1We do not write “Dios”, because it would be pronouncedDi-os.—See “Vowels”,supra.↑2The use ofsinstead of theh, in these articles, depends upon the place where Bisayan is spoken. In the towns of Burawen, Dúlag and Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, and in some places in Sámar, thehis never used, but thesinstead for these articles. Generally, it is considered more solemn to use thesinstead of theh, in speeches, letters and poetry. But many times it is considered as a ridiculous affectation, in places where thehis used.It will be noted that, in some instances, the Bisayan people show a tendency to change the aspirate sound of theh, or soft sound of the Spanishj, intos. So in olden times, the nameJuanwas pronouncedSuan;Jueveswas pronouncedSuebes; and from the Spanishjugar, they made the Bisayan wordsugal, which is still in use.↑3See “Contractions”,supra. As it is seen, themis for ma. This contraction shows exactly the way in which the Bisayan original letters were used. It is simply the ancient way of writing preserved after the adoption of the Spanish letters.↑4This diminutive as well as the preceding does not need to be accented with grave and angular accent, as originally, first, because such accents are onlv used at the ending of the words (see the rule, page 3), and second, because the suspended guttural suund of the last vowel of its primitive is in some way preserved by means of the separation with which the vowelsoaare pronounced (see “Vowel”, page 5)↑5But if the primitive ismapulá, the diminutive will bemapulapula, as will be noted later.↑6In some places in Leyte and Samar, this particle ishi, notha, where it is saidhibobò, hilipot, hilabà, hitáas.But, in my opinion, it is simply a result of confounding the particlemawhich is more proper for adjectives as it bears the idea of abundance, with the personal articlehiwith which it is thus intended to personify the abstract ideas ofbobò, lipat, labà, táas.↑7It has also the regular form “halabáay”.↑8This is a metathesis of “dacoalay”, by the transposition of the liquid consonantl; and thislin “dacoalay” has been substituted, for phonetical reason, for theyof “dacoayay”, which is the diminutive of “dacoay” not used.↑9It seems that this diminutive is the contraction of “gutiaynya durò”; it is not strictly a diminutve, it is a superlative.↑10Transformed frombobonbòbon.↑11We do not writecan-on,because it is a contraction ofcaran’on, which is also contracted fromcaraonón.↑12See “Comparative” and “Collective”,infra.↑13The lastuis not a vowel properly; it should be the consonantw. See notes on pages 1 and 5 of this book.↑14It also means anxiety for dancing. So fromisóg(to enrage), it is said: “daco it ac isogón” (contracted fromirisogón), my rage is great.↑15The second syllable of the combined prefix is sometimes doubled to make the sentence more emphatic.↑16Interfixis there used to designate the particle placed within a word.↑17Such is the name of the present capital of the province of Leyte. According to a tradition, this name originated from the fact that before the town was formed, a point of the eastern coast of its present site was known as a place where fishes were taken from the sea by a bamboo instrument, like a cover calledtaclob.↑18It is the name of one of the most important towns in Leyte, located on the eastern coast of said island. Also according to a tradition, in the southwestern part of the present site of that town, before the town was built, there was a large tall tree, from whose prominent branches the people used to watch (tan-ao) the Moros from Sulu, when invading the coasts of Leyte.—The lastoof thistan-aois properly the consonatw.↑19Fromlolodhananfromlolohodanan, where theóis suppressed, and thehandd, transposed, for phonetical reasons.↑20As when we say: “macaoncaón iní ng̃a bayábas” (this guava is inviting). The idea of fondness sometimes takes the same form, as“macaoncaón ini ng̃a sorogóon”(this servant is fond of eating surreptitiously). This form is also used for impersonal verbs, as will be seen later, as: “macaoncáon na” (I have appetite already).↑21I say “is”, because this combinationng̃is properly one letter in Bisayan, which should be calledng̃a, as anciently.↑22This is also a verbal ofsapód(to gather).↑23The particlehisometimes with the verbs and especially among the derivative nouns conveys the idea of “payment for”, as when from the verbsbudlay(to tire one’s self),salacáy, (to embark), and the nounsapóy(grandfather or grandmother),púsod(navel), it is said:himudlay(any thing given as in payment of any work);—hinálacay(payment for passage);—hingapóy(a present given to a grandfather or grandmother upon the the marriage of his or her grand daughter under the consideration of the former’s being the grandfather or grandmother of the latter);—himósod(present given to the midwife for cutting and attending to the navel of a new-born child).↑24We use a hyphen in this word on account of the angular accent of the lastoof the first verb.↑25When the brothers or sisters referred to are more than two, then the interfixris used, asmagburugtò.↑26The secondumust be the consonantw.↑27This is the modern way of pronouncing this word. The old way consisted in making two syllables out of this word, and according to that pronounciation, it is writtenDiyos(prouounced Di-yos), notDyos.↑28See “Hi”, under the heading “Verbal”supra.↑29See note 2 on page 20.↑30So we saydolúo-ha-Sulúg, which means a medicinal plant (duláo) from (ha) Sulu (Sulúg).↑31See “an, on” under the heading of “Verbal”, page 15supra.↑32Frompaladan, thedhaving been solved intor.↑33It is believed that the name of one of the towns of Leyte, called by the Spaniards “Burauen” and, by the natives, “Burauón”, has been originated fromburabáron(Contracted and madeBurauón), on account of the fact that there are many fountains in that place. There is no reason why the native name “Burauón” used by the natives until the present time should not be employed for all uses, theuof said word being replaced by thew, if the letters proposed in the note of the first page of this book are adopted.↑34This word does not follow the rule. For phonetical reasons, in its formation anhis used and it is mademaasinhanoncontractedmaasinhoninstead ofmaasinánonwhich is the regular form.↑35The natives, especially the low people pronounceMericáinstead ofAmerica; mericanoinstead of the Spanish “americano” forAmerican.↑36ThenameCalyarâ(native name of the town of Carigara, Leyte) has been probably originated fromCangara(placed of one calledGarâ). A similar explanation might be given for the formation of the namesCalbigàandCalbáyog(towns of Sámar).Besides the particlecanthe pronounhirawas probably used for similar cases. We think that the wordHiraite(Bisayan name of the wordLeyte, applied to a town of the island of the same name) is formed by the said pronounhiráandIte.probably the name of the ancient owners of that place.↑37Manoandmanaare probably a corruption of the Spanish “hermano,” “hermana.”↑38See page 12et seq.of this book.↑39The wordcapin sogóng, uraura,in some localities are replaced by the Spanish wordduro(hard). So they say “duro ca maopay”, maópay ng̃a duro,ormaopay hin duro(very good). It is proper to adopt foreign words when there are not words coresponding in Bisayan, but we do not see why the pure Bisayan words should be forgotten when they are expressive, pure and original. The prepositioncundí(but) is suffering the same fate, by the introduction of the Spanishpero.↑40Instead ofuraura, the wordmasiado, a corruption of the Spanishdemasiado, is much in use. Read the preceeding note.↑41It must be noted that the accent in the superlative is on the last syllable,masiromstróm, while in the dimunitive (which has exactly the same form, except the accent) the accent is upon the pennit,masiromsírom. The meaning is different in the phrasesmasiromsírom pa, andmasiromsirómpa; the first means “it is a dark yet”; the second “it is very dark yet”.↑42The Bisayan cardinal show that the original system of Bisayan people in counting was the decimal. Sonapulois a compound word fromna(made) andpulò(pile, island).Napulomeans “one pile made”, wherefrom the decimal system clearly shows.↑43This wordcag(and) is used in the island of Panay, but not in Sámar or Leyte wherengan, ugare employed for the said conjunction.In the southern part of Leyte it is said:napala ug osá.↑44A collective noun formed by the prefixcaand the primitiveduhawhosedis transformed intor, and by the affixan. It means the reunion of two piles.↑45There seems to be no doubt that this wordribohas the same origin as the Tagalog “libo”; but each one has a different meaning: while the Bisayanlibomeansten thousand, the Tagaloglibomeans onlyone thousand. To expressten thousand, the Tagalogs have the wordlacsá.↑46This word may have been derived fromlagtucwhich means the swelling of a thing due to dampness, humidity, or water.↑47Anonomatopoeticword bearing the idea oflittleness.↑48Anonomatopoeticword meaning a thing that makes noise (caradul).↑49As it will be seen later there are despective verbs, as; oflacat(to walk)laag; ofyacán(to talk),yaquimbot.↑50See page 31 of this book.↑51These nouns are originated, in our opinion, from Spanish. See the note on pape 31.supra.↑52We also believe that these nouns are Spanish.↑53See “Collective,”supra.↑54This is the origin of “Borong̃an” a town on the eastern coast of the island of Samar, on account of the fact that during certain epoch of the year, that place is more or less covered with fog.↑55See “Vowels”, page 5 of this book.↑56See “Rule”, page 3 of this book.↑57However, the correct and proper form is the first,Panalaron, a verbal derived frompanalada plural infinitive of the verbpagsáladwhich means “to sound”. The said suburb of Tacloban, it is believed took this name from the fact that, anciently, the people usedto sound (panálad)in such place which was then covered by the sea.↑58Quitameans “we”, the listener included;camímeans “we”, the listener excluded.↑59Only used after the verb.↑60Hiyáandsiyáare the same. See the note 2 on page 7 of this book. The same may be said abouthiráandsirá.↑61Contracted fromni(of) andácon(mine).↑62Contracted fromdaandácon. This particledais used in some places as equivalent to the prepositionhaor the contractionhan. So in Carigata, Leyte, they saydahani(at old times), instead ofhanhaníused in Tacloban and other towns of Leyte. The formsdamon, daton, dimo, diyo, diya, dirahave the same explanation.↑63Quitais frequently used for “acó”, as when we saytagui quitá hin salapî, (give me money), instead oftagui aco hin salapî.↑64See “Personal pronouns” page 47.↑65See the note 2 on page 7. We use apostrophe and not hyphen, becausehin’o, sin’oare contracted fromhi anoandsi ano.↑66However in this form in which the substantiveprecedes the adjectivethe suppression ofng̃aispermissiblein poetry.↑67This is another irregularity of the pronounquita. Here it is equivalent tonimo; but this last form is inadmissible in such phrase,natonbeing the special pronoun for the same.