SYNTAX

SYNTAX[Contents]SUBJECTIVE RELATIONThe subject of a verb may be either a noun or its equivalent, namely a pronoun, a verb in the infinitive mood, or an entire phrase. AsAn Dyosmacagagáhum(God is omnipotent)Acónagsusurát(I write)An paguaonmaopay(The meal is good;literally: the eating is good)An guinquiquinauanglan taámo an pag-orosa(what we need is union).[Contents]PREDICATIVE RELATIONThe verb agree with its subject in person and number. Aspanurát quitá(let us write)magsurát hiyá(let him or her write)[Contents]ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIONThe nouns and their equivalents may be modified by substantives, adjectives,demonstrativepronouns, possessive pronouns, and participles. Except in cases of possessive pronouns, relative ng̃a is placed between the noun or its equivalents, and the modifying word. Asbatá ng̃a sorogóon(the young servant;literally: the boy servant)an sangcay ng̃a macpay(the good friend)iní ng̃a baláy(this house)an acon amáy(my father)hinigugma nga iróy(loved mother)[101]NOTE.—When the pronoun “adton” and its inflections are equivalent to “deceased”, “late”, the particleng̃ais not employed. Asadton Pedro(the late Peter)The article also modifies the noun and its equivalents, in that it limits them. The articles always precede the word or words to which they refer. As is seen before (page 9) the personal article is always employed before the proper nouns, except in the vocative case. Asan lang̃it(the heaven, or the sky)hi Eudong(Peter)The definite article is sometimes used before proper nouns, and frequently before the demonstrative and possessive pronouns. The indefinite article is sometimes employed before the possessive pronouns. The personal article is sometimes used before the personal pronouns, except the third person. Asan Dyos(God)an iní ng̃a batà(this boy)an amon búngto(our town)macanhi in acon sangcay(a friend of mine will come)hi camó ng̃an hi acó(you and I)[Contents]COMPLEMENTARY RELATIONThe object of the verb is always in the objective case determined by the corresponding article, or by a preposition. Ashi Pedro nagbabasahansurat(Peter reads the letter)hirá nang̃atúroghasacayán(they sleep on the boat)hi Tomás naruruyaghinpagcanhi(Thomas wishes to come; literally: Thomas wishes a coming)mácadto acóhaAbúyog(I shall go to Abuyog).The object of the verbto beis in the nominative case. Asan imo bahín, amo iní(your part is this)an táuo mamarátyon(the man is mortal)[102][Contents]ADVERBIAL RELATIONThe adverbs and the adverbial phrases modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. As“dánay” acó cumádto(I go there sometimes)nabasa ng̃ani acó, nábasa “man” hiyá(If I read, he reads also).The adverbs are generally placed next to the word that they modify, some before the said word as “agsob” (frequently), “dánay” (sometimes), “masócot” (often), “macatalagsa” (seldom), etc., and other after the said word as “pa” (yet), “na” (already), “man” (also), “gud” (precisely), etc., and some before or after the said word as “lugúd” (on the contrary), etc.[Contents]REPRESENTATIVE RELATIONThe important Bisayan word that expresses representative relations is the relative pronounnga, which is invariable.an batá nga tinmauag ha acon(the boy who called me)an cabatáan ng̃a tinmawag ha acon(the boys who called me)As to cases, we have seen (page 52) that this relativenganever refers to the object of the verb. The sentences in the English and other languages, where the corresponding relative pronoun relates to the object of the verb and where consequently the said relative is in the objective case, are expressed in Bisayan in passive voice which is the most used in this tongue.1Thus, if we wish to saythe boy whom I calledweshouldsayan bata ng̃a tinauag cowhichliterallyis: the boy who was called by me.The personal, demonstrative and possessive pronouns agree in person and number with their antecedents or the word[103]or words that they represent. There is no agreement in gender because the pronouns have no gender.1The fact that there are three classes of passive voice in Bisayan show the great importance of the said voice in this tongue. Thus if we wish to say “I love you”, it is more expressive to say:hinihigugma co icao(literally:you are loved by me) than to say:nahigugma aco ha imo.↑[Contents]CONNECTIVE RELATIONSThe prepositions join the nouns, their equivalents, or the pronouns to some other word. They place in the objective case the word that depends onthem.The most important preposition in, Bisayan isha, which is equivalent to nearly all of the prepositions of other languages. Examples:He saw me—hiyá quinmitáhaaconHe wrote to me—hiyá nagsuráthaaconI come to Tacloban—nacanhi acóhaTaclobanI come from Palo—ticang acóhaPalôI pass by your house—linmabáy acóhaiyo baláyHe is in the room—aadto niyáhasolódetc.[Contents]ABSOLUTE AND INDEPENDENT CONSTRUCTIONSAbsolute and independent constructions take place in Bisayan with vocatives, and interjections.Vocatives, asPedro, ng̃a niya, cadí dao(Peter, hesaid, come, please)Interjection, asPastilan, caloóyi gad acó(oh!, have pity of me)Some independent phrases are connected with the rest of the thought by the adverbman, asnaabot camí, natutunod man an adlao(when we arrived, the sun set;literally:we arrived, the sun also set).[Contents]SYNTAX OF VERBSTHE INFINITIVE. The present has the construction of the noun, asan pag-arám hin maopay ámo an catungdánan han batà(to learn well is the duty of a boy).The gerund expresses the idea of past whenprecededby the particlehan, contraction of the prepositionhaand the articlean, as[104]han pagsírang han adlao, nagmamatá na acó(when the sun raised, I was already awake).The past participle has the construction of an adjective, asbinilangò ng̃a táuo(prisoner;literally: an imprisoned man)INDICATIVE. Besides its ordinaryuse, its present is frequently employed with the particlecuntà, to express the idea of an interrupted or intended action. Ascun uaráy ca cánhi, nalacát cunta acó(If you had not come, I would have gone)SUBJUNCTIVE. It being used in a subordinate propositions, it is always constructed with the conjunctionsng̃a(thato),cun, ng̃anì(if),cuntà(if possible).Ng̃aandcunalways precede the verb;ng̃anìandcuntawhen used for the subjunctive, is always placed after the verb. Ascaruyag co ng̃a cumanhi ca buas(I wish you to come to-morrow; literally: I wish that you may come to-morrow).1cun lumabay hi Juan, tanága.(IfJohnpasses by, call him)lumabáy ng̃anì hi Juan taúaga.lumabáy cuntà hi Juan(God grant that John passes).NOTE.—The subjunctive form is frequently constructed with the modal adverbs and adjectives and then such combinations have the construction of an adjective. Astáuo ng̃a maopay sumurat(a good writer: literally; a man who writes well)macosóg sumáog ng̃a carabao(a strong dragger carabao)etc.[105][Contents]ARRANGEMENT OF WORDSThe adjectives and verbs are always preferably employed, whenever possible, at the beginning of a phrase, clause, or sentence.Examples:maópay ng̃a táuo(good man)nagsusurát acó(I write)etc.1In Bisayan, there is no construction similiar to that of the English tongue, consisting in putting the subject in the objective case, and its verb in the infinitive: which is an exact Latin syntax, ashe wishesmeto comeIlle vultmevenireSuch sentence is expressed in Bisayan with the aid of the conjunctionng̃a, the subject in nominative case, and the verb in subjunctive mood, thuscaruyag niyang̃aacó camánhi.↑[Contents]VIOLATIONS OF GOOD USE[Contents]BARBARISMSThe most frequent violation of good use of the Bisayan tongue is theBarbarism.It is committed by using foreign words, and foreign constructions.[Contents]FOREIGN WORDSMany foreign words have been and are being introduced in the Bisayan conversations and writings. Must of such words are being adopted, not because they are necessary, but simply thru affectation and love of innovation, thus attempting against the purity of Bisayan. Some of the words introduced however are necessary as they have no correspondingwordin Bisayan.[106]FOREIGN WORDS UNNECESSARILY USED IN BISAYANSpanish wordsAbierto, abre (open)forBinucsan, inucáb, bucás ucáb.Adorno (adornment)for,,Dayan, rayandayanAgua (used to mean perfume)for,,TalamhotAguanta (wait suffer)for,,Ílob, hulátAlisto (fromlisto)for,,AndamAmigo (friend)for,,SángcayApique (close)for,,SóocApura, apurado (hurry)for,,Dagmit, cadagmitanAtrever, atrevido (bold)for,,Paggahúm, gamhánanAver (for “give me”)for,,IcadíAver pa (God grant)for,,Mangad paBajado, Bajar (low)for,,Habobó, obósBancó (bench)for,,Pongcóan, lincoran, pápagBando (edict)for,,PahamatngonBatido (for “experienced”)for,,Lasgud, hiaraBote (for boat)for,,SacayanCada usá (each one)for,,TágsaCalabozo (jail)for,,BilangóanCalculo (calculus)for,,IgoigoCalle (street)for,,DalanCampana (bell)for,,LinganayCanta (sing)for,,Laygay, laylayCantodes (from “cantores”)for,,ParalaygayCarcel (jail)for,,Bi1angóanCargo (for “debt”)for,,ÚtangCarne (fleshmeat)for,,UnódCapaz (able)for,,Sadang, angay, tacúsCastigo (punishment)for,,SirocCocina (kitchen)for,,LotoánCogerfor,,Pagdacóp pacasacóbColá (from “colar”)for,,BacáColor (color)for,,Tina, samay, culay[107]Comósta (from “como está” how are you)for,,Matiónan-o caComún (common)for,,CasahirácConvida (invite)for,,Áabiabi, sabiContra (against)for,,Tipa, patoe, caauayCortina (curtain)for,,BiráyCuarta (money)for,,SalapíCuarto (room)for,,SolódCuerdas (strings)for,,DolósCuello (collar)for,,BaliógCuenta (account)for,,Iháp, ísipDe balde (unusefully)for,,CáuaugDe buenas (fortunate)for,,PaláranDecir (for “ask”)for,,Siring hingyapDefecto(defect)for,,Casaquihán, carát’anDe malas (unfortunate)for,,Uaráy paladDerecho (right)for,,Tádong, dáyon, catadung̃anDescanso (rest)for,,PahúuayDespedida (farewell)for,,PanamilitDibujo (drawing)for,,Badlis, BaguisDiferencia (difference)for,,Guincalainan, guicaíbbanDilatar (for delay)for,,Pag-uláng, pagpahalawigDisgusto (unlikeness)for,,CangalasDispensa (excuse)for,,Pasaylo, paguaráDiversion (amusement)for,,Caliáuan, liáoliáoDulce (sweet candy)for,,Matam’isEmpezar (to commence)for,,PagticángEntra (for “to make love”)for,,PangasáuaEntremés (joke)for,,TíaoEscuela (school)for,,LiboránEspejo (glass)for,,SalamíngEsquina (corner)for,,CasóngnanEstampa (image)for,,LadáuanFino (fine)for,,Gamay, pilíFirme (for always)for,,Agsub, ónobFuerza (strength)for,,CusógFuerte (strong)for,,Macusóg, mabácodFusil (gun)for,,Lutbang[108]Ganancia (gain)for,,Polós, tuboGracia (grace, favor)for,,ParábulGratis (used for “payment”)for,,HimúdlayGusto (wish)for,,CaruyagHasta (until)for,,Tubtub, ngadáHechura (shape)for,,DaguayInteres (interest)for,,Guinsisiring, guinlalánatJardin (garden)for,,TanámanLa mesa (table)for,,DulangLatigo (whip)for,,LatósLavá (from “lavar”, to wash)for,,BúnacLavandero, a (launderer, laundress)for,,MagburunácLicencia, pag (to take leave)for,,Sárit, panamilitLimós (from “limosna”, alms)for,,Calóoy, hatagLimpio (clean)for,,MahínisLóa (praise)for,,DáyaoLugar (for “near” or “almost”)for,,Dapit, maMacetas (flower-pot)for,,Tinanóm, taranmanMaestro (teacher)for,,MagtorótdoManteca (butter)for,,PinahagasMantel (tablecloth)for,,Basnig ha dulangMantilla (mantilla)for,,TaóngMasiado (from “demasiado”, too)for,,UrauraMasque (from “por más que”, although)for,,BisanMedio (half)for,,Catunga, bagáMismo (self-same)for,,Ngábao, gudMuchacho (for servant)for,,SurogóonNúmero (number)for,,IhápO bien (or)for,,O cun, ó, lugúdOración (prayer)for,,Pangadye, paugamuyoOrden (order)for,,SugoPabyon (from “pabellón”)for,,BiráyPaciencia (patience)for,,Pag-ilubPago (for “debt”)for,,Utang[109]Palati (from “palatico”, from “práctico”)for,,Mag-orónaPaño (cloth)for,,Panapton, pudóngPañolito (handkerchief)for,,ModongpódongPara (for, halt)for,,Basi, ngada, hulat, ocóy, toróocParecer (opinion)for,,SagbangParejo (equal)for,,Sáma, sandagPaseada (from “paseo”)for,,LacatlácatPeligro (danger)for,,CataragmanPensar (for talent)for,,TalínoPerdona (from “perdonar”)for,,PasayloPero (but)for,,CundiPertina (for “pretina”, waistband)for,,HáuacPierde (from “perder” tolose)for,,Lupig, naraPintar (to paint)for,,Dum-it, díhogPintura (paint)for,,IdirihógPlato (plate)for,,PinganPlatito (a little dish)for,,LampayPliegues (plaits)for,,LopiPobre (poor)for,,CablasPolvo (powder)for,,BócbocPosta (from “apuesta”bet)for,,ButángPrecio (price)for,,PulítPreparar (to prepare)for,,Pag-andam, pagtímaPreso (prisoner)for,,Binilangá.Probar (totaste)for,,Tilao, sariPropecto (from “perfecto,” perfect)for,,GuinóodPrueba (proof, evidence)for,,PaacamatóodPrincipal (chief, capital)for,,Labáo, pohonanProvecho (profit)for,,PolósPuerta (door)for,,GanghaánPulido (neat)for,,Hag-id, mahamisPuro (pure)for,,Putli, lonlon, sandag, sáhidQueja (complaint)for,,SumbongQuerido (dear)for,,Hinigugma, pinalangaQue ver (for “to do”)for,,Láhot[110]Quinolá (from colar)for,,BináchanRabenque (from “rebenque”, whipe)for,,Latob, latosRecibi (from “recibir”)for,,CarauatReclamo (claim)for,,PaglánatRedondo (round)for,,Lipóron, malídongRegalo (present)for,,Higugma, hatag, bucadRegular (regular)for,,Igó, socolRelo, relos (from “reloj” watch, clock)for,,Orasán1Remo (oar)for,,GaódRenuncio (from “renunciar”, to renounce)for,,Pagdiri, pagdiuaraReventa (from “reventar” to explode)for,,PagbotóRico (rich)for,,MangáranRugal (from “lugar”, spot)for,,Caraanan, tuna, umáSaco (sack)for,,SopótSadá (from “cierra”, close)for,,LocóbSala (hall)for,,RuángSaya (skirt)for,,Tampí, TalapíSeguro (for “probably”)for,,Mahámoe, angay laSeñor (Sir, Mister)for,,GuinooSirve (from “servir” to serve)for,,Pagmangno pag-ágadSuerte (for “talk”)for,,HimangraoSustento (maintenance)for,,Pagbubi, iburuhi, cabuhianTabla (board)for,,BughaTachar (for “contempt”)for,,Yúbit, támayTaza (cup)for,,YahóngTiempo (time)for,,Adlao, túigTienda (merchandise, store)for,,Baligya, baligyáanTieso (stiff)for,,Dángag, tadóngTocar (to play)for,,PagtonógTocador (for glass)for,,SalamíngTonto (fool)for,,Lórong, palinqui, pádlasTrabajo (work)for,,Buhat[111]Tranea (cross-bar)for,,Síol, BalabágTumba (to tumble)for,,PúcanVacio (empty)for,,LungágVentana (window)for,,TambóanVerde (green)for,,SaguindáhonVicio (vice)for,,CasaquihánVirtud (for “power”)for,,GahúmZurce (for “zurcir” to darn)for,,Pagtábing,And many others.CHINESE2WORDSBochang (for sow)forCablasBuísit (unfortunate)for,,Uaray páladCamsya (for “thank”)for,,SalámatGonggong (foolish)for,,Uaray salabótanLamloc (dear,fat)for,,MatambocLaotuy (old)for,,Lagás, gurangSyâ (for eat)for,,CáonSinqui (new)for,,Bag-oTampuâ (excess, present)for,,Táuad, labisUchang (rich)for,,MangáranUísit (fortunate)for,,Paláran.and some others.ENGLISH WORDSHaló (halloo)forOhóMiting (“meeting”)for,,CatirócanHáyc (“hike”)for,,Paglacát, sódoyMoning (for “money”)for,,SalapíSausau (chow-chow)for,,Pagcáon, caraonónAnd others.NOTE.—At present, among the students it is frequent to hear“¿háin an acdyografi(geography), an acarismitic(arithmetic)?” “¿aada ca hafif(fifth)greyd(grade)?” “maaram na acómag espeling(spelling)”—Whydo they nottalk in English?[112]OBSERVATION. There are some Tagalog words and constructions used in Bisayan; but we do not consider their use as a barbarism, because Tagalog and Bisayan are both dialects of a common tongue, and because such use may help the formation of a possible Filipino language.FOREIGN CONSTRUCTIONSAmong others, the following is a barbarism in the construction: “maoroopay iníQUEhitón”, (this is better than that). The use of theQUE(which is Spanish meaning “than”) is entirely Spanish and is not necessary in Bisayan, as the mentioned sentence is expressed simply and with the same strength and more purity and correctness: “maooropáy iní hitón”.FOREIGN WORDS NECESSARILY ADOPTED IN BISAYANBut there are many words now in use in Bisayan the adoption of which enriches rather then destroys the language. We refer to those words that have been necessarily imported from other languages to express ideas not represented by any word, or whose corresponding words are lost in Bisayan.We do not consider their use as a barbarism, as it is not considered us such in English, Spanish, French and other European languages the adoption of Greek and Latin words. We not only do not criticizesuchadoption in the Filipino dialects but rather desire and encourage it, because it will undoubtedly enable our dialects to be used in all kinds of scientific and artistic expressions.Among the foreign words already adopted, the following may be counted:Dyos(from the SpanishDios). It is true that we have the TagálogBathalawhich refers to the omnipotency, and the BisayanLaónwhich refers to the eternity. But in view of the fact that the wordDyosderived from the LatinDeus, from the GreekZeuswhich meansDivinite, SupremeBeing, has been so much used in Bisayan, and it represent another phase of the attributes of God, we think that the said[113]word DYOS ought to be adopted in Bisayan, adapting its form to the inflections of our dialect.Oras(from the Spanishhora“hour”).—We have to adopt this word, as there is no corresponding expression known in Bisayan. By its adoption we have a way to avoid the use ofreloj, with the derivativeorasanalready used.Bapor(from the Spanish “vapor”steamboat). It has no corresponding in Bisayan. We havesacayán(boat), but it does not include the idea of the “steam.”Papel(from the Spanish “papel”).—It has no corresponding in Bisayan.The Spanish names of the days of the week, and of the months of the year, which must be written in Bisayan form, as:LUNES, MARTES, MYERKOLES, HWEBES, BYERNES, SABADO, DOMINGO, ENERO, PEBRERO, MARSO, ABRIL, MAYO, JUNYO, HULYO, AGOSTO, SEPTYEMBRE, OKTUBRE, NOBYEMBRE, DISYEMBRE.Arorú(from the English “arrow-root”). A plant. And many others.[115]1See “Foreign wordsnecessarilyadopted in Bisayan”,infra.↑2We do not refer to thoseChinesewords imported to Philippines withChineseobjects. Such words are to be kept necessarily in Bisayan, because their equivalent vernacular expressions, either are lost, or never existed.↑

