Exercise 41
Words ending in silente, according to Rule 5, drop theebefore a suffix beginning with a vowel. Exceptions occur when theeis needed to preserve the soft sound ofcandg. Tell whyeis dropped inencouragingand retained incourageous.
In words containingdg, as injudgeandlodge, thedgives thegthe soft sound, and there is no need to retain theebefore adding a suffix, as injudgment.
Rule 9.—Words ending in silenteusually drop theebefore adding a suffix beginning with a vowel, unless theeis needed to preserve the pronunciation; as after softcandg, when the suffix begins withaoro.
Tell why theeis retained before the suffix in the following:
noticeabledamageablepronounceableoutrageouscourageouspeaceableserviceablemanageable
Tell why theeis dropped before adding the suffix in the following:
managingcurableerasurebesiegingadmirablerealizationreceivingobligingprecedenceperseverance
The fact thatchas two different sounds causes a slight peculiarity in words ending inc. Finalchas the sound ofk. When words end inc, the letterkis usually added before a suffix beginning with eithere,i, ory, to show thatcis not pronounced likes;as,
frolic frolicked frolicking
If thekis not added, thecchanges its pronunciation; as,
public publicity
Exercise 42
It follows by inference from Rule 9 that words ending in silenteretain theebefore a suffix beginning with a consonant; as,
movemovementdisgracedisgracefuldefensedefenselessfatefatefularrangearrangementfiercefiercelynoisenoiselessmanagemanagementsevereseverelyruderudeness
Exceptions.—Truly, duly, wisdom, awful, wholly.
Bring to class a list of twenty words that retain the finalebefore a suffix beginning with a consonant.
Exercise 43
What spelling rule does each of the following words illustrate?
advantageousgiganticboxesadmittancemimickingpiecelibrariesoccurrencearrangementreceiptkeysacquittal
Exercise 44—Abbreviations
Write abbreviations for the months of the year. Are there any that should not be abbreviated?
The abbreviations for the states and territories are:
Alabama, Ala.Maryland, Md.Arizona, Ariz.Massachusetts, Mass.Arkansas, Ark.Michigan, Mich.California, Cal.Minnesota, Minn.Colorado, Colo.Mississippi, Miss.Connecticut, Conn.Missouri, Mo.Delaware, Del.Montana, Mont.District of Columbia, D.C.Nebraska, Nebr.Florida, Fla.Nevada, Nev.Georgia, Ga.New Hampshire, N.H.Idaho, IdahoNew Mexico, N. Mex.Illinois, Ill.New York, N.Y.Indiana, Ind.New Jersey, N.J.Iowa, Ia.North Carolina, N.C.Kansas, Kans.North Dakota, N. Dak.Kentucky, Ky.Ohio, O.Louisiana, La.Oklahoma, Okla.Maine, Me.Oregon, Ore.Pennsylvania, Pa.Utah, UtahPhilippine Islands, P.I.Vermont, Vt.Porto Rico, P.R.Virginia, Va.South Carolina, S.C.Washington, Wash.South Dakota, S.D.Wisconsin, Wis.Tennessee, Tenn.West Virginia, W. Va.Texas, Tex.Wyoming, Wyo.
Note.—It is much better to write the full name rather than the abbreviation whenever the former would make the address clearer, especially as regards similar abbreviations, such as Cal. and Colo.
Note.—It is much better to write the full name rather than the abbreviation whenever the former would make the address clearer, especially as regards similar abbreviations, such as Cal. and Colo.
