Thomas Hobbes(1588-1679).

The various papers of which the MS. is composed are bound up confusedly, and the separate notes are in some cases entered on a page, or a page and its opposite, in no order. Considerable re-arrangement has therefore been necessary; but the exact MS. references have been given throughout. Some few notes relating to Hobbes, found in other Aubrey MSS., have here been brought into their natural place.>

[1205]The Life of Mr. Thomas Hobbes, of Malmesburie[1206].

The writers[1207]of the lives of the ancient philosophers used to, in the first place, to speake of their lineage[1208]; and they tell us that in processe of time severall great[1209]families accounted it their glory to be branched[1210]from such or such aSapiens.

Why now should that method be omitted in thisHistoriolaof our Malmesbury philosopher? Who though but[1211]of plebeian descent[1212], his renowne haz and will give brightnesse to his name and familie, which hereafter may arise glorious and flourish in riches and may justly take it an honour to be of kin to this worthy person, so famous, for his learning[1213], both at home and abroad.

[1214]... Hobbes,m....|+---------+----------+|                    |1. Francis Hobbes,   2. Thomas Hobbes,m.... Middleton, of Brokenboroughobiit sine prole.    vicar of Westport.  |   (vide Camden[1215]).|+----------------------------+-----+--------------------+|                            |                          |1. Edmund Hobbes,m....    2. Thomas Hobbes,      ..., a daughter,m....|         philosophus, obiit|         coelebs Dec. 4, 1679.|+--------------+--------------+------------------------+|                             |                        |1. Mary,m.... Tirell.   2. Eleanor,m.... Harding.   Francism....|                            |                 Hobbes,  ||+------------------------+-----------------------+--+---+------+|                        |                       |      |      |1. Thomas, a clothier,   2. . When a childabout 23, 1679.          his genius lyes to drawing.He can engrave and somethingresembles the philosopher.I have a lyon of hisengraving.

This heraldique way of expressing a genealogie is most intelligible and makes the best impresse in the memory orfancy; but[1216]will it not be thought here to pompous and affected by his enemies and the nation of critiques?Prescribe Trebate.

My brother[1217]W. A. will set all this right[FF].

[1218]Thomas Hobbes[FG], then, whose life I write, was second son of Mr. Thomas Hobbes, vicar of Westport juxta Malmesbury, who maried ... Middleton of Brokinborough (a yeomanly family).[1219]He was also vicar of Charlton (a mile hence): they are annexed, and are both worth 60 or 80li.per annum.—[1220]Memorandum, Brokenborough also is appendant to Charlton vicaridge—160li.per annum—from Philip Laurence, whose father-in-law was vicar. [[1221]The vicaridge of Malmesbury is butXXnobles per annum = 6li.13s.4d.; but Coston and Radbourne belongs to it, which addition is equal to 50 or 60li.per annum.]

[1222]Thomas, the father[1223], was one of the ignorant 'Sir Johns[1224]' of queen Elizabeth's time; could[1225]only read the prayers of the church and the homilies; and disesteemed[1226]learning (his son Edmund told me so), as not knowing the sweetnes of it.

[1227]As to his father's ignorance and clownery, 'twas as good metall in the oare which wants excoriating and refineing. A witt requires much cultivation, much paines, and art and good conversation to perfect a man.

[1228]He[1229]had an elder brother[FH]whose name wasFrancis, a wealthy man, and had been alderman[XC.]of the borough; by profession a glover[XCI.], which is a great trade here[XCII.], and in times past much greater. Having no[1230]child, he contributed much to, or rather altogether maintained, his nephew Thomas at Magdalen hall in Oxon; and when he dyed gave him anagellum(a moweing-ground[1231]) called the Gasten-ground, lyeing neer to the horse-faire, worth 16 or 18 poundes per annum; the rest of his landes he gave to his nephew Edmund.

[XC.]'Alderman' is the title of the chiefe magistrate here. Alderman and...; vide;quaere Sir J Long.

[XC.]'Alderman' is the title of the chiefe magistrate here. Alderman and...; vide;quaere Sir J Long.

[XCI.]Shall I expresse or conceale this (glover)? The philosopher would acknowledge it.—MS. Aubr. 9, fol. 29v.

[XCI.]Shall I expresse or conceale this (glover)? The philosopher would acknowledge it.—MS. Aubr. 9, fol. 29v.

[XCII.]Malmesbury famous for good gloves.

[XCII.]Malmesbury famous for good gloves.