SYNTAX[Contents]SUBJECTIVE RELATIONThe subject of a verb may be either a noun or its equivalent, namely a pronoun, a verb in the infinitive mood, or an entire phrase. AsAn Dyosmacagagáhum(God is omnipotent)Acónagsusurát(I write)An paguaonmaopay(The meal is good;literally: the eating is good)An guinquiquinauanglan taámo an pag-orosa(what we need is union).[Contents]PREDICATIVE RELATIONThe verb agree with its subject in person and number. Aspanurát quitá(let us write)magsurát hiyá(let him or her write)[Contents]ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIONThe nouns and their equivalents may be modified by substantives, adjectives,demonstrativepronouns, possessive pronouns, and participles. Except in cases of possessive pronouns, relative ng̃a is placed between the noun or its equivalents, and the modifying word. Asbatá ng̃a sorogóon(the young servant;literally: the boy servant)an sangcay ng̃a macpay(the good friend)iní ng̃a baláy(this house)an acon amáy(my father)hinigugma nga iróy(loved mother)[101]NOTE.—When the pronoun “adton” and its inflections are equivalent to “deceased”, “late”, the particleng̃ais not employed. Asadton Pedro(the late Peter)The article also modifies the noun and its equivalents, in that it limits them. The articles always precede the word or words to which they refer. As is seen before (page 9) the personal article is always employed before the proper nouns, except in the vocative case. Asan lang̃it(the heaven, or the sky)hi Eudong(Peter)The definite article is sometimes used before proper nouns, and frequently before the demonstrative and possessive pronouns. The indefinite article is sometimes employed before the possessive pronouns. The personal article is sometimes used before the personal pronouns, except the third person. Asan Dyos(God)an iní ng̃a batà(this boy)an amon búngto(our town)macanhi in acon sangcay(a friend of mine will come)hi camó ng̃an hi acó(you and I)[Contents]COMPLEMENTARY RELATIONThe object of the verb is always in the objective case determined by the corresponding article, or by a preposition. Ashi Pedro nagbabasahansurat(Peter reads the letter)hirá nang̃atúroghasacayán(they sleep on the boat)hi Tomás naruruyaghinpagcanhi(Thomas wishes to come; literally: Thomas wishes a coming)mácadto acóhaAbúyog(I shall go to Abuyog).The object of the verbto beis in the nominative case. Asan imo bahín, amo iní(your part is this)an táuo mamarátyon(the man is mortal)[102][Contents]ADVERBIAL RELATIONThe adverbs and the adverbial phrases modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. As“dánay” acó cumádto(I go there sometimes)nabasa ng̃ani acó, nábasa “man” hiyá(If I read, he reads also).The adverbs are generally placed next to the word that they modify, some before the said word as “agsob” (frequently), “dánay” (sometimes), “masócot” (often), “macatalagsa” (seldom), etc., and other after the said word as “pa” (yet), “na” (already), “man” (also), “gud” (precisely), etc., and some before or after the said word as “lugúd” (on the contrary), etc.[Contents]REPRESENTATIVE RELATIONThe important Bisayan word that expresses representative relations is the relative pronounnga, which is invariable.an batá nga tinmauag ha acon(the boy who called me)an cabatáan ng̃a tinmawag ha acon(the boys who called me)As to cases, we have seen (page 52) that this relativenganever refers to the object of the verb. The sentences in the English and other languages, where the corresponding relative pronoun relates to the object of the verb and where consequently the said relative is in the objective case, are expressed in Bisayan in passive voice which is the most used in this tongue.1Thus, if we wish to saythe boy whom I calledweshouldsayan bata ng̃a tinauag cowhichliterallyis: the boy who was called by me.The personal, demonstrative and possessive pronouns agree in person and number with their antecedents or the word[103]or words that they represent. There is no agreement in gender because the pronouns have no gender.1The fact that there are three classes of passive voice in Bisayan show the great importance of the said voice in this tongue. Thus if we wish to say “I love you”, it is more expressive to say:hinihigugma co icao(literally:you are loved by me) than to say:nahigugma aco ha imo.↑[Contents]CONNECTIVE RELATIONSThe prepositions join the nouns, their equivalents, or the pronouns to some other word. They place in the objective case the word that depends onthem.The most important preposition in, Bisayan isha, which is equivalent to nearly all of the prepositions of other languages. Examples:He saw me—hiyá quinmitáhaaconHe wrote to me—hiyá nagsuráthaaconI come to Tacloban—nacanhi acóhaTaclobanI come from Palo—ticang acóhaPalôI pass by your house—linmabáy acóhaiyo baláyHe is in the room—aadto niyáhasolódetc.[Contents]ABSOLUTE AND INDEPENDENT CONSTRUCTIONSAbsolute and independent constructions take place in Bisayan with vocatives, and interjections.Vocatives, asPedro, ng̃a niya, cadí dao(Peter, hesaid, come, please)Interjection, asPastilan, caloóyi gad acó(oh!, have pity of me)Some independent phrases are connected with the rest of the thought by the adverbman, asnaabot camí, natutunod man an adlao(when we arrived, the sun set;literally:we arrived, the sun also set).[Contents]SYNTAX OF VERBSTHE INFINITIVE. The present has the construction of the noun, asan pag-arám hin maopay ámo an catungdánan han batà(to learn well is the duty of a boy).The gerund expresses the idea of past whenprecededby the particlehan, contraction of the prepositionhaand the articlean, as[104]han pagsírang han adlao, nagmamatá na acó(when the sun raised, I was already awake).The past participle has the construction of an adjective, asbinilangò ng̃a táuo(prisoner;literally: an imprisoned man)INDICATIVE. Besides its ordinaryuse, its present is frequently employed with the particlecuntà, to express the idea of an interrupted or intended action. Ascun uaráy ca cánhi, nalacát cunta acó(If you had not come, I would have gone)SUBJUNCTIVE. It being used in a subordinate propositions, it is always constructed with the conjunctionsng̃a(thato),cun, ng̃anì(if),cuntà(if possible).Ng̃aandcunalways precede the verb;ng̃anìandcuntawhen used for the subjunctive, is always placed after the verb. Ascaruyag co ng̃a cumanhi ca buas(I wish you to come to-morrow; literally: I wish that you may come to-morrow).1cun lumabay hi Juan, tanága.(IfJohnpasses by, call him)lumabáy ng̃anì hi Juan taúaga.lumabáy cuntà hi Juan(God grant that John passes).NOTE.—The subjunctive form is frequently constructed with the modal adverbs and adjectives and then such combinations have the construction of an adjective. Astáuo ng̃a maopay sumurat(a good writer: literally; a man who writes well)macosóg sumáog ng̃a carabao(a strong dragger carabao)etc.[105][Contents]ARRANGEMENT OF WORDSThe adjectives and verbs are always preferably employed, whenever possible, at the beginning of a phrase, clause, or sentence.Examples:maópay ng̃a táuo(good man)nagsusurát acó(I write)etc.1In Bisayan, there is no construction similiar to that of the English tongue, consisting in putting the subject in the objective case, and its verb in the infinitive: which is an exact Latin syntax, ashe wishesmeto comeIlle vultmevenireSuch sentence is expressed in Bisayan with the aid of the conjunctionng̃a, the subject in nominative case, and the verb in subjunctive mood, thuscaruyag niyang̃aacó camánhi.↑[Contents]VIOLATIONS OF GOOD USE[Contents]BARBARISMSThe most frequent violation of good use of the Bisayan tongue is theBarbarism.It is committed by using foreign words, and foreign constructions.[Contents]FOREIGN WORDSMany foreign words have been and are being introduced in the Bisayan conversations and writings. Must of such words are being adopted, not because they are necessary, but simply thru affectation and love of innovation, thus attempting against the purity of Bisayan. Some of the words introduced however are necessary as they have no correspondingwordin Bisayan.[106]FOREIGN WORDS UNNECESSARILY USED IN BISAYANSpanish wordsAbierto, abre (open)forBinucsan, inucáb, bucás ucáb.Adorno (adornment)for,,Dayan, rayandayanAgua (used to mean perfume)for,,TalamhotAguanta (wait suffer)for,,Ílob, hulátAlisto (fromlisto)for,,AndamAmigo (friend)for,,SángcayApique (close)for,,SóocApura, apurado (hurry)for,,Dagmit, cadagmitanAtrever, atrevido (bold)for,,Paggahúm, gamhánanAver (for “give me”)for,,IcadíAver pa (God grant)for,,Mangad paBajado, Bajar (low)for,,Habobó, obósBancó (bench)for,,Pongcóan, lincoran, pápagBando (edict)for,,PahamatngonBatido (for “experienced”)for,,Lasgud, hiaraBote (for boat)for,,SacayanCada usá (each one)for,,TágsaCalabozo (jail)for,,BilangóanCalculo (calculus)for,,IgoigoCalle (street)for,,DalanCampana (bell)for,,LinganayCanta (sing)for,,Laygay, laylayCantodes (from “cantores”)for,,ParalaygayCarcel (jail)for,,Bi1angóanCargo (for “debt”)for,,ÚtangCarne (fleshmeat)for,,UnódCapaz (able)for,,Sadang, angay, tacúsCastigo (punishment)for,,SirocCocina (kitchen)for,,LotoánCogerfor,,Pagdacóp pacasacóbColá (from “colar”)for,,BacáColor (color)for,,Tina, samay, culay[107]Comósta (from “como está” how are you)for,,Matiónan-o caComún (common)for,,CasahirácConvida (invite)for,,Áabiabi, sabiContra (against)for,,Tipa, patoe, caauayCortina (curtain)for,,BiráyCuarta (money)for,,SalapíCuarto (room)for,,SolódCuerdas (strings)for,,DolósCuello (collar)for,,BaliógCuenta (account)for,,Iháp, ísipDe balde (unusefully)for,,CáuaugDe buenas (fortunate)for,,PaláranDecir (for “ask”)for,,Siring hingyapDefecto(defect)for,,Casaquihán, carát’anDe malas (unfortunate)for,,Uaráy paladDerecho (right)for,,Tádong, dáyon, catadung̃anDescanso (rest)for,,PahúuayDespedida (farewell)for,,PanamilitDibujo (drawing)for,,Badlis, BaguisDiferencia (difference)for,,Guincalainan, guicaíbbanDilatar (for delay)for,,Pag-uláng, pagpahalawigDisgusto (unlikeness)for,,CangalasDispensa (excuse)for,,Pasaylo, paguaráDiversion (amusement)for,,Caliáuan, liáoliáoDulce (sweet candy)for,,Matam’isEmpezar (to commence)for,,PagticángEntra (for “to make love”)for,,PangasáuaEntremés (joke)for,,TíaoEscuela (school)for,,LiboránEspejo (glass)for,,SalamíngEsquina (corner)for,,CasóngnanEstampa (image)for,,LadáuanFino (fine)for,,Gamay, pilíFirme (for always)for,,Agsub, ónobFuerza (strength)for,,CusógFuerte (strong)for,,Macusóg, mabácodFusil (gun)for,,Lutbang[108]Ganancia (gain)for,,Polós, tuboGracia (grace, favor)for,,ParábulGratis (used for “payment”)for,,HimúdlayGusto (wish)for,,CaruyagHasta (until)for,,Tubtub, ngadáHechura (shape)for,,DaguayInteres (interest)for,,Guinsisiring, guinlalánatJardin (garden)for,,TanámanLa mesa (table)for,,DulangLatigo (whip)for,,LatósLavá (from “lavar”, to wash)for,,BúnacLavandero, a (launderer, laundress)for,,MagburunácLicencia, pag (to take leave)for,,Sárit, panamilitLimós (from “limosna”, alms)for,,Calóoy, hatagLimpio (clean)for,,MahínisLóa (praise)for,,DáyaoLugar (for “near” or “almost”)for,,Dapit, maMacetas (flower-pot)for,,Tinanóm, taranmanMaestro (teacher)for,,MagtorótdoManteca (butter)for,,PinahagasMantel (tablecloth)for,,Basnig ha dulangMantilla (mantilla)for,,TaóngMasiado (from “demasiado”, too)for,,UrauraMasque (from “por más que”, although)for,,BisanMedio (half)for,,Catunga, bagáMismo (self-same)for,,Ngábao, gudMuchacho (for servant)for,,SurogóonNúmero (number)for,,IhápO bien (or)for,,O cun, ó, lugúdOración (prayer)for,,Pangadye, paugamuyoOrden (order)for,,SugoPabyon (from “pabellón”)for,,BiráyPaciencia (patience)for,,Pag-ilubPago (for “debt”)for,,Utang[109]Palati (from “palatico”, from “práctico”)for,,Mag-orónaPaño (cloth)for,,Panapton, pudóngPañolito (handkerchief)for,,ModongpódongPara (for, halt)for,,Basi, ngada, hulat, ocóy, toróocParecer (opinion)for,,SagbangParejo (equal)for,,Sáma, sandagPaseada (from “paseo”)for,,LacatlácatPeligro (danger)for,,CataragmanPensar (for talent)for,,TalínoPerdona (from “perdonar”)for,,PasayloPero (but)for,,CundiPertina (for “pretina”, waistband)for,,HáuacPierde (from “perder” tolose)for,,Lupig, naraPintar (to paint)for,,Dum-it, díhogPintura (paint)for,,IdirihógPlato (plate)for,,PinganPlatito (a little dish)for,,LampayPliegues (plaits)for,,LopiPobre (poor)for,,CablasPolvo (powder)for,,BócbocPosta (from “apuesta”bet)for,,ButángPrecio (price)for,,PulítPreparar (to prepare)for,,Pag-andam, pagtímaPreso (prisoner)for,,Binilangá.Probar (totaste)for,,Tilao, sariPropecto (from “perfecto,” perfect)for,,GuinóodPrueba (proof, evidence)for,,PaacamatóodPrincipal (chief, capital)for,,Labáo, pohonanProvecho (profit)for,,PolósPuerta (door)for,,GanghaánPulido (neat)for,,Hag-id, mahamisPuro (pure)for,,Putli, lonlon, sandag, sáhidQueja (complaint)for,,SumbongQuerido (dear)for,,Hinigugma, pinalangaQue ver (for “to do”)for,,Láhot[110]Quinolá (from colar)for,,BináchanRabenque (from “rebenque”, whipe)for,,Latob, latosRecibi (from “recibir”)for,,CarauatReclamo (claim)for,,PaglánatRedondo (round)for,,Lipóron, malídongRegalo (present)for,,Higugma, hatag, bucadRegular (regular)for,,Igó, socolRelo, relos (from “reloj” watch, clock)for,,Orasán1Remo (oar)for,,GaódRenuncio (from “renunciar”, to renounce)for,,Pagdiri, pagdiuaraReventa (from “reventar” to explode)for,,PagbotóRico (rich)for,,MangáranRugal (from “lugar”, spot)for,,Caraanan, tuna, umáSaco (sack)for,,SopótSadá (from “cierra”, close)for,,LocóbSala (hall)for,,RuángSaya (skirt)for,,Tampí, TalapíSeguro (for “probably”)for,,Mahámoe, angay laSeñor (Sir, Mister)for,,GuinooSirve (from “servir” to serve)for,,Pagmangno pag-ágadSuerte (for “talk”)for,,HimangraoSustento (maintenance)for,,Pagbubi, iburuhi, cabuhianTabla (board)for,,BughaTachar (for “contempt”)for,,Yúbit, támayTaza (cup)for,,YahóngTiempo (time)for,,Adlao, túigTienda (merchandise, store)for,,Baligya, baligyáanTieso (stiff)for,,Dángag, tadóngTocar (to play)for,,PagtonógTocador (for glass)for,,SalamíngTonto (fool)for,,Lórong, palinqui, pádlasTrabajo (work)for,,Buhat[111]Tranea (cross-bar)for,,Síol, BalabágTumba (to tumble)for,,PúcanVacio (empty)for,,LungágVentana (window)for,,TambóanVerde (green)for,,SaguindáhonVicio (vice)for,,CasaquihánVirtud (for “power”)for,,GahúmZurce (for “zurcir” to darn)for,,Pagtábing,And many others.CHINESE2WORDSBochang (for sow)forCablasBuísit (unfortunate)for,,Uaray páladCamsya (for “thank”)for,,SalámatGonggong (foolish)for,,Uaray salabótanLamloc (dear,fat)for,,MatambocLaotuy (old)for,,Lagás, gurangSyâ (for eat)for,,CáonSinqui (new)for,,Bag-oTampuâ (excess, present)for,,Táuad, labisUchang (rich)for,,MangáranUísit (fortunate)for,,Paláran.and some others.ENGLISH WORDSHaló (halloo)forOhóMiting (“meeting”)for,,CatirócanHáyc (“hike”)for,,Paglacát, sódoyMoning (for “money”)for,,SalapíSausau (chow-chow)for,,Pagcáon, caraonónAnd others.NOTE.—At present, among the students it is frequent to hear“¿háin an acdyografi(geography), an acarismitic(arithmetic)?” “¿aada ca hafif(fifth)greyd(grade)?” “maaram na acómag espeling(spelling)”—Whydo they nottalk in English?[112]OBSERVATION. There are some Tagalog words and constructions used in Bisayan; but we do not consider their use as a barbarism, because Tagalog and Bisayan are both dialects of a common tongue, and because such use may help the formation of a possible Filipino language.FOREIGN CONSTRUCTIONSAmong others, the following is a barbarism in the construction: “maoroopay iníQUEhitón”, (this is better than that). The use of theQUE(which is Spanish meaning “than”) is entirely Spanish and is not necessary in Bisayan, as the mentioned sentence is expressed simply and with the same strength and more purity and correctness: “maooropáy iní hitón”.FOREIGN WORDS NECESSARILY ADOPTED IN BISAYANBut there are many words now in use in Bisayan the adoption of which enriches rather then destroys the language. We refer to those words that have been necessarily imported from other languages to express ideas not represented by any word, or whose corresponding words are lost in Bisayan.We do not consider their use as a barbarism, as it is not considered us such in English, Spanish, French and other European languages the adoption of Greek and Latin words. We not only do not criticizesuchadoption in the Filipino dialects but rather desire and encourage it, because it will undoubtedly enable our dialects to be used in all kinds of scientific and artistic expressions.Among the foreign words already adopted, the following may be counted:Dyos(from the SpanishDios). It is true that we have the TagálogBathalawhich refers to the omnipotency, and the BisayanLaónwhich refers to the eternity. But in view of the fact that the wordDyosderived from the LatinDeus, from the GreekZeuswhich meansDivinite, SupremeBeing, has been so much used in Bisayan, and it represent another phase of the attributes of God, we think that the said[113]word DYOS ought to be adopted in Bisayan, adapting its form to the inflections of our dialect.Oras(from the Spanishhora“hour”).—We have to adopt this word, as there is no corresponding expression known in Bisayan. By its adoption we have a way to avoid the use ofreloj, with the derivativeorasanalready used.Bapor(from the Spanish “vapor”steamboat). It has no corresponding in Bisayan. We havesacayán(boat), but it does not include the idea of the “steam.”Papel(from the Spanish “papel”).—It has no corresponding in Bisayan.The Spanish names of the days of the week, and of the months of the year, which must be written in Bisayan form, as:LUNES, MARTES, MYERKOLES, HWEBES, BYERNES, SABADO, DOMINGO, ENERO, PEBRERO, MARSO, ABRIL, MAYO, JUNYO, HULYO, AGOSTO, SEPTYEMBRE, OKTUBRE, NOBYEMBRE, DISYEMBRE.Arorú(from the English “arrow-root”). A plant. And many others.[115]1See “Foreign wordsnecessarilyadopted in Bisayan”,infra.↑2We do not refer to thoseChinesewords imported to Philippines withChineseobjects. Such words are to be kept necessarily in Bisayan, because their equivalent vernacular expressions, either are lost, or never existed.↑

[Contents]SUBJECTIVE RELATIONThe subject of a verb may be either a noun or its equivalent, namely a pronoun, a verb in the infinitive mood, or an entire phrase. AsAn Dyosmacagagáhum(God is omnipotent)Acónagsusurát(I write)An paguaonmaopay(The meal is good;literally: the eating is good)An guinquiquinauanglan taámo an pag-orosa(what we need is union).

SUBJECTIVE RELATION

The subject of a verb may be either a noun or its equivalent, namely a pronoun, a verb in the infinitive mood, or an entire phrase. AsAn Dyosmacagagáhum(God is omnipotent)Acónagsusurát(I write)An paguaonmaopay(The meal is good;literally: the eating is good)An guinquiquinauanglan taámo an pag-orosa(what we need is union).

The subject of a verb may be either a noun or its equivalent, namely a pronoun, a verb in the infinitive mood, or an entire phrase. As

An Dyosmacagagáhum(God is omnipotent)Acónagsusurát(I write)An paguaonmaopay(The meal is good;literally: the eating is good)An guinquiquinauanglan taámo an pag-orosa(what we need is union).

