Chapter 4

Eurylaimus javanicus brookeiRobinson and Kloss: Banded Broadbill.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 7 × 4 mm., 81.8 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2660.

This broadbill was seen only on two occasions at the Cocoa Research Station, both times at the edge of the primary forest.

Pitta baudiMuller and Schlegel: Blue-headed Pitta.—Specimens, 6: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 17, 1962, MCT 3067; ♀, October 23, 1962, MCT 3131; ♂, October 30, 1962, MCT 3182; ♀, October 30, 1962, MCT 3185; ♀, November 5, 1962, MCT 3212; ♂ testis 4 × 3 mm., November 6, 1962, MCT 3213.

The Blue-headed Pitta was abundant at the Kalabakan collecting locality, in primary forest. It was seen only once at the Cocoa Research Station.The voice of this bird was a one-note whistle with a terminal inflection. It reminded me of a small child crying. When one called, it was usually in chorus with several others.

The Blue-headed Pitta was abundant at the Kalabakan collecting locality, in primary forest. It was seen only once at the Cocoa Research Station.

The voice of this bird was a one-note whistle with a terminal inflection. It reminded me of a small child crying. When one called, it was usually in chorus with several others.

Pitta guajana schwaneriBonaparte: Banded Pitta.—Specimens, 4: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ imm, 63.4 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2651; ♂ testis 6 × 3 mm., 81.5 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2723; ♀ imm., 71.8 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2724; ♂, June 15, 1963, ADG 145.

The specimens were taken in primary forest. This pitta was exceedingly tame, often moving along only 20 feet ahead of the observer. The one adult male taken hopped along the forest floor, occasionally jumping up on a log or plant to look back. It finally flushed and flew about 30 feet ahead of me to a log; there it gave a call which can be rendered asshewo, repeated at 10- to 15-second intervals. The call was much like that ofPitta sordida.

Pitta brachyura moluccensis(P. L. S. Müller): Blue-winged Pitta.—Specimen, 1: Tenom: ♀ oviduct slightly enlarged, edematized brood patch, December 31, 1962, MCT 3544.

The specimen was taken in a net stretched across a dry stream near the Padas River in a relatively open area near a coconut grove with some bamboo and elephant ears nearby.

Pitta sordida mulleriBonaparte: Green-breasted Pitta.—Specimens, 2:Cocoa Research Station: ♀, May 1, 1963, ADG 96; ♀, July 15, 1963, ADG 203.

The discovery of this bird by Garcia was a surprise. I was familiar with its habits and calls in the Philippines, and in four months I never heard or observed it at the Cocoa Research Station. Perhaps the specimens were migrants.

Hirundo tahitica abbottiOberholser: Pacific Swallow.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, April 26, 1963, ADG 58.

This species was common at most localities on the east coast. On June 25, 1962, a pair was building a nest under the Cocoa Research Station laboratory. On July 21 young were observed leaving the nest, at the research station rest house.

Hirundo rustica gutturalisScopoli: Common Swallow.—Specimens, 9: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, November 10, 1962, MCT 3238; ♂, November 10, 1962, MCT 3239; ♀, November 12, 1962, MCT 3257; ♀, November 12, 1962, MCT 3258; ♂, November 12, 1962, MCT 3259; ♀, November 12, 1962, MCT 3260; ♂, November 13, 1962, MCT 3268; ♀, November 13, 1962, MCT 3269; ♀, November 13, 1962, MCT 3270.

I saw this migrant at Semporna on August 19, 1962; soon it was the most common swallow at each of the localities where seen.

Cecropsia striolata striolataTemminck and Schlegel: Striated Swallow.—While in Kalabakan on November 3, 1962, I saw a swallow that differed markedly from others in town. I could not see the breast, but the rump was conspicuously tawny, clearly indicating that the bird belonged to this species. There are but two specimens from Borneo, both from southwestern Sarawak (Smythies, 1960:353). D. M. Batchelor records the species from Kimanis Bay but gives no dates other than November-December (Smythies, 1963:280). Batchelor's observation and mine provide the first records for North Borneo.

Dicrurus aeneus malayensis(Blyth): Bronzed Drongo.—Specimen, 1: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 20, 1962, MCT 3104.

This drongo was seen only once, when a flock of three to five was feeding late one evening in a clearing where the trees had been cut down the day before.

Dicrurus paradiseus brachyphorus(Bonaparte): Large Racket-tailed Drongo.—Specimens, 5: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ immature, 58.2 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2727; ♀, 65.1 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2786; ♂, December 1, 1962, MCT 3413. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 20, 1962, MCT 3102. Kalabakan: ♂, November 18, 1962, MCT 3303.

I seldom saw this species in the cocoa at Quoin Hill. Twelve miles north of Kalabakan it was common in tree tops 150 feet up, foraging in the upper canopy.

Oriolus xanthonotus consobrinusRamsay: Malaysian Black-headed Oriole.—Specimens, 9: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ imm., 41.8 gm., July 22, 1962, MCT 2639; ♀, 40.7 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2644; ♂ testis 1 × 1 mm., 48.2 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2653; ♀ imm., 36.3 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2681; ♂ imm., 40.4 gm., August 25, 1962, MCT 2804; ♂, September 26, 1962; MCT 2962; ♂, November 29, 1962, MCT 3381; ♀, December 2, 1962, MCT 3426. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 28, 1962, MCT 3180.

This oriole was common in the cocoa and in secondary forest surrounding the cocoa at Quoin Hill.

Platylophus galericulatus coronatus(Raffles): Crested Jay.—Specimens, 4: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 17, 1962, MCT 3068; ♀, October 21, 1962, MCT 3116; ♂, October 21, 1962, MCT 3117; ♂, October 21, 1962, MCT 3118.

This jay was observed several times at the forest camp at Kalabakan. The bird utters a metallic chattering noise much like that of other jays, except for the metallic quality. I observed it also in moss forest 5.5 miles north of Tenom.Comparison of my specimens with series in the U. S. National Museum and the American Museum of Natural History indicates wide variation within this species in Borneo. The specimens vary considerably in depth of brown, some approachingP. g. lemprieriand othersP. g. coronatus. Because of this wide variation I have not recognized the subspecieslemprieriand place all specimens from Borneo undercoronatus.

Comparison of my specimens with series in the U. S. National Museum and the American Museum of Natural History indicates wide variation within this species in Borneo. The specimens vary considerably in depth of brown, some approachingP. g. lemprieriand othersP. g. coronatus. Because of this wide variation I have not recognized the subspecieslemprieriand place all specimens from Borneo undercoronatus.

Platysmurus leucopterus aterrimus(Temminck): Black Crested Magpie.—Specimens, 4: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ brood patch refeathering, 181.6 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2628; ♀ imm., 143.4 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2629; ♀, September 4, 1962, MCT 2865; ♂, 178.0 gm., September 6, 1962, MCT 2880.

The Black Crested Magpie was common at Quoin Hill in secondary forest and cocoa. At the Kalabakan forest camp, I saw a flock of 10 to 20 feeding 70 to 100 feet up in a tree in primary forest.

Corvus enca compilatorRichmond: Slender-billed Crow.—Specimen, 1: Pintasan Agricultural Station: ♀, October 17, 1963, ADG 315.

Small flocks in the cocoa and secondary forest were common at the Cocoa Research Station.

Pityriasis gymnocephala(Temminck): Bald-headed Wood Shrike.—Specimens, 7: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ one testis, 115.0 gm., October 4, 1962, MCT 2987; ♀ largest ova 15 mm., well-developed brood patch, oviduct enlarged, 140.0 gm., October 4, 1962, MCT 2988; ♂ testis 8 × 5 mm., 121.0 gm., October 4, 1962, MCT 2989. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, November 8, 1962, MCT 3224; ♀, November 8, 1962, MCT 3225; ♂, November 8, 1962, MCT 3226; ♀, November 8, 1962, MCT 3227.

These birds first drew my attention at Quoin Hill by their peculiar whistle, which Smythies (1960:491) calls a "nasal whine." They seem not to descend lower than 30 feet above the ground. They are exceedingly tame; I shot at them two to four times without frightening them off. They were in badly disturbed primary forest at Quoin Hill. At a point 12 miles north of Kalabakan, I found them in primary forest. I took four birds from a flock of five or six. Later in the afternoon, I heard another group in the tops of trees 150 feet high. They seemed to be fairly common, judging by the frequency with which the calls were heard. One of the birds I shot was only wounded and set up such a clamor that soon the rest of the flock approached, seemingly in response to the distress calls. Some individuals came within 20 feet of me. The noise also attracted an accipiter.Some of the specimens were made into skeletons, which I think show important indications of the systematic position of this species. The Bald-headed Wood Shrike has been placed in various families. Gadow (1883:90) placed it with the Cracticidae, with its closest relative beingCracticus. Amadon(1956) thought that it was best left in the Prionopidae, with subfamily status. Hachisuka (1953) concluded that its closest affinities were withCracticusof the family Cracticidae. The latest reviser, A. L. Rand (inPeterset al., 1960:364-365), places it in the Laniidae. A brief comparison of my skeletons ofPityriasistended to confirm Gadow's and Hachisuka's conclusion that it belongs with the Cracticidae. I think that it is best placed in this family, with subfamily status (Pityriasinae).