[1232]At Sherston about 3 miles hence (vide map) are groundes likewise called the Gasten-grounds—perhaps 'tis Garston grounds. At Sherston was heretofore a castle, and perhaps (and quaere) if these grounds are not where thevallumor bulwarkes might be drawne.Gaer, Britannicè, signifies some such thing, vide Dr. Davys' British Dictionary.

In Hexham's Dutch dictionaryGastsignifies 'a guest'; so thatGasten-groundwill be 'the ground for the guests'; probably to putt the horses of the guests (that came to lye at the abbey) to grasse. They speake broad in our countrey, and do pronounce guest,gast, etc. Monasterys had their guest-halls; and it should seeme they had likewise their guest-grounds for the strangers' horses: as here.

[1233]Thomas, the vicar of Westport, maried ... Middleton[FI]of Brokenborough[XCIII.](of a yeomanly family), by whom he had two sonnes and one daughter (quaere my brother William Aubrey)—Edmund, his eldest (was bred-up to[1234]his uncle's profession of a glover); and Thomas (philosopher), second son, whoselife I now write. Edmund was neer[1235]two yeares elder then his brother Thomas, and something resembled him in aspect[1236], not so tall, but fell much short of him in his intellect, though he was a good plain understanding countrey-man[1237]. He had been bred at schoole with his brother; could have made theme, and verse, and understood a little Greek to his dyeing day. He dyed (quaere William Aubrey) about 13 yeares since, aetat. circiter 80.

[XCIII.]Brokenbrig: vide Camden.—MS. Aubr. 9, fol. 30v.

[XCIII.]Brokenbrig: vide Camden.—MS. Aubr. 9, fol. 30v.

This Edmund had only one son named Francis, and two daughters maried to countreymen (renters) in the neighborhood. This Francis pretty well resembled his uncle Thomas, especially about the eie; and probably had he had good education might have been ingeniose; but he drowned his witt[1238]in ale[XCIV.]. He was left by his father and uncle Thomas, 80li.(quaere W. A.) or better per annum, but he was an ill husband. He dyed about two yeares after his father, and left five children.—His eldest son is Thomas, a clothier, now about 23, living at[XCV.]... (quaere W. A.[1239]). The second, , lives at ...[XCVI.], and has some lines of Thomas the philosopher. When he was a child[1240], his genius inclined him to ([1241]quaere W. A.) draweing[1242]and engraving in copper. He is now about 21.

[XCIV.]This part much given to drunkennes.

[XCIV.]This part much given to drunkennes.

[XCV.]He did live at Tedbury.

[XCV.]He did live at Tedbury.

[XCVI.]Did live at Chippenham.

[XCVI.]Did live at Chippenham.

to the abbey is about a quarter of a mile; and from the same bridge to Westport church is neer about a mile. Height of the borough from the levill belowe is about 100 foot high.'The references on the plan of Malmsbury (see the facsimile) are:—'α = the house of his birth.ω = Westport church.W = the West port (olim).β = the smyth's shop.δ = the private house where Mr. Latimer taught him.ξ = Three Tunnes (as I take it), opposite to the smyth's shop.= the religious dedicated to Our Lady: the chapell is yet standing.H = house at the upper faces the Horse fayre.= quaere if not a chapell here?'On fol. 31vof MS. Aubr. 9, Aubrey has these remarks about these plans, etc.:—'If these notes are not now inserted, probably they will be lost: or should it not be a marginall commentary?''I have drawne this rude sketch meerly for your clearer understanding, not that I think it worth while to grave it for 'tis at randome. I intended if it had pleased God that I had prospered in the world to have had taken an exact map[1244]of Malmesbury.''Whitechurch, about a mile ferè off:—quaere ubi stat?' 'Vide Speed's mappe in Wiltshire.''Burnevall, quasi Bournevall.'>

For this purpose in MS. Aubr. 9 he has drawn three plans[1243]:—

(a) plan of environs of Malmsbury (a slip at fol. 31v).

(b) plan of Malmsbury (fol. 31v).

(c) a drawing of the house in which Hobbes was born (fol. 31v). These are reproduced in facsimile at the end of this edition.

He gives there (fol. 31v) these dimensions of the town:—'From St. John's Bridge to the abbey is about a quarter of a mile; and from the same bridge to Westport church is neer about a mile. Height of the borough from the levill belowe is about 100 foot high.'

The references on the plan of Malmsbury (see the facsimile) are:—

On fol. 31vof MS. Aubr. 9, Aubrey has these remarks about these plans, etc.:—

'If these notes are not now inserted, probably they will be lost: or should it not be a marginall commentary?'

