Adulterine Castles,90,91Ages—Stone, Bronze, Iron, dates of,7l'Aigle, Matilda de,94Albini, Nigel de, Cainhoe Castle,56Alnwick Castle, description of,68Alselin, Geoffrey, Laxton Castle,56Alur,117,168Ambresbury Banks, Essex,29Anderida,45Angus, Earl of,187Arbalesteria,78,117Arblast,196Archer, the English,150Aros Castle,179Arundel Castle,54,65,151,158description of,71Shell Keep,72siege of,72Arundel Cathedral,73Aspiks,152Avalon, Isle of,11Badbury, Berks,31Badbury Rings, Wimborne,22,23,32Badlesmere, Bartholomew,148Bailey, buildings in,53Bailey or Base Court,53Bakewell,42Baliol, Robert184Balista192,194,196stones,192Bamborough Castle,41description of,93Keep of,94,96siege of,93wards of,96Banks, Sir John, and Lady,139Barbican, or ravelin,67Barnard Castle, the Keep,106Bartizans,178,180Base Court or Bailey,53Basilisks,152Battlemented parapets,41Bayeux tapestry,55Beauchamp Tower, Tower of London,135Beaufort, Duke of,142,164Beaumaris Castle,122Bebban burhor Bamborough,41Bedford Castle, Shell Keep of,200siege of,195Beffroi,81,94,198,199Bek, Anthony, Bishop of Durham,69Belesme, Robert de,71,87Belfry,198Belvoir Castle, position of,59Todenei, Robert,57Berkeley Castle,65Berkhampstead Castle,196Mortaign, Robert, Count of,56Berm, Cadbury Castle,24Verulamium,37Berwick Castle,183Bigot family,142Bodiam Castle,165,179description of,157Boleyn, Anne,161Sir Geoffrey,160Sir Thomas,161Bolingbroke,121Bombards,148,152Bothwell Castle, description of,181Bowyer Tower, Tower of London,135Bradbury,14Bretasche,167,194description of,103Motte and Bailey Castle,50Breauté, Faukes de,199Brick Castles,155Brick-making, art of,165British Isles, earthworks of,2,173Broch,174at Cockburn Law,175of Mousa,174Bronllys Castle,133Bronze Age,7,189Broughton Castle,172Bruce, Robert,183Buckingham, Duke of,162Builth Castle,133Bures Mount, Essex,50Burgh, Hubert de,81Burh, bury, borough, and burgh,39,40Burhs, Nottingham,42Saxon,38,39Stafford, Tarn worth and Warwick,42Witham and Maldon,42Busli, Roger de, Tickhill Castle,57Cadbury, Tiverton,22Castle,23Berm of,24Caerlaverock Castle,186Caerphilly Castle,131description of,126Caesar, artillery of,190Cainhoe Castle, Albini, Nigel de,56Campbell Castle,179Canmore, Malcolm,183Cannon, early,147gargoyles,181shot, weight of,154Canterbury Castle, Keep of,89Carew Castle,132Carisbrooke Castle,65description of,73Carnarvon Castle,118description of,123town walls of,124Castellated Mansion,147,155Castellation, the first,2transition period,156Castle-building Stephen's reign,92Castles, centre of boroughs,57centre of feudal baronies,56definition of,1in Gascony,156Herefordshire,55Hertfordshire,56Leicestershire,56Nottinghamshire,56of Scotland,173sites of,57Cat,197,200Catapult,192,194,196Chapel-en-le-Frith,11Chaworth, Payn de,130Chepstow Castle,131description of,141Château Gaillard, description of,110the Keep,111Chaucer, Geoffrey,62Cilgerran Castle,132Cissbury,14,24Civil War, efficiency of Castles,153Clare, Earl of,46Gilbert de,127family,142Classification of earthworks,5Clavering Castle, Essex,49Clawll y Milwyr,8Cleves, Anne of,161Clickamin Broch,175Cliff Castles,7-9Clifford's Castle, Northants,50,52Clifton Camps,9Clinton, William de,162Clun Castle, Keep of,88,92Cobham, Lord,160Colchester Castle,134Chapel of,85Colepeper family,144Comb Moss,11Compton, Sir William,162Concentric Castle,110essential principles of,113Conisborough Castle, description of,106Constantinople, fortifications of,112Contour forts,14Conway, town wall of,120Castle,118description of,120Corbelling, mania for,180Corfe Castle,131Buttavant Tower,140description of,137Keep