Some of the specimens were made into skeletons, which I think show important indications of the systematic position of this species. The Bald-headed Wood Shrike has been placed in various families. Gadow (1883:90) placed it with the Cracticidae, with its closest relative beingCracticus. Amadon(1956) thought that it was best left in the Prionopidae, with subfamily status. Hachisuka (1953) concluded that its closest affinities were withCracticusof the family Cracticidae. The latest reviser, A. L. Rand (inPeterset al., 1960:364-365), places it in the Laniidae. A brief comparison of my skeletons ofPityriasistended to confirm Gadow's and Hachisuka's conclusion that it belongs with the Cracticidae. I think that it is best placed in this family, with subfamily status (Pityriasinae).

Sitta frontalis corallipes(Sharpe): Velvet-fronted Nuthatch.—Specimens, 3: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ imm., 14.0 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2646; ♂ imm., 13.0 gm., August 20, 1963, MCT 2780; ♂ imm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2820.

I saw several nuthatches feeding in secondary forest at Quoin Hill and one 12 miles north of Kalabakan. One was observed feeding about 100 feet up in a dipterocarp.

Pellorneum capistratum morrelliChasen and Kloss. Black-capped Jungle Babbler.—Specimens, 7: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., 21.1 gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2667; ♀, 21.4 gm., July 31, 1962, MCT 2690; ♂, September 24, 1962, MCT 2938; ♀, June 13, 1963, ADG 131; ♀ imm., June 14, 1963, ADG 140; ♀, July 7, 1963, ADG 168. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♀, July 11, 1963, ADG 188.

This species was seen 12 miles north of Kalabakan and at Quoin Hill. It was fairly common and could be seen running on the ground ahead of the observer, occasionally hopping up on a brush pile or branch, seemingly to make a quick survey before moving back to the ground. It preferred primary forest but was occasionally observed in the primary-secondary forest edge vegetation.

Trichastoma pyrrhogenys canicapillum(Sharpe): Temminck Jungle Babbler.—Specimens, 13: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♀, December 17, 1962, MCT 3445; ♂, December 17, 1962, MCT 3446; ♂, December 17, 1962, MCT 3452; ♂, December 18, 1962, MCT 34554; ♀ collapsed follicles, brood patch, December 18, 1962, MCT 3455; ♂, December 18, 1962, MCT 3460; ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., December 18, 1962, MCT 3461; ♂, December 19, 1962, MCT 3474; ♂ testis 6 × 3 mm., December 19, 1962, MCT 3475; ♂, December 22, 1962, MCT 3505; ♂, December 24, 1962, MCT 3528; ♀ imm., December 25, 1962, MCT 3532; ♂ testis 5 × 3 mm., December 25, 1962, MCT 3533.

This species was common in the moss forest near Tenom. The female specimen with collapsed follicles indicates that some of the birds were in breeding condition. All specimens were netted.

Trichastoma malaccense poliogenys(Strickland): Short-tailed Jungle Babbler.—Specimens, 17: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 7 × 4 mm., 24.5 gm., July 31, 1962, MCT 2687; ♀, September 5, 1962, MCT 2874; ♀, September 24, 1962, MCT 2941; ♂, November 29, 1962, MCT 3387; ♀, November 29, 1962, MCT 3388; ♂, December 1, 1962, MCT 3400; ♀, November 12, 1962, MCT 3262. Kalabakan: ♂, November 16, 1962, MCT 3292. Cocoa Research Station: ♂, June 11, 1963, ADG 123; ♂, June 12, 1963, ADG 127; ♀, June 13, 1963, ADG 132. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♂, July 9, 1963, ADG 179; ♂, July 9, 1963, ADG 179 (sic). Oil Palm Research Station: ♂, August 10, 1963, ADG 219; ♂, August 12, 1963, ADG 225; ♀, August 13, 1963, ADG 236; ♀, August 23, 1963, ADG 255.

This terrestrial species was common in primary forest, and occasionally in secondary forest, in low trees or around brush piles. On September 24, by "squeaking," I so aroused one bird that it ran back and forth on a limb of afallen tree in great agitation. The specimen taken on November 12 was in heavy molt; it lacked tail feathers and the primaries were being replaced.

Trichastoma bicolor(Lesson): Ferruginous Jungle Babbler.—Specimens, 6: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 24, 1962, MCT 3143; ♀, October 26, 1962, MCT 3161; ♂, November 10, 1962, MCT 3135; ♀, November 12, 1962, MCT 3255. Oil Palm Research Station: ♂, August 12, 1963, ADG 266; ♀, August 28, 1963, ADG 269.

All specimens were taken in primary forest.

Trichastoma sepiarium harteri(Chasen and Kloss): Horsfield Jungle Babbler.—Specimens, 6: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 8 × 5 mm., 25.7 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2652; ♂ testis 8 × 5 mm., 28.2 gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2668; ♂ testis 8 × 7 mm., 28.2 gm., July 31, 1962, MCT 2688; ♂, June 15, 1963, ADG 142. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂ testis 8 × 5 mm., November 8, 1962, MCT 3233. Oil Palm Research Station: ♀, September 5, 1963, ADG 275.

This babbler tends to inhabit secondary growth more than doesT. malaccenseand was partly arboreal, occasionally ranging as high as 20 feet above ground. It occurred occasionally in flocks of four or five.

Malacopteron magnum magnumEyton: Greater Red-headed Babbler.—Specimens, 12: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 7 × 5 mm., September 7, 1962, MCT 2886; ♂ testis 9 × 5 mm., October 4, 1962, MCT 2990; ♂, November 30, 1962, MCT 3437; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3340; ♀, April 30, 1963, ADG 91; ♂, June 14, 1963, ADG 136; ♂, July 9, 1963, ADG 178. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♂, July 11, 1963, ADG 191; ♂, July 16, 1963, ADG 205. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 22, 1962, MCT 3124; ♀, October 28, 1962, MCT 3176; ♂, October 28, 1962, MCT 3177.

This babbler was common at the Cocoa Research Station but uncommon elsewhere. It seemed to prefer primary forest and was only rarely seen in the cocoa. My series shows that this species was common at Quoin Hill andM. cinereumwas rare, while the opposite obtained 12 miles north of Kalabakan. For the moment this cannot be explained. Possibly these two species are competitive and tend toward mutual exclusion. Since the birds were mostly netted, it is assumed that I obtained a random sample. My observations at Quoin Hill seem to bear out the specimen record.The specimens in my series ofM. m. magnumare more nearly black on the crown than those labelledM. m. sabain the U. S. National Museum (from the Segah River), but there was much variation in the amount of black on the crown in all series examined. I considerM. m. sabato be synonymous withM. m. magnum.

The specimens in my series ofM. m. magnumare more nearly black on the crown than those labelledM. m. sabain the U. S. National Museum (from the Segah River), but there was much variation in the amount of black on the crown in all series examined. I considerM. m. sabato be synonymous withM. m. magnum.

Malacopteron cinereum cinereumEyton: Lesser Red-headed Babbler.—Specimens, 29: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, December 2, 1962, MCT 3428; ♀, June 11, 1963, ADG 124; ♂, July 9, 1963, ADG 178. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 13, 1962, MCT 3025; ♀, October 13, 1962, MCT 3030; ♂, October 13, 1962, MCT 3032; ♀, October 14, 1962, MCT 3042; ♂, October 14, 1962, MCT 3043; ♀, October 16, 1962, MCT 3059; ♂, October 21, 1962, MCT 3119; ♂, October 22, 1962, MCT 3128; ♀, October 24, 1962, MCT 3136; ♂, October 28, 1962, MCT 3178; sex?, October 31, 1962, MCT 3188; ♀, November 7, 1962, MCT 3219; ♀, November 7, 1962, MCT 3220; ♂, November 12, 1962, MCT 3263; ♀, November 12, 1962, MCT 3264. Kalabakan: ♂, November 15, 1962, MCT 3282; ♂, November 15, 1962, MCT 3284; ♀, November 15, 1962, MCT 3285. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♂, July 13, 1963, ADG 197. Oil Palm Research Station: sex?, August 16, 1963, ADG 245; ♀, August 28, 1963, ADG 272. Pintasan Agriculture Station: ♂, October 17, 1963, ADG 318; ♂, October 18, 1963, ADG 319; ♂, October18, 1963, ADG 320; ♀, October 18, 1963, ADG 321; ♀, October 18, 1963, ADG 322. See remarks underM. magnum.