↑68In Dulag and other places of Leyte, this word is pronounceddidínhi.↑69See “Other classes of verbs”,infra.↑70See “PotentialForm”,infra.↑71In Basay, Sámar themis frequently suppressed, the first vowel becoming long on account of said suppression. So they say there:sínurat, ínabot.↑72This form is taken from thesubjunctive, as in the Spanish language.↑ab73In the towns of Dúlag, Burauen, and Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, these forms are always contracted, the first syllable of the verb so formed becoming long on account of the said contraction. Thus it is said in the mentioned places:nágsuratinstead ofnagsúsurat.↑abc74See the note on page 65.↑75See the note on page 63.↑76See page 65et. seq.↑77It is not doubled some places, See note on page 65.↑78See page 64et seq.↑79It is not doubled some localities. See note on page 65.↑80See page 61.↑81See page 65.↑82See page 68.↑83See page 62et seq.↑84See page 68.↑85See page 69.↑86The translation made in those conjugations isliteral. We try to express in English the exact idea contained in these forms.↑87See note on page 65.↑88See page 70et seq.↑89See page 71.↑90Page 61 of this book.↑91The future of this form is the same as in the regular Tagalog form, where it is saidsusulat aco(I shall write),bucas aco susulat(tomorrow I shall write).↑92See page 61.↑93In Dúlag and other places of Leyte, the accent is transposed to the penult. So it is said:dididâ, etc.↑94See the page 10.↑ab95This conjunction is seldom used, at present, for the disjunctiveor. The Englishorand the Spanishoaredifficult totranslateinto Bisayan withcun. For this reason the Spanishois frequently employed in Bisayan, as well as in Tagalog for the Englishor.↑96It also conveys the idea of “Saying”, as in the example:nasiring an catsila, ngalaong: “págame”,abitapa: “bayari acó”.↑97There is another, viz:susmaryoseporsusmarosèpthe corrupted Spanish “Jesús, María y José”.↑
1We do not write “Dios”, because it would be pronouncedDi-os.—See “Vowels”,supra.↑2The use ofsinstead of theh, in these articles, depends upon the place where Bisayan is spoken. In the towns of Burawen, Dúlag and Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, and in some places in Sámar, thehis never used, but thesinstead for these articles. Generally, it is considered more solemn to use thesinstead of theh, in speeches, letters and poetry. But many times it is considered as a ridiculous affectation, in places where thehis used.It will be noted that, in some instances, the Bisayan people show a tendency to change the aspirate sound of theh, or soft sound of the Spanishj, intos. So in olden times, the nameJuanwas pronouncedSuan;Jueveswas pronouncedSuebes; and from the Spanishjugar, they made the Bisayan wordsugal, which is still in use.↑3See “Contractions”,supra. As it is seen, themis for ma. This contraction shows exactly the way in which the Bisayan original letters were used. It is simply the ancient way of writing preserved after the adoption of the Spanish letters.↑4This diminutive as well as the preceding does not need to be accented with grave and angular accent, as originally, first, because such accents are onlv used at the ending of the words (see the rule, page 3), and second, because the suspended guttural suund of the last vowel of its primitive is in some way preserved by means of the separation with which the vowelsoaare pronounced (see “Vowel”, page 5)↑5But if the primitive ismapulá, the diminutive will bemapulapula, as will be noted later.↑6In some places in Leyte and Samar, this particle ishi, notha, where it is saidhibobò, hilipot, hilabà, hitáas.But, in my opinion, it is simply a result of confounding the particlemawhich is more proper for adjectives as it bears the idea of abundance, with the personal articlehiwith which it is thus intended to personify the abstract ideas ofbobò, lipat, labà, táas.↑7It has also the regular form “halabáay”.↑8This is a metathesis of “dacoalay”, by the transposition of the liquid consonantl; and thislin “dacoalay” has been substituted, for phonetical reason, for theyof “dacoayay”, which is the diminutive of “dacoay” not used.↑9It seems that this diminutive is the contraction of “gutiaynya durò”; it is not strictly a diminutve, it is a superlative.↑10Transformed frombobonbòbon.↑11We do not writecan-on,because it is a contraction ofcaran’on, which is also contracted fromcaraonón.↑12See “Comparative” and “Collective”,infra.↑13The lastuis not a vowel properly; it should be the consonantw. See notes on pages 1 and 5 of this book.↑14It also means anxiety for dancing. So fromisóg(to enrage), it is said: “daco it ac isogón” (contracted fromirisogón), my rage is great.↑15The second syllable of the combined prefix is sometimes doubled to make the sentence more emphatic.↑16Interfixis there used to designate the particle placed within a word.↑17Such is the name of the present capital of the province of Leyte. According to a tradition, this name originated from the fact that before the town was formed, a point of the eastern coast of its present site was known as a place where fishes were taken from the sea by a bamboo instrument, like a cover calledtaclob.↑18It is the name of one of the most important towns in Leyte, located on the eastern coast of said island. Also according to a tradition, in the southwestern part of the present site of that town, before the town was built, there was a large tall tree, from whose prominent branches the people used to watch (tan-ao) the Moros from Sulu, when invading the coasts of Leyte.—The lastoof thistan-aois properly the consonatw.↑19Fromlolodhananfromlolohodanan, where theóis suppressed, and thehandd, transposed, for phonetical reasons.↑20As when we say: “macaoncaón iní ng̃a bayábas” (this guava is inviting). The idea of fondness sometimes takes the same form, as“macaoncaón ini ng̃a sorogóon”(this servant is fond of eating surreptitiously). This form is also used for impersonal verbs, as will be seen later, as: “macaoncáon na” (I have appetite already).↑21I say “is”, because this combinationng̃is properly one letter in Bisayan, which should be calledng̃a, as anciently.↑22This is also a verbal ofsapód(to gather).↑23The particlehisometimes with the verbs and especially among the derivative nouns conveys the idea of “payment for”, as when from the verbsbudlay(to tire one’s self),salacáy, (to embark), and the nounsapóy(grandfather or grandmother),púsod(navel), it is said:himudlay(any thing given as in payment of any work);—hinálacay(payment for passage);—hingapóy(a present given to a grandfather or grandmother upon the the marriage of his or her grand daughter under the consideration of the former’s being the grandfather or grandmother of the latter);—himósod(present given to the midwife for cutting and attending to the navel of a new-born child).↑24We use a hyphen in this word on account of the angular accent of the lastoof the first verb.↑25When the brothers or sisters referred to are more than two, then the interfixris used, asmagburugtò.↑26The secondumust be the consonantw.↑27This is the modern way of pronouncing this word. The old way consisted in making two syllables out of this word, and according to that pronounciation, it is writtenDiyos(prouounced Di-yos), notDyos.↑28See “Hi”, under the heading “Verbal”supra.↑29See note 2 on page 20.↑30So we saydolúo-ha-Sulúg, which means a medicinal plant (duláo) from (ha) Sulu (Sulúg).↑31See “an, on” under the heading of “Verbal”, page 15supra.↑32Frompaladan, thedhaving been solved intor.↑33It is believed that the name of one of the towns of Leyte, called by the Spaniards “Burauen” and, by the natives, “Burauón”, has been originated fromburabáron(Contracted and madeBurauón), on account of the fact that there are many fountains in that place. There is no reason why the native name “Burauón” used by the natives until the present time should not be employed for all uses, theuof said word being replaced by thew, if the letters proposed in the note of the first page of this book are adopted.↑34This word does not follow the rule. For phonetical reasons, in its formation anhis used and it is mademaasinhanoncontractedmaasinhoninstead ofmaasinánonwhich is the regular form.↑35The natives, especially the low people pronounceMericáinstead ofAmerica; mericanoinstead of the Spanish “americano” forAmerican.↑36ThenameCalyarâ(native name of the town of Carigara, Leyte) has been probably originated fromCangara(placed of one calledGarâ). A similar explanation might be given for the formation of the namesCalbigàandCalbáyog(towns of Sámar).Besides the particlecanthe pronounhirawas probably used for similar cases. We think that the wordHiraite(Bisayan name of the wordLeyte, applied to a town of the island of the same name) is formed by the said pronounhiráandIte.probably the name of the ancient owners of that place.↑37Manoandmanaare probably a corruption of the Spanish “hermano,” “hermana.”↑38See page 12et seq.of this book.↑39The wordcapin sogóng, uraura,in some localities are replaced by the Spanish wordduro(hard). So they say “duro ca maopay”, maópay ng̃a duro,ormaopay hin duro(very good). It is proper to adopt foreign words when there are not words coresponding in Bisayan, but we do not see why the pure Bisayan words should be forgotten when they are expressive, pure and original. The prepositioncundí(but) is suffering the same fate, by the introduction of the Spanishpero.↑40Instead ofuraura, the wordmasiado, a corruption of the Spanishdemasiado, is much in use. Read the preceeding note.↑41It must be noted that the accent in the superlative is on the last syllable,masiromstróm, while in the dimunitive (which has exactly the same form, except the accent) the accent is upon the pennit,masiromsírom. The meaning is different in the phrasesmasiromsírom pa, andmasiromsirómpa; the first means “it is a dark yet”; the second “it is very dark yet”.↑42The Bisayan cardinal show that the original system of Bisayan people in counting was the decimal. Sonapulois a compound word fromna(made) andpulò(pile, island).Napulomeans “one pile made”, wherefrom the decimal system clearly shows.↑43This wordcag(and) is used in the island of Panay, but not in Sámar or Leyte wherengan, ugare employed for the said conjunction.In the southern part of Leyte it is said:napala ug osá.↑44A collective noun formed by the prefixcaand the primitiveduhawhosedis transformed intor, and by the affixan. It means the reunion of two piles.↑45There seems to be no doubt that this wordribohas the same origin as the Tagalog “libo”; but each one has a different meaning: while the Bisayanlibomeansten thousand, the Tagaloglibomeans onlyone thousand. To expressten thousand, the Tagalogs have the wordlacsá.↑46This word may have been derived fromlagtucwhich means the swelling of a thing due to dampness, humidity, or water.↑47Anonomatopoeticword bearing the idea oflittleness.↑48Anonomatopoeticword meaning a thing that makes noise (caradul).↑49As it will be seen later there are despective verbs, as; oflacat(to walk)laag; ofyacán(to talk),yaquimbot.