'I have drawne this rude sketch meerly for your clearer understanding, not that I think it worth while to grave it for 'tis at randome. I intended if it had pleased God that I had prospered in the world to have had taken an exact map[1244]of Malmesbury.'

'Whitechurch, about a mile ferè off:—quaere ubi stat?' 'Vide Speed's mappe in Wiltshire.'

'Burnevall, quasi Bournevall.'>

[1245]Westport[FJ]is the parish without the west-gate (which is now demolished), which gate stood on the neck of land that joines Malmesbury (vide verses[FK]) to Westport. Here[FL]was, before the late warres, a very pretty church, consisting of 3 aisles, or rather a nave and two aisles (which tooke up the whole area[1246]), dedicated to St. Mary; anda fair spire-steeple, with five tuneable bells, which, when the towne was taken (about 1644; quaere William Aubrey) by Sir W. Waller, were converted[1247]into ordinance, and the church pulled-downe to the ground, that the enemie might not shelter themselves against the garrison. The steeple was higher then that now standing in the borough, which much added to[1248]the prospect. The windowes were well painted, and in them were inscriptions that declared much antiquitie; now is here rebuilt a church like a stable.

Thomas Hobbes, Malmesburiensis, Philosophus, was borne at his father's house in Westport, being that extreme howse that pointes into, or[1249]faces, the Horse-fayre; the farthest howse on the left hand as you goe to Tedbury, leaving the church on your right. To prevent mistakes, and that hereafter may rise no doubt[1250]what house was famous for this famous man's birth; I doe here testifie that in April, 1659, his brother Edmond went with me into this house, and into the chamber where he was borne. Now things begin to be antiquated, and I have heard some guesse it might be at the howse where his brother Edmund lived and dyed. But this is so, as I here[1251]deliver it. This house was given by Thomas, the vicar, to his daughter[XCVII.]... whose daughter or granddaughter possessed[1252]it, when I was there.[1253]It is a firme house, stone-built and tiled, of one roome (besides[1254]a buttery, or the like, within) below, and two chambers above. 'Twas in the innermost where he first drew breath.

[XCVII.]Quaere William Aubrey if ... Potluck[1255].

[XCVII.]Quaere William Aubrey if ... Potluck[1255].

The day of his birth was April the fifth, Anno Domini 1588, on a Fryday morning, which that yeare was Good Fryday. His mother fell in labour with him upon the fright of the invasion of the Spaniards—

[[1256]Fama[1257]ferebat enim, sparsitque per oppida nostraExtremum genti classe venire diem;Atque metum tantum concepit tunc mea materUt pareret geminos meque metumque simul.]

[[1256]Fama[1257]ferebat enim, sparsitque per oppida nostraExtremum genti classe venire diem;Atque metum tantum concepit tunc mea materUt pareret geminos meque metumque simul.]

—[1258]he told me himself between the houres of four and six: but by rectification his nativity is found to be at ...[XCVIII.].

[XCVIII.]See my collection of genitures[FM], where I have it more exact from his owne mouth, viz. 5 h. 2´ mane.

[XCVIII.]See my collection of genitures[FM], where I have it more exact from his owne mouth, viz. 5 h. 2´ mane.

His horoscope[FN]is Taurus, having in it asatellitiumof 5 of the 7 planets. It is a maxime in astrologie—vide Ptol. Centil.—that a native that hath asatellitiumin his ascendent becomes[1259]more eminent in his life then ordinary[1260], e.g. divers which see in Origanus, etc., and Oliver Cromwell had so, etc.

At four yeares old[FO]he went to schoole in Westport church, till eight; by that time[1261]he could read well, and number four figures. Afterwards he went to schoole to Malmesbury, to Mr. Evans, the minister of the towne; and afterwards to Mr. Robert Latimer, a young man of about nineteen or twenty, newly come from the University, who then kept a private schoole in Westport, where the broad place (quaere nomen) is, next dore north from the smyth's shop, opposite to the Three Cuppes[1262](as I take it). He was a batchelour and delighted in his scholar, T. H.'s company, and used to instruct him, and two or three ingeniose youths more, in the evening till nine a clock. Here T. H. so well profited in his learning, that at fourteen yeares of age, he went away a good schoole-scholar to Magdalen-hall, in Oxford. It is not to be forgotten, that before he went to the University, he had turned EuripidisMedea[1263]out of Greeke into Latin Iambiques, which he presented to his master. Mr. H. told me that he would faine have had them, to have seen how he did grow in.... Twenty odde[1264]yeares agoe I searcht all old Mr. Latimer's papers, but could not find them; the[1265]good huswives had sacrificed them.