Malacopteron magnirostre cinereocapillum(Salvadori): Brown-headed Babbler.—Specimens, 20: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 5 × 3 mm., 20.4 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2647; ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., 20.0 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2656; ♂ testis 1 × 1 mm., 20.5 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2657; ♂, 20.4 gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2669. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 10, 1962, MCT 2994; ♂ testis 5 × 3 mm., October 12, 1962, MCT 3016; ♀, October 12, 1962, MCT 3017; ♂, October 13, 1962, MCT 3026; ♀, October 13, 1962, MCT 3028; ♂, October 17, 1962, MCT 3070; ♂, October 19, 1962, MCT 3083; ♂, October 19, 1962, MCT 3084; ♂ testis 5 × 4 mm., October 20, 1962, MCT 3108; ♂, October 26, 1962, MCT 3158; ♀, October 26, 1962, MCT 3159; ♂, November 11, 1962, MCT 3253; ♀, November 11, 1962, MCT 3254. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 19, 1962, MCT 3462. Oil Palm Research Station: ♀, August 28, 1963, ADG 265.

This babbler inhabits the understory of primary forest, and occasionally is seen in secondary forest scrub. A specimen was taken at 4,000 feet elevation in moss forest near Tenom. The breeding season is seemingly in June and July but there is indication of gonadal activity in males in October (MCT 3108). On October 15, 1962, I observed an individual feeding on the rough bark of a large dipterocarp. The bird was clinging to the bark much as a nuthatch would, hopping along the vertical trunk upside down, laterally and straight up. Other birds of the species were feeding close by in small trees about 20 feet tall.

Pomatorhinus montanus borneensisCabanis: Chestnut-backed Scimitar Babbler.—Specimens, 3: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 5 × 2 mm., 33.1 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2643; ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., 28.2 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2655. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 22, 1962, MCT 3496.

This bird of the understory in primary forest was seen in only one other situation, 12 miles north of Kalabakan it was feeding in a clearing near our camp.

Ptilocichla leucogrammica(Bonaparte): Bornean Wren-babbler.—Specimens, 3: Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♂, July 17, 1963, ADG 207: ♀ one egg in oviduct, July 19, 1963, ADG 211. Oil Palm Research Station: ♀ egg in oviduct, August 13, 1963, ADG 230.

Garcia netted three specimens in primary forest. This bird is known from Borneo only from a few specimens (Smythies, 1960:410). In North Borneo, it has been known previously only from Bettotan on the east coast (Smythies, 1960:410). The additional records published herewith also are for the east coast.

Kenopia striata(Blyth): Striped Wren-babbler.—Specimens, 11: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 21.1 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2649; ♂ testis 4 × 3 mm., 19.6 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2640; ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., 18.7 gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2670. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 28, 1962, MCT 3172; ♂, October 21, 1962, MCT 3114; ♀, October 22, 1962, MCT 3123; ♂, October 26, 1962, MCT 3157; ♂, October 30, 1962, MCT 3187; ♂, November 1, 1962, MCT 3192. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♂, July 21, 1963, ADG 213. Oil Palm Research Station: ♂, August 13, 1963, ADG 229; ♀, August 19, 1963, ADG 250.

This bird of primary forest is found occasionally in adjacent secondary forest and spends about three-fourths of its time running about on the ground, only occasionally ascending to the lower branches of trees. The song may be rendered askittle jank, the first note being trilled and a bit higher thanthe last, which is short and chopped off. This babbler appears to sing as it moves along the forest floor without stopping. It was observed foraging under leaves, and was common both at Quoin Hill and 12 miles north of Kalabakan, in groups of two or three birds.

Macronous gularis(Horsfield): Striped Tit-babbler.—I saw this bird at the Semporna Rest House feeding in shrubbery. It was not seen elsewhere.

Macronous ptilosus reclususHartert: Fluffy-backed Tit-babbler.—Specimens, 2: Kalabakan: ♂, November 15, 1962, MCT 3283. Oil Palm Research Station: sex?, August 23, 1963, ADG 254.

This bird was seen only at Kalabakan, in dense secondary growth. My specimen was in heavy molt.

Stachyris nigriceps hartleyiChasen: Gray-throated Tree Babbler.—Specimens, 16: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 17, 1962, MCT 3451; ♀, December 18, 1962, MCT 3456; ♂ testis 7 × 5 mm., December 18, 1962, MCT 3457; ♂ testis 6 × 3 mm., December 18, 1962, MCT 3458; ♀, December 18, 1962, MCT 3459; ♀ old brood patch, December 19, 1962, MCT 3471; ♂ testis 9 × 5 mm., December 19, 1962, MCT 3472; ♀ several collapsed follicles, December 19, 1962, MCT 3473; ♂ testis 6 × 4 mm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3480; ♂ testis enlarged, December 20, 1962, MCT 3481; ♀ imm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3482; ♂ testis 7 × 5 mm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3486; ♀, December 21, 1962, MCT 3493; ♂ testis 7 × 5 mm., December 21, 1962, MCT 3494; ♀ imm., December 21, 1962, MCT 3495; ♀ imm., December 22, 1962, MCT 3506.

This babbler was abundant in the moss forest above Tenom and appeared to be at the height of its breeding season in December.The specimens were compared with material at the American Museum of Natural History and proved to beS. n. hartleyi, which has not previously been reported from North Borneo.

This babbler was abundant in the moss forest above Tenom and appeared to be at the height of its breeding season in December.

The specimens were compared with material at the American Museum of Natural History and proved to beS. n. hartleyi, which has not previously been reported from North Borneo.

Stachyris poliocephala(Temminck): Gray-headed Tree Babbler.—Specimens, 8: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., 24.0 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2674; ♂, December 1, 1962, MCT 3414; ♀, December 1, 1962, MCT 3415. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 18, 1962, MCT 3072; sex?, October 29, 1962, MCT 3181; ♀, November 2, 1962, MCT 3202. Oil Palm Research Station: ♂, August 16, 1963, ADG 248; ♀, August 15, 1962, ADG 239.

This species of the secondary forest usually was associated with piles of brush or heavy growth of fern. I never saw it higher than three feet above the ground.

Stachyris nigricollis(Temminck): Black-necked Tree Babbler.—Specimens, 4: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, June 15, 1963, ADG 144. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♀, July 15, 1963, ADG 201. Oil Palm Research Station: ♂, August 12, 1963, ADG 224; ♀, August 19, 1963, ADG 251.

Although I worked in the same area and at the same time of year as did Garcia, I did not see this species.

Stachyris leucotis obscurataMayr: White-necked Tree Babbler.—Specimen, 1: Oil Palm Research Station: ♂, September 5, 1963, ADG 274.

Garcia's specimen was taken in primary forest. Smythies (1960:418) states that most records come from submontane localities, except for those from Bettotan; the specimen is from an altitude of 40 feet, near Bettotan.

Stachyris maculata maculata(Temminck): Red-rumped Tree Babbler.—Specimens, 12: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ largest ova 2 mm., brood patch, July 10, 1962, MCT 2613; ♂, 25.8 gm., August 5, 1962, MCT 2731; ♂,28.0 gm., August 5, 1962, MCT 2732. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂ testis 3 × 3 mm., October 12, 1962, MCT 3006; ♀, October 12, 1962, MCT 3007; ♀, October 12, 1962, MCT 3008; ♂, October 12, 1962, MCT 3009. Cocoa Research Station: ♀, June 11, 1963, ADG 121; ♀, June 13, 1963, ADG 133; ♂, June 14, 1963, ADG 134. Oil Palm Research Station: ♀, August 14, 1963, ADG 235; ♀, August 15, 1963, ADG 237.

This babbler was common in small groups at Quoin Hill. Whitehead (1893:227) states that the species "frequents the true forest near the ground." I observed these babblers only in sub-canopy trees, at least 30 feet above the ground. Smythies (1960:419) stated that he had never seen this species in the forest undergrowth.

Stachyris erythroptera bicolor(Blyth): Red-winged Tree Babbler.—Specimens, 11: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., 13.4 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2654; ♀ imm., 13.0 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2832; ♀, 12.5 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2833; ♂, December 2, 1962, MCT 3432; ♀, December 2, 1962, MCT 3433. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 10, 1962, MCT 2995; ♂, November 6, 1962, MCT 3215; ♂, November 7, 1962, MCT 3218. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂ testis 3 × 1 mm., December 18, 1962, MCT 3463. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♂, July 10, 1963, ADG 184; ♂, July 17, 1963, ADG 206.

This species was seen most often in primary forest undergrowth, but occasionally as high as 10 feet up in small trees. I saw it also in and around brush piles in secondary forest. The one specimen from 5.5 mi. SW Tenom was taken in the moss forest. MCT 2833 was in heavy molt on the wings, head, and body.

Stachyris rufifrons sarawacensisChasen: Hume's Tree Babbler.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 4 × 3 mm., November 28, 1962, MCT 3358.

There was no comparative material in the U. S. National Museum where I studied the specimen but it fits Chasen's original description ofS. r. sarawacensis. H. G. Deignan (inPeterset al., 1964:303) considered this subspecies doubtfully distinct fromS. r. poliogaster.The specimen was taken at a height of one and one-half feet in a mist net set along a path. The bird was caught when it attempted to cross the path from a patch of heavy undergrowth to a patch on the other side. Mary Norman observed them at Kalabakan (Smythies, 1963:281) in saplings. They should probably be considered birds of the understory.