↑50See page 31 of this book.↑51These nouns are originated, in our opinion, from Spanish. See the note on pape 31.supra.↑52We also believe that these nouns are Spanish.↑53See “Collective,”supra.↑54This is the origin of “Borong̃an” a town on the eastern coast of the island of Samar, on account of the fact that during certain epoch of the year, that place is more or less covered with fog.↑55See “Vowels”, page 5 of this book.↑56See “Rule”, page 3 of this book.↑57However, the correct and proper form is the first,Panalaron, a verbal derived frompanalada plural infinitive of the verbpagsáladwhich means “to sound”. The said suburb of Tacloban, it is believed took this name from the fact that, anciently, the people usedto sound (panálad)in such place which was then covered by the sea.↑58Quitameans “we”, the listener included;camímeans “we”, the listener excluded.↑59Only used after the verb.↑60Hiyáandsiyáare the same. See the note 2 on page 7 of this book. The same may be said abouthiráandsirá.↑61Contracted fromni(of) andácon(mine).↑62Contracted fromdaandácon. This particledais used in some places as equivalent to the prepositionhaor the contractionhan. So in Carigata, Leyte, they saydahani(at old times), instead ofhanhaníused in Tacloban and other towns of Leyte. The formsdamon, daton, dimo, diyo, diya, dirahave the same explanation.↑63Quitais frequently used for “acó”, as when we saytagui quitá hin salapî, (give me money), instead oftagui aco hin salapî.↑64See “Personal pronouns” page 47.↑65See the note 2 on page 7. We use apostrophe and not hyphen, becausehin’o, sin’oare contracted fromhi anoandsi ano.↑66However in this form in which the substantiveprecedes the adjectivethe suppression ofng̃aispermissiblein poetry.↑67This is another irregularity of the pronounquita. Here it is equivalent tonimo; but this last form is inadmissible in such phrase,natonbeing the special pronoun for the same.↑68In Dulag and other places of Leyte, this word is pronounceddidínhi.↑69See “Other classes of verbs”,infra.↑70See “PotentialForm”,infra.↑71In Basay, Sámar themis frequently suppressed, the first vowel becoming long on account of said suppression. So they say there:sínurat, ínabot.↑72This form is taken from thesubjunctive, as in the Spanish language.↑ab73In the towns of Dúlag, Burauen, and Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, these forms are always contracted, the first syllable of the verb so formed becoming long on account of the said contraction. Thus it is said in the mentioned places:nágsuratinstead ofnagsúsurat.↑abc74See the note on page 65.↑75See the note on page 63.↑76See page 65et. seq.↑77It is not doubled some places, See note on page 65.↑78See page 64et seq.↑79It is not doubled some localities. See note on page 65.↑80See page 61.↑81See page 65.↑82See page 68.↑83See page 62et seq.↑84See page 68.↑85See page 69.↑86The translation made in those conjugations isliteral. We try to express in English the exact idea contained in these forms.↑87See note on page 65.↑88See page 70et seq.↑89See page 71.↑90Page 61 of this book.↑91The future of this form is the same as in the regular Tagalog form, where it is saidsusulat aco(I shall write),bucas aco susulat(tomorrow I shall write).↑92See page 61.↑93In Dúlag and other places of Leyte, the accent is transposed to the penult. So it is said:dididâ, etc.↑94See the page 10.↑ab95This conjunction is seldom used, at present, for the disjunctiveor. The Englishorand the Spanishoaredifficult totranslateinto Bisayan withcun. For this reason the Spanishois frequently employed in Bisayan, as well as in Tagalog for the Englishor.↑96It also conveys the idea of “Saying”, as in the example:nasiring an catsila, ngalaong: “págame”,abitapa: “bayari acó”.↑97There is another, viz:susmaryoseporsusmarosèpthe corrupted Spanish “Jesús, María y José”.↑
1We do not write “Dios”, because it would be pronouncedDi-os.—See “Vowels”,supra.↑2The use ofsinstead of theh, in these articles, depends upon the place where Bisayan is spoken. In the towns of Burawen, Dúlag and Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, and in some places in Sámar, thehis never used, but thesinstead for these articles. Generally, it is considered more solemn to use thesinstead of theh, in speeches, letters and poetry. But many times it is considered as a ridiculous affectation, in places where thehis used.It will be noted that, in some instances, the Bisayan people show a tendency to change the aspirate sound of theh, or soft sound of the Spanishj, intos. So in olden times, the nameJuanwas pronouncedSuan;Jueveswas pronouncedSuebes; and from the Spanishjugar, they made the Bisayan wordsugal, which is still in use.↑3See “Contractions”,supra. As it is seen, themis for ma. This contraction shows exactly the way in which the Bisayan original letters were used. It is simply the ancient way of writing preserved after the adoption of the Spanish letters.↑4This diminutive as well as the preceding does not need to be accented with grave and angular accent, as originally, first, because such accents are onlv used at the ending of the words (see the rule, page 3), and second, because the suspended guttural suund of the last vowel of its primitive is in some way preserved by means of the separation with which the vowelsoaare pronounced (see “Vowel”, page 5)↑5But if the primitive ismapulá, the diminutive will bemapulapula, as will be noted later.↑6In some places in Leyte and Samar, this particle ishi, notha, where it is saidhibobò, hilipot, hilabà, hitáas.But, in my opinion, it is simply a result of confounding the particlemawhich is more proper for adjectives as it bears the idea of abundance, with the personal articlehiwith which it is thus intended to personify the abstract ideas ofbobò, lipat, labà, táas.↑7It has also the regular form “halabáay”.↑8This is a metathesis of “dacoalay”, by the transposition of the liquid consonantl; and thislin “dacoalay” has been substituted, for phonetical reason, for theyof “dacoayay”, which is the diminutive of “dacoay” not used.↑9It seems that this diminutive is the contraction of “gutiaynya durò”; it is not strictly a diminutve, it is a superlative.↑10Transformed frombobonbòbon.↑11We do not writecan-on,because it is a contraction ofcaran’on, which is also contracted fromcaraonón.↑12See “Comparative” and “Collective”,infra.↑13The lastuis not a vowel properly; it should be the consonantw. See notes on pages 1 and 5 of this book.↑14It also means anxiety for dancing. So fromisóg(to enrage), it is said: “daco it ac isogón” (contracted fromirisogón), my rage is great.↑15The second syllable of the combined prefix is sometimes doubled to make the sentence more emphatic.↑16Interfixis there used to designate the particle placed within a word.↑17Such is the name of the present capital of the province of Leyte. According to a tradition, this name originated from the fact that before the town was formed, a point of the eastern coast of its present site was known as a place where fishes were taken from the sea by a bamboo instrument, like a cover calledtaclob.↑18It is the name of one of the most important towns in Leyte, located on the eastern coast of said island. Also according to a tradition, in the southwestern part of the present site of that town, before the town was built, there was a large tall tree, from whose prominent branches the people used to watch (tan-ao) the Moros from Sulu, when invading the coasts of Leyte.—The lastoof thistan-aois properly the consonatw.↑19Fromlolodhananfromlolohodanan, where theóis suppressed, and thehandd, transposed, for phonetical reasons.↑20As when we say: “macaoncaón iní ng̃a bayábas” (this guava is inviting). The idea of fondness sometimes takes the same form, as“macaoncaón ini ng̃a sorogóon”(this servant is fond of eating surreptitiously). This form is also used for impersonal verbs, as will be seen later, as: “macaoncáon na” (I have appetite already).↑21I say “is”, because this combinationng̃is properly one letter in Bisayan, which should be calledng̃a, as anciently.↑22This is also a verbal ofsapód(to gather).↑23The particlehisometimes with the verbs and especially among the derivative nouns conveys the idea of “payment for”, as when from the verbsbudlay(to tire one’s self),salacáy, (to embark), and the nounsapóy(grandfather or grandmother),púsod(navel), it is said:himudlay(any thing given as in payment of any work);—hinálacay(payment for passage);—hingapóy(a present given to a grandfather or grandmother upon the the marriage of his or her grand daughter under the consideration of the former’s being the grandfather or grandmother of the latter);—himósod(present given to the midwife for cutting and attending to the navel of a new-born child).↑24We use a hyphen in this word on account of the angular accent of the lastoof the first verb.↑25When the brothers or sisters referred to are more than two, then the interfixris used, asmagburugtò.↑26The secondumust be the consonantw.↑27This is the modern way of pronouncing this word. The old way consisted in making two syllables out of this word, and according to that pronounciation, it is writtenDiyos(prouounced Di-yos), notDyos.↑28See “Hi”, under the heading “Verbal”supra.↑29See note 2 on page 20.↑30So we saydolúo-ha-Sulúg, which means a medicinal plant (duláo) from (ha) Sulu (Sulúg).↑31See “an, on” under the heading of “Verbal”, page 15supra.↑32Frompaladan, thedhaving been solved intor.↑33It is believed that the name of one of the towns of Leyte, called by the Spaniards “Burauen” and, by the natives, “Burauón”, has been originated fromburabáron(Contracted and madeBurauón), on account of the fact that there are many fountains in that place. There is no reason why the native name “Burauón” used by the natives until the present time should not be employed for all uses, theuof said word being replaced by thew, if the letters proposed in the note of the first page of this book are adopted.↑34This word does not follow the rule. For phonetical reasons, in its formation anhis used and it is mademaasinhanoncontractedmaasinhoninstead ofmaasinánonwhich is the regular form.↑35The natives, especially the low people pronounceMericáinstead ofAmerica; mericanoinstead of the Spanish “americano” forAmerican.↑36ThenameCalyarâ(native name of the town of Carigara, Leyte) has been probably originated fromCangara(placed of one calledGarâ). A similar explanation might be given for the formation of the namesCalbigàandCalbáyog(towns of Sámar).Besides the particlecanthe pronounhirawas probably used for similar cases. We think that the wordHiraite(Bisayan name of the wordLeyte, applied to a town of the island of the same name) is formed by the said pronounhiráandIte.probably the name of the ancient owners of that place.↑37Manoandmanaare probably a corruption of the Spanish “hermano,” “hermana.”↑38See page 12et seq.of this book.