of,139"slighting" of,140Coucy Castle,102,104,105,181Counterpoise engines,193Counterpoises of trebuchets,194Coup-de-mainattack,189Craigmillar Castle,179Crenellated walls,41Crévecœur family,143Criccieth Castle, description of,118Cromlechs,8Cromwell, Ralph, Lord,168Crowstep gables,181Curtain walls,67Cutts, Lord,75Cylindrical Keep,101Dalyngrugge, Sir Edward,157Danish burhs,43Dauphin,98Definition of a castle,1"Devil of Belesme,"87Differentiation of earthworks,3Dilke family,162Dinas,9Dirleton Castle,176Dog-tooth ornament,92Dolebury,14Donjon,102,181Dorchester, Oxon,10Douglas family,181Doune Castle,186Dover Castle,49description of,80,92the Keep,82Dragons,152Drum Castle,178,182Dryslwyn Castle,198Dudley Castle, Fitz-Ansculf, William,56Dumbarton Castle,176Dunnottar Castle, description of,185Keep of,185Dunster Castle, Mohun, William de,56Durability of earthworks,4Durham Castle,65Dyke Hills,10Eagle Tower, Carnarvon Castle,126Earls Barton Castle, Northants,52Earthworks, auxiliary aids to,18British Isles,2classification of,5destruction of,14differentiation of,3durability of,4English,3with stockades,18Edinburgh Castle,176,183Argyle Tower,183Edinburgh Castle, St. Margaret's Chapel,184Wellhouse Tower,184Edin's Hold,175"Edwardian" Castle,118Edward the Martyr,138Eleanor, wife of Humphrey of Gloucester,144Elfreton, Henry de,121Ely,43Engines, ancient,191English earthworks,3Escalade,189Espringale,194,196Ethelfleda of the Mercians,41,42Exburgh Manor-House,168Eye Castle, Malet, Robert de,56Fairfax, Sir Thomas,164Falarica,86,192Fane, Ralph,169Fergeant, Alan,99Ferrers, Henry de, Tutbury Castle,57Feudal baronies, castles centre of,56Fiennes, Sir Roger,165Thomas, execution of,166First castellation,2Fishguard,9Fitz-Ansculf, William, Dudley Castle,56Fitz-John, Eustace,68,94Fitz-Osborne, William, Earl of Hereford,73William,142Fitz-Scrob, Richard,48Flanking Towers,67Flint Castle,122Flying bridge, Motte and Bailey Castle,50Fonmon Castle, Glamorganshire,93Forebuildings,78Rochester Castle,98Fortified Hill-Tops, classification of,13strengthened,5,13Gam, Sir David,163Gannock's Castle, near Tempsford,44,45Gaveston, Piers,74Glendower, Owen,119Gloucester Castle, Keep of,89Humphrey, Duke of,169Golden Valley, Castle at,48Gravitation engines,193Greek fire,200Grey, Sir Ralph,95,152Guildford Castle, Chapel of,85Keep of,88Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester,134Gunpowder, introduction of,147"Gyns,"190,193Ham Hill, Somerset,15Hampton Court, Herefordshire,172Harlech Castle,118,152Harquebuses, openings for,158Hastings Castle,55Hatton, Sir Christopher,139Haut, Ivo de,170Haverfordwest Castle,133Hedingham Keep, Essex,83Hembury Fort, Honiton,14Herefordshire, Castles in,55Hereford, Motte and Bailey Castle,48,49Herstmonceaux Castle,167,168description of,164Hertfordshire, Castles in,56Hever Castle,160Sir William de,160Hill forts,173Hilton Castle,172Home Castle,176Earls of,181Homestead moats,6developed,6Humfreys, Sir William,161Hunsbury, Northants,30Ifan, Davydd ap,152Ightham Mote,170Iron Age,7,189Isabella, Queen of Edward II.,144Isle of Avalon,11Juliets,102Keep, Scottish, plan of,176Kemyss, Sir Nicholas,143Kenilworth Castle,151siege of,195Kidwelly Castle, Carmarthenshire,118,129Kildrummie Castle,176Lacy, Ilbert de, Pontefract Castle,57Lambert, General,186Lamphey Castle,133"Land of Castles,"131Launceston Castle, the Keep,105Laxton Castle, Alselin, Geoffrey,56Leconfield, Lord,160Leeds Castle, Kent,105,148Baileys of,145Barbicans of,146description of,143Keep of,145Leicestershire, Castles in,56Lewes Castle,65Lewkenor, Sir Thomas,158