The specimen was taken at a height of one and one-half feet in a mist net set along a path. The bird was caught when it attempted to cross the path from a patch of heavy undergrowth to a patch on the other side. Mary Norman observed them at Kalabakan (Smythies, 1963:281) in saplings. They should probably be considered birds of the understory.

Alcippe brunneicauda(Salvadori): Brown Quaker Babbler.—Specimens, 22: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ imm., 14.4 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2781; ♀, 14.9 gm., September 6, 1962, MCT 2877; ♀, September 25, 1962, MCT 2957; ♀, November 28, 1962, MCT 3361; ♀, November 28, 1962, MCT 3362; ♂, November 28, 1962, MCT 3376; ♂, November 28, 1962, MCT 3378; ♂ testis 5 × 3 mm., December 1, 1962, MCT 3410; ♂, December 2, 1962, MCT 3435; ♂, November 30, 1962, MCT 3440; ♂, November 30, 1962, MCT 3441. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: sex?, November 1, 1962, MCT 3194; ♂, November 11, 1962, MCT 3243; ♂, November 11, 1962, MCT 3245; ♂, November 11, 1962, MCT 3247; ♂, November 11, 1962, MCT 3248; ♂, November 12, 1962, MCT 3261; ♀, November 13, 1962, MCT 3267; ♀, November 10, 1962, MCT 3306. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♀, December 22, 1962, MCT 3501; ♀, December 22, 1962, MCT 3502; ♀, December 22, 1962, MCT 3503.

Birds of this species were common in primary forest at the three localities listed under "specimens." They travel in small, loose flocks, calling as they move through the forest. Periodic calling, interspersed with periods of silence,was characteristic of the species; vocalization of this sort may function in maintaining the unity of the well spaced flock.

Yuhina castaniceps everetti(Sharpe): Chestnut-headed Yuhina.—Specimens, 14: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♀, December 19, 1962, MCT 3468; ♂ testis 6 × 3 mm., December 23, 1962, MCT 3512; ♂ testis 7 × 3 mm., December 23, 1962, MCT 3513; ♂ testis 6 × 3 mm., December 24, 1962, MCT 3520; ♀, December 24, 1962, MCT 3521; ♂ testis 5 × 3 mm., December 24, 1962, MCT 3523; ♂ testis 6 × 3 mm., December 24, 1962, MCT 3524; ♀, December 24, 1962, MCT 3525; ♀, December 24, 1962, MCT 3526; ♂ testis 6 × 3 mm., December 24, 1962, MCT 3527; ♂ testis 6 × 3 mm., December 28, 1962, MCT 3542; ♂ testis 6 × 3 mm., December 28, 1962, MCT 3543.

I saw several flocks of this species in moss forest at a point 5.5 miles southwest of Tenom. Some were observed going into cavities in the moss, where they apparently caught insects. They sometimes did this simultaneously, in several places on the same tree.

Yuhina zantholeuca brunnescens(Sharpe): White-bellied Yuhina.—Specimens, 4: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 12, 1962, MCT 3010; sex?, November 1, 1962, MCT 3193; sex?, December 22, 1962, MCT 3500; ♂ testis 7 × 4 mm., December 23, 1962, MCT 3519.

One flock of about five of these yuhinas was seen in primary forest at Kalabakan. Another small group was observed in the moss forest near Tenom.

Tephrodornis gularis frenatusBüttikofer: Hook-billed Graybird.—Specimens, 3: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, September 25, 1962, wing molt, MCT 2946; ♀, September 25, 1962, wing molt, MCT 2947; ♀, September 25, 1962, MCT 2948.

I observed this species twice in six months on the east coast. The three collected at the research station in the cocoa were in a family group. On November 9, 1962, I saw three birds feeding at the edge of the primary forest.

Coracina striata sumatrensis(S. Müller): Barred Graybird.—Specimens, 2: Tiger Estate: ♀, December 30, 1962; ♂, December 30, 1962.

Coracina fimbriata schierbrandi(Pelzeln): Lesser Graybird.—Specimens, 6: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ imm., 25.7 gm., July 22, 1962, MCT 2637; sex?, 29.5 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2676; ♂, 28.4 gm., August 5, 1962, MCT 2729; ♀, 30.0 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2917. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 25, 1962, MCT 3147. Tiger Estate: ♂, November 25, 1962, MCT 3317.

This species was common at the Cocoa Research Station, most common in the cocoa, and an occasional bird was observed in the primary forest.The adult male (MCT 3317) from Tiger Estate was darker than any in the series ofC. f. schierbrandiin The American Museum of Natural History, and closely approached a seriesC. f. culminatafrom Malaya in the same museum.

This species was common at the Cocoa Research Station, most common in the cocoa, and an occasional bird was observed in the primary forest.

The adult male (MCT 3317) from Tiger Estate was darker than any in the series ofC. f. schierbrandiin The American Museum of Natural History, and closely approached a seriesC. f. culminatafrom Malaya in the same museum.

Hemipus hirundinaceus(Temminck): Black-winged Flycatcher Shrike.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 10.2 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2632.

The specimen was taken in the cocoa where it was sitting on a dead limb, occasionally darting out after insects, and provides the only record from this locality. At the collecting site 12 miles north of Kalabakan, however, it was seen several times feeding in small flocks in a clearing near a trail.

Hemipus picatus intermediusSalvadori: Bar-winged Flycatcher Shrike.—Specimens, 6: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ imm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2815; ♂ imm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2816; ♀, August 27, 1962, MCT 2817; ♀,9.8 gm., September 12, 1962, MCT 2906; ♀, 10.2 gm., September 12, 1962, MCT 2907; ♂ imm., 8.7 gm., September 12, 1962, MCT 2908.

Smythies (1960:362) lists this species as a montane resident. However, the elevation of the Cocoa Research Station is only 750 feet, which is clearly submontane (Smythies, 1960:693). I saw the birds in a flock of three or four, feeding in shade trees in the cocoa fields. They acted like typical flycatchers, sitting on twigs and darting out after insects. On September 12, a flock of 10 was seen in the same area. Whitehead (1893:208) described the habits of the species as being like those ofTephrodornis gularisand not at all like those of a flycatcher.

Lalage nigra(Forster): Pied Triller.—Common in the lowlands near Tawau and Tuaran. On September 19, 1962, I saw an adult feeding one young on Siamil Island.

Pericrocotus igneus igneusBlyth: Fiery Minivet.—Specimens, 3: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 15.8 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2764; ♂, 14.0 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2766; ♀, 15.2 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2767.

I saw this species only on August 11, 1962, when a flock of eight was seen feeding in a cocoa tree.The female is somewhat darker than comparative material from Borneo, possibly owing to fresh plumage in my specimen and foxing in the older comparative material.

I saw this species only on August 11, 1962, when a flock of eight was seen feeding in a cocoa tree.

The female is somewhat darker than comparative material from Borneo, possibly owing to fresh plumage in my specimen and foxing in the older comparative material.

Pericrocotus flammeus insulanusDeignan: Scarlet Minivet.—Specimens, 5: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., 20.0 gm., July 7, 1962, MCT 2608; ♀, 19.7 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2728; ♂, 19.0 gm., August 23, 1962, MCT 2802. Tiger Estate: ♀, June 23, 1963, ADG 160; ♂, June 23, 1963, ADG 161.

This minivet was common at the Cocoa Research Station, where it usually inhabited the shade trees in the cocoa groves. The birds seen and the one taken on July 7 were all in heavy molt.

Pycnonotus eutilotus(Jardine and Selby): Crested Brown Bulbul.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, December 2, 1962, MCT 3421; ♂, June 19, 1963, ADG 152.

The species was netted twice in much disturbed primary forest.

Pycnonotus melanoleucos(Eyton): Black and White Bulbul.—Specimen, 1: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, November 5, 1962, MCT 3211.

The specimen was caught in a mist net in primary forest. It was aberrant; the two outer tail feathers were white and it had a few white under tail coverts.

Pycnonotus squamatus borneensisChasen: Scaly-breasted Bulbul.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ 24.0 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2708; ♂ testis 4 × 3 mm., 22.2 gm., August 23, 1962, MCT 2802.

Both specimens were taken from a feeding tree,Trema orientalis, in which they were eating berries. This species of tree was used for shade in the cocoa.

Pycnonotus cyaniventris paroticalis(Sharpe): Gray-bellied Bulbul.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ largest ovum 2 mm., 21.6 gm., August 25, 1962, MCT 2808; ♂ testis 7 × 4 mm., 20.5 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2916.

On August 23, 1962, I saw four in the cocoa but they took flight into the forest. I later collected two specimens from a shade tree,Trema orientalis, in which they were feeding upon the berries.

Pycnonotus atriceps atriceps(Temminck): Black-headed Bulbul.—Specimens, 9: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, April 29, 1963, ADG 85; ♀, April 27, 1963, ADG 72; ♀, April 20, 1963, ADG 90; ♂, April 27, 1963, ADG 69; ♂, April 28, 1963, ADG 79; ♂, April 26, 1963, ADG 61; ♂, April 28, 1963, ADG 81; ♂ juv., April 28, 1963, ADG 82; ♂, May 1, 1963, ADG 97.