↑39The wordcapin sogóng, uraura,in some localities are replaced by the Spanish wordduro(hard). So they say “duro ca maopay”, maópay ng̃a duro,ormaopay hin duro(very good). It is proper to adopt foreign words when there are not words coresponding in Bisayan, but we do not see why the pure Bisayan words should be forgotten when they are expressive, pure and original. The prepositioncundí(but) is suffering the same fate, by the introduction of the Spanishpero.↑40Instead ofuraura, the wordmasiado, a corruption of the Spanishdemasiado, is much in use. Read the preceeding note.↑41It must be noted that the accent in the superlative is on the last syllable,masiromstróm, while in the dimunitive (which has exactly the same form, except the accent) the accent is upon the pennit,masiromsírom. The meaning is different in the phrasesmasiromsírom pa, andmasiromsirómpa; the first means “it is a dark yet”; the second “it is very dark yet”.↑42The Bisayan cardinal show that the original system of Bisayan people in counting was the decimal. Sonapulois a compound word fromna(made) andpulò(pile, island).Napulomeans “one pile made”, wherefrom the decimal system clearly shows.↑43This wordcag(and) is used in the island of Panay, but not in Sámar or Leyte wherengan, ugare employed for the said conjunction.In the southern part of Leyte it is said:napala ug osá.↑44A collective noun formed by the prefixcaand the primitiveduhawhosedis transformed intor, and by the affixan. It means the reunion of two piles.↑45There seems to be no doubt that this wordribohas the same origin as the Tagalog “libo”; but each one has a different meaning: while the Bisayanlibomeansten thousand, the Tagaloglibomeans onlyone thousand. To expressten thousand, the Tagalogs have the wordlacsá.↑46This word may have been derived fromlagtucwhich means the swelling of a thing due to dampness, humidity, or water.↑47Anonomatopoeticword bearing the idea oflittleness.↑48Anonomatopoeticword meaning a thing that makes noise (caradul).↑49As it will be seen later there are despective verbs, as; oflacat(to walk)laag; ofyacán(to talk),yaquimbot.↑50See page 31 of this book.↑51These nouns are originated, in our opinion, from Spanish. See the note on pape 31.supra.↑52We also believe that these nouns are Spanish.↑53See “Collective,”supra.↑54This is the origin of “Borong̃an” a town on the eastern coast of the island of Samar, on account of the fact that during certain epoch of the year, that place is more or less covered with fog.↑55See “Vowels”, page 5 of this book.↑56See “Rule”, page 3 of this book.↑57However, the correct and proper form is the first,Panalaron, a verbal derived frompanalada plural infinitive of the verbpagsáladwhich means “to sound”. The said suburb of Tacloban, it is believed took this name from the fact that, anciently, the people usedto sound (panálad)in such place which was then covered by the sea.↑58Quitameans “we”, the listener included;camímeans “we”, the listener excluded.↑59Only used after the verb.↑60Hiyáandsiyáare the same. See the note 2 on page 7 of this book. The same may be said abouthiráandsirá.↑61Contracted fromni(of) andácon(mine).↑62Contracted fromdaandácon. This particledais used in some places as equivalent to the prepositionhaor the contractionhan. So in Carigata, Leyte, they saydahani(at old times), instead ofhanhaníused in Tacloban and other towns of Leyte. The formsdamon, daton, dimo, diyo, diya, dirahave the same explanation.↑63Quitais frequently used for “acó”, as when we saytagui quitá hin salapî, (give me money), instead oftagui aco hin salapî.↑64See “Personal pronouns” page 47.↑65See the note 2 on page 7. We use apostrophe and not hyphen, becausehin’o, sin’oare contracted fromhi anoandsi ano.↑66However in this form in which the substantiveprecedes the adjectivethe suppression ofng̃aispermissiblein poetry.↑67This is another irregularity of the pronounquita. Here it is equivalent tonimo; but this last form is inadmissible in such phrase,natonbeing the special pronoun for the same.↑68In Dulag and other places of Leyte, this word is pronounceddidínhi.↑69See “Other classes of verbs”,infra.↑70See “PotentialForm”,infra.↑71In Basay, Sámar themis frequently suppressed, the first vowel becoming long on account of said suppression. So they say there:sínurat, ínabot.↑72This form is taken from thesubjunctive, as in the Spanish language.↑ab73In the towns of Dúlag, Burauen, and Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, these forms are always contracted, the first syllable of the verb so formed becoming long on account of the said contraction. Thus it is said in the mentioned places:nágsuratinstead ofnagsúsurat.↑abc74See the note on page 65.↑75See the note on page 63.↑76See page 65et. seq.↑77It is not doubled some places, See note on page 65.↑78See page 64et seq.↑79It is not doubled some localities. See note on page 65.↑80See page 61.↑81See page 65.↑82See page 68.↑83See page 62et seq.↑84See page 68.↑85See page 69.↑86The translation made in those conjugations isliteral. We try to express in English the exact idea contained in these forms.↑87See note on page 65.↑88See page 70et seq.↑89See page 71.↑90Page 61 of this book.↑91The future of this form is the same as in the regular Tagalog form, where it is saidsusulat aco(I shall write),bucas aco susulat(tomorrow I shall write).↑92See page 61.↑93In Dúlag and other places of Leyte, the accent is transposed to the penult. So it is said:dididâ, etc.↑94See the page 10.↑ab95This conjunction is seldom used, at present, for the disjunctiveor. The Englishorand the Spanishoaredifficult totranslateinto Bisayan withcun. For this reason the Spanishois frequently employed in Bisayan, as well as in Tagalog for the Englishor.↑96It also conveys the idea of “Saying”, as in the example:nasiring an catsila, ngalaong: “págame”,abitapa: “bayari acó”.↑97There is another, viz:susmaryoseporsusmarosèpthe corrupted Spanish “Jesús, María y José”.↑
1We do not write “Dios”, because it would be pronouncedDi-os.—See “Vowels”,supra.↑2The use ofsinstead of theh, in these articles, depends upon the place where Bisayan is spoken. In the towns of Burawen, Dúlag and Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, and in some places in Sámar, thehis never used, but thesinstead for these articles. Generally, it is considered more solemn to use thesinstead of theh, in speeches, letters and poetry. But many times it is considered as a ridiculous affectation, in places where thehis used.It will be noted that, in some instances, the Bisayan people show a tendency to change the aspirate sound of theh, or soft sound of the Spanishj, intos. So in olden times, the nameJuanwas pronouncedSuan;Jueveswas pronouncedSuebes; and from the Spanishjugar, they made the Bisayan wordsugal, which is still in use.↑3See “Contractions”,supra. As it is seen, themis for ma. This contraction shows exactly the way in which the Bisayan original letters were used. It is simply the ancient way of writing preserved after the adoption of the Spanish letters.↑4This diminutive as well as the preceding does not need to be accented with grave and angular accent, as originally, first, because such accents are onlv used at the ending of the words (see the rule, page 3), and second, because the suspended guttural suund of the last vowel of its primitive is in some way preserved by means of the separation with which the vowelsoaare pronounced (see “Vowel”, page 5)↑5But if the primitive ismapulá, the diminutive will bemapulapula, as will be noted later.↑6In some places in Leyte and Samar, this particle ishi, notha, where it is saidhibobò, hilipot, hilabà, hitáas.But, in my opinion, it is simply a result of confounding the particlemawhich is more proper for adjectives as it bears the idea of abundance, with the personal articlehiwith which it is thus intended to personify the abstract ideas ofbobò, lipat, labà, táas.↑7It has also the regular form “halabáay”.↑8This is a metathesis of “dacoalay”, by the transposition of the liquid consonantl; and thislin “dacoalay” has been substituted, for phonetical reason, for theyof “dacoayay”, which is the diminutive of “dacoay” not used.↑9It seems that this diminutive is the contraction of “gutiaynya durò”; it is not strictly a diminutve, it is a superlative.↑10Transformed frombobonbòbon.↑11We do not writecan-on,because it is a contraction ofcaran’on, which is also contracted fromcaraonón.↑12See “Comparative” and “Collective”,infra.↑13The lastuis not a vowel properly; it should be the consonantw. See notes on pages 1 and 5 of this book.↑14It also means anxiety for dancing. So fromisóg(to enrage), it is said: “daco it ac isogón” (contracted fromirisogón), my rage is great.↑15The second syllable of the combined prefix is sometimes doubled to make the sentence more emphatic.↑16Interfixis there used to designate the particle placed within a word.↑17Such is the name of the present capital of the province of Leyte. According to a tradition, this name originated from the fact that before the town was formed, a point of the eastern coast of its present site was known as a place where fishes were taken from the sea by a bamboo instrument, like a cover calledtaclob.↑18It is the name of one of the most important towns in Leyte, located on the eastern coast of said island. Also according to a tradition, in the southwestern part of the present site of that town, before the town was built, there was a large tall tree, from whose prominent branches the people used to watch (tan-ao) the Moros from Sulu, when invading the coasts of Leyte.—The lastoof thistan-aois properly the consonatw.↑19Fromlolodhananfromlolohodanan, where theóis suppressed, and thehandd, transposed, for phonetical reasons.↑20As when we say: “macaoncaón iní ng̃a bayábas” (this guava is inviting). The idea of fondness sometimes takes the same form, as“macaoncaón ini ng̃a sorogóon”(this servant is fond of eating surreptitiously). This form is also used for impersonal verbs, as will be seen later, as: “macaoncáon na” (I have appetite already).↑21I say “is”, because this combinationng̃is properly one letter in Bisayan, which should be calledng̃a, as anciently.↑22This is also a verbal ofsapód(to gather).↑23The particlehisometimes with the verbs and especially among the derivative nouns conveys the idea of “payment for”, as when from the verbsbudlay(to tire one’s self),salacáy, (to embark), and the nounsapóy(grandfather or grandmother),púsod(navel), it is said:himudlay(any thing given as in payment of any work);—hinálacay(payment for passage);—hingapóy(a present given to a grandfather or grandmother upon the the marriage of his or her grand daughter under the consideration of the former’s being the grandfather or grandmother of the latter);—himósod(present given to the midwife for cutting and attending to the navel of a new-born child).↑24We use a hyphen in this word on account of the angular accent of the lastoof the first verb.↑25When the brothers or sisters referred to are more than two, then the interfixris used, asmagburugtò.↑26The secondumust be the consonantw.↑27This is the modern way of pronouncing this word. The old way consisted in making two syllables out of this word, and according to that pronounciation, it is writtenDiyos(prouounced Di-yos), notDyos.