Exercise 45—Abbreviations of Commercial Terms
A 1, first classdoz., dozen@, atE. & O.E., errors and omissions exceptedacct., accountea., eachadv., advertisemente.g., for exampleagt., agentetc., and so fortha.m., forenoonexch., exchangeamt., amountft., footapp., appendixf.o.b., free on boardatty., attorneygal., gallonav., averagei.e., that isavoir., avoirdupoisimp., importedbal., balancein., inchesbbl., barrelinst., this month (instant)B/L, bill of ladingJr., juniorbldg., buildingkg., kegB/S, bill of salelb., poundbu., bushelltd., limitedC.B., cash bookmdse., merchandiseC., hundredmem., memorandumcoll., collection, collectormo., monthCo., companyM.S. (MSS)., manuscriptC.O.D., cash on deliverymtg., mortgagecr., creditorN.B., take noticecwt., hundredweightno., numberD., five hundredO.K., all rightdept., departmentper, bydisc., discountp.m., afternoondo., ditto%, per centdr., debtor, debitSt., streetpkg., packagestr., steamerpp., pagesult., last monthpr., pairU.S.M., United States Mailpc., pieceviz., namelypk., peckvol., volumeprox., next monthW/B, way billpt., pintwt., weightSr., senior
WORD ANALYSIS
To learn English words thoroughly we must spend some thought on the way in which they are made up, on the language from which they have been derived, and on the changes in meaning made by adding prefixes and suffixes. Three important influences in building the English have been the Anglo-Saxon, the Greek, and the Latin languages. The simplest words in the language are Anglo-Saxon. The following exercises illustrate how words have been multiplied by Anglo-Saxon prefixes and suffixes.
Exercise 46
Name as many words as you can that make use of each of the following prefixes. Give only such as are recognizable English words without the prefix.
a—aboardmis—misjudgebe—becalmun—unknownfore—foretellup—uproot
Give the meaning of each of the prefixes used above.
What part of speech does each prefix make?
Exercise 47
Using the following Teutonic suffixes, form English words. Be careful that the root taken alone is an English word.
dom—kingdomness—goodnesshood—manhoodship—friendship
What does each suffix mean?
What part of speech does it make?
Exercise 48
As above, form words using the following suffixes:
en—darkenful—fearfulen—goldenly—smoothlyish—sweetishlike—childlikeless—fearlesssome—lonesome
Define each suffix.
What part of speech does it make?
Exercise 49—Greek Roots
Below is given a list of common Greek roots with the English meaning of each. Form words using one or more of the roots for each word, and define the words you make. For instance, give the meaning oftelephone,telegraph, andmonarch.
GreekEnglishGreekEnglishphon—hearchron—timetele—farcycl—circlegraph—writegeo—earthscop—seepolit—governmentmicro—smallcra—rulemono—onedemo—peoplearch—chiefhydro—watermetr—measurepoly—manybaro—pressure, weightpluto—riches
How many names of modern inventions have you made?
Exercise 50
What words belonging to your vocabulary end in the following suffixes? Choose only such as have an English word for the root.
Adjective Suffixes
1.able,ible—able to be, fit to beReadable, fit to be read.2.al,eal,ial—relating to, having to do with3.ant,ent—being, inclined to4.ate—having the quality of, inclined to5.ic—like, relating to6.ive—relating to, of the nature of, belonging to7.ory,ary—relating to8.ous—full of, abounding in
Verb Suffixes
1.ate—to make2.fy,ify—to make3.ise,ize—to make
Noun Suffixes
1.age—condition, act, collection of2.ance,ancy,ence,ency—state of being3.ary,ory—one who, place where, that which4.ant,ent—one who5.ist,ite—one who6.ion,sion,tion—act of, state of being7.ity,ty—quality of being8.ment—that which, act or state of being9.or,er,ar—one who10.try—state of11.tude,itude—condition of being12.ure—condition of being, that which
Exercise 51
The following is a list of the more commonly used Latin prefixes:
1.a,ab—away from16.intro—toward the inside2.ad—toward17.mono—one3.ante—before18.non—not4.anti—against19.ob—in the way of, against5.bi—two, twice20.per—through6.circum—around21.pre—before7.con—together with, against22.post—after8.contra—against23.pro—before9.de—from, apart from, down from24.re—again, back10.dis—apart, not25.semi—half, partly11.dia—through26.se—away from12.ex—out of27.sub—under, below13.in,en—into28.super—above, more thanen—to cause to be29.trans—across14.in,un—not30.uni—one15.inter—between
Exercise 52
Analyze the following words, telling prefix, root, suffix, part of speech, and meaning:
businesspackagetruthfulnessunsuccessfuluselessanteroomworkmanlikeagreementprefixmonotonenervousnessuniformitybeautifybreakagedisrespectfulmisguidancesemicirclepleasantperfectioncrystallizekingshipsamenessprogressiveprecautionincasesubwayundeniableimaginaryenrichdisowndispleasuresupernaturalpianistreadmitendurancemelodiousbicycleadjusterreactioninterlineal
Exercise 53
When the prefixesad,con, andinare used to form English words, the final consonant of each is often changed to the initial consonant of the root to which it is joined.