I did not see this species in my stay at the Cocoa Research Station, and the specimens taken by Garcia constitute the only record. The juvenal plumage in one specimen indicates that the species breeds at Quoin Hill.

Pycnonotus zeylanicus(Gmelin): Yellow-crowned Bulbul.—It was common at Tuaran.

Pycnonotus goiavier gourdiniGray 1847: Yellow-vented Bulbul.—Specimens, 17: Tenom: ♀, December 31, 1962, MCT 3547; ♂ testis 9 × 6 mm., December 31, 1962, MCT 3548; ♀ oviduct regressing, old brood patch, December 31, 1962, MCT 3549; ♂, December 31, 1962, MCT 3550; ♀ oviduct nearly regressed, January 1, 1963, MCT 3556; ♀, January 1, 1963, MCT 3557; ♂ testis 9 × 7 mm., December 31, 1963, MCT 3558; ♂ testis enlarged, January 1, 1963, MCT 3559; ♀, January 1, 1963, MCT 3560; ♂, January 2, 1963, MCT 3562; ♀, January 2, 1963, MCT 3566; ♂, January 2, 1963, MCT 3567; ♂ testis 9 × 7 mm., January 2, 1963, MCT 3568; ♂, January 2, 1963, MCT 3569; ♀, January 2, 1963, MCT 3570; ♀, January 2, 1963, MCT 3571; ♂ testis 9 × 7 mm., January 2, 1963, MCT 3572.

Although this species was observed by me at the Cocoa Research Station, I was unable to obtain any specimens. It was also seen commonly at Semporna, Siamil Island, Kalabakan, Brantian Estate, and at Tuaran, always associated with cultivated areas. The birds obviously were breeding at Tenom in December, and several young were taken. In some, the molt of the wings, body, and tail had begun.

Pycnonotus plumosus hutziStresemann: Large Olive Bulbul.—Specimens, 8: Tenom: ♀, December 31, 1962, MCT 3551; ♂ testis 6 × 5 mm., January 1, 1963, MCT 3553; ♂ testis small, January 1, 1963, MCT 3554; ♂ testis 6 × 4 mm., January 4, 1963, MCT 3577; ♂ testis 5 × 4 mm., January 4, 1963, MCT 3578. Mt. Rumas: ♂, March 6, 1963, ADG 16; ♀, March 6, 1963, ADG 17; sex?, March 6, 1963, ADG 15.

The specimens were netted in scrub-grassland at Tenom. The size of the testes of the Tenom specimens indicated that the birds were breeding.

Pycnonotus brunneus brunneusBlyth: Red-eyed Brown Bulbul.—Specimens, 17: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ imm., 32.6 gm., July 22, 1962, MCT 2638; ♂ testis minute, 37.3 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2709; ♂ testis minute, 36.0 gm., August 3, 1962, MCT 2720; ♀ ovary granular, September 4, 1962, MCT 2867; ♂ testis 6 × 4 mm., September 4, 1962, MCT 2868; ♀ egg in oviduct, largest ovum 9 mm., 1 collapsed follicle, 30.0 gm., September 10, 1962, MCT 2894; ♂ testis small, September 25, 1962, MCT 2953; ♀, September 25, 1962, MCT 2954; ♂ testis small, November 27, 1962, MCT 3346; ♂ testis 4 × 2 mm., November 29, 1962, MCT 3380; ♂ testis small, November 29, 1962 MCT 3393; ♂ testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3402; ♂ testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3403; ♂ testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3404; ♀ ovary minute, December 1, 1962, MCT 3416; ♂ testis small, November 30, 1962, MCT 3438. Oil Palm Research Station: ♀, August 27, 1963, ADG 260.

This most common of the "brown" bulbuls at the Cocoa Research Station frequented shade trees (Trema orientalis). One bird fed on small red peppers, Capsicum sp. Some of the September-taken specimens were in breeding condition.

Pycnonotus simplex perplexusChasen and Kloss: White-eyed Brown Bulbul.—Specimens, 3: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♀ ovary granular, December 19,1962, MCT 3469; ♂ testis 4 × 3 mm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3478; ♀ ovary granular, December 22, 1962, MCT 3499.

This bird was taken only in the moss forest at 4,000 feet elevation near Tenom. Smythies (1960:382) considered the species to be characteristic of the lowlands. Specimens were taken by Harrison in the Kelabit Uplands (Smythies, 1957:704) at 4,200 feet.

Pycnonotus erythrophthalmos salvadori(Sharpe): Lesser Olive-brown Bulbul.—Specimens, 15: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 6 × 4 mm., 20.2 gm., August 12, 1962, MCT 2778; ♂ testis 6 × 5 mm., 19.8 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2830; ♀ ovary granular, 20.5 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2831; ♀ imm., 20.0 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2925; ♂ testis 7 × 5 mm., September 25, 1962, MCT 2928; ♂?, October 2, 1962, MCT 2983; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3357; ♂ testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3405; ♂ testis minute, December 2, 1962, MCT 3420; ♂ testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3434; ♂ testis small, November 30, 1962, MCT 3439; ♀, April 26, 1962, ADG 63; ♂, July 7, 1963, ADG 170; ♂, July 7, 1963, ADG 171; ♂, July 8, 1963, ADG 176.

This species commonly fed in the shade trees (Trema orientalis), along with other species of bulbuls. I occasionally saw individuals in primary forest.

Criniger bres gutturalis(Bonaparte): Olive White-throated Bulbul.—Specimens, 25: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ ovary regressed, 41.4 gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2666; ♀, 46.0 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2672; ♂, 51.2 gm., July 31, 1962, heavy molt, MCT 2685; ♂ testis 4 × 3 mm., 52.6 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2710; ♂, November 27, 1962, MCT 3353; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3354; ♀, June 14, 1963, ADG 138; ♀, July 8, 1963, ADG 172; ♂, July 7, 1963, ADG 173; sex?, July 11, 1963, ADG 190. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 16, 1962, MCT 3052; ♂ testis small, October 22, 1962, MCT 3127; ♂, October 24, 1962, MCT 3137; sex?, November 1, 1962, MCT 3190; ♀, November 2, 1962, MCT 3201; ♀, November 11, 1962, MCT 3250; ♂ testis small, November 13, 1962, MCT 3271; ♀, November 17, 1962, MCT 3301. Oil Palm Research Station: ♀, August 16, 1963, ADG 246; ♀ juvenal, August 19, 1963, ADG 253; ♀, August 23, 1963, ADG 256; ♀, August 28, 1963, ADG 264; ♂, August 28, 1963, ADG 270; ♀, August 28, 1963, ADG 271; ♀, October 4, 1963, ADG 293.

At the Cocoa Research Station this species was common and inhabited the cocoa and surrounding secondary forest. I found it to be common 12 miles north of Kalabakan.

Criniger ochraceous ruficrissusSharpe: Brown White-throated Bulbul.—Specimens, 5: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♀, December 21, 1962, MCT 3489; ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., December 21, 1962, MCT 3490; ♂ testis 4 × 3 mm., December 21, 1962, MCT 3491; ♀, December 23, 1962, MCT 3518; ♀, December 25, 1962, MCT 3535.

This bird was seen only in the moss forest above Tenom. It was not taken in nets the first four days they were erected, nor did we see individuals in the forest. Then, on December 21, three were taken in widely separated nets, and the species was then seen nearly every day for a week. Such sporadic and unpredictable local occurrences may indicate wide separation of the loosely-organized foraging groups of this species. The call is a harsh, jaylike note.

Criniger phaeocephalus connectens(Chasen and Kloss): Crestless White-throated Bulbul.—Specimens, 31: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, December 1, 1962, MCT 3406; ♂ testis 5 × 4 mm., 35.0 gm., July 31, 1962, MCT 2689; ♂, May 2, 1963, ADG 104; ♂, June 22, 1963, ADG 122. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂ testis 6 × 4 mm., October 12, 1962, MCT 3002; ♀, October 12, 1962, MCT 3003; ♀, October 12, 1962, MCT 3004; ♂, October 14, 1962,MCT 3037; ♂, October 14, 1962, MCT 3038; ♀, October 14, 1962, MCT 3039; ♀, October 17, 1962, MCT 3063; ♂, October 17, 1962, MCT 3071; ♂, October 19, 1962, MCT 3080; ♂, October 20, 1962, MCT 3106; ♂, October 20, 1962, MCT 3110; ♂, October 21, 1962, MCT 3115; ♀, October 22, 1962, MCT 3125; ♀ October 23, 1962, MCT 3135; ♀, October 24, 1962, MCT 3142; ♀, October 26, 1962, MCT 3155; ♂, October 28, 1962, MCT 3175; sex?, October 30, 1962, MCT 3186; ♀, November 1, 1962, MCT 3191; ♂, November 8, 1962, heavy molt, MCT 3234. Kalabakan: ♀, November 15, 1962, heavy molt, MCT 3288. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♀, December 17, 1962, MCT 3453. Oil Palm Research Station: ♂, August 15, 1963, ADG 241; ♂, August 27, 1963, ADG 259; ♂, September 5, 1963, ADG 276. Gum-Gum: ♂, September 4, 1963, ADG 283. Lamag: ♂, October 15, 1963, ADG 308.