[Contents]PREDICATIVE RELATIONThe verb agree with its subject in person and number. Aspanurát quitá(let us write)magsurát hiyá(let him or her write)

PREDICATIVE RELATION

The verb agree with its subject in person and number. Aspanurát quitá(let us write)magsurát hiyá(let him or her write)

The verb agree with its subject in person and number. As

panurát quitá(let us write)magsurát hiyá(let him or her write)

[Contents]ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIONThe nouns and their equivalents may be modified by substantives, adjectives,demonstrativepronouns, possessive pronouns, and participles. Except in cases of possessive pronouns, relative ng̃a is placed between the noun or its equivalents, and the modifying word. Asbatá ng̃a sorogóon(the young servant;literally: the boy servant)an sangcay ng̃a macpay(the good friend)iní ng̃a baláy(this house)an acon amáy(my father)hinigugma nga iróy(loved mother)[101]NOTE.—When the pronoun “adton” and its inflections are equivalent to “deceased”, “late”, the particleng̃ais not employed. Asadton Pedro(the late Peter)The article also modifies the noun and its equivalents, in that it limits them. The articles always precede the word or words to which they refer. As is seen before (page 9) the personal article is always employed before the proper nouns, except in the vocative case. Asan lang̃it(the heaven, or the sky)hi Eudong(Peter)The definite article is sometimes used before proper nouns, and frequently before the demonstrative and possessive pronouns. The indefinite article is sometimes employed before the possessive pronouns. The personal article is sometimes used before the personal pronouns, except the third person. Asan Dyos(God)an iní ng̃a batà(this boy)an amon búngto(our town)macanhi in acon sangcay(a friend of mine will come)hi camó ng̃an hi acó(you and I)

ATTRIBUTIVE RELATION

The nouns and their equivalents may be modified by substantives, adjectives,demonstrativepronouns, possessive pronouns, and participles. Except in cases of possessive pronouns, relative ng̃a is placed between the noun or its equivalents, and the modifying word. Asbatá ng̃a sorogóon(the young servant;literally: the boy servant)an sangcay ng̃a macpay(the good friend)iní ng̃a baláy(this house)an acon amáy(my father)hinigugma nga iróy(loved mother)[101]NOTE.—When the pronoun “adton” and its inflections are equivalent to “deceased”, “late”, the particleng̃ais not employed. Asadton Pedro(the late Peter)The article also modifies the noun and its equivalents, in that it limits them. The articles always precede the word or words to which they refer. As is seen before (page 9) the personal article is always employed before the proper nouns, except in the vocative case. Asan lang̃it(the heaven, or the sky)hi Eudong(Peter)The definite article is sometimes used before proper nouns, and frequently before the demonstrative and possessive pronouns. The indefinite article is sometimes employed before the possessive pronouns. The personal article is sometimes used before the personal pronouns, except the third person. Asan Dyos(God)an iní ng̃a batà(this boy)an amon búngto(our town)macanhi in acon sangcay(a friend of mine will come)hi camó ng̃an hi acó(you and I)

The nouns and their equivalents may be modified by substantives, adjectives,demonstrativepronouns, possessive pronouns, and participles. Except in cases of possessive pronouns, relative ng̃a is placed between the noun or its equivalents, and the modifying word. As

batá ng̃a sorogóon(the young servant;literally: the boy servant)an sangcay ng̃a macpay(the good friend)iní ng̃a baláy(this house)an acon amáy(my father)hinigugma nga iróy(loved mother)

[101]

NOTE.—When the pronoun “adton” and its inflections are equivalent to “deceased”, “late”, the particleng̃ais not employed. As

adton Pedro(the late Peter)

The article also modifies the noun and its equivalents, in that it limits them. The articles always precede the word or words to which they refer. As is seen before (page 9) the personal article is always employed before the proper nouns, except in the vocative case. As

an lang̃it(the heaven, or the sky)hi Eudong(Peter)

The definite article is sometimes used before proper nouns, and frequently before the demonstrative and possessive pronouns. The indefinite article is sometimes employed before the possessive pronouns. The personal article is sometimes used before the personal pronouns, except the third person. As

an Dyos(God)an iní ng̃a batà(this boy)an amon búngto(our town)macanhi in acon sangcay(a friend of mine will come)hi camó ng̃an hi acó(you and I)

[Contents]COMPLEMENTARY RELATIONThe object of the verb is always in the objective case determined by the corresponding article, or by a preposition. Ashi Pedro nagbabasahansurat(Peter reads the letter)hirá nang̃atúroghasacayán(they sleep on the boat)hi Tomás naruruyaghinpagcanhi(Thomas wishes to come; literally: Thomas wishes a coming)mácadto acóhaAbúyog(I shall go to Abuyog).The object of the verbto beis in the nominative case. Asan imo bahín, amo iní(your part is this)an táuo mamarátyon(the man is mortal)[102]

COMPLEMENTARY RELATION

The object of the verb is always in the objective case determined by the corresponding article, or by a preposition. Ashi Pedro nagbabasahansurat(Peter reads the letter)hirá nang̃atúroghasacayán(they sleep on the boat)hi Tomás naruruyaghinpagcanhi(Thomas wishes to come; literally: Thomas wishes a coming)mácadto acóhaAbúyog(I shall go to Abuyog).The object of the verbto beis in the nominative case. Asan imo bahín, amo iní(your part is this)an táuo mamarátyon(the man is mortal)[102]

The object of the verb is always in the objective case determined by the corresponding article, or by a preposition. As

hi Pedro nagbabasahansurat(Peter reads the letter)hirá nang̃atúroghasacayán(they sleep on the boat)hi Tomás naruruyaghinpagcanhi(Thomas wishes to come; literally: Thomas wishes a coming)mácadto acóhaAbúyog(I shall go to Abuyog).

The object of the verbto beis in the nominative case. As

an imo bahín, amo iní(your part is this)an táuo mamarátyon(the man is mortal)

[102]

[Contents]ADVERBIAL RELATIONThe adverbs and the adverbial phrases modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. As“dánay” acó cumádto(I go there sometimes)nabasa ng̃ani acó, nábasa “man” hiyá(If I read, he reads also).The adverbs are generally placed next to the word that they modify, some before the said word as “agsob” (frequently), “dánay” (sometimes), “masócot” (often), “macatalagsa” (seldom), etc., and other after the said word as “pa” (yet), “na” (already), “man” (also), “gud” (precisely), etc., and some before or after the said word as “lugúd” (on the contrary), etc.

ADVERBIAL RELATION

The adverbs and the adverbial phrases modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. As“dánay” acó cumádto(I go there sometimes)nabasa ng̃ani acó, nábasa “man” hiyá(If I read, he reads also).The adverbs are generally placed next to the word that they modify, some before the said word as “agsob” (frequently), “dánay” (sometimes), “masócot” (often), “macatalagsa” (seldom), etc., and other after the said word as “pa” (yet), “na” (already), “man” (also), “gud” (precisely), etc., and some before or after the said word as “lugúd” (on the contrary), etc.

The adverbs and the adverbial phrases modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. As

“dánay” acó cumádto(I go there sometimes)nabasa ng̃ani acó, nábasa “man” hiyá(If I read, he reads also).

The adverbs are generally placed next to the word that they modify, some before the said word as “agsob” (frequently), “dánay” (sometimes), “masócot” (often), “macatalagsa” (seldom), etc., and other after the said word as “pa” (yet), “na” (already), “man” (also), “gud” (precisely), etc., and some before or after the said word as “lugúd” (on the contrary), etc.

[Contents]REPRESENTATIVE RELATIONThe important Bisayan word that expresses representative relations is the relative pronounnga, which is invariable.an batá nga tinmauag ha acon(the boy who called me)an cabatáan ng̃a tinmawag ha acon(the boys who called me)As to cases, we have seen (page 52) that this relativenganever refers to the object of the verb. The sentences in the English and other languages, where the corresponding relative pronoun relates to the object of the verb and where consequently the said relative is in the objective case, are expressed in Bisayan in passive voice which is the most used in this tongue.1Thus, if we wish to saythe boy whom I calledweshouldsayan bata ng̃a tinauag cowhichliterallyis: the boy who was called by me.The personal, demonstrative and possessive pronouns agree in person and number with their antecedents or the word[103]or words that they represent. There is no agreement in gender because the pronouns have no gender.1The fact that there are three classes of passive voice in Bisayan show the great importance of the said voice in this tongue. Thus if we wish to say “I love you”, it is more expressive to say:hinihigugma co icao(literally:you are loved by me) than to say:nahigugma aco ha imo.↑

REPRESENTATIVE RELATION

The important Bisayan word that expresses representative relations is the relative pronounnga, which is invariable.an batá nga tinmauag ha acon(the boy who called me)an cabatáan ng̃a tinmawag ha acon(the boys who called me)As to cases, we have seen (page 52) that this relativenganever refers to the object of the verb. The sentences in the English and other languages, where the corresponding relative pronoun relates to the object of the verb and where consequently the said relative is in the objective case, are expressed in Bisayan in passive voice which is the most used in this tongue.1Thus, if we wish to saythe boy whom I calledweshouldsayan bata ng̃a tinauag cowhichliterallyis: the boy who was called by me.The personal, demonstrative and possessive pronouns agree in person and number with their antecedents or the word[103]or words that they represent. There is no agreement in gender because the pronouns have no gender.

The important Bisayan word that expresses representative relations is the relative pronounnga, which is invariable.

an batá nga tinmauag ha acon(the boy who called me)an cabatáan ng̃a tinmawag ha acon(the boys who called me)

As to cases, we have seen (page 52) that this relativenganever refers to the object of the verb. The sentences in the English and other languages, where the corresponding relative pronoun relates to the object of the verb and where consequently the said relative is in the objective case, are expressed in Bisayan in passive voice which is the most used in this tongue.1Thus, if we wish to say

the boy whom I called

weshouldsay

an bata ng̃a tinauag co

whichliterallyis: the boy who was called by me.

The personal, demonstrative and possessive pronouns agree in person and number with their antecedents or the word[103]or words that they represent. There is no agreement in gender because the pronouns have no gender.

1The fact that there are three classes of passive voice in Bisayan show the great importance of the said voice in this tongue. Thus if we wish to say “I love you”, it is more expressive to say:hinihigugma co icao(literally:you are loved by me) than to say:nahigugma aco ha imo.↑

1The fact that there are three classes of passive voice in Bisayan show the great importance of the said voice in this tongue. Thus if we wish to say “I love you”, it is more expressive to say:hinihigugma co icao(literally:you are loved by me) than to say:nahigugma aco ha imo.↑

1The fact that there are three classes of passive voice in Bisayan show the great importance of the said voice in this tongue. Thus if we wish to say “I love you”, it is more expressive to say:hinihigugma co icao(literally:you are loved by me) than to say:nahigugma aco ha imo.↑

1The fact that there are three classes of passive voice in Bisayan show the great importance of the said voice in this tongue. Thus if we wish to say “I love you”, it is more expressive to say:hinihigugma co icao(literally:you are loved by me) than to say:nahigugma aco ha imo.↑

[Contents]CONNECTIVE RELATIONSThe prepositions join the nouns, their equivalents, or the pronouns to some other word. They place in the objective case the word that depends onthem.The most important preposition in, Bisayan isha, which is equivalent to nearly all of the prepositions of other languages. Examples:He saw me—hiyá quinmitáhaaconHe wrote to me—hiyá nagsuráthaaconI come to Tacloban—nacanhi acóhaTaclobanI come from Palo—ticang acóhaPalôI pass by your house—linmabáy acóhaiyo baláyHe is in the room—aadto niyáhasolódetc.

CONNECTIVE RELATIONS

The prepositions join the nouns, their equivalents, or the pronouns to some other word. They place in the objective case the word that depends onthem.The most important preposition in, Bisayan isha, which is equivalent to nearly all of the prepositions of other languages. Examples:He saw me—hiyá quinmitáhaaconHe wrote to me—hiyá nagsuráthaaconI come to Tacloban—nacanhi acóhaTaclobanI come from Palo—ticang acóhaPalôI pass by your house—linmabáy acóhaiyo baláyHe is in the room—aadto niyáhasolódetc.

The prepositions join the nouns, their equivalents, or the pronouns to some other word. They place in the objective case the word that depends onthem.

The most important preposition in, Bisayan isha, which is equivalent to nearly all of the prepositions of other languages. Examples:

He saw me—hiyá quinmitáhaaconHe wrote to me—hiyá nagsuráthaaconI come to Tacloban—nacanhi acóhaTaclobanI come from Palo—ticang acóhaPalôI pass by your house—linmabáy acóhaiyo baláyHe is in the room—aadto niyáhasolódetc.

[Contents]ABSOLUTE AND INDEPENDENT CONSTRUCTIONSAbsolute and independent constructions take place in Bisayan with vocatives, and interjections.Vocatives, asPedro, ng̃a niya, cadí dao(Peter, hesaid, come, please)Interjection, asPastilan, caloóyi gad acó(oh!, have pity of me)Some independent phrases are connected with the rest of the thought by the adverbman, asnaabot camí, natutunod man an adlao(when we arrived, the sun set;literally:we arrived, the sun also set).

ABSOLUTE AND INDEPENDENT CONSTRUCTIONS

Absolute and independent constructions take place in Bisayan with vocatives, and interjections.Vocatives, asPedro, ng̃a niya, cadí dao(Peter, hesaid, come, please)Interjection, asPastilan, caloóyi gad acó(oh!, have pity of me)Some independent phrases are connected with the rest of the thought by the adverbman, asnaabot camí, natutunod man an adlao(when we arrived, the sun set;literally:we arrived, the sun also set).

Absolute and independent constructions take place in Bisayan with vocatives, and interjections.

Vocatives, as

Pedro, ng̃a niya, cadí dao(Peter, hesaid, come, please)

Interjection, as

Pastilan, caloóyi gad acó(oh!, have pity of me)

Some independent phrases are connected with the rest of the thought by the adverbman, as

naabot camí, natutunod man an adlao(when we arrived, the sun set;literally:we arrived, the sun also set).

[Contents]SYNTAX OF VERBSTHE INFINITIVE. The present has the construction of the noun, asan pag-arám hin maopay ámo an catungdánan han batà(to learn well is the duty of a boy).The gerund expresses the idea of past whenprecededby the particlehan, contraction of the prepositionhaand the articlean, as[104]han pagsírang han adlao, nagmamatá na acó(when the sun raised, I was already awake).The past participle has the construction of an adjective, asbinilangò ng̃a táuo(prisoner;literally: an imprisoned man)INDICATIVE. Besides its ordinaryuse, its present is frequently employed with the particlecuntà, to express the idea of an interrupted or intended action. Ascun uaráy ca cánhi, nalacát cunta acó(If you had not come, I would have gone)SUBJUNCTIVE. It being used in a subordinate propositions, it is always constructed with the conjunctionsng̃a(thato),cun, ng̃anì(if),cuntà(if possible).Ng̃aandcunalways precede the verb;ng̃anìandcuntawhen used for the subjunctive, is always placed after the verb. Ascaruyag co ng̃a cumanhi ca buas(I wish you to come to-morrow; literally: I wish that you may come to-morrow).1cun lumabay hi Juan, tanága.(IfJohnpasses by, call him)lumabáy ng̃anì hi Juan taúaga.lumabáy cuntà hi Juan(God grant that John passes).NOTE.—The subjunctive form is frequently constructed with the modal adverbs and adjectives and then such combinations have the construction of an adjective. Astáuo ng̃a maopay sumurat(a good writer: literally; a man who writes well)macosóg sumáog ng̃a carabao(a strong dragger carabao)etc.[105][Contents]ARRANGEMENT OF WORDSThe adjectives and verbs are always preferably employed, whenever possible, at the beginning of a phrase, clause, or sentence.Examples:maópay ng̃a táuo(good man)nagsusurát acó(I write)etc.1In Bisayan, there is no construction similiar to that of the English tongue, consisting in putting the subject in the objective case, and its verb in the infinitive: which is an exact Latin syntax, ashe wishesmeto comeIlle vultmevenireSuch sentence is expressed in Bisayan with the aid of the conjunctionng̃a, the subject in nominative case, and the verb in subjunctive mood, thuscaruyag niyang̃aacó camánhi.↑

SYNTAX OF VERBS

THE INFINITIVE. The present has the construction of the noun, asan pag-arám hin maopay ámo an catungdánan han batà(to learn well is the duty of a boy).The gerund expresses the idea of past whenprecededby the particlehan, contraction of the prepositionhaand the articlean, as[104]han pagsírang han adlao, nagmamatá na acó(when the sun raised, I was already awake).The past participle has the construction of an adjective, asbinilangò ng̃a táuo(prisoner;literally: an imprisoned man)INDICATIVE. Besides its ordinaryuse, its present is frequently employed with the particlecuntà, to express the idea of an interrupted or intended action. Ascun uaráy ca cánhi, nalacát cunta acó(If you had not come, I would have gone)SUBJUNCTIVE. It being used in a subordinate propositions, it is always constructed with the conjunctionsng̃a(thato),cun, ng̃anì(if),cuntà(if possible).Ng̃aandcunalways precede the verb;ng̃anìandcuntawhen used for the subjunctive, is always placed after the verb. Ascaruyag co ng̃a cumanhi ca buas(I wish you to come to-morrow; literally: I wish that you may come to-morrow).1cun lumabay hi Juan, tanága.(IfJohnpasses by, call him)lumabáy ng̃anì hi Juan taúaga.lumabáy cuntà hi Juan(God grant that John passes).NOTE.—The subjunctive form is frequently constructed with the modal adverbs and adjectives and then such combinations have the construction of an adjective. Astáuo ng̃a maopay sumurat(a good writer: literally; a man who writes well)macosóg sumáog ng̃a carabao(a strong dragger carabao)etc.[105][Contents]ARRANGEMENT OF WORDSThe adjectives and verbs are always preferably employed, whenever possible, at the beginning of a phrase, clause, or sentence.Examples:maópay ng̃a táuo(good man)nagsusurát acó(I write)etc.

THE INFINITIVE. The present has the construction of the noun, as

an pag-arám hin maopay ámo an catungdánan han batà(to learn well is the duty of a boy).

The gerund expresses the idea of past whenprecededby the particlehan, contraction of the prepositionhaand the articlean, as[104]

han pagsírang han adlao, nagmamatá na acó(when the sun raised, I was already awake).

The past participle has the construction of an adjective, as

binilangò ng̃a táuo(prisoner;literally: an imprisoned man)

INDICATIVE. Besides its ordinaryuse, its present is frequently employed with the particlecuntà, to express the idea of an interrupted or intended action. As

cun uaráy ca cánhi, nalacát cunta acó(If you had not come, I would have gone)

SUBJUNCTIVE. It being used in a subordinate propositions, it is always constructed with the conjunctionsng̃a(thato),cun, ng̃anì(if),cuntà(if possible).

Ng̃aandcunalways precede the verb;ng̃anìandcuntawhen used for the subjunctive, is always placed after the verb. As

caruyag co ng̃a cumanhi ca buas(I wish you to come to-morrow; literally: I wish that you may come to-morrow).1cun lumabay hi Juan, tanága.(IfJohnpasses by, call him)lumabáy ng̃anì hi Juan taúaga.lumabáy cuntà hi Juan(God grant that John passes).

NOTE.—The subjunctive form is frequently constructed with the modal adverbs and adjectives and then such combinations have the construction of an adjective. As

táuo ng̃a maopay sumurat(a good writer: literally; a man who writes well)macosóg sumáog ng̃a carabao(a strong dragger carabao)etc.

[105]

[Contents]ARRANGEMENT OF WORDSThe adjectives and verbs are always preferably employed, whenever possible, at the beginning of a phrase, clause, or sentence.Examples:maópay ng̃a táuo(good man)nagsusurát acó(I write)etc.

ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS

The adjectives and verbs are always preferably employed, whenever possible, at the beginning of a phrase, clause, or sentence.Examples:maópay ng̃a táuo(good man)nagsusurát acó(I write)etc.

The adjectives and verbs are always preferably employed, whenever possible, at the beginning of a phrase, clause, or sentence.

Examples:

maópay ng̃a táuo(good man)nagsusurát acó(I write)etc.

