 25, 1962, MCT 3326.
I saw this species once at the Cocoa Research Station, where a flock of four was feeding 30 feet up in secondary forest about 100 feet high on October 4, 1962.
I saw this species once at the Cocoa Research Station, where a flock of four was feeding 30 feet up in secondary forest about 100 feet high on October 4, 1962.
Blythipicus rubiginosus parvusChasen and Kloss: Maroon Woodpecker.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, September 28, 1962, MCT 2975. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂ imm., October 17, 1962, MCT 3062.
I saw this bird sporadically while I was on the east coast. It seemed to prefer secondary forest that had some undergrowth and was invariably flushed from the understory.
I saw this bird sporadically while I was on the east coast. It seemed to prefer secondary forest that had some undergrowth and was invariably flushed from the understory.
Chrysocolaptes validus xanthopygiusFinsch: Orange-backed Woodpecker.—Specimens, 4: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, light body and wing molt, July 2, 1962, MCT 2575; ♂ testis 5 × 3 mm., 168.5 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2640; ♀, 176.1 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2641; ♂, September 28, 1962, MCT 2976.
This was one of the more common woodpeckers at the Cocoa Research Station. I saw it throughout the period I was there, in secondary forest and dead trees in the cocoa fields.
This was one of the more common woodpeckers at the Cocoa Research Station. I saw it throughout the period I was there, in secondary forest and dead trees in the cocoa fields.
Calyptomena viridis gloriosaDeignan: Green Broadbill.—Specimens, 10: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 67.4 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2698; ♀, 53.2 gm., September 16, 1962, MCT 2927; ♀, May 6, 1963, ADG 106; ♂, June 18, 1963, ADG 148; ♀ by plumage, June 26, 1963, ADG 164. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 12, 1962, MCT 3015; ♀, October 20, 1962, MCT 3098; ♂, October 22, 1962, MCT 3122. Oil Palm Research Station: ♀, August 15, 1963, ADG 240. Pintasan: ♂, October 16, 1963, ADG 310.
Sight records of this species are evidently a poor indication of its abundance, because I saw but one in the field at the Cocoa Research Station, a male sitting in the top of cocoa tree about eight feet up. All the specimens were netted, and the number so taken indicates not only that the species is common but also that it frequents the lower levels of the forest as well as the tops of tall trees (as noted by Smythies, 1960:339).
Sight records of this species are evidently a poor indication of its abundance, because I saw but one in the field at the Cocoa Research Station, a male sitting in the top of cocoa tree about eight feet up. All the specimens were netted, and the number so taken indicates not only that the species is common but also that it frequents the lower levels of the forest as well as the tops of tall trees (as noted by Smythies, 1960:339).
Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus macrorhynchus(Gmelin): Black-and-Red Broadbill.—Specimens, 2: Kalabakan: ♂, November 16, 1962, MCT 3296. Tiger Estate: ♂, November 25, 1962, MCT 3321.
This species was seen only at Kalabakan, where I caught two in one net in dense secondary forest.
This species was seen only at Kalabakan, where I caught two in one net in dense secondary forest.
Eurylaimus ochromalus ochromalusRaffles: Black-and-Yellow Broadbill.—Specimens, 9: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 32.0 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2682; ♂, 32.0 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2747; ♂, 33.8 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2753; ♀, 34.0 gm., September 11, 1962, MCT 2892; ♂, 34.7 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2926; ♀, September 26, 1962, MCT 2968; ♂, April 27, 1963, ADG 71. Agricultural Station Gum-Gum: ♀, September 26, 1963, ADG 284. Pintasan Agriculture Station: ♀, October 16, 1963, ADG 311.
This broadbill was common at the Cocoa Research Station in cocoa fields and adjacent secondary forest; it was never seen in primary forest. On September 4, 1962, I saw 10 to 15 in the cocoa, moving in a loose flock. The birds uttered call notes and at the same time bowed their heads sharply, as if to emphasize the call. Frequent supplanting, attacks, and other aggressive interactions were seen. The species was heard and observed also at a place 12 miles north of Kalabakan, at the edge of, but never in, primary forest.
This broadbill was common at the Cocoa Research Station in cocoa fields and adjacent secondary forest; it was never seen in primary forest. On September 4, 1962, I saw 10 to 15 in the cocoa, moving in a loose flock. The birds uttered call notes and at the same time bowed their heads sharply, as if to emphasize the call. Frequent supplanting, attacks, and other aggressive interactions were seen. The species was heard and observed also at a place 12 miles north of Kalabakan, at the edge of, but never in, primary forest.