This species of the primary forest was common both at Cocoa Research Station and 12 miles north of Kalabakan. Although not frequently seen, it was caught in mist nets with regularity. Specimens taken near Kalabakan on November 8 and 15, 1962, were in heavy molt.

Criniger finschiiSalvadori: Finsch's Bulbul.—Specimens, 9: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 5 × 4 mm., 23.1 gm., August 23, 1962, MCT 2798; ♀, 24.4 gm., August 23, 1962, MCT 2799; ♂ testis 6 × 4 mm., 24.5 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2914; ♀, 24.0 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2915; ♂ testis 4 × 3 mm., September 24, 1962, MCT 2942; ♂ testis, 6 × 5 mm., September 26, 1962, MCT 2969; ♀, September 27, 1962, MCT 2972; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3341. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 19, 1962, heavy molt, MCT 3077.

This bulbul was common in the cocoa at the Cocoa Research Station. It fed in the company of other bulbuls in shade trees (Trema orientalis). The size of the testes of the males taken is characteristic of the beginning or ending of the breeding season, but ovaries of the females showed no signs of being in breeding condition.According to Smythies (1960:385), this species had never been taken in North Borneo. These specimens, therefore, are the first recorded from there. Specimens previously were saved from Sarawak and Indonesian Borneo.

According to Smythies (1960:385), this species had never been taken in North Borneo. These specimens, therefore, are the first recorded from there. Specimens previously were saved from Sarawak and Indonesian Borneo.

Hypsipetes criniger viridis(Bonaparte): Hairy-backed Bulbul.—Specimens, 26: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, September 26, 1962, MCT 2963; ♀, September 27, 1962, MCT 2971; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3337; ♂, November 27, 1962, MCT 3356; ♀, July 7, 1963, ADG 169; ♂, June 14, 1963, ADG 139; ♂, June 12, 1963, ADG 125. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 13, 1962, MCT 3022; ♂, October 13, 1962, MCT 3023; ♀, October 13, 1962, MCT 3029; ♀, October 13, 1962, MCT 3033; ♂, October 14, 1962, MCT 3040; ♀, October 16, 1962, MCT 3054; ♂, October 16, 1962, MCT 3055; ♀, October 19, 1962, MCT 3081; ♀, October 19, 1962, MCT 3082; ♂, October 20, 1962, MCT 3109; ♂, October 22, 1962, MCT 3129; ♂, October 26, 1962, MCT 3162; ♂, November 11, 1962, MCT 3251; ♀, November 13, 1962, MCT 3273; ♀, November 13, 1962, MCT 3274; ♂, November 13, 1962, MCT 3275. Gum-Gum: ♀, October 3, 1963, ADG 288; ♂, October 3, 1963, ADG 289; ♂, August 12, 1963, ADG 228.

These bulbuls regularly feed on berries ofTrema orientalis. I saw these bulbuls darting out after insects from branches, much as flycatchers would do, and have noticed a tendency toward flycatching in other bulbuls, but not so commonly as in this species. In using the nameHypsipetesinstead ofMicroscelisI follow Rand and Rabor (1959:102).

Hypsipetes malaccensisBlyth: Streaked Bulbul.—Specimens, 4: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 8 × 5 mm., 41.0 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2787. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 19, 1962, MCT 3092. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 22, 1962, MCT 3497; ♂, December 22, 1962, MCT 3498.

I did not find this species common at any collecting locality. Smythies (1957:707) considered it a lowland species, but its occasional occurrence in the highlands is indicated by the specimen from Tenom.Deignan (inPeters, 1960:291) regardsHypsipetes virescensandHypsipetes malaccensisas specifically distinct.

Deignan (inPeters, 1960:291) regardsHypsipetes virescensandHypsipetes malaccensisas specifically distinct.

Hypsipetes charlottae perplexus(Riley): Crested Olive Bulbul.—Specimens, 5: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 5 × 3 mm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2818; ♂ testis 5 × 4 mm., September 25, 1962, MCT 2951; ♀, September 25, 1962, MCT 2952; ♂, November 27, 1962, MCT 3333; ♀ imm., 32.6 gm., July 22, 1962, MCT 2638.

This species was occasionally observed in the cocoa, where it fed on berries ofTrema orientalis. The size of the testes in males taken in August suggests that the species had been breeding earlier.

Hypsipetes flavalus connectens(Sharpe): Ashy Bulbul.—Specimens, 7: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♀, December 23, 1962, MCT 3508; ♀ largest ova 1 mm., December 17, 1962, MCT 3447; ♂, December 17, 1962, MCT 3448; ♂ testis 4 × 3 mm., December 19, 1962, MCT 3466; ♂, December 19, 1962, MCT 3467; ♂ testis 6 × 6 mm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3476; ♂ testis 5 × 4 mm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3477.

This was a common and conspicuous bird in the moss forest. Males called and sang there. The call note sounds like the mew of a cat. The Ashy Bulbul could easily be "squeaked in," at which time it approached silently. When observed in the forest it was noisy and gregarious.

Aegithina viridissima viridissima(Bonaparte): Green Iora.—Specimens, 7: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ largest ovum 1 mm., 13.5 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2755; ♂ testis 8 × 5 mm., 14.8 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2756; sex?, 13.2 gm., August 25, 1962, MCT 2805; ♂, 12.5 gm., September 10, 1962, MCT 2895; ♀ 13.0 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2921; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3345. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 20, 1962, MCT 3479.

In the cocoa this abundant bird usually occurred in flocks of five to 10 and fed 10 to 15 feet up in shade trees. On December 17, I saw singing males in the moss forest at 4,000 feet, 5.5 miles southwest of Tenom. This is considered a lowland species by Smythies (1957:698).

Aegithina tiphia aequanimisBangs: Common Iora.—Specimens, 2: Tenom: ♂, January 5, 1963, MCT 3581; ♂, January 5, 1963, MCT 3582.

Two were netted in secondary forest near Tenom.

Chloropsis cyanopogon cyanopogon(Temminck): Lesser Green Leafbird.—Specimens, 8: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 19.8 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2630; ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., 25.3 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2631; ♂ testis 8 × 5 mm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2819; ♀, 22.2 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2923; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3342; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3352; ♀, April 28, 1963, ADG 77; ♀, May 28, 1963, ADG 116.

It was seen regularly in the cocoa at the research station and was the most common leafbird.

Chloropsis sonnerati zosteropsVigors: Greater Green Leafbird.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., 45.8 gm., MCT 2707; ♂, 46.0 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2740.

It was seen many times in the cocoa.

Irena puella crinigerSharpe: Fairy Bluebird.—Specimens, 10: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 3 × 1 mm., 63.6 gm., July 4, 1962, heavy molt, MCT 2588; ♀, 70.3 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2680; ♀, 69.8 gm., August 2, 1962,MCT 2711; ♂ testis 13 × 10 mm., 65.0 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2714; sex?, August 2, 1962, MCT 2715; sex?, 64.5 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2716; ♀, June 15, 1963, ADG 143; ♀, July 11, 1963, ADG 189; ♀, June 27, 1963, ADG 163. Tiger Estate: ♂, June 23, 1963, ADG 157.

This was a common species around the Research Station in the cocoa and much-disturbed primary forest.

Erithacus cyane(Pallas): Siberian Blue Robin.—Specimen, 1: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, November 4, 1962, MCT 3208 (netted in primary forest).

Copsychus pyrrhopygus(Lesson): Orange-tailed Shama.—Specimens, 9: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., July 11, 1962, MCT 2617; ♂, September 7, 1962, MCT 2885; ♀, October 3, 1962, MCT 2985; ♂, December 1, 1962, MCT 3401; ♂, November 30, 1962, MCT 3444. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂ testis 5 × 3 mm., October 14, 1962 MCT 3044; ♀, November 13, 1962, MCT 3272. Oil Palm Research Station: ♂, June 20, 1963, ADG 154; ♀, August 11, 1963, ADG 222.

This bird of the primary forest was only rarely seen in secondary forest. The specimen taken on July 11, 1962, was in heavy molt with only two outermost tail feathers in evidence; there was also molt of the wing and body feathers.

Copsychus saularis plutoBonaparte: Magpie-Robin.—Specimens, 3: Pintasan Agriculture Station: ♂, October 18, 1963, ADG 323. Tuaran: ♀, December 14, 1963, SCFC 219. Telipok: ♀, March 9, 1963, TM 68.

This species was recorded at Tawau in cultivated areas but no specimens were collected there. Those collected by Garcia, Chung, and Conway tended to be morphologically intermediate betweenC. s. adamsiandC. s. pluto.