↑28See “Hi”, under the heading “Verbal”supra.↑29See note 2 on page 20.↑30So we saydolúo-ha-Sulúg, which means a medicinal plant (duláo) from (ha) Sulu (Sulúg).↑31See “an, on” under the heading of “Verbal”, page 15supra.↑32Frompaladan, thedhaving been solved intor.↑33It is believed that the name of one of the towns of Leyte, called by the Spaniards “Burauen” and, by the natives, “Burauón”, has been originated fromburabáron(Contracted and madeBurauón), on account of the fact that there are many fountains in that place. There is no reason why the native name “Burauón” used by the natives until the present time should not be employed for all uses, theuof said word being replaced by thew, if the letters proposed in the note of the first page of this book are adopted.↑34This word does not follow the rule. For phonetical reasons, in its formation anhis used and it is mademaasinhanoncontractedmaasinhoninstead ofmaasinánonwhich is the regular form.↑35The natives, especially the low people pronounceMericáinstead ofAmerica; mericanoinstead of the Spanish “americano” forAmerican.↑36ThenameCalyarâ(native name of the town of Carigara, Leyte) has been probably originated fromCangara(placed of one calledGarâ). A similar explanation might be given for the formation of the namesCalbigàandCalbáyog(towns of Sámar).Besides the particlecanthe pronounhirawas probably used for similar cases. We think that the wordHiraite(Bisayan name of the wordLeyte, applied to a town of the island of the same name) is formed by the said pronounhiráandIte.probably the name of the ancient owners of that place.↑37Manoandmanaare probably a corruption of the Spanish “hermano,” “hermana.”↑38See page 12et seq.of this book.↑39The wordcapin sogóng, uraura,in some localities are replaced by the Spanish wordduro(hard). So they say “duro ca maopay”, maópay ng̃a duro,ormaopay hin duro(very good). It is proper to adopt foreign words when there are not words coresponding in Bisayan, but we do not see why the pure Bisayan words should be forgotten when they are expressive, pure and original. The prepositioncundí(but) is suffering the same fate, by the introduction of the Spanishpero.↑40Instead ofuraura, the wordmasiado, a corruption of the Spanishdemasiado, is much in use. Read the preceeding note.↑41It must be noted that the accent in the superlative is on the last syllable,masiromstróm, while in the dimunitive (which has exactly the same form, except the accent) the accent is upon the pennit,masiromsírom. The meaning is different in the phrasesmasiromsírom pa, andmasiromsirómpa; the first means “it is a dark yet”; the second “it is very dark yet”.↑42The Bisayan cardinal show that the original system of Bisayan people in counting was the decimal. Sonapulois a compound word fromna(made) andpulò(pile, island).Napulomeans “one pile made”, wherefrom the decimal system clearly shows.↑43This wordcag(and) is used in the island of Panay, but not in Sámar or Leyte wherengan, ugare employed for the said conjunction.In the southern part of Leyte it is said:napala ug osá.↑44A collective noun formed by the prefixcaand the primitiveduhawhosedis transformed intor, and by the affixan. It means the reunion of two piles.↑45There seems to be no doubt that this wordribohas the same origin as the Tagalog “libo”; but each one has a different meaning: while the Bisayanlibomeansten thousand, the Tagaloglibomeans onlyone thousand. To expressten thousand, the Tagalogs have the wordlacsá.↑46This word may have been derived fromlagtucwhich means the swelling of a thing due to dampness, humidity, or water.↑47Anonomatopoeticword bearing the idea oflittleness.↑48Anonomatopoeticword meaning a thing that makes noise (caradul).↑49As it will be seen later there are despective verbs, as; oflacat(to walk)laag; ofyacán(to talk),yaquimbot.↑50See page 31 of this book.↑51These nouns are originated, in our opinion, from Spanish. See the note on pape 31.supra.↑52We also believe that these nouns are Spanish.↑53See “Collective,”supra.↑54This is the origin of “Borong̃an” a town on the eastern coast of the island of Samar, on account of the fact that during certain epoch of the year, that place is more or less covered with fog.↑55See “Vowels”, page 5 of this book.↑56See “Rule”, page 3 of this book.↑57However, the correct and proper form is the first,Panalaron, a verbal derived frompanalada plural infinitive of the verbpagsáladwhich means “to sound”. The said suburb of Tacloban, it is believed took this name from the fact that, anciently, the people usedto sound (panálad)in such place which was then covered by the sea.↑58Quitameans “we”, the listener included;camímeans “we”, the listener excluded.↑59Only used after the verb.↑60Hiyáandsiyáare the same. See the note 2 on page 7 of this book. The same may be said abouthiráandsirá.↑61Contracted fromni(of) andácon(mine).↑62Contracted fromdaandácon. This particledais used in some places as equivalent to the prepositionhaor the contractionhan. So in Carigata, Leyte, they saydahani(at old times), instead ofhanhaníused in Tacloban and other towns of Leyte. The formsdamon, daton, dimo, diyo, diya, dirahave the same explanation.↑63Quitais frequently used for “acó”, as when we saytagui quitá hin salapî, (give me money), instead oftagui aco hin salapî.↑64See “Personal pronouns” page 47.↑65See the note 2 on page 7. We use apostrophe and not hyphen, becausehin’o, sin’oare contracted fromhi anoandsi ano.↑66However in this form in which the substantiveprecedes the adjectivethe suppression ofng̃aispermissiblein poetry.↑67This is another irregularity of the pronounquita. Here it is equivalent tonimo; but this last form is inadmissible in such phrase,natonbeing the special pronoun for the same.↑68In Dulag and other places of Leyte, this word is pronounceddidínhi.↑69See “Other classes of verbs”,infra.↑70See “PotentialForm”,infra.↑71In Basay, Sámar themis frequently suppressed, the first vowel becoming long on account of said suppression. So they say there:sínurat, ínabot.↑72This form is taken from thesubjunctive, as in the Spanish language.↑ab73In the towns of Dúlag, Burauen, and Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, these forms are always contracted, the first syllable of the verb so formed becoming long on account of the said contraction. Thus it is said in the mentioned places:nágsuratinstead ofnagsúsurat.↑abc74See the note on page 65.↑75See the note on page 63.↑76See page 65et. seq.↑77It is not doubled some places, See note on page 65.↑78See page 64et seq.↑79It is not doubled some localities. See note on page 65.↑80See page 61.↑81See page 65.↑82See page 68.↑83See page 62et seq.↑84See page 68.↑85See page 69.↑86The translation made in those conjugations isliteral. We try to express in English the exact idea contained in these forms.↑87See note on page 65.↑88See page 70et seq.↑89See page 71.↑90Page 61 of this book.↑91The future of this form is the same as in the regular Tagalog form, where it is saidsusulat aco(I shall write),bucas aco susulat(tomorrow I shall write).↑92See page 61.↑93In Dúlag and other places of Leyte, the accent is transposed to the penult. So it is said:dididâ, etc.↑94See the page 10.↑ab95This conjunction is seldom used, at present, for the disjunctiveor. The Englishorand the Spanishoaredifficult totranslateinto Bisayan withcun. For this reason the Spanishois frequently employed in Bisayan, as well as in Tagalog for the Englishor.↑96It also conveys the idea of “Saying”, as in the example:nasiring an catsila, ngalaong: “págame”,abitapa: “bayari acó”.↑97There is another, viz:susmaryoseporsusmarosèpthe corrupted Spanish “Jesús, María y José”.↑
1We do not write “Dios”, because it would be pronouncedDi-os.—See “Vowels”,supra.↑2The use ofsinstead of theh, in these articles, depends upon the place where Bisayan is spoken. In the towns of Burawen, Dúlag and Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, and in some places in Sámar, thehis never used, but thesinstead for these articles. Generally, it is considered more solemn to use thesinstead of theh, in speeches, letters and poetry. But many times it is considered as a ridiculous affectation, in places where thehis used.It will be noted that, in some instances, the Bisayan people show a tendency to change the aspirate sound of theh, or soft sound of the Spanishj, intos. So in olden times, the nameJuanwas pronouncedSuan;Jueveswas pronouncedSuebes; and from the Spanishjugar, they made the Bisayan wordsugal, which is still in use.↑3See “Contractions”,supra. As it is seen, themis for ma. This contraction shows exactly the way in which the Bisayan original letters were used. It is simply the ancient way of writing preserved after the adoption of the Spanish letters.↑4This diminutive as well as the preceding does not need to be accented with grave and angular accent, as originally, first, because such accents are onlv used at the ending of the words (see the rule, page 3), and second, because the suspended guttural suund of the last vowel of its primitive is in some way preserved by means of the separation with which the vowelsoaare pronounced (see “Vowel”, page 5)↑5But if the primitive ismapulá, the diminutive will bemapulapula, as will be noted later.↑6In some places in Leyte and Samar, this particle ishi, notha, where it is saidhibobò, hilipot, hilabà, hitáas.But, in my opinion, it is simply a result of confounding the particlemawhich is more proper for adjectives as it bears the idea of abundance, with the personal articlehiwith which it is thus intended to personify the abstract ideas ofbobò, lipat, labà, táas.↑7It has also the regular form “halabáay”.↑8This is a metathesis of “dacoalay”, by the transposition of the liquid consonantl; and thislin “dacoalay” has been substituted, for phonetical reason, for theyof “dacoayay”, which is the diminutive of “dacoay” not used.↑9It seems that this diminutive is the contraction of “gutiaynya durò”; it is not strictly a diminutve, it is a superlative.↑10Transformed frombobonbòbon.↑11We do not writecan-on,because it is a contraction ofcaran’on, which is also contracted fromcaraonón.↑12See “Comparative” and “Collective”,infra.↑13The lastuis not a vowel properly; it should be the consonantw. See notes on pages 1 and 5 of this book.↑14It also means anxiety for dancing. So fromisóg(to enrage), it is said: “daco it ac isogón” (contracted fromirisogón), my rage is great.↑15The second syllable of the combined prefix is sometimes doubled to make the sentence more emphatic.↑16Interfixis there used to designate the particle placed within a word.↑17Such is the name of the present capital of the province of Leyte. According to a tradition, this name originated from the fact that before the town was formed, a point of the eastern coast of its present site was known as a place where fishes were taken from the sea by a bamboo instrument, like a cover calledtaclob.