1In Bisayan, there is no construction similiar to that of the English tongue, consisting in putting the subject in the objective case, and its verb in the infinitive: which is an exact Latin syntax, ashe wishesmeto comeIlle vultmevenireSuch sentence is expressed in Bisayan with the aid of the conjunctionng̃a, the subject in nominative case, and the verb in subjunctive mood, thuscaruyag niyang̃aacó camánhi.↑

1In Bisayan, there is no construction similiar to that of the English tongue, consisting in putting the subject in the objective case, and its verb in the infinitive: which is an exact Latin syntax, ashe wishesmeto comeIlle vultmevenireSuch sentence is expressed in Bisayan with the aid of the conjunctionng̃a, the subject in nominative case, and the verb in subjunctive mood, thuscaruyag niyang̃aacó camánhi.↑

1In Bisayan, there is no construction similiar to that of the English tongue, consisting in putting the subject in the objective case, and its verb in the infinitive: which is an exact Latin syntax, ashe wishesmeto comeIlle vultmevenireSuch sentence is expressed in Bisayan with the aid of the conjunctionng̃a, the subject in nominative case, and the verb in subjunctive mood, thuscaruyag niyang̃aacó camánhi.↑

1In Bisayan, there is no construction similiar to that of the English tongue, consisting in putting the subject in the objective case, and its verb in the infinitive: which is an exact Latin syntax, as

he wishesmeto comeIlle vultmevenire

Such sentence is expressed in Bisayan with the aid of the conjunctionng̃a, the subject in nominative case, and the verb in subjunctive mood, thus

caruyag niyang̃aacó camánhi.↑

[Contents]VIOLATIONS OF GOOD USE[Contents]BARBARISMSThe most frequent violation of good use of the Bisayan tongue is theBarbarism.It is committed by using foreign words, and foreign constructions.[Contents]FOREIGN WORDSMany foreign words have been and are being introduced in the Bisayan conversations and writings. Must of such words are being adopted, not because they are necessary, but simply thru affectation and love of innovation, thus attempting against the purity of Bisayan. Some of the words introduced however are necessary as they have no correspondingwordin Bisayan.[106]FOREIGN WORDS UNNECESSARILY USED IN BISAYANSpanish wordsAbierto, abre (open)forBinucsan, inucáb, bucás ucáb.Adorno (adornment)for,,Dayan, rayandayanAgua (used to mean perfume)for,,TalamhotAguanta (wait suffer)for,,Ílob, hulátAlisto (fromlisto)for,,AndamAmigo (friend)for,,SángcayApique (close)for,,SóocApura, apurado (hurry)for,,Dagmit, cadagmitanAtrever, atrevido (bold)for,,Paggahúm, gamhánanAver (for “give me”)for,,IcadíAver pa (God grant)for,,Mangad paBajado, Bajar (low)for,,Habobó, obósBancó (bench)for,,Pongcóan, lincoran, pápagBando (edict)for,,PahamatngonBatido (for “experienced”)for,,Lasgud, hiaraBote (for boat)for,,SacayanCada usá (each one)for,,TágsaCalabozo (jail)for,,BilangóanCalculo (calculus)for,,IgoigoCalle (street)for,,DalanCampana (bell)for,,LinganayCanta (sing)for,,Laygay, laylayCantodes (from “cantores”)for,,ParalaygayCarcel (jail)for,,Bi1angóanCargo (for “debt”)for,,ÚtangCarne (fleshmeat)for,,UnódCapaz (able)for,,Sadang, angay, tacúsCastigo (punishment)for,,SirocCocina (kitchen)for,,LotoánCogerfor,,Pagdacóp pacasacóbColá (from “colar”)for,,BacáColor (color)for,,Tina, samay, culay[107]Comósta (from “como está” how are you)for,,Matiónan-o caComún (common)for,,CasahirácConvida (invite)for,,Áabiabi, sabiContra (against)for,,Tipa, patoe, caauayCortina (curtain)for,,BiráyCuarta (money)for,,SalapíCuarto (room)for,,SolódCuerdas (strings)for,,DolósCuello (collar)for,,BaliógCuenta (account)for,,Iháp, ísipDe balde (unusefully)for,,CáuaugDe buenas (fortunate)for,,PaláranDecir (for “ask”)for,,Siring hingyapDefecto(defect)for,,Casaquihán, carát’anDe malas (unfortunate)for,,Uaráy paladDerecho (right)for,,Tádong, dáyon, catadung̃anDescanso (rest)for,,PahúuayDespedida (farewell)for,,PanamilitDibujo (drawing)for,,Badlis, BaguisDiferencia (difference)for,,Guincalainan, guicaíbbanDilatar (for delay)for,,Pag-uláng, pagpahalawigDisgusto (unlikeness)for,,CangalasDispensa (excuse)for,,Pasaylo, paguaráDiversion (amusement)for,,Caliáuan, liáoliáoDulce (sweet candy)for,,Matam’isEmpezar (to commence)for,,PagticángEntra (for “to make love”)for,,PangasáuaEntremés (joke)for,,TíaoEscuela (school)for,,LiboránEspejo (glass)for,,SalamíngEsquina (corner)for,,CasóngnanEstampa (image)for,,LadáuanFino (fine)for,,Gamay, pilíFirme (for always)for,,Agsub, ónobFuerza (strength)for,,CusógFuerte (strong)for,,Macusóg, mabácodFusil (gun)for,,Lutbang[108]Ganancia (gain)for,,Polós, tuboGracia (grace, favor)for,,ParábulGratis (used for “payment”)for,,HimúdlayGusto (wish)for,,CaruyagHasta (until)for,,Tubtub, ngadáHechura (shape)for,,DaguayInteres (interest)for,,Guinsisiring, guinlalánatJardin (garden)for,,TanámanLa mesa (table)for,,DulangLatigo (whip)for,,LatósLavá (from “lavar”, to wash)for,,BúnacLavandero, a (launderer, laundress)for,,MagburunácLicencia, pag (to take leave)for,,Sárit, panamilitLimós (from “limosna”, alms)for,,Calóoy, hatagLimpio (clean)for,,MahínisLóa (praise)for,,DáyaoLugar (for “near” or “almost”)for,,Dapit, maMacetas (flower-pot)for,,Tinanóm, taranmanMaestro (teacher)for,,MagtorótdoManteca (butter)for,,PinahagasMantel (tablecloth)for,,Basnig ha dulangMantilla (mantilla)for,,TaóngMasiado (from “demasiado”, too)for,,UrauraMasque (from “por más que”, although)for,,BisanMedio (half)for,,Catunga, bagáMismo (self-same)for,,Ngábao, gudMuchacho (for servant)for,,SurogóonNúmero (number)for,,IhápO bien (or)for,,O cun, ó, lugúdOración (prayer)for,,Pangadye, paugamuyoOrden (order)for,,SugoPabyon (from “pabellón”)for,,BiráyPaciencia (patience)for,,Pag-ilubPago (for “debt”)for,,Utang[109]Palati (from “palatico”, from “práctico”)for,,Mag-orónaPaño (cloth)for,,Panapton, pudóngPañolito (handkerchief)for,,ModongpódongPara (for, halt)for,,Basi, ngada, hulat, ocóy, toróocParecer (opinion)for,,SagbangParejo (equal)for,,Sáma, sandagPaseada (from “paseo”)for,,LacatlácatPeligro (danger)for,,CataragmanPensar (for talent)for,,TalínoPerdona (from “perdonar”)for,,PasayloPero (but)for,,CundiPertina (for “pretina”, waistband)for,,HáuacPierde (from “perder” tolose)for,,Lupig, naraPintar (to paint)for,,Dum-it, díhogPintura (paint)for,,IdirihógPlato (plate)for,,PinganPlatito (a little dish)for,,LampayPliegues (plaits)for,,LopiPobre (poor)for,,CablasPolvo (powder)for,,BócbocPosta (from “apuesta”bet)for,,ButángPrecio (price)for,,PulítPreparar (to prepare)for,,Pag-andam, pagtímaPreso (prisoner)for,,Binilangá.Probar (totaste)for,,Tilao, sariPropecto (from “perfecto,” perfect)for,,GuinóodPrueba (proof, evidence)for,,PaacamatóodPrincipal (chief, capital)for,,Labáo, pohonanProvecho (profit)for,,PolósPuerta (door)for,,GanghaánPulido (neat)for,,Hag-id, mahamisPuro (pure)for,,Putli, lonlon, sandag, sáhidQueja (complaint)for,,SumbongQuerido (dear)for,,Hinigugma, pinalangaQue ver (for “to do”)for,,Láhot[110]Quinolá (from colar)for,,BináchanRabenque (from “rebenque”, whipe)for,,Latob, latosRecibi (from “recibir”)for,,CarauatReclamo (claim)for,,PaglánatRedondo (round)for,,Lipóron, malídongRegalo (present)for,,Higugma, hatag, bucadRegular (regular)for,,Igó, socolRelo, relos (from “reloj” watch, clock)for,,Orasán1Remo (oar)for,,GaódRenuncio (from “renunciar”, to renounce)for,,Pagdiri, pagdiuaraReventa (from “reventar” to explode)for,,PagbotóRico (rich)for,,MangáranRugal (from “lugar”, spot)for,,Caraanan, tuna, umáSaco (sack)for,,SopótSadá (from “cierra”, close)for,,LocóbSala (hall)for,,RuángSaya (skirt)for,,Tampí, TalapíSeguro (for “probably”)for,,Mahámoe, angay laSeñor (Sir, Mister)for,,GuinooSirve (from “servir” to serve)for,,Pagmangno pag-ágadSuerte (for “talk”)for,,HimangraoSustento (maintenance)for,,Pagbubi, iburuhi, cabuhianTabla (board)for,,BughaTachar (for “contempt”)for,,Yúbit, támayTaza (cup)for,,YahóngTiempo (time)for,,Adlao, túigTienda (merchandise, store)for,,Baligya, baligyáanTieso (stiff)for,,Dángag, tadóngTocar (to play)for,,PagtonógTocador (for glass)for,,SalamíngTonto (fool)for,,Lórong, palinqui, pádlasTrabajo (work)for,,Buhat[111]Tranea (cross-bar)for,,Síol, BalabágTumba (to tumble)for,,PúcanVacio (empty)for,,LungágVentana (window)for,,TambóanVerde (green)for,,SaguindáhonVicio (vice)for,,CasaquihánVirtud (for “power”)for,,GahúmZurce (for “zurcir” to darn)for,,Pagtábing,And many others.CHINESE2WORDSBochang (for sow)forCablasBuísit (unfortunate)for,,Uaray páladCamsya (for “thank”)for,,SalámatGonggong (foolish)for,,Uaray salabótanLamloc (dear,fat)for,,MatambocLaotuy (old)for,,Lagás, gurangSyâ (for eat)for,,CáonSinqui (new)for,,Bag-oTampuâ (excess, present)for,,Táuad, labisUchang (rich)for,,MangáranUísit (fortunate)for,,Paláran.and some others.ENGLISH WORDSHaló (halloo)forOhóMiting (“meeting”)for,,CatirócanHáyc (“hike”)for,,Paglacát, sódoyMoning (for “money”)for,,SalapíSausau (chow-chow)for,,Pagcáon, caraonónAnd others.NOTE.—At present, among the students it is frequent to hear“¿háin an acdyografi(geography), an acarismitic(arithmetic)?” “¿aada ca hafif(fifth)greyd(grade)?” “maaram na acómag espeling(spelling)”—Whydo they nottalk in English?[112]OBSERVATION. There are some Tagalog words and constructions used in Bisayan; but we do not consider their use as a barbarism, because Tagalog and Bisayan are both dialects of a common tongue, and because such use may help the formation of a possible Filipino language.FOREIGN CONSTRUCTIONSAmong others, the following is a barbarism in the construction: “maoroopay iníQUEhitón”, (this is better than that). The use of theQUE(which is Spanish meaning “than”) is entirely Spanish and is not necessary in Bisayan, as the mentioned sentence is expressed simply and with the same strength and more purity and correctness: “maooropáy iní hitón”.FOREIGN WORDS NECESSARILY ADOPTED IN BISAYANBut there are many words now in use in Bisayan the adoption of which enriches rather then destroys the language. We refer to those words that have been necessarily imported from other languages to express ideas not represented by any word, or whose corresponding words are lost in Bisayan.We do not consider their use as a barbarism, as it is not considered us such in English, Spanish, French and other European languages the adoption of Greek and Latin words. We not only do not criticizesuchadoption in the Filipino dialects but rather desire and encourage it, because it will undoubtedly enable our dialects to be used in all kinds of scientific and artistic expressions.Among the foreign words already adopted, the following may be counted:Dyos(from the SpanishDios). It is true that we have the TagálogBathalawhich refers to the omnipotency, and the BisayanLaónwhich refers to the eternity. But in view of the fact that the wordDyosderived from the LatinDeus, from the GreekZeuswhich meansDivinite, SupremeBeing, has been so much used in Bisayan, and it represent another phase of the attributes of God, we think that the said[113]word DYOS ought to be adopted in Bisayan, adapting its form to the inflections of our dialect.Oras(from the Spanishhora“hour”).—We have to adopt this word, as there is no corresponding expression known in Bisayan. By its adoption we have a way to avoid the use ofreloj, with the derivativeorasanalready used.Bapor(from the Spanish “vapor”steamboat). It has no corresponding in Bisayan. We havesacayán(boat), but it does not include the idea of the “steam.”Papel(from the Spanish “papel”).—It has no corresponding in Bisayan.The Spanish names of the days of the week, and of the months of the year, which must be written in Bisayan form, as:LUNES, MARTES, MYERKOLES, HWEBES, BYERNES, SABADO, DOMINGO, ENERO, PEBRERO, MARSO, ABRIL, MAYO, JUNYO, HULYO, AGOSTO, SEPTYEMBRE, OKTUBRE, NOBYEMBRE, DISYEMBRE.Arorú(from the English “arrow-root”). A plant. And many others.[115]1See “Foreign wordsnecessarilyadopted in Bisayan”,infra.↑2We do not refer to thoseChinesewords imported to Philippines withChineseobjects. Such words are to be kept necessarily in Bisayan, because their equivalent vernacular expressions, either are lost, or never existed.↑

VIOLATIONS OF GOOD USE

[Contents]BARBARISMSThe most frequent violation of good use of the Bisayan tongue is theBarbarism.It is committed by using foreign words, and foreign constructions.[Contents]FOREIGN WORDSMany foreign words have been and are being introduced in the Bisayan conversations and writings. Must of such words are being adopted, not because they are necessary, but simply thru affectation and love of innovation, thus attempting against the purity of Bisayan. Some of the words introduced however are necessary as they have no correspondingwordin Bisayan.[106]FOREIGN WORDS UNNECESSARILY USED IN BISAYANSpanish wordsAbierto, abre (open)forBinucsan, inucáb, bucás ucáb.Adorno (adornment)for,,Dayan, rayandayanAgua (used to mean perfume)for,,TalamhotAguanta (wait suffer)for,,Ílob, hulátAlisto (fromlisto)for,,AndamAmigo (friend)for,,SángcayApique (close)for,,SóocApura, apurado (hurry)for,,Dagmit, cadagmitanAtrever, atrevido (bold)for,,Paggahúm, gamhánanAver (for “give me”)for,,IcadíAver pa (God grant)for,,Mangad paBajado, Bajar (low)for,,Habobó, obósBancó (bench)for,,Pongcóan, lincoran, pápagBando (edict)for,,PahamatngonBatido (for “experienced”)for,,Lasgud, hiaraBote (for boat)for,,SacayanCada usá (each one)for,,TágsaCalabozo (jail)for,,BilangóanCalculo (calculus)for,,IgoigoCalle (street)for,,DalanCampana (bell)for,,LinganayCanta (sing)for,,Laygay, laylayCantodes (from “cantores”)for,,ParalaygayCarcel (jail)for,,Bi1angóanCargo (for “debt”)for,,ÚtangCarne (fleshmeat)for,,UnódCapaz (able)for,,Sadang, angay, tacúsCastigo (punishment)for,,SirocCocina (kitchen)for,,LotoánCogerfor,,Pagdacóp pacasacóbColá (from “colar”)for,,BacáColor (color)for,,Tina, samay, culay[107]Comósta (from “como está” how are you)for,,Matiónan-o caComún (common)for,,CasahirácConvida (invite)for,,Áabiabi, sabiContra (against)for,,Tipa, patoe, caauayCortina (curtain)for,,BiráyCuarta (money)for,,SalapíCuarto (room)for,,SolódCuerdas (strings)for,,DolósCuello (collar)for,,BaliógCuenta (account)for,,Iháp, ísipDe balde (unusefully)for,,CáuaugDe buenas (fortunate)for,,PaláranDecir (for “ask”)for,,Siring hingyapDefecto(defect)for,,Casaquihán, carát’anDe malas (unfortunate)for,,Uaráy paladDerecho (right)for,,Tádong, dáyon, catadung̃anDescanso (rest)for,,PahúuayDespedida (farewell)for,,PanamilitDibujo (drawing)for,,Badlis, BaguisDiferencia (difference)for,,Guincalainan, guicaíbbanDilatar (for delay)for,,Pag-uláng, pagpahalawigDisgusto (unlikeness)for,,CangalasDispensa (excuse)for,,Pasaylo, paguaráDiversion (amusement)for,,Caliáuan, liáoliáoDulce (sweet candy)for,,Matam’isEmpezar (to commence)for,,PagticángEntra (for “to make love”)for,,PangasáuaEntremés (joke)for,,TíaoEscuela (school)for,,LiboránEspejo (glass)for,,SalamíngEsquina (corner)for,,CasóngnanEstampa (image)for,,LadáuanFino (fine)for,,Gamay, pilíFirme (for always)for,,Agsub, ónobFuerza (strength)for,,CusógFuerte (strong)for,,Macusóg, mabácodFusil (gun)for,,Lutbang[108]Ganancia (gain)for,,Polós, tuboGracia (grace, favor)for,,ParábulGratis (used for “payment”)for,,HimúdlayGusto (wish)for,,CaruyagHasta (until)for,,Tubtub, ngadáHechura (shape)for,,DaguayInteres (interest)for,,Guinsisiring, guinlalánatJardin (garden)for,,TanámanLa mesa (table)for,,DulangLatigo (whip)for,,LatósLavá (from “lavar”, to wash)for,,BúnacLavandero, a (launderer, laundress)for,,MagburunácLicencia, pag (to take leave)for,,Sárit, panamilitLimós (from “limosna”, alms)for,,Calóoy, hatagLimpio (clean)for,,MahínisLóa (praise)for,,DáyaoLugar (for “near” or “almost”)for,,Dapit, maMacetas (flower-pot)for,,Tinanóm, taranmanMaestro (teacher)for,,MagtorótdoManteca (butter)for,,PinahagasMantel (tablecloth)for,,Basnig ha dulangMantilla (mantilla)for,,TaóngMasiado (from “demasiado”, too)for,,UrauraMasque (from “por más que”, although)for,,BisanMedio (half)for,,Catunga, bagáMismo (self-same)for,,Ngábao, gudMuchacho (for servant)for,,SurogóonNúmero (number)for,,IhápO bien (or)for,,O cun, ó, lugúdOración (prayer)for,,Pangadye, paugamuyoOrden (order)for,,SugoPabyon (from “pabellón”)for,,BiráyPaciencia (patience)for,,Pag-ilubPago (for “debt”)for,,Utang[109]Palati (from “palatico”, from “práctico”)for,,Mag-orónaPaño (cloth)for,,Panapton, pudóngPañolito (handkerchief)for,,ModongpódongPara (for, halt)for,,Basi, ngada, hulat, ocóy, toróocParecer (opinion)for,,SagbangParejo (equal)for,,Sáma, sandagPaseada (from “paseo”)for,,LacatlácatPeligro (danger)for,,CataragmanPensar (for talent)for,,TalínoPerdona (from “perdonar”)for,,PasayloPero (but)for,,CundiPertina (for “pretina”, waistband)for,,HáuacPierde (from “perder” tolose)for,,Lupig, naraPintar (to paint)for,,Dum-it, díhogPintura (paint)for,,IdirihógPlato (plate)for,,PinganPlatito (a little dish)for,,LampayPliegues (plaits)for,,LopiPobre (poor)for,,CablasPolvo (powder)for,,BócbocPosta (from “apuesta”bet)for,,ButángPrecio (price)for,,PulítPreparar (to prepare)for,,Pag-andam, pagtímaPreso (prisoner)for,,Binilangá.Probar (totaste)for,,Tilao, sariPropecto (from “perfecto,” perfect)for,,GuinóodPrueba (proof, evidence)for,,PaacamatóodPrincipal (chief, capital)for,,Labáo, pohonanProvecho (profit)for,,PolósPuerta (door)for,,GanghaánPulido (neat)for,,Hag-id, mahamisPuro (pure)for,,Putli, lonlon, sandag, sáhidQueja (complaint)for,,SumbongQuerido (dear)for,,Hinigugma, pinalangaQue ver (for “to do”)for,,Láhot[110]Quinolá (from colar)for,,BináchanRabenque (from “rebenque”, whipe)for,,Latob, latosRecibi (from “recibir”)for,,CarauatReclamo (claim)for,,PaglánatRedondo (round)for,,Lipóron, malídongRegalo (present)for,,Higugma, hatag, bucadRegular (regular)for,,Igó, socolRelo, relos (from “reloj” watch, clock)for,,Orasán1Remo (oar)for,,GaódRenuncio (from “renunciar”, to renounce)for,,Pagdiri, pagdiuaraReventa (from “reventar” to explode)for,,PagbotóRico (rich)for,,MangáranRugal (from “lugar”, spot)for,,Caraanan, tuna, umáSaco (sack)for,,SopótSadá (from “cierra”, close)for,,LocóbSala (hall)for,,RuángSaya (skirt)for,,Tampí, TalapíSeguro (for “probably”)for,,Mahámoe, angay laSeñor (Sir, Mister)for,,GuinooSirve (from “servir” to serve)for,,Pagmangno pag-ágadSuerte (for “talk”)for,,HimangraoSustento (maintenance)for,,Pagbubi, iburuhi, cabuhianTabla (board)for,,BughaTachar (for “contempt”)for,,Yúbit, támayTaza (cup)for,,YahóngTiempo (time)for,,Adlao, túigTienda (merchandise, store)for,,Baligya, baligyáanTieso (stiff)for,,Dángag, tadóngTocar (to play)for,,PagtonógTocador (for glass)for,,SalamíngTonto (fool)for,,Lórong, palinqui, pádlasTrabajo (work)for,,Buhat[111]Tranea (cross-bar)for,,Síol, BalabágTumba (to tumble)for,,PúcanVacio (empty)for,,LungágVentana (window)for,,TambóanVerde (green)for,,SaguindáhonVicio (vice)for,,CasaquihánVirtud (for “power”)for,,GahúmZurce (for “zurcir” to darn)for,,Pagtábing,And many others.CHINESE2WORDSBochang (for sow)forCablasBuísit (unfortunate)for,,Uaray páladCamsya (for “thank”)for,,SalámatGonggong (foolish)for,,Uaray salabótanLamloc (dear,fat)for,,MatambocLaotuy (old)for,,Lagás, gurangSyâ (for eat)for,,CáonSinqui (new)for,,Bag-oTampuâ (excess, present)for,,Táuad, labisUchang (rich)for,,MangáranUísit (fortunate)for,,Paláran.and some others.ENGLISH WORDSHaló (halloo)forOhóMiting (“meeting”)for,,CatirócanHáyc (“hike”)for,,Paglacát, sódoyMoning (for “money”)for,,SalapíSausau (chow-chow)for,,Pagcáon, caraonónAnd others.NOTE.—At present, among the students it is frequent to hear“¿háin an acdyografi(geography), an acarismitic(arithmetic)?” “¿aada ca hafif(fifth)greyd(grade)?” “maaram na acómag espeling(spelling)”—Whydo they nottalk in English?[112]OBSERVATION. There are some Tagalog words and constructions used in Bisayan; but we do not consider their use as a barbarism, because Tagalog and Bisayan are both dialects of a common tongue, and because such use may help the formation of a possible Filipino language.FOREIGN CONSTRUCTIONSAmong others, the following is a barbarism in the construction: “maoroopay iníQUEhitón”, (this is better than that). The use of theQUE(which is Spanish meaning “than”) is entirely Spanish and is not necessary in Bisayan, as the mentioned sentence is expressed simply and with the same strength and more purity and correctness: “maooropáy iní hitón”.FOREIGN WORDS NECESSARILY ADOPTED IN BISAYANBut there are many words now in use in Bisayan the adoption of which enriches rather then destroys the language. We refer to those words that have been necessarily imported from other languages to express ideas not represented by any word, or whose corresponding words are lost in Bisayan.We do not consider their use as a barbarism, as it is not considered us such in English, Spanish, French and other European languages the adoption of Greek and Latin words. We not only do not criticizesuchadoption in the Filipino dialects but rather desire and encourage it, because it will undoubtedly enable our dialects to be used in all kinds of scientific and artistic expressions.Among the foreign words already adopted, the following may be counted:Dyos(from the SpanishDios). It is true that we have the TagálogBathalawhich refers to the omnipotency, and the BisayanLaónwhich refers to the eternity. But in view of the fact that the wordDyosderived from the LatinDeus, from the GreekZeuswhich meansDivinite, SupremeBeing, has been so much used in Bisayan, and it represent another phase of the attributes of God, we think that the said[113]word DYOS ought to be adopted in Bisayan, adapting its form to the inflections of our dialect.Oras(from the Spanishhora“hour”).—We have to adopt this word, as there is no corresponding expression known in Bisayan. By its adoption we have a way to avoid the use ofreloj, with the derivativeorasanalready used.Bapor(from the Spanish “vapor”steamboat). It has no corresponding in Bisayan. We havesacayán(boat), but it does not include the idea of the “steam.”Papel(from the Spanish “papel”).—It has no corresponding in Bisayan.The Spanish names of the days of the week, and of the months of the year, which must be written in Bisayan form, as:LUNES, MARTES, MYERKOLES, HWEBES, BYERNES, SABADO, DOMINGO, ENERO, PEBRERO, MARSO, ABRIL, MAYO, JUNYO, HULYO, AGOSTO, SEPTYEMBRE, OKTUBRE, NOBYEMBRE, DISYEMBRE.Arorú(from the English “arrow-root”). A plant. And many others.[115]