I have heard his brother Edmund and Mr. Wayte (his schoolefellowe) say that when he was a boy he was playsome enough, but withall he had even then a contemplative melancholinesse; he would gett him into a corner, and learne his lesson by heart presently. His haire was black, and his schoolfellows[1266]were wont to call him 'Crowe.'

This Mr. Latimer was a good Graecian, and the first that came into our parts hereabout since the Reformation. He was afterwards minister of Malmesbury, and from thence preferred to a better living of 100li.per annum, or +, at Leigh-de-la-mere within this hundred.

At Oxford Mr. T. H. used, in the summer time especially, to rise very early in the morning, and would tye the leaden-counters (which they used in those dayes at Christmas, at post and payre) with pacthreds[1267], which he did besmere with[1268]birdlime, and bayte them with parings of cheese, and the jack-dawes would spye them a vast distance up in the aire[XCIX.]and as far as Osney-abbey, and strike at the bayte, and so be harled in the string, which the wayte of the counter would make cling about ther wings. He did not much care for logick, yet he learnd it, and thought himselfe a good disputant. He tooke great delight there to goe to the[1269]booke-binders' shops, and lye gaping on mappes, of which he takes notice in his life written by himselfe in verse:

[XCIX.]This story he happened to tell me, discoursing of the Optiques, to instance such sharpnes of sight in so little an eie.

[XCIX.]This story he happened to tell me, discoursing of the Optiques, to instance such sharpnes of sight in so little an eie.

Ergo ad amoena magis me verto, librosque revolvo,Quos prius edoctus, non bene doctus eram.[1270]Pascebamque animum chartis imitantibus orbem,Telluris faciem, et sydera picta videns,Gaudebam soli comes ire, et cernere cunctisTerricolis justos qua facit arte dies; etc.

Ergo ad amoena magis me verto, librosque revolvo,Quos prius edoctus, non bene doctus eram.[1270]Pascebamque animum chartis imitantibus orbem,Telluris faciem, et sydera picta videns,Gaudebam soli comes ire, et cernere cunctisTerricolis justos qua facit arte dies; etc.

[1271]Quaere A W what moneth and day he was matriculated?

[He[1272]came[1273]to Magdalen hall in the beginning of an. 1603, at what time, Dr. James Hussee, LL.D., was principall. This James Hussee was afterwards knighted by king James and was made Chancellour of Sarum. This Dr. Hussee was a great encourager of towardly youths. But he resigning his principallity about 1605, Mr. John Wilkinson succeeded him: so that Mr. Hobs was under the government of two principalls.[FP]—Thomas Hobs was admitted to the reading of any book of logic ('ad[1274]lectionem cujuslibet libri logices'), that is, he was admitted to the degree of Bachelaur of Arts, 5 Feb., 1607[1275], and in the Lent that then began did determine[1276], that is, did his exercise for the completion of that degree. VideHist. Oxon., lib. 2, pag. 376 a.]

[1277]After he had taken his batchelor of Arts degree (quaere A. Wood de hoc), the than principall of Magdalen-hall (Sir James Hussey[1278]) recommended him to his yong lord when he left Oxon, who had a conceit[1279]that he should profitt more in his learning if he had a scholar of his owne age to wayte on him then if he had the information of a grave doctor. He was his lordship's page, and rodea hunting and hawking with him, and kept his privy-purse.

By this way of life he had almost forgott his Latin; vide Latin verses. He therefore[1280]bought him bookes of an Amsterdam print that he might carry in his pocket (particularly Caesar's Commentarys), which he did read in the lobbey, or ante-chamber, whilest his lord was making his visits.

The Lord Chancellour Bacon loved to converse[C.]with him. He assisted his lordship in translating severall of his Essayes into Latin, one, I well remember, is[1281]thatOf the Greatnes of Cities: the rest I have forgott. His lordship was a very contemplative person, and was wont to contemplate in his delicious walkes at Gorambery[FQ], and dictate to Mr. Thomas Bushell, or some other of his gentlemen, that attended him with inke and paper ready to sett downe presently his thoughts. His lordship would often say that he better liked Mr. Hobbes's taking his thoughts[1282], then any of the other, because he understood what he wrote, which the others not understanding, my Lord[1283]would many times have a hard taske to make sense of what they writt.

[C.]This, I beleeve, was after his first lord's death[1284].

[C.]This, I beleeve, was after his first lord's death[1284].

It is to be remembred that about these times, Mr. T. H. was much addicted to musique, and practised on the base-violl.