↑18It is the name of one of the most important towns in Leyte, located on the eastern coast of said island. Also according to a tradition, in the southwestern part of the present site of that town, before the town was built, there was a large tall tree, from whose prominent branches the people used to watch (tan-ao) the Moros from Sulu, when invading the coasts of Leyte.—The lastoof thistan-aois properly the consonatw.↑19Fromlolodhananfromlolohodanan, where theóis suppressed, and thehandd, transposed, for phonetical reasons.↑20As when we say: “macaoncaón iní ng̃a bayábas” (this guava is inviting). The idea of fondness sometimes takes the same form, as“macaoncaón ini ng̃a sorogóon”(this servant is fond of eating surreptitiously). This form is also used for impersonal verbs, as will be seen later, as: “macaoncáon na” (I have appetite already).↑21I say “is”, because this combinationng̃is properly one letter in Bisayan, which should be calledng̃a, as anciently.↑22This is also a verbal ofsapód(to gather).↑23The particlehisometimes with the verbs and especially among the derivative nouns conveys the idea of “payment for”, as when from the verbsbudlay(to tire one’s self),salacáy, (to embark), and the nounsapóy(grandfather or grandmother),púsod(navel), it is said:himudlay(any thing given as in payment of any work);—hinálacay(payment for passage);—hingapóy(a present given to a grandfather or grandmother upon the the marriage of his or her grand daughter under the consideration of the former’s being the grandfather or grandmother of the latter);—himósod(present given to the midwife for cutting and attending to the navel of a new-born child).↑24We use a hyphen in this word on account of the angular accent of the lastoof the first verb.↑25When the brothers or sisters referred to are more than two, then the interfixris used, asmagburugtò.↑26The secondumust be the consonantw.↑27This is the modern way of pronouncing this word. The old way consisted in making two syllables out of this word, and according to that pronounciation, it is writtenDiyos(prouounced Di-yos), notDyos.↑28See “Hi”, under the heading “Verbal”supra.↑29See note 2 on page 20.↑30So we saydolúo-ha-Sulúg, which means a medicinal plant (duláo) from (ha) Sulu (Sulúg).↑31See “an, on” under the heading of “Verbal”, page 15supra.↑32Frompaladan, thedhaving been solved intor.↑33It is believed that the name of one of the towns of Leyte, called by the Spaniards “Burauen” and, by the natives, “Burauón”, has been originated fromburabáron(Contracted and madeBurauón), on account of the fact that there are many fountains in that place. There is no reason why the native name “Burauón” used by the natives until the present time should not be employed for all uses, theuof said word being replaced by thew, if the letters proposed in the note of the first page of this book are adopted.↑34This word does not follow the rule. For phonetical reasons, in its formation anhis used and it is mademaasinhanoncontractedmaasinhoninstead ofmaasinánonwhich is the regular form.↑35The natives, especially the low people pronounceMericáinstead ofAmerica; mericanoinstead of the Spanish “americano” forAmerican.↑36ThenameCalyarâ(native name of the town of Carigara, Leyte) has been probably originated fromCangara(placed of one calledGarâ). A similar explanation might be given for the formation of the namesCalbigàandCalbáyog(towns of Sámar).Besides the particlecanthe pronounhirawas probably used for similar cases. We think that the wordHiraite(Bisayan name of the wordLeyte, applied to a town of the island of the same name) is formed by the said pronounhiráandIte.probably the name of the ancient owners of that place.↑37Manoandmanaare probably a corruption of the Spanish “hermano,” “hermana.”↑38See page 12et seq.of this book.↑39The wordcapin sogóng, uraura,in some localities are replaced by the Spanish wordduro(hard). So they say “duro ca maopay”, maópay ng̃a duro,ormaopay hin duro(very good). It is proper to adopt foreign words when there are not words coresponding in Bisayan, but we do not see why the pure Bisayan words should be forgotten when they are expressive, pure and original. The prepositioncundí(but) is suffering the same fate, by the introduction of the Spanishpero.↑40Instead ofuraura, the wordmasiado, a corruption of the Spanishdemasiado, is much in use. Read the preceeding note.↑41It must be noted that the accent in the superlative is on the last syllable,masiromstróm, while in the dimunitive (which has exactly the same form, except the accent) the accent is upon the pennit,masiromsírom. The meaning is different in the phrasesmasiromsírom pa, andmasiromsirómpa; the first means “it is a dark yet”; the second “it is very dark yet”.↑42The Bisayan cardinal show that the original system of Bisayan people in counting was the decimal. Sonapulois a compound word fromna(made) andpulò(pile, island).Napulomeans “one pile made”, wherefrom the decimal system clearly shows.↑43This wordcag(and) is used in the island of Panay, but not in Sámar or Leyte wherengan, ugare employed for the said conjunction.In the southern part of Leyte it is said:napala ug osá.↑44A collective noun formed by the prefixcaand the primitiveduhawhosedis transformed intor, and by the affixan. It means the reunion of two piles.↑45There seems to be no doubt that this wordribohas the same origin as the Tagalog “libo”; but each one has a different meaning: while the Bisayanlibomeansten thousand, the Tagaloglibomeans onlyone thousand. To expressten thousand, the Tagalogs have the wordlacsá.↑46This word may have been derived fromlagtucwhich means the swelling of a thing due to dampness, humidity, or water.↑47Anonomatopoeticword bearing the idea oflittleness.↑48Anonomatopoeticword meaning a thing that makes noise (caradul).↑49As it will be seen later there are despective verbs, as; oflacat(to walk)laag; ofyacán(to talk),yaquimbot.↑50See page 31 of this book.↑51These nouns are originated, in our opinion, from Spanish. See the note on pape 31.supra.↑52We also believe that these nouns are Spanish.↑53See “Collective,”supra.↑54This is the origin of “Borong̃an” a town on the eastern coast of the island of Samar, on account of the fact that during certain epoch of the year, that place is more or less covered with fog.↑55See “Vowels”, page 5 of this book.↑56See “Rule”, page 3 of this book.↑57However, the correct and proper form is the first,Panalaron, a verbal derived frompanalada plural infinitive of the verbpagsáladwhich means “to sound”. The said suburb of Tacloban, it is believed took this name from the fact that, anciently, the people usedto sound (panálad)in such place which was then covered by the sea.↑58Quitameans “we”, the listener included;camímeans “we”, the listener excluded.↑59Only used after the verb.↑60Hiyáandsiyáare the same. See the note 2 on page 7 of this book. The same may be said abouthiráandsirá.↑61Contracted fromni(of) andácon(mine).↑62Contracted fromdaandácon. This particledais used in some places as equivalent to the prepositionhaor the contractionhan. So in Carigata, Leyte, they saydahani(at old times), instead ofhanhaníused in Tacloban and other towns of Leyte. The formsdamon, daton, dimo, diyo, diya, dirahave the same explanation.↑63Quitais frequently used for “acó”, as when we saytagui quitá hin salapî, (give me money), instead oftagui aco hin salapî.↑64See “Personal pronouns” page 47.↑65See the note 2 on page 7. We use apostrophe and not hyphen, becausehin’o, sin’oare contracted fromhi anoandsi ano.↑66However in this form in which the substantiveprecedes the adjectivethe suppression ofng̃aispermissiblein poetry.↑67This is another irregularity of the pronounquita. Here it is equivalent tonimo; but this last form is inadmissible in such phrase,natonbeing the special pronoun for the same.↑68In Dulag and other places of Leyte, this word is pronounceddidínhi.↑69See “Other classes of verbs”,infra.↑70See “PotentialForm”,infra.↑71In Basay, Sámar themis frequently suppressed, the first vowel becoming long on account of said suppression. So they say there:sínurat, ínabot.↑72This form is taken from thesubjunctive, as in the Spanish language.↑ab73In the towns of Dúlag, Burauen, and Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, these forms are always contracted, the first syllable of the verb so formed becoming long on account of the said contraction. Thus it is said in the mentioned places:nágsuratinstead ofnagsúsurat.↑abc74See the note on page 65.↑75See the note on page 63.↑76See page 65et. seq.↑77It is not doubled some places, See note on page 65.↑78See page 64et seq.↑79It is not doubled some localities. See note on page 65.↑80See page 61.↑81See page 65.↑82See page 68.↑83See page 62et seq.↑84See page 68.↑85See page 69.↑86The translation made in those conjugations isliteral. We try to express in English the exact idea contained in these forms.↑87See note on page 65.↑88See page 70et seq.↑89See page 71.↑90Page 61 of this book.↑91The future of this form is the same as in the regular Tagalog form, where it is saidsusulat aco(I shall write),bucas aco susulat(tomorrow I shall write).↑92See page 61.↑93In Dúlag and other places of Leyte, the accent is transposed to the penult. So it is said:dididâ, etc.↑94See the page 10.↑ab95This conjunction is seldom used, at present, for the disjunctiveor. The Englishorand the Spanishoaredifficult totranslateinto Bisayan withcun. For this reason the Spanishois frequently employed in Bisayan, as well as in Tagalog for the Englishor.↑96It also conveys the idea of “Saying”, as in the example:nasiring an catsila, ngalaong: “págame”,abitapa: “bayari acó”.↑97There is another, viz:susmaryoseporsusmarosèpthe corrupted Spanish “Jesús, María y José”.↑
1We do not write “Dios”, because it would be pronouncedDi-os.—See “Vowels”,supra.↑
1We do not write “Dios”, because it would be pronouncedDi-os.—See “Vowels”,supra.↑
2The use ofsinstead of theh, in these articles, depends upon the place where Bisayan is spoken. In the towns of Burawen, Dúlag and Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, and in some places in Sámar, thehis never used, but thesinstead for these articles. Generally, it is considered more solemn to use thesinstead of theh, in speeches, letters and poetry. But many times it is considered as a ridiculous affectation, in places where thehis used.It will be noted that, in some instances, the Bisayan people show a tendency to change the aspirate sound of theh, or soft sound of the Spanishj, intos. So in olden times, the nameJuanwas pronouncedSuan;Jueveswas pronouncedSuebes; and from the Spanishjugar, they made the Bisayan wordsugal, which is still in use.↑
2The use ofsinstead of theh, in these articles, depends upon the place where Bisayan is spoken. In the towns of Burawen, Dúlag and Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, and in some places in Sámar, thehis never used, but thesinstead for these articles. Generally, it is considered more solemn to use thesinstead of theh, in speeches, letters and poetry. But many times it is considered as a ridiculous affectation, in places where thehis used.