[Contents]BARBARISMSThe most frequent violation of good use of the Bisayan tongue is theBarbarism.It is committed by using foreign words, and foreign constructions.

BARBARISMS

The most frequent violation of good use of the Bisayan tongue is theBarbarism.It is committed by using foreign words, and foreign constructions.

The most frequent violation of good use of the Bisayan tongue is theBarbarism.

It is committed by using foreign words, and foreign constructions.

[Contents]FOREIGN WORDSMany foreign words have been and are being introduced in the Bisayan conversations and writings. Must of such words are being adopted, not because they are necessary, but simply thru affectation and love of innovation, thus attempting against the purity of Bisayan. Some of the words introduced however are necessary as they have no correspondingwordin Bisayan.[106]FOREIGN WORDS UNNECESSARILY USED IN BISAYANSpanish wordsAbierto, abre (open)forBinucsan, inucáb, bucás ucáb.Adorno (adornment)for,,Dayan, rayandayanAgua (used to mean perfume)for,,TalamhotAguanta (wait suffer)for,,Ílob, hulátAlisto (fromlisto)for,,AndamAmigo (friend)for,,SángcayApique (close)for,,SóocApura, apurado (hurry)for,,Dagmit, cadagmitanAtrever, atrevido (bold)for,,Paggahúm, gamhánanAver (for “give me”)for,,IcadíAver pa (God grant)for,,Mangad paBajado, Bajar (low)for,,Habobó, obósBancó (bench)for,,Pongcóan, lincoran, pápagBando (edict)for,,PahamatngonBatido (for “experienced”)for,,Lasgud, hiaraBote (for boat)for,,SacayanCada usá (each one)for,,TágsaCalabozo (jail)for,,BilangóanCalculo (calculus)for,,IgoigoCalle (street)for,,DalanCampana (bell)for,,LinganayCanta (sing)for,,Laygay, laylayCantodes (from “cantores”)for,,ParalaygayCarcel (jail)for,,Bi1angóanCargo (for “debt”)for,,ÚtangCarne (fleshmeat)for,,UnódCapaz (able)for,,Sadang, angay, tacúsCastigo (punishment)for,,SirocCocina (kitchen)for,,LotoánCogerfor,,Pagdacóp pacasacóbColá (from “colar”)for,,BacáColor (color)for,,Tina, samay, culay[107]Comósta (from “como está” how are you)for,,Matiónan-o caComún (common)for,,CasahirácConvida (invite)for,,Áabiabi, sabiContra (against)for,,Tipa, patoe, caauayCortina (curtain)for,,BiráyCuarta (money)for,,SalapíCuarto (room)for,,SolódCuerdas (strings)for,,DolósCuello (collar)for,,BaliógCuenta (account)for,,Iháp, ísipDe balde (unusefully)for,,CáuaugDe buenas (fortunate)for,,PaláranDecir (for “ask”)for,,Siring hingyapDefecto(defect)for,,Casaquihán, carát’anDe malas (unfortunate)for,,Uaráy paladDerecho (right)for,,Tádong, dáyon, catadung̃anDescanso (rest)for,,PahúuayDespedida (farewell)for,,PanamilitDibujo (drawing)for,,Badlis, BaguisDiferencia (difference)for,,Guincalainan, guicaíbbanDilatar (for delay)for,,Pag-uláng, pagpahalawigDisgusto (unlikeness)for,,CangalasDispensa (excuse)for,,Pasaylo, paguaráDiversion (amusement)for,,Caliáuan, liáoliáoDulce (sweet candy)for,,Matam’isEmpezar (to commence)for,,PagticángEntra (for “to make love”)for,,PangasáuaEntremés (joke)for,,TíaoEscuela (school)for,,LiboránEspejo (glass)for,,SalamíngEsquina (corner)for,,CasóngnanEstampa (image)for,,LadáuanFino (fine)for,,Gamay, pilíFirme (for always)for,,Agsub, ónobFuerza (strength)for,,CusógFuerte (strong)for,,Macusóg, mabácodFusil (gun)for,,Lutbang[108]Ganancia (gain)for,,Polós, tuboGracia (grace, favor)for,,ParábulGratis (used for “payment”)for,,HimúdlayGusto (wish)for,,CaruyagHasta (until)for,,Tubtub, ngadáHechura (shape)for,,DaguayInteres (interest)for,,Guinsisiring, guinlalánatJardin (garden)for,,TanámanLa mesa (table)for,,DulangLatigo (whip)for,,LatósLavá (from “lavar”, to wash)for,,BúnacLavandero, a (launderer, laundress)for,,MagburunácLicencia, pag (to take leave)for,,Sárit, panamilitLimós (from “limosna”, alms)for,,Calóoy, hatagLimpio (clean)for,,MahínisLóa (praise)for,,DáyaoLugar (for “near” or “almost”)for,,Dapit, maMacetas (flower-pot)for,,Tinanóm, taranmanMaestro (teacher)for,,MagtorótdoManteca (butter)for,,PinahagasMantel (tablecloth)for,,Basnig ha dulangMantilla (mantilla)for,,TaóngMasiado (from “demasiado”, too)for,,UrauraMasque (from “por más que”, although)for,,BisanMedio (half)for,,Catunga, bagáMismo (self-same)for,,Ngábao, gudMuchacho (for servant)for,,SurogóonNúmero (number)for,,IhápO bien (or)for,,O cun, ó, lugúdOración (prayer)for,,Pangadye, paugamuyoOrden (order)for,,SugoPabyon (from “pabellón”)for,,BiráyPaciencia (patience)for,,Pag-ilubPago (for “debt”)for,,Utang[109]Palati (from “palatico”, from “práctico”)for,,Mag-orónaPaño (cloth)for,,Panapton, pudóngPañolito (handkerchief)for,,ModongpódongPara (for, halt)for,,Basi, ngada, hulat, ocóy, toróocParecer (opinion)for,,SagbangParejo (equal)for,,Sáma, sandagPaseada (from “paseo”)for,,LacatlácatPeligro (danger)for,,CataragmanPensar (for talent)for,,TalínoPerdona (from “perdonar”)for,,PasayloPero (but)for,,CundiPertina (for “pretina”, waistband)for,,HáuacPierde (from “perder” tolose)for,,Lupig, naraPintar (to paint)for,,Dum-it, díhogPintura (paint)for,,IdirihógPlato (plate)for,,PinganPlatito (a little dish)for,,LampayPliegues (plaits)for,,LopiPobre (poor)for,,CablasPolvo (powder)for,,BócbocPosta (from “apuesta”bet)for,,ButángPrecio (price)for,,PulítPreparar (to prepare)for,,Pag-andam, pagtímaPreso (prisoner)for,,Binilangá.Probar (totaste)for,,Tilao, sariPropecto (from “perfecto,” perfect)for,,GuinóodPrueba (proof, evidence)for,,PaacamatóodPrincipal (chief, capital)for,,Labáo, pohonanProvecho (profit)for,,PolósPuerta (door)for,,GanghaánPulido (neat)for,,Hag-id, mahamisPuro (pure)for,,Putli, lonlon, sandag, sáhidQueja (complaint)for,,SumbongQuerido (dear)for,,Hinigugma, pinalangaQue ver (for “to do”)for,,Láhot[110]Quinolá (from colar)for,,BináchanRabenque (from “rebenque”, whipe)for,,Latob, latosRecibi (from “recibir”)for,,CarauatReclamo (claim)for,,PaglánatRedondo (round)for,,Lipóron, malídongRegalo (present)for,,Higugma, hatag, bucadRegular (regular)for,,Igó, socolRelo, relos (from “reloj” watch, clock)for,,Orasán1Remo (oar)for,,GaódRenuncio (from “renunciar”, to renounce)for,,Pagdiri, pagdiuaraReventa (from “reventar” to explode)for,,PagbotóRico (rich)for,,MangáranRugal (from “lugar”, spot)for,,Caraanan, tuna, umáSaco (sack)for,,SopótSadá (from “cierra”, close)for,,LocóbSala (hall)for,,RuángSaya (skirt)for,,Tampí, TalapíSeguro (for “probably”)for,,Mahámoe, angay laSeñor (Sir, Mister)for,,GuinooSirve (from “servir” to serve)for,,Pagmangno pag-ágadSuerte (for “talk”)for,,HimangraoSustento (maintenance)for,,Pagbubi, iburuhi, cabuhianTabla (board)for,,BughaTachar (for “contempt”)for,,Yúbit, támayTaza (cup)for,,YahóngTiempo (time)for,,Adlao, túigTienda (merchandise, store)for,,Baligya, baligyáanTieso (stiff)for,,Dángag, tadóngTocar (to play)for,,PagtonógTocador (for glass)for,,SalamíngTonto (fool)for,,Lórong, palinqui, pádlasTrabajo (work)for,,Buhat[111]Tranea (cross-bar)for,,Síol, BalabágTumba (to tumble)for,,PúcanVacio (empty)for,,LungágVentana (window)for,,TambóanVerde (green)for,,SaguindáhonVicio (vice)for,,CasaquihánVirtud (for “power”)for,,GahúmZurce (for “zurcir” to darn)for,,Pagtábing,And many others.CHINESE2WORDSBochang (for sow)forCablasBuísit (unfortunate)for,,Uaray páladCamsya (for “thank”)for,,SalámatGonggong (foolish)for,,Uaray salabótanLamloc (dear,fat)for,,MatambocLaotuy (old)for,,Lagás, gurangSyâ (for eat)for,,CáonSinqui (new)for,,Bag-oTampuâ (excess, present)for,,Táuad, labisUchang (rich)for,,MangáranUísit (fortunate)for,,Paláran.and some others.ENGLISH WORDSHaló (halloo)forOhóMiting (“meeting”)for,,CatirócanHáyc (“hike”)for,,Paglacát, sódoyMoning (for “money”)for,,SalapíSausau (chow-chow)for,,Pagcáon, caraonónAnd others.NOTE.—At present, among the students it is frequent to hear“¿háin an acdyografi(geography), an acarismitic(arithmetic)?” “¿aada ca hafif(fifth)greyd(grade)?” “maaram na acómag espeling(spelling)”—Whydo they nottalk in English?[112]OBSERVATION. There are some Tagalog words and constructions used in Bisayan; but we do not consider their use as a barbarism, because Tagalog and Bisayan are both dialects of a common tongue, and because such use may help the formation of a possible Filipino language.FOREIGN CONSTRUCTIONSAmong others, the following is a barbarism in the construction: “maoroopay iníQUEhitón”, (this is better than that). The use of theQUE(which is Spanish meaning “than”) is entirely Spanish and is not necessary in Bisayan, as the mentioned sentence is expressed simply and with the same strength and more purity and correctness: “maooropáy iní hitón”.FOREIGN WORDS NECESSARILY ADOPTED IN BISAYANBut there are many words now in use in Bisayan the adoption of which enriches rather then destroys the language. We refer to those words that have been necessarily imported from other languages to express ideas not represented by any word, or whose corresponding words are lost in Bisayan.We do not consider their use as a barbarism, as it is not considered us such in English, Spanish, French and other European languages the adoption of Greek and Latin words. We not only do not criticizesuchadoption in the Filipino dialects but rather desire and encourage it, because it will undoubtedly enable our dialects to be used in all kinds of scientific and artistic expressions.Among the foreign words already adopted, the following may be counted:Dyos(from the SpanishDios). It is true that we have the TagálogBathalawhich refers to the omnipotency, and the BisayanLaónwhich refers to the eternity. But in view of the fact that the wordDyosderived from the LatinDeus, from the GreekZeuswhich meansDivinite, SupremeBeing, has been so much used in Bisayan, and it represent another phase of the attributes of God, we think that the said[113]word DYOS ought to be adopted in Bisayan, adapting its form to the inflections of our dialect.Oras(from the Spanishhora“hour”).—We have to adopt this word, as there is no corresponding expression known in Bisayan. By its adoption we have a way to avoid the use ofreloj, with the derivativeorasanalready used.Bapor(from the Spanish “vapor”steamboat). It has no corresponding in Bisayan. We havesacayán(boat), but it does not include the idea of the “steam.”Papel(from the Spanish “papel”).—It has no corresponding in Bisayan.The Spanish names of the days of the week, and of the months of the year, which must be written in Bisayan form, as:LUNES, MARTES, MYERKOLES, HWEBES, BYERNES, SABADO, DOMINGO, ENERO, PEBRERO, MARSO, ABRIL, MAYO, JUNYO, HULYO, AGOSTO, SEPTYEMBRE, OKTUBRE, NOBYEMBRE, DISYEMBRE.Arorú(from the English “arrow-root”). A plant. And many others.[115]