Copsychus stricklandi stricklandiMotley and Dillwyn: White-rumped Shama.—Specimens, 14. Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 8 × 5 mm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2826; ♂ testis 11 × 6 mm., September 5, 1962, MCT 2873; ♀, November 28, 1962, MCT 3359; ♀, November 29, 1962, MCT 3389. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 12, 1962, MCT 3012; ♀, October 12, 1962, MCT 3013; ♀ brood patch, oviduct enlarged, October 17, 1962, MCT 3069; ♀, October 19, 1962, MCT 3078; ♀, October 26, 1962, MCT 3154. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 23, 1962, MCT 3514. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♂, July 15, 1963, ADG 200. Oil Palm Research Station: ♀, August 27, 1963, ADG 263; ♀, August 28, 1963, ADG 268; ♀, October 4, 1963, ADG 291.

This species was common in the cocoa and surrounding secondary forest at Quoin Hill, but I saw it only once in the moss forest on the mountains near Tenom.No specimen taken showed characters of or tendencies towardC. malabaricus suavis. Perhaps the zone of intergradation on the east coast is farther south than Darvel Bay, where it was placed by Smythies (1960:390).S. D. Ripley (inPeterset al., 1964:72) consideredC. stricklandito be specifically distinct fromC. malabaricus, and his opinion is accepted here.

This species was common in the cocoa and surrounding secondary forest at Quoin Hill, but I saw it only once in the moss forest on the mountains near Tenom.

No specimen taken showed characters of or tendencies towardC. malabaricus suavis. Perhaps the zone of intergradation on the east coast is farther south than Darvel Bay, where it was placed by Smythies (1960:390).

S. D. Ripley (inPeterset al., 1964:72) consideredC. stricklandito be specifically distinct fromC. malabaricus, and his opinion is accepted here.

Enicurus leschenaulti borneensisSharpe: White-crowned Forktail.Specimens, 4: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀ imm., October 21, 1962, MCT 3112; ♀ largest ovum 2 mm., October 27, 1962, MCT 3167; ♂, November 1, 1962, MCT 3195. Gum-Gum: ♀, September 24, 1963, ADG 282.

I saw this species only once in life, along a small, wet-weather stream. The specimens, however, were all netted in primary forest, some distance away from any stream.Judging from measurements, these specimens areE. l. borneensis, although one would expect to find onlyE. l. frontalisat elevations of 600 feet. The specimen taken by Garcia at Gum-Gum was not identified to subspecies.

I saw this species only once in life, along a small, wet-weather stream. The specimens, however, were all netted in primary forest, some distance away from any stream.

Judging from measurements, these specimens areE. l. borneensis, although one would expect to find onlyE. l. frontalisat elevations of 600 feet. The specimen taken by Garcia at Gum-Gum was not identified to subspecies.

Enicurus ruficapillusTemminck: Chestnut-naped Forktail.—Specimens, 3: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 21, 1962, MCT 3113; ♂, November 4, 1962, MCT 3207; ♂, November 8, 1962, MCT 3231.

This bird was common along the upper Apas River at Quoin Hill. All specimens were taken in nets stretched across streams.

Zoothera interpres interpres(Temminck): Chestnut-headed Ground Thrush.—Specimens, 9: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 28, 1962, MCT 3171; ♀, October 24, 1962, MCT 3138. Kalabakan: ♀, November 17, 1962, MCT 3300. Cocoa Research Station: ♀ imm., June 10, 1963, ADG 120; ♂, June 12, 1963, ADG 130; ♀ imm., June 15, 1963, ADG 141. Oil Palm Research Station: ♂, August 15, 1963, ADG 233; ♂, August 9, 1963, ADG 217; ♂, August 27, 1963, ADG 261.

The many specimens of this species taken indicate the effectiveness of mist nets in collecting birds in tropical forest. Although Smythies (1960:398) considered this bird to be rare in Borneo, I think that it is merely shy and retiring. We never saw the species in the field and the specimens were all netted. The habitat was in primary forest, except for that of MCT 3300, which was taken in dense secondary forest. The two birds from 12 miles north of Kalabakan were taken in a net stretched across a surveyor's transect. The net was set on a hilltop and the birds hit it approximately three feet above the ground. Two of the specimens from the Cocoa Research Station are in juvenal plumage, indicating that this species probably breeds in the area.

Cettia whiteheadi(Sharpe): Short-tailed Bush Warbler.—Specimen, 1: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., December 21, 1962, MCT 3488.

The specimen was netted in the moss forest, in fairly heavy secondary undergrowth.

Prinia flaviventris(Delessert): Yellow-bellied Wren-Warbler.—On September 2, 1962, I saw several of these wren-warblers in a grassy area near the golf course at Tawau.

Acrocephalus arundinaceus orientalis(Temminck and Schlegel): Great Reed Warbler.—Specimens, 6: Tenom: ♀, December 31, 1962, MCT 3546; ♂, January 1, 1963, MCT 3555; ♂, January 2, 1963, MCT 3565; ♀, January 4, 1963, MCT 3575; ♀, January 3, 1963, MCT 3574; ♂, January 4, 1963, MCT 3579.

This species was common in the old paddy near Tenom, which has now grown up to grass and shrubs. I saw one individual also in shrubbery in Jesselton.

Phylloscopus borealis(Blasius): Arctic Leaf Warbler.—I saw this leaf warbler once in dense scrub in the moss forest near Tenom.

Seicercus superciliaris schwaneri(Blyth): White-throated Flycatcher Warbler.—Specimens, 2: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂ testis 4 × 2 mm., December 23, 1962, MCT 3510; ♀, December 23, 1962, MCT 3511.

In the moss forest this was a common bird that hopped about in the climbing bamboo and scrub.

Orthotomus atrogularis humphreysiChasen and Kloss: Black-necked Tailorbird.—Specimens, 5: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 4 × 2 mm., 6.5 gm.,August 28, 1962, MCT 2827; ♀ oviduct enlarged, brood patch, 5.5 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2828; ♂ testis 4 × 2 mm., September 26, 1962, MCT 2967; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3336; ♀, November 28, 1962, MCT 3375.

These birds lived in the secondary forest-edge in dense shrubbery. They were breeding at a time when most other birds seemed to have completed breeding activities; most had begun the post-breeding (prealternate) molt. On October 3, 1962, I saw two adults with two young in nondescript juvenal plumage with virtually no markings and a pale yellow color, unlike that of the adults.

Orthotomus sericeus sericeusTemminck: Red-headed Tailorbird.—Specimens, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ with large ovum, 10.8 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2770.

The bird was uncommon at the research station. The one specimen was from the cocoa. I saw two others in secondary growth on the edge of the forest. Possibly this species, like the preceding one, was approaching full breeding activity.

Orthotomus sepium borneonensisSalvadori: Ashy Tailorbird.—Specimens, 8: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ vascular brood patch, oviduct enlarged with one possible collapsed follicle, 7.8 gm., August 22, 1962, MCT 2797; ♀ imm., 8.0 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2829; ♂, 8.8 gm., September 10, 1962, MCT 2896; ♂, 8.5 gm., September 10, 1962, MCT 2897; ♂ testis 5 × 3 mm., 8.5 gm., September 11, 1962, MCT 2901; ♀ largest ova 3 mm., 8.5 gm., September 11, 1962, MCT 2902. Tiger Estate: ♀, October 11, 1962, MCT 3000. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♀, December 20, 1962, MCT 3486.

This was the most common tailorbird in the Quoin Hill area. Indications were that the species was also breeding (seeO. sericeus). Besides the above localities, I observed it 12 miles north of Kalabakan. A male was heard singing on September 11, 1962; the song was simple and on an ascending scale. The specimen taken near Tenom was growing new tail feathers.

Rhipidura perlataS. Müller: Spotted Fantail Flycatcher.—Specimens, 19: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ largest ova 2 mm., July 11, 1962, MCT 2618; ♂ testis 6 × 5 mm., 15.1 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2645; ♀, 13.2 gm., August 13, 1962, MCT 2776; ♀, 12.4 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2785; ♂, June 12, 1963, ADG 129. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 13, 1962, MCT 3021; ♂, October 16, 1962, MCT 3056; ♀, October 16, 1962, MCT 3057; ♂, October 16, 1962, MCT 3111; ♀, October 24, 1962, MCT 3141; ♂, October 24, 1962, MCT 3146; ♂, October 24, 1962, MCT 3148; sex?, October 26, 1962, MCT 3165; ♂, October 27, 1962, MCT 3168; ♂, October 27, 1962, MCT 3169; sex?, October 30, 1962, MCT 3197. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♀, July 13, 1963, ADG 198; ♀, July 24, 1963, ADG 214. Oil Palm Research Station: sex?, August 15, 1963, ADG 243.

This bird was one of the most common in the lower story of the primary forest. On July 23, 1962, many males were performing courtship displays at Quoin Hill.

Rhipidura javanica longicaudaWallace: Pied Fan-tailed Flycatcher.—Specimens, 3: Tawau: sex?, September 2, 1962, MCT 2863. Telipok: ♀, February 9, 1963, TM 28. Tuaran: sex?, December 14, 1963, SCFC 19.

On Karindingen Island this was the only passerine bird seen. It was confined to the lowlands and never was seen in localities more than a few feet above sea level.