It will be noted that, in some instances, the Bisayan people show a tendency to change the aspirate sound of theh, or soft sound of the Spanishj, intos. So in olden times, the nameJuanwas pronouncedSuan;Jueveswas pronouncedSuebes; and from the Spanishjugar, they made the Bisayan wordsugal, which is still in use.↑
3See “Contractions”,supra. As it is seen, themis for ma. This contraction shows exactly the way in which the Bisayan original letters were used. It is simply the ancient way of writing preserved after the adoption of the Spanish letters.↑
3See “Contractions”,supra. As it is seen, themis for ma. This contraction shows exactly the way in which the Bisayan original letters were used. It is simply the ancient way of writing preserved after the adoption of the Spanish letters.↑
4This diminutive as well as the preceding does not need to be accented with grave and angular accent, as originally, first, because such accents are onlv used at the ending of the words (see the rule, page 3), and second, because the suspended guttural suund of the last vowel of its primitive is in some way preserved by means of the separation with which the vowelsoaare pronounced (see “Vowel”, page 5)↑
4This diminutive as well as the preceding does not need to be accented with grave and angular accent, as originally, first, because such accents are onlv used at the ending of the words (see the rule, page 3), and second, because the suspended guttural suund of the last vowel of its primitive is in some way preserved by means of the separation with which the vowelsoaare pronounced (see “Vowel”, page 5)↑
5But if the primitive ismapulá, the diminutive will bemapulapula, as will be noted later.↑
5But if the primitive ismapulá, the diminutive will bemapulapula, as will be noted later.↑
6In some places in Leyte and Samar, this particle ishi, notha, where it is saidhibobò, hilipot, hilabà, hitáas.But, in my opinion, it is simply a result of confounding the particlemawhich is more proper for adjectives as it bears the idea of abundance, with the personal articlehiwith which it is thus intended to personify the abstract ideas ofbobò, lipat, labà, táas.↑
6In some places in Leyte and Samar, this particle ishi, notha, where it is saidhibobò, hilipot, hilabà, hitáas.But, in my opinion, it is simply a result of confounding the particlemawhich is more proper for adjectives as it bears the idea of abundance, with the personal articlehiwith which it is thus intended to personify the abstract ideas ofbobò, lipat, labà, táas.↑
7It has also the regular form “halabáay”.↑
7It has also the regular form “halabáay”.↑
8This is a metathesis of “dacoalay”, by the transposition of the liquid consonantl; and thislin “dacoalay” has been substituted, for phonetical reason, for theyof “dacoayay”, which is the diminutive of “dacoay” not used.↑
8This is a metathesis of “dacoalay”, by the transposition of the liquid consonantl; and thislin “dacoalay” has been substituted, for phonetical reason, for theyof “dacoayay”, which is the diminutive of “dacoay” not used.↑
9It seems that this diminutive is the contraction of “gutiaynya durò”; it is not strictly a diminutve, it is a superlative.↑
9It seems that this diminutive is the contraction of “gutiaynya durò”; it is not strictly a diminutve, it is a superlative.↑
10Transformed frombobonbòbon.↑
10Transformed frombobonbòbon.↑
11We do not writecan-on,because it is a contraction ofcaran’on, which is also contracted fromcaraonón.↑
11We do not writecan-on,because it is a contraction ofcaran’on, which is also contracted fromcaraonón.↑
12See “Comparative” and “Collective”,infra.↑
12See “Comparative” and “Collective”,infra.↑
13The lastuis not a vowel properly; it should be the consonantw. See notes on pages 1 and 5 of this book.↑
13The lastuis not a vowel properly; it should be the consonantw. See notes on pages 1 and 5 of this book.↑
14It also means anxiety for dancing. So fromisóg(to enrage), it is said: “daco it ac isogón” (contracted fromirisogón), my rage is great.↑
14It also means anxiety for dancing. So fromisóg(to enrage), it is said: “daco it ac isogón” (contracted fromirisogón), my rage is great.↑
15The second syllable of the combined prefix is sometimes doubled to make the sentence more emphatic.↑
15The second syllable of the combined prefix is sometimes doubled to make the sentence more emphatic.↑
16Interfixis there used to designate the particle placed within a word.↑
16Interfixis there used to designate the particle placed within a word.↑
17Such is the name of the present capital of the province of Leyte. According to a tradition, this name originated from the fact that before the town was formed, a point of the eastern coast of its present site was known as a place where fishes were taken from the sea by a bamboo instrument, like a cover calledtaclob.↑
17Such is the name of the present capital of the province of Leyte. According to a tradition, this name originated from the fact that before the town was formed, a point of the eastern coast of its present site was known as a place where fishes were taken from the sea by a bamboo instrument, like a cover calledtaclob.↑
18It is the name of one of the most important towns in Leyte, located on the eastern coast of said island. Also according to a tradition, in the southwestern part of the present site of that town, before the town was built, there was a large tall tree, from whose prominent branches the people used to watch (tan-ao) the Moros from Sulu, when invading the coasts of Leyte.—The lastoof thistan-aois properly the consonatw.↑
18It is the name of one of the most important towns in Leyte, located on the eastern coast of said island. Also according to a tradition, in the southwestern part of the present site of that town, before the town was built, there was a large tall tree, from whose prominent branches the people used to watch (tan-ao) the Moros from Sulu, when invading the coasts of Leyte.—The lastoof thistan-aois properly the consonatw.↑
19Fromlolodhananfromlolohodanan, where theóis suppressed, and thehandd, transposed, for phonetical reasons.↑
19Fromlolodhananfromlolohodanan, where theóis suppressed, and thehandd, transposed, for phonetical reasons.↑
20As when we say: “macaoncaón iní ng̃a bayábas” (this guava is inviting). The idea of fondness sometimes takes the same form, as“macaoncaón ini ng̃a sorogóon”(this servant is fond of eating surreptitiously). This form is also used for impersonal verbs, as will be seen later, as: “macaoncáon na” (I have appetite already).↑
20As when we say: “macaoncaón iní ng̃a bayábas” (this guava is inviting). The idea of fondness sometimes takes the same form, as“macaoncaón ini ng̃a sorogóon”(this servant is fond of eating surreptitiously). This form is also used for impersonal verbs, as will be seen later, as: “macaoncáon na” (I have appetite already).↑
21I say “is”, because this combinationng̃is properly one letter in Bisayan, which should be calledng̃a, as anciently.↑
21I say “is”, because this combinationng̃is properly one letter in Bisayan, which should be calledng̃a, as anciently.↑
22This is also a verbal ofsapód(to gather).↑
22This is also a verbal ofsapód(to gather).↑
23The particlehisometimes with the verbs and especially among the derivative nouns conveys the idea of “payment for”, as when from the verbsbudlay(to tire one’s self),salacáy, (to embark), and the nounsapóy(grandfather or grandmother),púsod(navel), it is said:himudlay(any thing given as in payment of any work);—hinálacay(payment for passage);—hingapóy(a present given to a grandfather or grandmother upon the the marriage of his or her grand daughter under the consideration of the former’s being the grandfather or grandmother of the latter);—himósod(present given to the midwife for cutting and attending to the navel of a new-born child).↑
23The particlehisometimes with the verbs and especially among the derivative nouns conveys the idea of “payment for”, as when from the verbsbudlay(to tire one’s self),salacáy, (to embark), and the nounsapóy(grandfather or grandmother),púsod(navel), it is said:himudlay(any thing given as in payment of any work);—hinálacay(payment for passage);—hingapóy(a present given to a grandfather or grandmother upon the the marriage of his or her grand daughter under the consideration of the former’s being the grandfather or grandmother of the latter);—himósod(present given to the midwife for cutting and attending to the navel of a new-born child).↑
24We use a hyphen in this word on account of the angular accent of the lastoof the first verb.↑
24We use a hyphen in this word on account of the angular accent of the lastoof the first verb.↑
25When the brothers or sisters referred to are more than two, then the interfixris used, asmagburugtò.↑
25When the brothers or sisters referred to are more than two, then the interfixris used, asmagburugtò.↑
26The secondumust be the consonantw.↑
26The secondumust be the consonantw.↑
27This is the modern way of pronouncing this word. The old way consisted in making two syllables out of this word, and according to that pronounciation, it is writtenDiyos(prouounced Di-yos), notDyos.↑
27This is the modern way of pronouncing this word. The old way consisted in making two syllables out of this word, and according to that pronounciation, it is writtenDiyos(prouounced Di-yos), notDyos.↑
28See “Hi”, under the heading “Verbal”supra.↑
28See “Hi”, under the heading “Verbal”supra.↑
29See note 2 on page 20.↑
29See note 2 on page 20.↑
30So we saydolúo-ha-Sulúg, which means a medicinal plant (duláo) from (ha) Sulu (Sulúg).↑
30So we saydolúo-ha-Sulúg, which means a medicinal plant (duláo) from (ha) Sulu (Sulúg).↑
31See “an, on” under the heading of “Verbal”, page 15supra.↑
31See “an, on” under the heading of “Verbal”, page 15supra.↑
32Frompaladan, thedhaving been solved intor.↑
32Frompaladan, thedhaving been solved intor.↑
33It is believed that the name of one of the towns of Leyte, called by the Spaniards “Burauen” and, by the natives, “Burauón”, has been originated fromburabáron(Contracted and madeBurauón), on account of the fact that there are many fountains in that place. There is no reason why the native name “Burauón” used by the natives until the present time should not be employed for all uses, theuof said word being replaced by thew, if the letters proposed in the note of the first page of this book are adopted.↑
33It is believed that the name of one of the towns of Leyte, called by the Spaniards “Burauen” and, by the natives, “Burauón”, has been originated fromburabáron(Contracted and madeBurauón), on account of the fact that there are many fountains in that place. There is no reason why the native name “Burauón” used by the natives until the present time should not be employed for all uses, theuof said word being replaced by thew, if the letters proposed in the note of the first page of this book are adopted.↑
34This word does not follow the rule. For phonetical reasons, in its formation anhis used and it is mademaasinhanoncontractedmaasinhoninstead ofmaasinánonwhich is the regular form.↑
34This word does not follow the rule. For phonetical reasons, in its formation anhis used and it is mademaasinhanoncontractedmaasinhoninstead ofmaasinánonwhich is the regular form.↑
35The natives, especially the low people pronounceMericáinstead ofAmerica; mericanoinstead of the Spanish “americano” forAmerican.↑
35The natives, especially the low people pronounceMericáinstead ofAmerica; mericanoinstead of the Spanish “americano” forAmerican.↑
36ThenameCalyarâ(native name of the town of Carigara, Leyte) has been probably originated fromCangara(placed of one calledGarâ). A similar explanation might be given for the formation of the namesCalbigàandCalbáyog(towns of Sámar).Besides the particlecanthe pronounhirawas probably used for similar cases. We think that the wordHiraite(Bisayan name of the wordLeyte, applied to a town of the island of the same name) is formed by the said pronounhiráandIte.probably the name of the ancient owners of that place.↑
36ThenameCalyarâ(native name of the town of Carigara, Leyte) has been probably originated fromCangara(placed of one calledGarâ). A similar explanation might be given for the formation of the namesCalbigàandCalbáyog(towns of Sámar).
Besides the particlecanthe pronounhirawas probably used for similar cases. We think that the wordHiraite(Bisayan name of the wordLeyte, applied to a town of the island of the same name) is formed by the said pronounhiráandIte.probably the name of the ancient owners of that place.↑
37Manoandmanaare probably a corruption of the Spanish “hermano,” “hermana.”↑
37Manoandmanaare probably a corruption of the Spanish “hermano,” “hermana.”↑
38See page 12et seq.of this book.↑
38See page 12et seq.of this book.↑
39The wordcapin sogóng, uraura,in some localities are replaced by the Spanish wordduro(hard). So they say “duro ca maopay”, maópay ng̃a duro,ormaopay hin duro(very good). It is proper to adopt foreign words when there are not words coresponding in Bisayan, but we do not see why the pure Bisayan words should be forgotten when they are expressive, pure and original. The prepositioncundí(but) is suffering the same fate, by the introduction of the Spanishpero.↑
39The wordcapin sogóng, uraura,in some localities are replaced by the Spanish wordduro(hard). So they say “duro ca maopay”, maópay ng̃a duro,ormaopay hin duro(very good). It is proper to adopt foreign words when there are not words coresponding in Bisayan, but we do not see why the pure Bisayan words should be forgotten when they are expressive, pure and original. The prepositioncundí(but) is suffering the same fate, by the introduction of the Spanishpero.↑
40Instead ofuraura, the wordmasiado, a corruption of the Spanishdemasiado, is much in use. Read the preceeding note.↑
40Instead ofuraura, the wordmasiado, a corruption of the Spanishdemasiado, is much in use. Read the preceeding note.↑
41It must be noted that the accent in the superlative is on the last syllable,masiromstróm, while in the dimunitive (which has exactly the same form, except the accent) the accent is upon the pennit,masiromsírom. The meaning is different in the phrasesmasiromsírom pa, andmasiromsirómpa; the first means “it is a dark yet”; the second “it is very dark yet”.↑
41It must be noted that the accent in the superlative is on the last syllable,masiromstróm, while in the dimunitive (which has exactly the same form, except the accent) the accent is upon the pennit,masiromsírom. The meaning is different in the phrasesmasiromsírom pa, andmasiromsirómpa; the first means “it is a dark yet”; the second “it is very dark yet”.↑
42The Bisayan cardinal show that the original system of Bisayan people in counting was the decimal. Sonapulois a compound word fromna(made) andpulò(pile, island).Napulomeans “one pile made”, wherefrom the decimal system clearly shows.↑
42The Bisayan cardinal show that the original system of Bisayan people in counting was the decimal. Sonapulois a compound word fromna(made) andpulò(pile, island).Napulomeans “one pile made”, wherefrom the decimal system clearly shows.↑
43This wordcag(and) is used in the island of Panay, but not in Sámar or Leyte wherengan, ugare employed for the said conjunction.In the southern part of Leyte it is said:napala ug osá.↑
43This wordcag(and) is used in the island of Panay, but not in Sámar or Leyte wherengan, ugare employed for the said conjunction.