FOREIGN WORDS

Many foreign words have been and are being introduced in the Bisayan conversations and writings. Must of such words are being adopted, not because they are necessary, but simply thru affectation and love of innovation, thus attempting against the purity of Bisayan. Some of the words introduced however are necessary as they have no correspondingwordin Bisayan.[106]FOREIGN WORDS UNNECESSARILY USED IN BISAYANSpanish wordsAbierto, abre (open)forBinucsan, inucáb, bucás ucáb.Adorno (adornment)for,,Dayan, rayandayanAgua (used to mean perfume)for,,TalamhotAguanta (wait suffer)for,,Ílob, hulátAlisto (fromlisto)for,,AndamAmigo (friend)for,,SángcayApique (close)for,,SóocApura, apurado (hurry)for,,Dagmit, cadagmitanAtrever, atrevido (bold)for,,Paggahúm, gamhánanAver (for “give me”)for,,IcadíAver pa (God grant)for,,Mangad paBajado, Bajar (low)for,,Habobó, obósBancó (bench)for,,Pongcóan, lincoran, pápagBando (edict)for,,PahamatngonBatido (for “experienced”)for,,Lasgud, hiaraBote (for boat)for,,SacayanCada usá (each one)for,,TágsaCalabozo (jail)for,,BilangóanCalculo (calculus)for,,IgoigoCalle (street)for,,DalanCampana (bell)for,,LinganayCanta (sing)for,,Laygay, laylayCantodes (from “cantores”)for,,ParalaygayCarcel (jail)for,,Bi1angóanCargo (for “debt”)for,,ÚtangCarne (fleshmeat)for,,UnódCapaz (able)for,,Sadang, angay, tacúsCastigo (punishment)for,,SirocCocina (kitchen)for,,LotoánCogerfor,,Pagdacóp pacasacóbColá (from “colar”)for,,BacáColor (color)for,,Tina, samay, culay[107]Comósta (from “como está” how are you)for,,Matiónan-o caComún (common)for,,CasahirácConvida (invite)for,,Áabiabi, sabiContra (against)for,,Tipa, patoe, caauayCortina (curtain)for,,BiráyCuarta (money)for,,SalapíCuarto (room)for,,SolódCuerdas (strings)for,,DolósCuello (collar)for,,BaliógCuenta (account)for,,Iháp, ísipDe balde (unusefully)for,,CáuaugDe buenas (fortunate)for,,PaláranDecir (for “ask”)for,,Siring hingyapDefecto(defect)for,,Casaquihán, carát’anDe malas (unfortunate)for,,Uaráy paladDerecho (right)for,,Tádong, dáyon, catadung̃anDescanso (rest)for,,PahúuayDespedida (farewell)for,,PanamilitDibujo (drawing)for,,Badlis, BaguisDiferencia (difference)for,,Guincalainan, guicaíbbanDilatar (for delay)for,,Pag-uláng, pagpahalawigDisgusto (unlikeness)for,,CangalasDispensa (excuse)for,,Pasaylo, paguaráDiversion (amusement)for,,Caliáuan, liáoliáoDulce (sweet candy)for,,Matam’isEmpezar (to commence)for,,PagticángEntra (for “to make love”)for,,PangasáuaEntremés (joke)for,,TíaoEscuela (school)for,,LiboránEspejo (glass)for,,SalamíngEsquina (corner)for,,CasóngnanEstampa (image)for,,LadáuanFino (fine)for,,Gamay, pilíFirme (for always)for,,Agsub, ónobFuerza (strength)for,,CusógFuerte (strong)for,,Macusóg, mabácodFusil (gun)for,,Lutbang[108]Ganancia (gain)for,,Polós, tuboGracia (grace, favor)for,,ParábulGratis (used for “payment”)for,,HimúdlayGusto (wish)for,,CaruyagHasta (until)for,,Tubtub, ngadáHechura (shape)for,,DaguayInteres (interest)for,,Guinsisiring, guinlalánatJardin (garden)for,,TanámanLa mesa (table)for,,DulangLatigo (whip)for,,LatósLavá (from “lavar”, to wash)for,,BúnacLavandero, a (launderer, laundress)for,,MagburunácLicencia, pag (to take leave)for,,Sárit, panamilitLimós (from “limosna”, alms)for,,Calóoy, hatagLimpio (clean)for,,MahínisLóa (praise)for,,DáyaoLugar (for “near” or “almost”)for,,Dapit, maMacetas (flower-pot)for,,Tinanóm, taranmanMaestro (teacher)for,,MagtorótdoManteca (butter)for,,PinahagasMantel (tablecloth)for,,Basnig ha dulangMantilla (mantilla)for,,TaóngMasiado (from “demasiado”, too)for,,UrauraMasque (from “por más que”, although)for,,BisanMedio (half)for,,Catunga, bagáMismo (self-same)for,,Ngábao, gudMuchacho (for servant)for,,SurogóonNúmero (number)for,,IhápO bien (or)for,,O cun, ó, lugúdOración (prayer)for,,Pangadye, paugamuyoOrden (order)for,,SugoPabyon (from “pabellón”)for,,BiráyPaciencia (patience)for,,Pag-ilubPago (for “debt”)for,,Utang[109]Palati (from “palatico”, from “práctico”)for,,Mag-orónaPaño (cloth)for,,Panapton, pudóngPañolito (handkerchief)for,,ModongpódongPara (for, halt)for,,Basi, ngada, hulat, ocóy, toróocParecer (opinion)for,,SagbangParejo (equal)for,,Sáma, sandagPaseada (from “paseo”)for,,LacatlácatPeligro (danger)for,,CataragmanPensar (for talent)for,,TalínoPerdona (from “perdonar”)for,,PasayloPero (but)for,,CundiPertina (for “pretina”, waistband)for,,HáuacPierde (from “perder” tolose)for,,Lupig, naraPintar (to paint)for,,Dum-it, díhogPintura (paint)for,,IdirihógPlato (plate)for,,PinganPlatito (a little dish)for,,LampayPliegues (plaits)for,,LopiPobre (poor)for,,CablasPolvo (powder)for,,BócbocPosta (from “apuesta”bet)for,,ButángPrecio (price)for,,PulítPreparar (to prepare)for,,Pag-andam, pagtímaPreso (prisoner)for,,Binilangá.Probar (totaste)for,,Tilao, sariPropecto (from “perfecto,” perfect)for,,GuinóodPrueba (proof, evidence)for,,PaacamatóodPrincipal (chief, capital)for,,Labáo, pohonanProvecho (profit)for,,PolósPuerta (door)for,,GanghaánPulido (neat)for,,Hag-id, mahamisPuro (pure)for,,Putli, lonlon, sandag, sáhidQueja (complaint)for,,SumbongQuerido (dear)for,,Hinigugma, pinalangaQue ver (for “to do”)for,,Láhot[110]Quinolá (from colar)for,,BináchanRabenque (from “rebenque”, whipe)for,,Latob, latosRecibi (from “recibir”)for,,CarauatReclamo (claim)for,,PaglánatRedondo (round)for,,Lipóron, malídongRegalo (present)for,,Higugma, hatag, bucadRegular (regular)for,,Igó, socolRelo, relos (from “reloj” watch, clock)for,,Orasán1Remo (oar)for,,GaódRenuncio (from “renunciar”, to renounce)for,,Pagdiri, pagdiuaraReventa (from “reventar” to explode)for,,PagbotóRico (rich)for,,MangáranRugal (from “lugar”, spot)for,,Caraanan, tuna, umáSaco (sack)for,,SopótSadá (from “cierra”, close)for,,LocóbSala (hall)for,,RuángSaya (skirt)for,,Tampí, TalapíSeguro (for “probably”)for,,Mahámoe, angay laSeñor (Sir, Mister)for,,GuinooSirve (from “servir” to serve)for,,Pagmangno pag-ágadSuerte (for “talk”)for,,HimangraoSustento (maintenance)for,,Pagbubi, iburuhi, cabuhianTabla (board)for,,BughaTachar (for “contempt”)for,,Yúbit, támayTaza (cup)for,,YahóngTiempo (time)for,,Adlao, túigTienda (merchandise, store)for,,Baligya, baligyáanTieso (stiff)for,,Dángag, tadóngTocar (to play)for,,PagtonógTocador (for glass)for,,SalamíngTonto (fool)for,,Lórong, palinqui, pádlasTrabajo (work)for,,Buhat[111]Tranea (cross-bar)for,,Síol, BalabágTumba (to tumble)for,,PúcanVacio (empty)for,,LungágVentana (window)for,,TambóanVerde (green)for,,SaguindáhonVicio (vice)for,,CasaquihánVirtud (for “power”)for,,GahúmZurce (for “zurcir” to darn)for,,Pagtábing,And many others.CHINESE2WORDSBochang (for sow)forCablasBuísit (unfortunate)for,,Uaray páladCamsya (for “thank”)for,,SalámatGonggong (foolish)for,,Uaray salabótanLamloc (dear,fat)for,,MatambocLaotuy (old)for,,Lagás, gurangSyâ (for eat)for,,CáonSinqui (new)for,,Bag-oTampuâ (excess, present)for,,Táuad, labisUchang (rich)for,,MangáranUísit (fortunate)for,,Paláran.and some others.ENGLISH WORDSHaló (halloo)forOhóMiting (“meeting”)for,,CatirócanHáyc (“hike”)for,,Paglacát, sódoyMoning (for “money”)for,,SalapíSausau (chow-chow)for,,Pagcáon, caraonónAnd others.NOTE.—At present, among the students it is frequent to hear“¿háin an acdyografi(geography), an acarismitic(arithmetic)?” “¿aada ca hafif(fifth)greyd(grade)?” “maaram na acómag espeling(spelling)”—Whydo they nottalk in English?[112]OBSERVATION. There are some Tagalog words and constructions used in Bisayan; but we do not consider their use as a barbarism, because Tagalog and Bisayan are both dialects of a common tongue, and because such use may help the formation of a possible Filipino language.FOREIGN CONSTRUCTIONSAmong others, the following is a barbarism in the construction: “maoroopay iníQUEhitón”, (this is better than that). The use of theQUE(which is Spanish meaning “than”) is entirely Spanish and is not necessary in Bisayan, as the mentioned sentence is expressed simply and with the same strength and more purity and correctness: “maooropáy iní hitón”.FOREIGN WORDS NECESSARILY ADOPTED IN BISAYANBut there are many words now in use in Bisayan the adoption of which enriches rather then destroys the language. We refer to those words that have been necessarily imported from other languages to express ideas not represented by any word, or whose corresponding words are lost in Bisayan.We do not consider their use as a barbarism, as it is not considered us such in English, Spanish, French and other European languages the adoption of Greek and Latin words. We not only do not criticizesuchadoption in the Filipino dialects but rather desire and encourage it, because it will undoubtedly enable our dialects to be used in all kinds of scientific and artistic expressions.Among the foreign words already adopted, the following may be counted:Dyos(from the SpanishDios). It is true that we have the TagálogBathalawhich refers to the omnipotency, and the BisayanLaónwhich refers to the eternity. But in view of the fact that the wordDyosderived from the LatinDeus, from the GreekZeuswhich meansDivinite, SupremeBeing, has been so much used in Bisayan, and it represent another phase of the attributes of God, we think that the said[113]word DYOS ought to be adopted in Bisayan, adapting its form to the inflections of our dialect.Oras(from the Spanishhora“hour”).—We have to adopt this word, as there is no corresponding expression known in Bisayan. By its adoption we have a way to avoid the use ofreloj, with the derivativeorasanalready used.Bapor(from the Spanish “vapor”steamboat). It has no corresponding in Bisayan. We havesacayán(boat), but it does not include the idea of the “steam.”Papel(from the Spanish “papel”).—It has no corresponding in Bisayan.The Spanish names of the days of the week, and of the months of the year, which must be written in Bisayan form, as:LUNES, MARTES, MYERKOLES, HWEBES, BYERNES, SABADO, DOMINGO, ENERO, PEBRERO, MARSO, ABRIL, MAYO, JUNYO, HULYO, AGOSTO, SEPTYEMBRE, OKTUBRE, NOBYEMBRE, DISYEMBRE.Arorú(from the English “arrow-root”). A plant. And many others.[115]

Many foreign words have been and are being introduced in the Bisayan conversations and writings. Must of such words are being adopted, not because they are necessary, but simply thru affectation and love of innovation, thus attempting against the purity of Bisayan. Some of the words introduced however are necessary as they have no correspondingwordin Bisayan.[106]

FOREIGN WORDS UNNECESSARILY USED IN BISAYANSpanish wordsAbierto, abre (open)forBinucsan, inucáb, bucás ucáb.Adorno (adornment)for,,Dayan, rayandayanAgua (used to mean perfume)for,,TalamhotAguanta (wait suffer)for,,Ílob, hulátAlisto (fromlisto)for,,AndamAmigo (friend)for,,SángcayApique (close)for,,SóocApura, apurado (hurry)for,,Dagmit, cadagmitanAtrever, atrevido (bold)for,,Paggahúm, gamhánanAver (for “give me”)for,,IcadíAver pa (God grant)for,,Mangad paBajado, Bajar (low)for,,Habobó, obósBancó (bench)for,,Pongcóan, lincoran, pápagBando (edict)for,,PahamatngonBatido (for “experienced”)for,,Lasgud, hiaraBote (for boat)for,,SacayanCada usá (each one)for,,TágsaCalabozo (jail)for,,BilangóanCalculo (calculus)for,,IgoigoCalle (street)for,,DalanCampana (bell)for,,LinganayCanta (sing)for,,Laygay, laylayCantodes (from “cantores”)for,,ParalaygayCarcel (jail)for,,Bi1angóanCargo (for “debt”)for,,ÚtangCarne (fleshmeat)for,,UnódCapaz (able)for,,Sadang, angay, tacúsCastigo (punishment)for,,SirocCocina (kitchen)for,,LotoánCogerfor,,Pagdacóp pacasacóbColá (from “colar”)for,,BacáColor (color)for,,Tina, samay, culay[107]Comósta (from “como está” how are you)for,,Matiónan-o caComún (common)for,,CasahirácConvida (invite)for,,Áabiabi, sabiContra (against)for,,Tipa, patoe, caauayCortina (curtain)for,,BiráyCuarta (money)for,,SalapíCuarto (room)for,,SolódCuerdas (strings)for,,DolósCuello (collar)for,,BaliógCuenta (account)for,,Iháp, ísipDe balde (unusefully)for,,CáuaugDe buenas (fortunate)for,,PaláranDecir (for “ask”)for,,Siring hingyapDefecto(defect)for,,Casaquihán, carát’anDe malas (unfortunate)for,,Uaráy paladDerecho (right)for,,Tádong, dáyon, catadung̃anDescanso (rest)for,,PahúuayDespedida (farewell)for,,PanamilitDibujo (drawing)for,,Badlis, BaguisDiferencia (difference)for,,Guincalainan, guicaíbbanDilatar (for delay)for,,Pag-uláng, pagpahalawigDisgusto (unlikeness)for,,CangalasDispensa (excuse)for,,Pasaylo, paguaráDiversion (amusement)for,,Caliáuan, liáoliáoDulce (sweet candy)for,,Matam’isEmpezar (to commence)for,,PagticángEntra (for “to make love”)for,,PangasáuaEntremés (joke)for,,TíaoEscuela (school)for,,LiboránEspejo (glass)for,,SalamíngEsquina (corner)for,,CasóngnanEstampa (image)for,,LadáuanFino (fine)for,,Gamay, pilíFirme (for always)for,,Agsub, ónobFuerza (strength)for,,CusógFuerte (strong)for,,Macusóg, mabácodFusil (gun)for,,Lutbang[108]Ganancia (gain)for,,Polós, tuboGracia (grace, favor)for,,ParábulGratis (used for “payment”)for,,HimúdlayGusto (wish)for,,CaruyagHasta (until)for,,Tubtub, ngadáHechura (shape)for,,DaguayInteres (interest)for,,Guinsisiring, guinlalánatJardin (garden)for,,TanámanLa mesa (table)for,,DulangLatigo (whip)for,,LatósLavá (from “lavar”, to wash)for,,BúnacLavandero, a (launderer, laundress)for,,MagburunácLicencia, pag (to take leave)for,,Sárit, panamilitLimós (from “limosna”, alms)for,,Calóoy, hatagLimpio (clean)for,,MahínisLóa (praise)for,,DáyaoLugar (for “near” or “almost”)for,,Dapit, maMacetas (flower-pot)for,,Tinanóm, taranmanMaestro (teacher)for,,MagtorótdoManteca (butter)for,,PinahagasMantel (tablecloth)for,,Basnig ha dulangMantilla (mantilla)for,,TaóngMasiado (from “demasiado”, too)for,,UrauraMasque (from “por más que”, although)for,,BisanMedio (half)for,,Catunga, bagáMismo (self-same)for,,Ngábao, gudMuchacho (for servant)for,,SurogóonNúmero (number)for,,IhápO bien (or)for,,O cun, ó, lugúdOración (prayer)for,,Pangadye, paugamuyoOrden (order)for,,SugoPabyon (from “pabellón”)for,,BiráyPaciencia (patience)for,,Pag-ilubPago (for “debt”)for,,Utang[109]Palati (from “palatico”, from “práctico”)for,,Mag-orónaPaño (cloth)for,,Panapton, pudóngPañolito (handkerchief)for,,ModongpódongPara (for, halt)for,,Basi, ngada, hulat, ocóy, toróocParecer (opinion)for,,SagbangParejo (equal)for,,Sáma, sandagPaseada (from “paseo”)for,,LacatlácatPeligro (danger)for,,CataragmanPensar (for talent)for,,TalínoPerdona (from “perdonar”)for,,PasayloPero (but)for,,CundiPertina (for “pretina”, waistband)for,,HáuacPierde (from “perder” tolose)for,,Lupig, naraPintar (to paint)for,,Dum-it, díhogPintura (paint)for,,IdirihógPlato (plate)for,,PinganPlatito (a little dish)for,,LampayPliegues (plaits)for,,LopiPobre (poor)for,,CablasPolvo (powder)for,,BócbocPosta (from “apuesta”bet)for,,ButángPrecio (price)for,,PulítPreparar (to prepare)for,,Pag-andam, pagtímaPreso (prisoner)for,,Binilangá.Probar (totaste)for,,Tilao, sariPropecto (from “perfecto,” perfect)for,,GuinóodPrueba (proof, evidence)for,,PaacamatóodPrincipal (chief, capital)for,,Labáo, pohonanProvecho (profit)for,,PolósPuerta (door)for,,GanghaánPulido (neat)for,,Hag-id, mahamisPuro (pure)for,,Putli, lonlon, sandag, sáhidQueja (complaint)for,,SumbongQuerido (dear)for,,Hinigugma, pinalangaQue ver (for “to do”)for,,Láhot[110]Quinolá (from colar)for,,BináchanRabenque (from “rebenque”, whipe)for,,Latob, latosRecibi (from “recibir”)for,,CarauatReclamo (claim)for,,PaglánatRedondo (round)for,,Lipóron, malídongRegalo (present)for,,Higugma, hatag, bucadRegular (regular)for,,Igó, socolRelo, relos (from “reloj” watch, clock)for,,Orasán1Remo (oar)for,,GaódRenuncio (from “renunciar”, to renounce)for,,Pagdiri, pagdiuaraReventa (from “reventar” to explode)for,,PagbotóRico (rich)for,,MangáranRugal (from “lugar”, spot)for,,Caraanan, tuna, umáSaco (sack)for,,SopótSadá (from “cierra”, close)for,,LocóbSala (hall)for,,RuángSaya (skirt)for,,Tampí, TalapíSeguro (for “probably”)for,,Mahámoe, angay laSeñor (Sir, Mister)for,,GuinooSirve (from “servir” to serve)for,,Pagmangno pag-ágadSuerte (for “talk”)for,,HimangraoSustento (maintenance)for,,Pagbubi, iburuhi, cabuhianTabla (board)for,,BughaTachar (for “contempt”)for,,Yúbit, támayTaza (cup)for,,YahóngTiempo (time)for,,Adlao, túigTienda (merchandise, store)for,,Baligya, baligyáanTieso (stiff)for,,Dángag, tadóngTocar (to play)for,,PagtonógTocador (for glass)for,,SalamíngTonto (fool)for,,Lórong, palinqui, pádlasTrabajo (work)for,,Buhat[111]Tranea (cross-bar)for,,Síol, BalabágTumba (to tumble)for,,PúcanVacio (empty)for,,LungágVentana (window)for,,TambóanVerde (green)for,,SaguindáhonVicio (vice)for,,CasaquihánVirtud (for “power”)for,,GahúmZurce (for “zurcir” to darn)for,,Pagtábing,And many others.CHINESE2WORDSBochang (for sow)forCablasBuísit (unfortunate)for,,Uaray páladCamsya (for “thank”)for,,SalámatGonggong (foolish)for,,Uaray salabótanLamloc (dear,fat)for,,MatambocLaotuy (old)for,,Lagás, gurangSyâ (for eat)for,,CáonSinqui (new)for,,Bag-oTampuâ (excess, present)for,,Táuad, labisUchang (rich)for,,MangáranUísit (fortunate)for,,Paláran.and some others.ENGLISH WORDSHaló (halloo)forOhóMiting (“meeting”)for,,CatirócanHáyc (“hike”)for,,Paglacát, sódoyMoning (for “money”)for,,SalapíSausau (chow-chow)for,,Pagcáon, caraonónAnd others.NOTE.—At present, among the students it is frequent to hear“¿háin an acdyografi(geography), an acarismitic(arithmetic)?” “¿aada ca hafif(fifth)greyd(grade)?” “maaram na acómag espeling(spelling)”—Whydo they nottalk in English?[112]OBSERVATION. There are some Tagalog words and constructions used in Bisayan; but we do not consider their use as a barbarism, because Tagalog and Bisayan are both dialects of a common tongue, and because such use may help the formation of a possible Filipino language.