Culicicapa ceylonensis ceylonensis(Swainson): Gray-headed Flycatcher.—Specimens, 6: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 8.0 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT2726; sex?, August 20, 1962, 8.6 gm., MCT 2784. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀?, October 12, 1962, MCT 3018; ♂, October 13, 1962, MCT 3024; ♂ testis 4 × 4 mm., October 28, 1962, MCT 3179. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 20, 1962, MCT 3483.

This bird of the primary forest and primary-secondary forest ecotone was common at all three principal collecting stations.

Muscicapa sibiricaGmelin: Sooty Flycatcher.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 10.0 gm., August 25, 1962, MCT 2811; ♂, July 8, 1963, ADG 174.

Several small "brown" flycatchers which could not be assigned to species were observed at Quoin Hill and Kalabakan. The specimen taken by Garcia is of interest as it was taken on a date extremely early for a migrant. Garcia's specimen (not the other) also presented problems of identification and its assignment to this species is tentative.

Muscicapa latirostris latirostrisRaffles: Brown Flycatcher.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, September 26, 1962, MCT 2965.

Muscicapa cyanomelana cyanomelanaTemminck: Blue and White Flycatcher.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, November 27, 1962, MCT 3335.

The specimen, netted in the cocoa, apparently provides the only record from the east coast of Borneo (see Smythies, 1957:742).

Muscicapa concreta everetti(Sharpe): White-tailed Blue Flycatcher.—Specimens, 6: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 15, 1962, MCT 3045; ♂, November 1, 1962, MCT 3199; ♀, November 8, 1962, MCT 3229; ♂, November 8, 1962, MCT 3230. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 19, 1962, MCT 3465; ♀, December 23, 1962, MCT 3516.

This species seems to be confined to the primary forest, and was common at both localities listed. Smythies (1960:444) thought it resided primarily at elevations of 2,000 to 4,000 feet, occasionally occurring near sea level. This flycatcher seems to prefer the understory of the forest, where it was observed sitting on bare limbs and darting out after insects.

Muscicapa unicolor infuscata(Hartert): Pale Blue Flycatcher.—Specimens, 2: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂ by plumage, October 31, 1962, MCT 3189; ♀, November 12, 1962, MCT 3556.

This flycatcher was seen only in primary forest, on the above dates. The birds collected appear to provide the only definitive records for North Borneo (cf.Smythies, 1960:445), although Mary Norman observed the species once at Quoin Cocoa Estate on an unspecified date (Smythies, 1963:281).

Muscicapa turcosa rupatensisOberholser: Malaysian Blue Flycatcher.—Specimen, 1: Tiger Estate: ♀, November 25, 1962, MCT 3320.

Muscicapa caerulata caerulata(Bonaparte): Large-billed Blue Flycatcher.—Specimens, 10: Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♂, July 10, 1963, ADG 185. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 19, 1962, MCT 3076; ♂, October 24, 1962, MCT 3144; ♂, October 26, 1962, MCT 3160; ♀, October 28, 1962, MCT 3170; ♀, November 8, 1962, MCT 3232; ♂, November 13, 1962, MCT 3266. Oil Palm Research Station: ♀, August 12, 1963, ADG 223; ♀, August 16, 1963, ADG 244; ♂, August 19, 1963, ADG 252.

This was the most common "blue" flycatcher at Kalabakan. It was recorded at Quoin Hill only by Garcia. The record by Smythies (1963:281) seems open to question as no specimen was preserved.

Muscicapa venustaDeignan: Bornean Blue Flycatcher.—Specimens, 6: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, September 24, 1962, MCT 2939; ♂, June 12, 1963, ADG 128. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 12, 1962, MCT 3014; ♂, October 19, 1962, MCT 3089. Oil Palm Research Station: ♀, August 10, 1963, ADG 218. Kinabatangan: sex?, October 15, 1963, ADG 309.

The "blue" flycatcher of the Quoin Hill area was observed several times in the primary forest and primary forest edge. On July 14, 1962, I saw a male and a female ofM. venustabathing in a shallow stream in the deep forest. They fluttered their wings in the water and then flew to a nearby fallen log and preened for several minutes.

Muscicapa rufigastra rufigastraRaffles: Mangrove Blue Flycatcher.—Specimen, 1: Tuaran: ♂, December 14, 1963, SCFC 33.

Muscicapa dumetoria mulleriBlyth: Orange-breasted Flycatcher.—Specimens, 5: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 11.8 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2661; ♀, November 1, 1962, MCT 3198; ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., November 11, 1962, MCT 3246; ♂ testis 5 × 4 mm., November 28, 1962, MCT 3384. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 25, 1962, MCT 3531.

This species was seen only in the understory of primary forest. On November 10, I watched a male and female feeding about three feet above the ground in the undergrowth. They sat on small vines and plants and darted out after insects. I never observed this species more than 20 feet above the ground.

Muscicapa narcissinaTemminck: Black and Yellow Flycatcher.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3331. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 20, 1962, MCT 3484.

The two specimens were taken in nets in the primary forest. They cannot presently be assigned with certainty to subspecies.

Rhinomyias umbratilis(Strickland): White-throated Jungle Flycatcher.—Specimens, 19: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 16.7 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2662; ♂ testis 6 × 5 mm., 20.7 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2663; ♀, 17.9 gm., July 31, 1962, MCT 2686; ♀, September 29, 1962, MCT 2974; ♂, July 8, 1963, ADG 175. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 10, 1962, MCT 2993; ♀, October 13, 1962, MCT 3027; ♂, October 13, 1962, MCT 3031; ♂, October 14, 1962, MCT 3036; ♂, October 16, 1962, MCT 3053; ♂, October 16, 1962, MCT 3058; ♂, October 18, 1962, MCT 3074; ♀, October 20, 1962, MCT 3107; ♂, October 23, 1962, MCT 3132; ♂, October 25, 1962, MCT 3149; ♀, October 28, 1962, MCT 3174. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♀, July 11, 1963, ADG 195; ♀, July 12, 1963, ADG 196; ♀, July 19, 1963, ADG 212.

This abundant species at Quoin Hill and Kalabakan was chiefly an inhabitant of primary forest.On July 31, I observed this species singing at Quoin Hill. One sang with its mouth closed and sounded much farther away than it actually was. The song has seven notes on a descending scale. Birds observed on September 27 were in heavy molt and one specimen lacked tail feathers.

This abundant species at Quoin Hill and Kalabakan was chiefly an inhabitant of primary forest.

On July 31, I observed this species singing at Quoin Hill. One sang with its mouth closed and sounded much farther away than it actually was. The song has seven notes on a descending scale. Birds observed on September 27 were in heavy molt and one specimen lacked tail feathers.

Philentoma pyrrhoptera pyrrhoptera(Temminck): Chestnut-winged Monarch Flycatcher.—Specimens, 10: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 10, 1962, MCT 2992; ♀, October 15, 1962, MCT 3048; ♂, October 20, 1962, MCT 3100; ♂, October 20, 1962, MCT 3105; ♀, November 11, 1962, MCT 3244; ♀, November 16, 1962, MCT 3291. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♂, July 9, 1963, ADG 180; ♂, July 9, 1963, ADG 181; ♂, July 24, 1963, ADG 215; ♀, July 11, 1963, ADG 192.

The species was common at Kalabakan. Garcia took a few at Quoin Hill, but I observed the species there only once.

Philentoma velata caesia(Lesson): Maroon-breasted Monarch Flycatcher.—Specimens, 7: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 25.0 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2725; ♂, 27.2 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2783; ♂, September 5, 1962, MCT 2872. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 22, 1962, MCT 3126; sex? (♀ by plumage), October 29, 1962, MCT 3182; ♀, November 3, 1962, MCT 3205. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 26, 1962, MCT 3536.

At Quoin Hill this was a bird of the primary forest. The species was common in the moss forest above Tenom.

Hypothymis azurea prophataOberholser: Black-naped Blue Monarch Flycatcher.—Specimens, 18: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 10.8 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2754; ♂, 15.2 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2834; ♂ testis 6 × 4 mm., 11.1 gm., September 6, 1962, MCT 2876; sex? September 14, 1962, MCT 2922; ♂, November 1, 1962, MCT 3200; ♂, November 7, 1962, MCT 3221; ♂, November 10, 1962, MCT 3242; ♂, November 20, 1962, MCT 3373; ♀, November 28, 1962, MCT 3374; ♂ testis 5 × 3 mm., December 1, 1962, MCT 3412; ♀, December 2, 1962, MCT 3427. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 22, 1962, MCT 3504; ♂, December 23, 1962, MCT 3509. Cocoa Research Station: ♀, April 30, 1963, ADG 95; ♀, June 19, 1963, ADG 1551. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♂, July 11, 1963, ADG 194; Oil Palm Research Station: ♂, August 10, 1963, ADG 220; ♀, August 13, 1963, ADG 232.

This seemingly ubiquitous bird occurred in primary forest and cocoa. A specimen taken on September 14, 1962, was still in heavy molt.

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