In the southern part of Leyte it is said:napala ug osá.↑
44A collective noun formed by the prefixcaand the primitiveduhawhosedis transformed intor, and by the affixan. It means the reunion of two piles.↑
44A collective noun formed by the prefixcaand the primitiveduhawhosedis transformed intor, and by the affixan. It means the reunion of two piles.↑
45There seems to be no doubt that this wordribohas the same origin as the Tagalog “libo”; but each one has a different meaning: while the Bisayanlibomeansten thousand, the Tagaloglibomeans onlyone thousand. To expressten thousand, the Tagalogs have the wordlacsá.↑
45There seems to be no doubt that this wordribohas the same origin as the Tagalog “libo”; but each one has a different meaning: while the Bisayanlibomeansten thousand, the Tagaloglibomeans onlyone thousand. To expressten thousand, the Tagalogs have the wordlacsá.↑
46This word may have been derived fromlagtucwhich means the swelling of a thing due to dampness, humidity, or water.↑
46This word may have been derived fromlagtucwhich means the swelling of a thing due to dampness, humidity, or water.↑
47Anonomatopoeticword bearing the idea oflittleness.↑
47Anonomatopoeticword bearing the idea oflittleness.↑
48Anonomatopoeticword meaning a thing that makes noise (caradul).↑
48Anonomatopoeticword meaning a thing that makes noise (caradul).↑
49As it will be seen later there are despective verbs, as; oflacat(to walk)laag; ofyacán(to talk),yaquimbot.↑
49As it will be seen later there are despective verbs, as; oflacat(to walk)laag; ofyacán(to talk),yaquimbot.↑
50See page 31 of this book.↑
50See page 31 of this book.↑
51These nouns are originated, in our opinion, from Spanish. See the note on pape 31.supra.↑
51These nouns are originated, in our opinion, from Spanish. See the note on pape 31.supra.↑
52We also believe that these nouns are Spanish.↑
52We also believe that these nouns are Spanish.↑
53See “Collective,”supra.↑
53See “Collective,”supra.↑
54This is the origin of “Borong̃an” a town on the eastern coast of the island of Samar, on account of the fact that during certain epoch of the year, that place is more or less covered with fog.↑
54This is the origin of “Borong̃an” a town on the eastern coast of the island of Samar, on account of the fact that during certain epoch of the year, that place is more or less covered with fog.↑
55See “Vowels”, page 5 of this book.↑
55See “Vowels”, page 5 of this book.↑
56See “Rule”, page 3 of this book.↑
56See “Rule”, page 3 of this book.↑
57However, the correct and proper form is the first,Panalaron, a verbal derived frompanalada plural infinitive of the verbpagsáladwhich means “to sound”. The said suburb of Tacloban, it is believed took this name from the fact that, anciently, the people usedto sound (panálad)in such place which was then covered by the sea.↑
57However, the correct and proper form is the first,Panalaron, a verbal derived frompanalada plural infinitive of the verbpagsáladwhich means “to sound”. The said suburb of Tacloban, it is believed took this name from the fact that, anciently, the people usedto sound (panálad)in such place which was then covered by the sea.↑
58Quitameans “we”, the listener included;camímeans “we”, the listener excluded.↑
58Quitameans “we”, the listener included;camímeans “we”, the listener excluded.↑
59Only used after the verb.↑
59Only used after the verb.↑
60Hiyáandsiyáare the same. See the note 2 on page 7 of this book. The same may be said abouthiráandsirá.↑
60Hiyáandsiyáare the same. See the note 2 on page 7 of this book. The same may be said abouthiráandsirá.↑
61Contracted fromni(of) andácon(mine).↑
61Contracted fromni(of) andácon(mine).↑
62Contracted fromdaandácon. This particledais used in some places as equivalent to the prepositionhaor the contractionhan. So in Carigata, Leyte, they saydahani(at old times), instead ofhanhaníused in Tacloban and other towns of Leyte. The formsdamon, daton, dimo, diyo, diya, dirahave the same explanation.↑
62Contracted fromdaandácon. This particledais used in some places as equivalent to the prepositionhaor the contractionhan. So in Carigata, Leyte, they saydahani(at old times), instead ofhanhaníused in Tacloban and other towns of Leyte. The formsdamon, daton, dimo, diyo, diya, dirahave the same explanation.↑
63Quitais frequently used for “acó”, as when we saytagui quitá hin salapî, (give me money), instead oftagui aco hin salapî.↑
63Quitais frequently used for “acó”, as when we saytagui quitá hin salapî, (give me money), instead oftagui aco hin salapî.↑
64See “Personal pronouns” page 47.↑
64See “Personal pronouns” page 47.↑
65See the note 2 on page 7. We use apostrophe and not hyphen, becausehin’o, sin’oare contracted fromhi anoandsi ano.↑
65See the note 2 on page 7. We use apostrophe and not hyphen, becausehin’o, sin’oare contracted fromhi anoandsi ano.↑
66However in this form in which the substantiveprecedes the adjectivethe suppression ofng̃aispermissiblein poetry.↑
66However in this form in which the substantiveprecedes the adjectivethe suppression ofng̃aispermissiblein poetry.↑
67This is another irregularity of the pronounquita. Here it is equivalent tonimo; but this last form is inadmissible in such phrase,natonbeing the special pronoun for the same.↑
67This is another irregularity of the pronounquita. Here it is equivalent tonimo; but this last form is inadmissible in such phrase,natonbeing the special pronoun for the same.↑
68In Dulag and other places of Leyte, this word is pronounceddidínhi.↑
68In Dulag and other places of Leyte, this word is pronounceddidínhi.↑
69See “Other classes of verbs”,infra.↑
69See “Other classes of verbs”,infra.↑
70See “PotentialForm”,infra.↑
70See “PotentialForm”,infra.↑
71In Basay, Sámar themis frequently suppressed, the first vowel becoming long on account of said suppression. So they say there:sínurat, ínabot.↑
71In Basay, Sámar themis frequently suppressed, the first vowel becoming long on account of said suppression. So they say there:sínurat, ínabot.↑
72This form is taken from thesubjunctive, as in the Spanish language.↑ab
72This form is taken from thesubjunctive, as in the Spanish language.↑ab
73In the towns of Dúlag, Burauen, and Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, these forms are always contracted, the first syllable of the verb so formed becoming long on account of the said contraction. Thus it is said in the mentioned places:nágsuratinstead ofnagsúsurat.↑abc
73In the towns of Dúlag, Burauen, and Abúyog, of the island of Leyte, these forms are always contracted, the first syllable of the verb so formed becoming long on account of the said contraction. Thus it is said in the mentioned places:nágsuratinstead ofnagsúsurat.↑abc
74See the note on page 65.↑
74See the note on page 65.↑
75See the note on page 63.↑
75See the note on page 63.↑
76See page 65et. seq.↑
76See page 65et. seq.↑
77It is not doubled some places, See note on page 65.↑
77It is not doubled some places, See note on page 65.↑
78See page 64et seq.↑
78See page 64et seq.↑
79It is not doubled some localities. See note on page 65.↑
79It is not doubled some localities. See note on page 65.↑
80See page 61.↑
80See page 61.↑
81See page 65.↑
81See page 65.↑
82See page 68.↑
82See page 68.↑
83See page 62et seq.↑
83See page 62et seq.↑
84See page 68.↑
84See page 68.↑
85See page 69.↑
85See page 69.↑
86The translation made in those conjugations isliteral. We try to express in English the exact idea contained in these forms.↑
86The translation made in those conjugations isliteral. We try to express in English the exact idea contained in these forms.↑
87See note on page 65.↑
87See note on page 65.↑
88See page 70et seq.↑
88See page 70et seq.↑
89See page 71.↑
89See page 71.↑
90Page 61 of this book.↑
90Page 61 of this book.↑
91The future of this form is the same as in the regular Tagalog form, where it is saidsusulat aco(I shall write),bucas aco susulat(tomorrow I shall write).↑
91The future of this form is the same as in the regular Tagalog form, where it is saidsusulat aco(I shall write),bucas aco susulat(tomorrow I shall write).↑
92See page 61.↑
92See page 61.↑
93In Dúlag and other places of Leyte, the accent is transposed to the penult. So it is said:dididâ, etc.↑
93In Dúlag and other places of Leyte, the accent is transposed to the penult. So it is said:dididâ, etc.↑
94See the page 10.↑ab
94See the page 10.↑ab
95This conjunction is seldom used, at present, for the disjunctiveor. The Englishorand the Spanishoaredifficult totranslateinto Bisayan withcun. For this reason the Spanishois frequently employed in Bisayan, as well as in Tagalog for the Englishor.↑
95This conjunction is seldom used, at present, for the disjunctiveor. The Englishorand the Spanishoaredifficult totranslateinto Bisayan withcun. For this reason the Spanishois frequently employed in Bisayan, as well as in Tagalog for the Englishor.↑
96It also conveys the idea of “Saying”, as in the example:nasiring an catsila, ngalaong: “págame”,abitapa: “bayari acó”.↑
96It also conveys the idea of “Saying”, as in the example:nasiring an catsila, ngalaong: “págame”,abitapa: “bayari acó”.↑
97There is another, viz:susmaryoseporsusmarosèpthe corrupted Spanish “Jesús, María y José”.↑
97There is another, viz:susmaryoseporsusmarosèpthe corrupted Spanish “Jesús, María y José”.↑