FOREIGN WORDS UNNECESSARILY USED IN BISAYAN

Spanish wordsAbierto, abre (open)forBinucsan, inucáb, bucás ucáb.Adorno (adornment)for,,Dayan, rayandayanAgua (used to mean perfume)for,,TalamhotAguanta (wait suffer)for,,Ílob, hulátAlisto (fromlisto)for,,AndamAmigo (friend)for,,SángcayApique (close)for,,SóocApura, apurado (hurry)for,,Dagmit, cadagmitanAtrever, atrevido (bold)for,,Paggahúm, gamhánanAver (for “give me”)for,,IcadíAver pa (God grant)for,,Mangad paBajado, Bajar (low)for,,Habobó, obósBancó (bench)for,,Pongcóan, lincoran, pápagBando (edict)for,,PahamatngonBatido (for “experienced”)for,,Lasgud, hiaraBote (for boat)for,,SacayanCada usá (each one)for,,TágsaCalabozo (jail)for,,BilangóanCalculo (calculus)for,,IgoigoCalle (street)for,,DalanCampana (bell)for,,LinganayCanta (sing)for,,Laygay, laylayCantodes (from “cantores”)for,,ParalaygayCarcel (jail)for,,Bi1angóanCargo (for “debt”)for,,ÚtangCarne (fleshmeat)for,,UnódCapaz (able)for,,Sadang, angay, tacúsCastigo (punishment)for,,SirocCocina (kitchen)for,,LotoánCogerfor,,Pagdacóp pacasacóbColá (from “colar”)for,,BacáColor (color)for,,Tina, samay, culay[107]Comósta (from “como está” how are you)for,,Matiónan-o caComún (common)for,,CasahirácConvida (invite)for,,Áabiabi, sabiContra (against)for,,Tipa, patoe, caauayCortina (curtain)for,,BiráyCuarta (money)for,,SalapíCuarto (room)for,,SolódCuerdas (strings)for,,DolósCuello (collar)for,,BaliógCuenta (account)for,,Iháp, ísipDe balde (unusefully)for,,CáuaugDe buenas (fortunate)for,,PaláranDecir (for “ask”)for,,Siring hingyapDefecto(defect)for,,Casaquihán, carát’anDe malas (unfortunate)for,,Uaráy paladDerecho (right)for,,Tádong, dáyon, catadung̃anDescanso (rest)for,,PahúuayDespedida (farewell)for,,PanamilitDibujo (drawing)for,,Badlis, BaguisDiferencia (difference)for,,Guincalainan, guicaíbbanDilatar (for delay)for,,Pag-uláng, pagpahalawigDisgusto (unlikeness)for,,CangalasDispensa (excuse)for,,Pasaylo, paguaráDiversion (amusement)for,,Caliáuan, liáoliáoDulce (sweet candy)for,,Matam’isEmpezar (to commence)for,,PagticángEntra (for “to make love”)for,,PangasáuaEntremés (joke)for,,TíaoEscuela (school)for,,LiboránEspejo (glass)for,,SalamíngEsquina (corner)for,,CasóngnanEstampa (image)for,,LadáuanFino (fine)for,,Gamay, pilíFirme (for always)for,,Agsub, ónobFuerza (strength)for,,CusógFuerte (strong)for,,Macusóg, mabácodFusil (gun)for,,Lutbang[108]Ganancia (gain)for,,Polós, tuboGracia (grace, favor)for,,ParábulGratis (used for “payment”)for,,HimúdlayGusto (wish)for,,CaruyagHasta (until)for,,Tubtub, ngadáHechura (shape)for,,DaguayInteres (interest)for,,Guinsisiring, guinlalánatJardin (garden)for,,TanámanLa mesa (table)for,,DulangLatigo (whip)for,,LatósLavá (from “lavar”, to wash)for,,BúnacLavandero, a (launderer, laundress)for,,MagburunácLicencia, pag (to take leave)for,,Sárit, panamilitLimós (from “limosna”, alms)for,,Calóoy, hatagLimpio (clean)for,,MahínisLóa (praise)for,,DáyaoLugar (for “near” or “almost”)for,,Dapit, maMacetas (flower-pot)for,,Tinanóm, taranmanMaestro (teacher)for,,MagtorótdoManteca (butter)for,,PinahagasMantel (tablecloth)for,,Basnig ha dulangMantilla (mantilla)for,,TaóngMasiado (from “demasiado”, too)for,,UrauraMasque (from “por más que”, although)for,,BisanMedio (half)for,,Catunga, bagáMismo (self-same)for,,Ngábao, gudMuchacho (for servant)for,,SurogóonNúmero (number)for,,IhápO bien (or)for,,O cun, ó, lugúdOración (prayer)for,,Pangadye, paugamuyoOrden (order)for,,SugoPabyon (from “pabellón”)for,,BiráyPaciencia (patience)for,,Pag-ilubPago (for “debt”)for,,Utang[109]Palati (from “palatico”, from “práctico”)for,,Mag-orónaPaño (cloth)for,,Panapton, pudóngPañolito (handkerchief)for,,ModongpódongPara (for, halt)for,,Basi, ngada, hulat, ocóy, toróocParecer (opinion)for,,SagbangParejo (equal)for,,Sáma, sandagPaseada (from “paseo”)for,,LacatlácatPeligro (danger)for,,CataragmanPensar (for talent)for,,TalínoPerdona (from “perdonar”)for,,PasayloPero (but)for,,CundiPertina (for “pretina”, waistband)for,,HáuacPierde (from “perder” tolose)for,,Lupig, naraPintar (to paint)for,,Dum-it, díhogPintura (paint)for,,IdirihógPlato (plate)for,,PinganPlatito (a little dish)for,,LampayPliegues (plaits)for,,LopiPobre (poor)for,,CablasPolvo (powder)for,,BócbocPosta (from “apuesta”bet)for,,ButángPrecio (price)for,,PulítPreparar (to prepare)for,,Pag-andam, pagtímaPreso (prisoner)for,,Binilangá.Probar (totaste)for,,Tilao, sariPropecto (from “perfecto,” perfect)for,,GuinóodPrueba (proof, evidence)for,,PaacamatóodPrincipal (chief, capital)for,,Labáo, pohonanProvecho (profit)for,,PolósPuerta (door)for,,GanghaánPulido (neat)for,,Hag-id, mahamisPuro (pure)for,,Putli, lonlon, sandag, sáhidQueja (complaint)for,,SumbongQuerido (dear)for,,Hinigugma, pinalangaQue ver (for “to do”)for,,Láhot[110]Quinolá (from colar)for,,BináchanRabenque (from “rebenque”, whipe)for,,Latob, latosRecibi (from “recibir”)for,,CarauatReclamo (claim)for,,PaglánatRedondo (round)for,,Lipóron, malídongRegalo (present)for,,Higugma, hatag, bucadRegular (regular)for,,Igó, socolRelo, relos (from “reloj” watch, clock)for,,Orasán1Remo (oar)for,,GaódRenuncio (from “renunciar”, to renounce)for,,Pagdiri, pagdiuaraReventa (from “reventar” to explode)for,,PagbotóRico (rich)for,,MangáranRugal (from “lugar”, spot)for,,Caraanan, tuna, umáSaco (sack)for,,SopótSadá (from “cierra”, close)for,,LocóbSala (hall)for,,RuángSaya (skirt)for,,Tampí, TalapíSeguro (for “probably”)for,,Mahámoe, angay laSeñor (Sir, Mister)for,,GuinooSirve (from “servir” to serve)for,,Pagmangno pag-ágadSuerte (for “talk”)for,,HimangraoSustento (maintenance)for,,Pagbubi, iburuhi, cabuhianTabla (board)for,,BughaTachar (for “contempt”)for,,Yúbit, támayTaza (cup)for,,YahóngTiempo (time)for,,Adlao, túigTienda (merchandise, store)for,,Baligya, baligyáanTieso (stiff)for,,Dángag, tadóngTocar (to play)for,,PagtonógTocador (for glass)for,,SalamíngTonto (fool)for,,Lórong, palinqui, pádlasTrabajo (work)for,,Buhat[111]Tranea (cross-bar)for,,Síol, BalabágTumba (to tumble)for,,PúcanVacio (empty)for,,LungágVentana (window)for,,TambóanVerde (green)for,,SaguindáhonVicio (vice)for,,CasaquihánVirtud (for “power”)for,,GahúmZurce (for “zurcir” to darn)for,,Pagtábing,And many others.CHINESE2WORDSBochang (for sow)forCablasBuísit (unfortunate)for,,Uaray páladCamsya (for “thank”)for,,SalámatGonggong (foolish)for,,Uaray salabótanLamloc (dear,fat)for,,MatambocLaotuy (old)for,,Lagás, gurangSyâ (for eat)for,,CáonSinqui (new)for,,Bag-oTampuâ (excess, present)for,,Táuad, labisUchang (rich)for,,MangáranUísit (fortunate)for,,Paláran.and some others.ENGLISH WORDSHaló (halloo)forOhóMiting (“meeting”)for,,CatirócanHáyc (“hike”)for,,Paglacát, sódoyMoning (for “money”)for,,SalapíSausau (chow-chow)for,,Pagcáon, caraonónAnd others.NOTE.—At present, among the students it is frequent to hear“¿háin an acdyografi(geography), an acarismitic(arithmetic)?” “¿aada ca hafif(fifth)greyd(grade)?” “maaram na acómag espeling(spelling)”—Whydo they nottalk in English?[112]OBSERVATION. There are some Tagalog words and constructions used in Bisayan; but we do not consider their use as a barbarism, because Tagalog and Bisayan are both dialects of a common tongue, and because such use may help the formation of a possible Filipino language.

Spanish wordsAbierto, abre (open)forBinucsan, inucáb, bucás ucáb.Adorno (adornment)for,,Dayan, rayandayanAgua (used to mean perfume)for,,TalamhotAguanta (wait suffer)for,,Ílob, hulátAlisto (fromlisto)for,,AndamAmigo (friend)for,,SángcayApique (close)for,,SóocApura, apurado (hurry)for,,Dagmit, cadagmitanAtrever, atrevido (bold)for,,Paggahúm, gamhánanAver (for “give me”)for,,IcadíAver pa (God grant)for,,Mangad paBajado, Bajar (low)for,,Habobó, obósBancó (bench)for,,Pongcóan, lincoran, pápagBando (edict)for,,PahamatngonBatido (for “experienced”)for,,Lasgud, hiaraBote (for boat)for,,SacayanCada usá (each one)for,,TágsaCalabozo (jail)for,,BilangóanCalculo (calculus)for,,IgoigoCalle (street)for,,DalanCampana (bell)for,,LinganayCanta (sing)for,,Laygay, laylayCantodes (from “cantores”)for,,ParalaygayCarcel (jail)for,,Bi1angóanCargo (for “debt”)for,,ÚtangCarne (fleshmeat)for,,UnódCapaz (able)for,,Sadang, angay, tacúsCastigo (punishment)for,,SirocCocina (kitchen)for,,LotoánCogerfor,,Pagdacóp pacasacóbColá (from “colar”)for,,BacáColor (color)for,,Tina, samay, culay[107]Comósta (from “como está” how are you)for,,Matiónan-o caComún (common)for,,CasahirácConvida (invite)for,,Áabiabi, sabiContra (against)for,,Tipa, patoe, caauayCortina (curtain)for,,BiráyCuarta (money)for,,SalapíCuarto (room)for,,SolódCuerdas (strings)for,,DolósCuello (collar)for,,BaliógCuenta (account)for,,Iháp, ísipDe balde (unusefully)for,,CáuaugDe buenas (fortunate)for,,PaláranDecir (for “ask”)for,,Siring hingyapDefecto(defect)for,,Casaquihán, carát’anDe malas (unfortunate)for,,Uaráy paladDerecho (right)for,,Tádong, dáyon, catadung̃anDescanso (rest)for,,PahúuayDespedida (farewell)for,,PanamilitDibujo (drawing)for,,Badlis, BaguisDiferencia (difference)for,,Guincalainan, guicaíbbanDilatar (for delay)for,,Pag-uláng, pagpahalawigDisgusto (unlikeness)for,,CangalasDispensa (excuse)for,,Pasaylo, paguaráDiversion (amusement)for,,Caliáuan, liáoliáoDulce (sweet candy)for,,Matam’isEmpezar (to commence)for,,PagticángEntra (for “to make love”)for,,PangasáuaEntremés (joke)for,,TíaoEscuela (school)for,,LiboránEspejo (glass)for,,SalamíngEsquina (corner)for,,CasóngnanEstampa (image)for,,LadáuanFino (fine)for,,Gamay, pilíFirme (for always)for,,Agsub, ónobFuerza (strength)for,,CusógFuerte (strong)for,,Macusóg, mabácodFusil (gun)for,,Lutbang[108]Ganancia (gain)for,,Polós, tuboGracia (grace, favor)for,,ParábulGratis (used for “payment”)for,,HimúdlayGusto (wish)for,,CaruyagHasta (until)for,,Tubtub, ngadáHechura (shape)for,,DaguayInteres (interest)for,,Guinsisiring, guinlalánatJardin (garden)for,,TanámanLa mesa (table)for,,DulangLatigo (whip)for,,LatósLavá (from “lavar”, to wash)for,,BúnacLavandero, a (launderer, laundress)for,,MagburunácLicencia, pag (to take leave)for,,Sárit, panamilitLimós (from “limosna”, alms)for,,Calóoy, hatagLimpio (clean)for,,MahínisLóa (praise)for,,DáyaoLugar (for “near” or “almost”)for,,Dapit, maMacetas (flower-pot)for,,Tinanóm, taranmanMaestro (teacher)for,,MagtorótdoManteca (butter)for,,PinahagasMantel (tablecloth)for,,Basnig ha dulangMantilla (mantilla)for,,TaóngMasiado (from “demasiado”, too)for,,UrauraMasque (from “por más que”, although)for,,BisanMedio (half)for,,Catunga, bagáMismo (self-same)for,,Ngábao, gudMuchacho (for servant)for,,SurogóonNúmero (number)for,,IhápO bien (or)for,,O cun, ó, lugúdOración (prayer)for,,Pangadye, paugamuyoOrden (order)for,,SugoPabyon (from “pabellón”)for,,BiráyPaciencia (patience)for,,Pag-ilubPago (for “debt”)for,,Utang[109]Palati (from “palatico”, from “práctico”)for,,Mag-orónaPaño (cloth)for,,Panapton, pudóngPañolito (handkerchief)for,,ModongpódongPara (for, halt)for,,Basi, ngada, hulat, ocóy, toróocParecer (opinion)for,,SagbangParejo (equal)for,,Sáma, sandagPaseada (from “paseo”)for,,LacatlácatPeligro (danger)for,,CataragmanPensar (for talent)for,,TalínoPerdona (from “perdonar”)for,,PasayloPero (but)for,,CundiPertina (for “pretina”, waistband)for,,HáuacPierde (from “perder” tolose)for,,Lupig, naraPintar (to paint)for,,Dum-it, díhogPintura (paint)for,,IdirihógPlato (plate)for,,PinganPlatito (a little dish)for,,LampayPliegues (plaits)for,,LopiPobre (poor)for,,CablasPolvo (powder)for,,BócbocPosta (from “apuesta”bet)for,,ButángPrecio (price)for,,PulítPreparar (to prepare)for,,Pag-andam, pagtímaPreso (prisoner)for,,Binilangá.Probar (totaste)for,,Tilao, sariPropecto (from “perfecto,” perfect)for,,GuinóodPrueba (proof, evidence)for,,PaacamatóodPrincipal (chief, capital)for,,Labáo, pohonanProvecho (profit)for,,PolósPuerta (door)for,,GanghaánPulido (neat)for,,Hag-id, mahamisPuro (pure)for,,Putli, lonlon, sandag, sáhidQueja (complaint)for,,SumbongQuerido (dear)for,,Hinigugma, pinalangaQue ver (for “to do”)for,,Láhot[110]Quinolá (from colar)for,,BináchanRabenque (from “rebenque”, whipe)for,,Latob, latosRecibi (from “recibir”)for,,CarauatReclamo (claim)for,,PaglánatRedondo (round)for,,Lipóron, malídongRegalo (present)for,,Higugma, hatag, bucadRegular (regular)for,,Igó, socolRelo, relos (from “reloj” watch, clock)for,,Orasán1Remo (oar)for,,GaódRenuncio (from “renunciar”, to renounce)for,,Pagdiri, pagdiuaraReventa (from “reventar” to explode)for,,PagbotóRico (rich)for,,MangáranRugal (from “lugar”, spot)for,,Caraanan, tuna, umáSaco (sack)for,,SopótSadá (from “cierra”, close)for,,LocóbSala (hall)for,,RuángSaya (skirt)for,,Tampí, TalapíSeguro (for “probably”)for,,Mahámoe, angay laSeñor (Sir, Mister)for,,GuinooSirve (from “servir” to serve)for,,Pagmangno pag-ágadSuerte (for “talk”)for,,HimangraoSustento (maintenance)for,,Pagbubi, iburuhi, cabuhianTabla (board)for,,BughaTachar (for “contempt”)for,,Yúbit, támayTaza (cup)for,,YahóngTiempo (time)for,,Adlao, túigTienda (merchandise, store)for,,Baligya, baligyáanTieso (stiff)for,,Dángag, tadóngTocar (to play)for,,PagtonógTocador (for glass)for,,SalamíngTonto (fool)for,,Lórong, palinqui, pádlasTrabajo (work)for,,Buhat[111]Tranea (cross-bar)for,,Síol, BalabágTumba (to tumble)for,,PúcanVacio (empty)for,,LungágVentana (window)for,,TambóanVerde (green)for,,SaguindáhonVicio (vice)for,,CasaquihánVirtud (for “power”)for,,GahúmZurce (for “zurcir” to darn)for,,Pagtábing,And many others.

Spanish words

Abierto, abre (open)forBinucsan, inucáb, bucás ucáb.Adorno (adornment)for,,Dayan, rayandayanAgua (used to mean perfume)for,,TalamhotAguanta (wait suffer)for,,Ílob, hulátAlisto (fromlisto)for,,AndamAmigo (friend)for,,SángcayApique (close)for,,SóocApura, apurado (hurry)for,,Dagmit, cadagmitanAtrever, atrevido (bold)for,,Paggahúm, gamhánanAver (for “give me”)for,,IcadíAver pa (God grant)for,,Mangad paBajado, Bajar (low)for,,Habobó, obósBancó (bench)for,,Pongcóan, lincoran, pápagBando (edict)for,,PahamatngonBatido (for “experienced”)for,,Lasgud, hiaraBote (for boat)for,,SacayanCada usá (each one)for,,TágsaCalabozo (jail)for,,BilangóanCalculo (calculus)for,,IgoigoCalle (street)for,,DalanCampana (bell)for,,LinganayCanta (sing)for,,Laygay, laylayCantodes (from “cantores”)for,,ParalaygayCarcel (jail)for,,Bi1angóanCargo (for “debt”)for,,ÚtangCarne (fleshmeat)for,,UnódCapaz (able)for,,Sadang, angay, tacúsCastigo (punishment)for,,SirocCocina (kitchen)for,,LotoánCogerfor,,Pagdacóp pacasacóbColá (from “colar”)for,,BacáColor (color)for,,Tina, samay, culay[107]Comósta (from “como está” how are you)for,,Matiónan-o caComún (common)for,,CasahirácConvida (invite)for,,Áabiabi, sabiContra (against)for,,Tipa, patoe, caauayCortina (curtain)for,,BiráyCuarta (money)for,,SalapíCuarto (room)for,,SolódCuerdas (strings)for,,DolósCuello (collar)for,,BaliógCuenta (account)for,,Iháp, ísipDe balde (unusefully)for,,CáuaugDe buenas (fortunate)for,,PaláranDecir (for “ask”)for,,Siring hingyapDefecto(defect)for,,Casaquihán, carát’anDe malas (unfortunate)for,,Uaráy paladDerecho (right)for,,Tádong, dáyon, catadung̃anDescanso (rest)for,,PahúuayDespedida (farewell)for,,PanamilitDibujo (drawing)for,,Badlis, BaguisDiferencia (difference)for,,Guincalainan, guicaíbbanDilatar (for delay)for,,Pag-uláng, pagpahalawigDisgusto (unlikeness)for,,CangalasDispensa (excuse)for,,Pasaylo, paguaráDiversion (amusement)for,,Caliáuan, liáoliáoDulce (sweet candy)for,,Matam’isEmpezar (to commence)for,,PagticángEntra (for “to make love”)for,,PangasáuaEntremés (joke)for,,TíaoEscuela (school)for,,LiboránEspejo (glass)for,,SalamíngEsquina (corner)for,,CasóngnanEstampa (image)for,,LadáuanFino (fine)for,,Gamay, pilíFirme (for always)for,,Agsub, ónobFuerza (strength)for,,CusógFuerte (strong)for,,Macusóg, mabácodFusil (gun)for,,Lutbang[108]Ganancia (gain)for,,Polós, tuboGracia (grace, favor)for,,ParábulGratis (used for “payment”)for,,HimúdlayGusto (wish)for,,CaruyagHasta (until)for,,Tubtub, ngadáHechura (shape)for,,DaguayInteres (interest)for,,Guinsisiring, guinlalánatJardin (garden)for,,TanámanLa mesa (table)for,,DulangLatigo (whip)for,,LatósLavá (from “lavar”, to wash)for,,BúnacLavandero, a (launderer, laundress)for,,MagburunácLicencia, pag (to take leave)for,,Sárit, panamilitLimós (from “limosna”, alms)for,,Calóoy, hatagLimpio (clean)for,,MahínisLóa (praise)for,,DáyaoLugar (for “near” or “almost”)for,,Dapit, maMacetas (flower-pot)for,,Tinanóm, taranmanMaestro (teacher)for,,MagtorótdoManteca (butter)for,,PinahagasMantel (tablecloth)for,,Basnig ha dulangMantilla (mantilla)for,,TaóngMasiado (from “demasiado”, too)for,,UrauraMasque (from “por más que”, although)for,,BisanMedio (half)for,,Catunga, bagáMismo (self-same)for,,Ngábao, gudMuchacho (for servant)for,,SurogóonNúmero (number)for,,IhápO bien (or)for,,O cun, ó, lugúdOración (prayer)for,,Pangadye, paugamuyoOrden (order)for,,SugoPabyon (from “pabellón”)for,,BiráyPaciencia (patience)for,,Pag-ilubPago (for “debt”)for,,Utang[109]Palati (from “palatico”, from “práctico”)for,,Mag-orónaPaño (cloth)for,,Panapton, pudóngPañolito (handkerchief)for,,ModongpódongPara (for, halt)for,,Basi, ngada, hulat, ocóy, toróocParecer (opinion)for,,SagbangParejo (equal)for,,Sáma, sandagPaseada (from “paseo”)for,,LacatlácatPeligro (danger)for,,CataragmanPensar (for talent)for,,TalínoPerdona (from “perdonar”)for,,PasayloPero (but)for,,CundiPertina (for “pretina”, waistband)for,,HáuacPierde (from “perder” tolose)for,,Lupig, naraPintar (to paint)for,,Dum-it, díhogPintura (paint)for,,IdirihógPlato (plate)for,,PinganPlatito (a little dish)for,,LampayPliegues (plaits)for,,LopiPobre (poor)for,,CablasPolvo (powder)for,,BócbocPosta (from “apuesta”bet)for,,ButángPrecio (price)for,,PulítPreparar (to prepare)for,,Pag-andam, pagtímaPreso (prisoner)for,,Binilangá.Probar (totaste)for,,Tilao, sariPropecto (from “perfecto,” perfect)for,,GuinóodPrueba (proof, evidence)for,,PaacamatóodPrincipal (chief, capital)for,,Labáo, pohonanProvecho (profit)for,,PolósPuerta (door)for,,GanghaánPulido (neat)for,,Hag-id, mahamisPuro (pure)for,,Putli, lonlon, sandag, sáhidQueja (complaint)for,,SumbongQuerido (dear)for,,Hinigugma, pinalangaQue ver (for “to do”)for,,Láhot[110]Quinolá (from colar)for,,BináchanRabenque (from “rebenque”, whipe)for,,Latob, latosRecibi (from “recibir”)for,,CarauatReclamo (claim)for,,PaglánatRedondo (round)for,,Lipóron, malídongRegalo (present)for,,Higugma, hatag, bucadRegular (regular)for,,Igó, socolRelo, relos (from “reloj” watch, clock)for,,Orasán1Remo (oar)for,,GaódRenuncio (from “renunciar”, to renounce)for,,Pagdiri, pagdiuaraReventa (from “reventar” to explode)for,,PagbotóRico (rich)for,,MangáranRugal (from “lugar”, spot)for,,Caraanan, tuna, umáSaco (sack)for,,SopótSadá (from “cierra”, close)for,,LocóbSala (hall)for,,RuángSaya (skirt)for,,Tampí, TalapíSeguro (for “probably”)for,,Mahámoe, angay laSeñor (Sir, Mister)for,,GuinooSirve (from “servir” to serve)for,,Pagmangno pag-ágadSuerte (for “talk”)for,,HimangraoSustento (maintenance)for,,Pagbubi, iburuhi, cabuhianTabla (board)for,,BughaTachar (for “contempt”)for,,Yúbit, támayTaza (cup)for,,YahóngTiempo (time)for,,Adlao, túigTienda (merchandise, store)for,,Baligya, baligyáanTieso (stiff)for,,Dángag, tadóngTocar (to play)for,,PagtonógTocador (for glass)for,,SalamíngTonto (fool)for,,Lórong, palinqui, pádlasTrabajo (work)for,,Buhat[111]Tranea (cross-bar)for,,Síol, BalabágTumba (to tumble)for,,PúcanVacio (empty)for,,LungágVentana (window)for,,TambóanVerde (green)for,,SaguindáhonVicio (vice)for,,CasaquihánVirtud (for “power”)for,,GahúmZurce (for “zurcir” to darn)for,,Pagtábing,And many others.