1634: this summer—I remember 'twas in venison season[1285](July or August)—Mr. T. H. came into his native country[1286]to visitt his friends, and amongst others he camethen to see his old school-master, Mr. Robert Latimer[CI.], at Leigh-de-la-mer, where I was then at schoole[CII.]in the church[1287], newly entred into my grammar by him. Here was the first place and time that ever I had the honour to see this worthy, learned man, who was then pleased to take notice of me, and the next day visited[1288]my relations[1289]. He was then a proper man, briske, and in very good habit[1290]. His hayre was then quite black[1291]. He stayed at Malmsbury and in the neighborhood a weeke or better. 'Twas the last time that ever he was in Wiltshire.

[CI.]Robert Latimer obiit November 2, 1634; sed hoc nihil ad rhombum.—MS. Aubr. 9, fol. 35v.

[CI.]Robert Latimer obiit November 2, 1634; sed hoc nihil ad rhombum.—MS. Aubr. 9, fol. 35v.

[CII.]I had then a fine little horse and commonly rode—(but this is impertinent)—i.e. I was not a vulgar boy and carried not a satchell at my back.—Sed hoc inter nos.—MS. Aubr. 9, fol. 31.

[CII.]I had then a fine little horse and commonly rode—(but this is impertinent)—i.e. I was not a vulgar boy and carried not a satchell at my back.—Sed hoc inter nos.—MS. Aubr. 9, fol. 31.

[1292]His conversation about those times was much about Ben: Jonson, Mr. Ayton, etc.

[1293]He was (vide his life) 40 yeares[1294]old before he looked on geometry; which happened accidentally. Being in a gentleman's library in ..., Euclid's Elements lay open, and 'twas the 47 El.[1295]libri I. He read the proposition. By[CIII.]G—,' sayd he, 'this is impossible!' So he reads the demonstration of it, which referred him back to such a proposition; which proposition he read. That referred him back to another, which he also read. Et sic deinceps, that at last he was demonstratively convinced of that trueth. This made him in love with geometry.

[CIII.]He would now and then sweare, by way of emphasis[1296].

[CIII.]He would now and then sweare, by way of emphasis[1296].

I have heard Sir Jonas Moore (and others[FR]) say that 'twas a great pity he had not began the study ofthe mathematics sooner, for such a working head[1297]would have made great advancement in it. So had he donne[1298], he would not have layn so open to his learned mathematicall antagonists[1299]. But one may say of him, as one (quaere who) sayes of Jos. Scaliger, that where he erres, he erres so ingeniosely, that one had rather erre with him then hitt the mark[1300]with Clavius. I have heard Mr. Hobbes say[1301]that he was wont to draw lines[1302]on his thigh and on the sheetes, abed, and[1303]also multiply and divide. He would often complain that algebra[CIV.](though of great use) was too much admired, and so followed after, that it made men not contemplate and consider so much the nature and power of lines, which was a great hinderance to the groweth of geometrie; for that though algebra did rarely well and quickly, and easily in right lines, yet 'twould notbiteinsolid(I thinke) geometrie. Quod N.B.

[CIV.]Vide de hoc in hisDe corpore, and also in his 5 Dialogue. Quaere Dr. Blackburne:—MS. Aubr. 9, fol. 36.

[CIV.]Vide de hoc in hisDe corpore, and also in his 5 Dialogue. Quaere Dr. Blackburne:—MS. Aubr. 9, fol. 36.

[1304]Memorandum—After he began to reflect on[1305]the interest of the king of England as touching his affaires between him and the parliament, for ten yeares together his thoughts were much, or almost altogether, unhinged from the mathematiques; but chiefly intent on hisDe Cive, and after that on hisLeviathan: which was a great putt-back to his mathematicall improvement[1306]—quod N.B.—for in ten yeares' (or better) discontinuance of that study (especially) one's mathematiques will become very rusty[1307].

[1308]VideMr. Hobbes considered, p.4: printed London 1662 (since reprinted, 1680, by William Crooke):—

1640: 'when the parliament sate that began in April 1640 and was dissolved in May following, and in whichmany pointes of the regall power, which were necessary for the peace of the kingdome and safety of his majestye's person, were disputed[1309]and denyed, Mr. Hobbes wrote a little treatise in English, wherin he did sett-forth and demonstrate, that the sayd power and rights were inseperably annexed to the soveraignty, which soveraignty they did not then deny to be in the king; but it seemes understood not, or would not understand, that inseperability. Of this treatise, though not printed, many gentlemen had copies, which occasioned much talke of the author; and had not his majestie dissolved the parliament, it had brought him in danger of his life.'

[1310]VideMr. Hobbes considered, if more may not be inserted, scilicet as to the politiques. Sed cave—


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