Abierto, abre (open)forBinucsan, inucáb, bucás ucáb.Adorno (adornment)for,,Dayan, rayandayanAgua (used to mean perfume)for,,TalamhotAguanta (wait suffer)for,,Ílob, hulátAlisto (fromlisto)for,,AndamAmigo (friend)for,,SángcayApique (close)for,,SóocApura, apurado (hurry)for,,Dagmit, cadagmitanAtrever, atrevido (bold)for,,Paggahúm, gamhánanAver (for “give me”)for,,IcadíAver pa (God grant)for,,Mangad paBajado, Bajar (low)for,,Habobó, obósBancó (bench)for,,Pongcóan, lincoran, pápagBando (edict)for,,PahamatngonBatido (for “experienced”)for,,Lasgud, hiaraBote (for boat)for,,SacayanCada usá (each one)for,,TágsaCalabozo (jail)for,,BilangóanCalculo (calculus)for,,IgoigoCalle (street)for,,DalanCampana (bell)for,,LinganayCanta (sing)for,,Laygay, laylayCantodes (from “cantores”)for,,ParalaygayCarcel (jail)for,,Bi1angóanCargo (for “debt”)for,,ÚtangCarne (fleshmeat)for,,UnódCapaz (able)for,,Sadang, angay, tacúsCastigo (punishment)for,,SirocCocina (kitchen)for,,LotoánCogerfor,,Pagdacóp pacasacóbColá (from “colar”)for,,BacáColor (color)for,,Tina, samay, culay[107]Comósta (from “como está” how are you)for,,Matiónan-o caComún (common)for,,CasahirácConvida (invite)for,,Áabiabi, sabiContra (against)for,,Tipa, patoe, caauayCortina (curtain)for,,BiráyCuarta (money)for,,SalapíCuarto (room)for,,SolódCuerdas (strings)for,,DolósCuello (collar)for,,BaliógCuenta (account)for,,Iháp, ísipDe balde (unusefully)for,,CáuaugDe buenas (fortunate)for,,PaláranDecir (for “ask”)for,,Siring hingyapDefecto(defect)for,,Casaquihán, carát’anDe malas (unfortunate)for,,Uaráy paladDerecho (right)for,,Tádong, dáyon, catadung̃anDescanso (rest)for,,PahúuayDespedida (farewell)for,,PanamilitDibujo (drawing)for,,Badlis, BaguisDiferencia (difference)for,,Guincalainan, guicaíbbanDilatar (for delay)for,,Pag-uláng, pagpahalawigDisgusto (unlikeness)for,,CangalasDispensa (excuse)for,,Pasaylo, paguaráDiversion (amusement)for,,Caliáuan, liáoliáoDulce (sweet candy)for,,Matam’isEmpezar (to commence)for,,PagticángEntra (for “to make love”)for,,PangasáuaEntremés (joke)for,,TíaoEscuela (school)for,,LiboránEspejo (glass)for,,SalamíngEsquina (corner)for,,CasóngnanEstampa (image)for,,LadáuanFino (fine)for,,Gamay, pilíFirme (for always)for,,Agsub, ónobFuerza (strength)for,,CusógFuerte (strong)for,,Macusóg, mabácodFusil (gun)for,,Lutbang[108]Ganancia (gain)for,,Polós, tuboGracia (grace, favor)for,,ParábulGratis (used for “payment”)for,,HimúdlayGusto (wish)for,,CaruyagHasta (until)for,,Tubtub, ngadáHechura (shape)for,,DaguayInteres (interest)for,,Guinsisiring, guinlalánatJardin (garden)for,,TanámanLa mesa (table)for,,DulangLatigo (whip)for,,LatósLavá (from “lavar”, to wash)for,,BúnacLavandero, a (launderer, laundress)for,,MagburunácLicencia, pag (to take leave)for,,Sárit, panamilitLimós (from “limosna”, alms)for,,Calóoy, hatagLimpio (clean)for,,MahínisLóa (praise)for,,DáyaoLugar (for “near” or “almost”)for,,Dapit, maMacetas (flower-pot)for,,Tinanóm, taranmanMaestro (teacher)for,,MagtorótdoManteca (butter)for,,PinahagasMantel (tablecloth)for,,Basnig ha dulangMantilla (mantilla)for,,TaóngMasiado (from “demasiado”, too)for,,UrauraMasque (from “por más que”, although)for,,BisanMedio (half)for,,Catunga, bagáMismo (self-same)for,,Ngábao, gudMuchacho (for servant)for,,SurogóonNúmero (number)for,,IhápO bien (or)for,,O cun, ó, lugúdOración (prayer)for,,Pangadye, paugamuyoOrden (order)for,,SugoPabyon (from “pabellón”)for,,BiráyPaciencia (patience)for,,Pag-ilubPago (for “debt”)for,,Utang[109]Palati (from “palatico”, from “práctico”)for,,Mag-orónaPaño (cloth)for,,Panapton, pudóngPañolito (handkerchief)for,,ModongpódongPara (for, halt)for,,Basi, ngada, hulat, ocóy, toróocParecer (opinion)for,,SagbangParejo (equal)for,,Sáma, sandagPaseada (from “paseo”)for,,LacatlácatPeligro (danger)for,,CataragmanPensar (for talent)for,,TalínoPerdona (from “perdonar”)for,,PasayloPero (but)for,,CundiPertina (for “pretina”, waistband)for,,HáuacPierde (from “perder” tolose)for,,Lupig, naraPintar (to paint)for,,Dum-it, díhogPintura (paint)for,,IdirihógPlato (plate)for,,PinganPlatito (a little dish)for,,LampayPliegues (plaits)for,,LopiPobre (poor)for,,CablasPolvo (powder)for,,BócbocPosta (from “apuesta”bet)for,,ButángPrecio (price)for,,PulítPreparar (to prepare)for,,Pag-andam, pagtímaPreso (prisoner)for,,Binilangá.Probar (totaste)for,,Tilao, sariPropecto (from “perfecto,” perfect)for,,GuinóodPrueba (proof, evidence)for,,PaacamatóodPrincipal (chief, capital)for,,Labáo, pohonanProvecho (profit)for,,PolósPuerta (door)for,,GanghaánPulido (neat)for,,Hag-id, mahamisPuro (pure)for,,Putli, lonlon, sandag, sáhidQueja (complaint)for,,SumbongQuerido (dear)for,,Hinigugma, pinalangaQue ver (for “to do”)for,,Láhot[110]Quinolá (from colar)for,,BináchanRabenque (from “rebenque”, whipe)for,,Latob, latosRecibi (from “recibir”)for,,CarauatReclamo (claim)for,,PaglánatRedondo (round)for,,Lipóron, malídongRegalo (present)for,,Higugma, hatag, bucadRegular (regular)for,,Igó, socolRelo, relos (from “reloj” watch, clock)for,,Orasán1Remo (oar)for,,GaódRenuncio (from “renunciar”, to renounce)for,,Pagdiri, pagdiuaraReventa (from “reventar” to explode)for,,PagbotóRico (rich)for,,MangáranRugal (from “lugar”, spot)for,,Caraanan, tuna, umáSaco (sack)for,,SopótSadá (from “cierra”, close)for,,LocóbSala (hall)for,,RuángSaya (skirt)for,,Tampí, TalapíSeguro (for “probably”)for,,Mahámoe, angay laSeñor (Sir, Mister)for,,GuinooSirve (from “servir” to serve)for,,Pagmangno pag-ágadSuerte (for “talk”)for,,HimangraoSustento (maintenance)for,,Pagbubi, iburuhi, cabuhianTabla (board)for,,BughaTachar (for “contempt”)for,,Yúbit, támayTaza (cup)for,,YahóngTiempo (time)for,,Adlao, túigTienda (merchandise, store)for,,Baligya, baligyáanTieso (stiff)for,,Dángag, tadóngTocar (to play)for,,PagtonógTocador (for glass)for,,SalamíngTonto (fool)for,,Lórong, palinqui, pádlasTrabajo (work)for,,Buhat[111]Tranea (cross-bar)for,,Síol, BalabágTumba (to tumble)for,,PúcanVacio (empty)for,,LungágVentana (window)for,,TambóanVerde (green)for,,SaguindáhonVicio (vice)for,,CasaquihánVirtud (for “power”)for,,GahúmZurce (for “zurcir” to darn)for,,Pagtábing,

And many others.

CHINESE2WORDSBochang (for sow)forCablasBuísit (unfortunate)for,,Uaray páladCamsya (for “thank”)for,,SalámatGonggong (foolish)for,,Uaray salabótanLamloc (dear,fat)for,,MatambocLaotuy (old)for,,Lagás, gurangSyâ (for eat)for,,CáonSinqui (new)for,,Bag-oTampuâ (excess, present)for,,Táuad, labisUchang (rich)for,,MangáranUísit (fortunate)for,,Paláran.and some others.

CHINESE2WORDS

Bochang (for sow)forCablasBuísit (unfortunate)for,,Uaray páladCamsya (for “thank”)for,,SalámatGonggong (foolish)for,,Uaray salabótanLamloc (dear,fat)for,,MatambocLaotuy (old)for,,Lagás, gurangSyâ (for eat)for,,CáonSinqui (new)for,,Bag-oTampuâ (excess, present)for,,Táuad, labisUchang (rich)for,,MangáranUísit (fortunate)for,,Paláran.and some others.

Bochang (for sow)forCablasBuísit (unfortunate)for,,Uaray páladCamsya (for “thank”)for,,SalámatGonggong (foolish)for,,Uaray salabótanLamloc (dear,fat)for,,MatambocLaotuy (old)for,,Lagás, gurangSyâ (for eat)for,,CáonSinqui (new)for,,Bag-oTampuâ (excess, present)for,,Táuad, labisUchang (rich)for,,MangáranUísit (fortunate)for,,Paláran.

and some others.

ENGLISH WORDSHaló (halloo)forOhóMiting (“meeting”)for,,CatirócanHáyc (“hike”)for,,Paglacát, sódoyMoning (for “money”)for,,SalapíSausau (chow-chow)for,,Pagcáon, caraonónAnd others.NOTE.—At present, among the students it is frequent to hear“¿háin an acdyografi(geography), an acarismitic(arithmetic)?” “¿aada ca hafif(fifth)greyd(grade)?” “maaram na acómag espeling(spelling)”—Whydo they nottalk in English?[112]OBSERVATION. There are some Tagalog words and constructions used in Bisayan; but we do not consider their use as a barbarism, because Tagalog and Bisayan are both dialects of a common tongue, and because such use may help the formation of a possible Filipino language.

ENGLISH WORDS

Haló (halloo)forOhóMiting (“meeting”)for,,CatirócanHáyc (“hike”)for,,Paglacát, sódoyMoning (for “money”)for,,SalapíSausau (chow-chow)for,,Pagcáon, caraonónAnd others.NOTE.—At present, among the students it is frequent to hear“¿háin an acdyografi(geography), an acarismitic(arithmetic)?” “¿aada ca hafif(fifth)greyd(grade)?” “maaram na acómag espeling(spelling)”—Whydo they nottalk in English?[112]OBSERVATION. There are some Tagalog words and constructions used in Bisayan; but we do not consider their use as a barbarism, because Tagalog and Bisayan are both dialects of a common tongue, and because such use may help the formation of a possible Filipino language.

Haló (halloo)forOhóMiting (“meeting”)for,,CatirócanHáyc (“hike”)for,,Paglacát, sódoyMoning (for “money”)for,,SalapíSausau (chow-chow)for,,Pagcáon, caraonón

And others.

NOTE.—At present, among the students it is frequent to hear“¿háin an acdyografi(geography), an acarismitic(arithmetic)?” “¿aada ca hafif(fifth)greyd(grade)?” “maaram na acómag espeling(spelling)”—Whydo they nottalk in English?[112]

OBSERVATION. There are some Tagalog words and constructions used in Bisayan; but we do not consider their use as a barbarism, because Tagalog and Bisayan are both dialects of a common tongue, and because such use may help the formation of a possible Filipino language.

FOREIGN CONSTRUCTIONSAmong others, the following is a barbarism in the construction: “maoroopay iníQUEhitón”, (this is better than that). The use of theQUE(which is Spanish meaning “than”) is entirely Spanish and is not necessary in Bisayan, as the mentioned sentence is expressed simply and with the same strength and more purity and correctness: “maooropáy iní hitón”.

FOREIGN CONSTRUCTIONS

Among others, the following is a barbarism in the construction: “maoroopay iníQUEhitón”, (this is better than that). The use of theQUE(which is Spanish meaning “than”) is entirely Spanish and is not necessary in Bisayan, as the mentioned sentence is expressed simply and with the same strength and more purity and correctness: “maooropáy iní hitón”.

Among others, the following is a barbarism in the construction: “maoroopay iníQUEhitón”, (this is better than that). The use of theQUE(which is Spanish meaning “than”) is entirely Spanish and is not necessary in Bisayan, as the mentioned sentence is expressed simply and with the same strength and more purity and correctness: “maooropáy iní hitón”.

FOREIGN WORDS NECESSARILY ADOPTED IN BISAYANBut there are many words now in use in Bisayan the adoption of which enriches rather then destroys the language. We refer to those words that have been necessarily imported from other languages to express ideas not represented by any word, or whose corresponding words are lost in Bisayan.We do not consider their use as a barbarism, as it is not considered us such in English, Spanish, French and other European languages the adoption of Greek and Latin words. We not only do not criticizesuchadoption in the Filipino dialects but rather desire and encourage it, because it will undoubtedly enable our dialects to be used in all kinds of scientific and artistic expressions.Among the foreign words already adopted, the following may be counted:Dyos(from the SpanishDios). It is true that we have the TagálogBathalawhich refers to the omnipotency, and the BisayanLaónwhich refers to the eternity. But in view of the fact that the wordDyosderived from the LatinDeus, from the GreekZeuswhich meansDivinite, SupremeBeing, has been so much used in Bisayan, and it represent another phase of the attributes of God, we think that the said[113]word DYOS ought to be adopted in Bisayan, adapting its form to the inflections of our dialect.Oras(from the Spanishhora“hour”).—We have to adopt this word, as there is no corresponding expression known in Bisayan. By its adoption we have a way to avoid the use ofreloj, with the derivativeorasanalready used.Bapor(from the Spanish “vapor”steamboat). It has no corresponding in Bisayan. We havesacayán(boat), but it does not include the idea of the “steam.”Papel(from the Spanish “papel”).—It has no corresponding in Bisayan.The Spanish names of the days of the week, and of the months of the year, which must be written in Bisayan form, as:LUNES, MARTES, MYERKOLES, HWEBES, BYERNES, SABADO, DOMINGO, ENERO, PEBRERO, MARSO, ABRIL, MAYO, JUNYO, HULYO, AGOSTO, SEPTYEMBRE, OKTUBRE, NOBYEMBRE, DISYEMBRE.Arorú(from the English “arrow-root”). A plant. And many others.[115]

FOREIGN WORDS NECESSARILY ADOPTED IN BISAYAN

But there are many words now in use in Bisayan the adoption of which enriches rather then destroys the language. We refer to those words that have been necessarily imported from other languages to express ideas not represented by any word, or whose corresponding words are lost in Bisayan.We do not consider their use as a barbarism, as it is not considered us such in English, Spanish, French and other European languages the adoption of Greek and Latin words. We not only do not criticizesuchadoption in the Filipino dialects but rather desire and encourage it, because it will undoubtedly enable our dialects to be used in all kinds of scientific and artistic expressions.Among the foreign words already adopted, the following may be counted:Dyos(from the SpanishDios). It is true that we have the TagálogBathalawhich refers to the omnipotency, and the BisayanLaónwhich refers to the eternity. But in view of the fact that the wordDyosderived from the LatinDeus, from the GreekZeuswhich meansDivinite, SupremeBeing, has been so much used in Bisayan, and it represent another phase of the attributes of God, we think that the said[113]word DYOS ought to be adopted in Bisayan, adapting its form to the inflections of our dialect.Oras(from the Spanishhora“hour”).—We have to adopt this word, as there is no corresponding expression known in Bisayan. By its adoption we have a way to avoid the use ofreloj, with the derivativeorasanalready used.Bapor(from the Spanish “vapor”steamboat). It has no corresponding in Bisayan. We havesacayán(boat), but it does not include the idea of the “steam.”Papel(from the Spanish “papel”).—It has no corresponding in Bisayan.The Spanish names of the days of the week, and of the months of the year, which must be written in Bisayan form, as:LUNES, MARTES, MYERKOLES, HWEBES, BYERNES, SABADO, DOMINGO, ENERO, PEBRERO, MARSO, ABRIL, MAYO, JUNYO, HULYO, AGOSTO, SEPTYEMBRE, OKTUBRE, NOBYEMBRE, DISYEMBRE.Arorú(from the English “arrow-root”). A plant. And many others.[115]

But there are many words now in use in Bisayan the adoption of which enriches rather then destroys the language. We refer to those words that have been necessarily imported from other languages to express ideas not represented by any word, or whose corresponding words are lost in Bisayan.

We do not consider their use as a barbarism, as it is not considered us such in English, Spanish, French and other European languages the adoption of Greek and Latin words. We not only do not criticizesuchadoption in the Filipino dialects but rather desire and encourage it, because it will undoubtedly enable our dialects to be used in all kinds of scientific and artistic expressions.

Among the foreign words already adopted, the following may be counted:

Dyos(from the SpanishDios). It is true that we have the TagálogBathalawhich refers to the omnipotency, and the BisayanLaónwhich refers to the eternity. But in view of the fact that the wordDyosderived from the LatinDeus, from the GreekZeuswhich meansDivinite, SupremeBeing, has been so much used in Bisayan, and it represent another phase of the attributes of God, we think that the said[113]word DYOS ought to be adopted in Bisayan, adapting its form to the inflections of our dialect.

Oras(from the Spanishhora“hour”).—We have to adopt this word, as there is no corresponding expression known in Bisayan. By its adoption we have a way to avoid the use ofreloj, with the derivativeorasanalready used.

Bapor(from the Spanish “vapor”steamboat). It has no corresponding in Bisayan. We havesacayán(boat), but it does not include the idea of the “steam.”

Papel(from the Spanish “papel”).—It has no corresponding in Bisayan.

The Spanish names of the days of the week, and of the months of the year, which must be written in Bisayan form, as:LUNES, MARTES, MYERKOLES, HWEBES, BYERNES, SABADO, DOMINGO, ENERO, PEBRERO, MARSO, ABRIL, MAYO, JUNYO, HULYO, AGOSTO, SEPTYEMBRE, OKTUBRE, NOBYEMBRE, DISYEMBRE.

Arorú(from the English “arrow-root”). A plant. And many others.[115]

1See “Foreign wordsnecessarilyadopted in Bisayan”,infra.↑2We do not refer to thoseChinesewords imported to Philippines withChineseobjects. Such words are to be kept necessarily in Bisayan, because their equivalent vernacular expressions, either are lost, or never existed.↑

1See “Foreign wordsnecessarilyadopted in Bisayan”,infra.↑2We do not refer to thoseChinesewords imported to Philippines withChineseobjects. Such words are to be kept necessarily in Bisayan, because their equivalent vernacular expressions, either are lost, or never existed.↑

1See “Foreign wordsnecessarilyadopted in Bisayan”,infra.↑

1See “Foreign wordsnecessarilyadopted in Bisayan”,infra.↑

2We do not refer to thoseChinesewords imported to Philippines withChineseobjects. Such words are to be kept necessarily in Bisayan, because their equivalent vernacular expressions, either are lost, or never existed.↑

2We do not refer to thoseChinesewords imported to Philippines withChineseobjects. Such words are to be kept necessarily in Bisayan, because their equivalent vernacular expressions, either are lost, or never existed.↑

Back to IndexNext