Adassumes the formsab,ac,af,ag,al,an,ap,ar,as,at, assimilating thedwith the first letter of the word to which it is prefixed; as,
ab-breviateal-literationar-restac-ceptal-lotas-signac-cumulatean-nexas-sistaf-fectan-nounceat-tractaf-flictap-positionat-tributeag-gregateap-proveat-tune
Conassumes the formscol,cor,com, by assimilation; it takes the formcombeforep;and it drops thenbefore a vowel; as,
col-lateralcom-mercialcom-posecol-lectcor-relateco-operatecom-missioncor-respondco-ordinate
Inassumes the formsil,im,ir, by assimilation and takes the form ofimbeforep.
il-lusionim-migrateir-ruptionim-port
Exercise 54—Peculiar Adjective Endings
The suffixesableandibleare sometimes troublesome because it is difficult to know which ending to write. As a rule, if the new word was made from another English word, the ending isable, asblamable. The words ending inibleare derived from the Latin, and, as a rule, the ending cannot easily be separated from the root and still leave the latter an English word. Examples are:
divisibleintelligibledigestibleaudiblevisiblepermissibleflexibleincrediblepossibleterriblehorribleindelible
The suffixesantandentmust also be carefully noted. No rule can be given for using one rather than the other. Whenever in doubt, consult a dictionary. Note the following:
antentimportantindependentpleasantconvalescenttriumphantcompetentluxuriantconvenientstagnantconfident
The endingseousandious, whereeandiare often confused, are illustrated in the following:
eousioushideousdeliriousmiscellaneousimpiouscourteousstudious
The endingsciousandtiousare shown in the following:
cioustiousconsciousfictitiousprecioussuperstitiousdeliciouscautiousgraciousambitioussuspiciousnutritious
The endingsgiousandgeousare illustrated in the following:
giousgeousreligiouscourageous
Exercise 55—Peculiar Noun and Verb Endings
Nouns inanceandence:
anceenceacceptanceintelligenceappearancereferenceannoyancepatienceacquaintancenegligenceremittancediligenceignoranceresidence
Nouns insion,cion, andtion:
sionciontionexclusioncoercionacquisitionaversionsuspicionprecaution
Verbs inise,yze, andize:
iseyzeizeadviseanalyzebaptizesuperviseparalyzerecognize
Verbs inceed,sede, andcede:
ceedsedecedeexceedsupersedeconcedeproceedintercedesucceedprecede
Exercise 56
What other words can you form from the following? Explain what prefixes or suffixes you use in each case and what part of speech you form.
successconsiderrealchangepleasedoubtpublishattendoccurapplyregularsatisfyemphasizeindustryoperateassesssecondbusypracticeresistexpensedistributeorgandefinedependlocateworksenseattractinstalldesirepresideeffectvitalcountsign
Exercise 57
There are many words the meanings of which are easily confused. The spelling and the definitions of such must be mastered. Analysis in this exercise and in the one following does not require separation into prefix, root, and suffix, but it necessitates a careful study of the words, first, to note the difference in spelling; second, to consult a dictionary, if necessary, for the difference in meaning.
Define each word clearly.
Use each in a sentence to illustrate its meaning.
accept—exceptcommon—mutualadd—annexcomplementary—complimentaryadvice—advisecontinual—continuousaffect—effectcontraction—abbreviationafter—afterwardcontradiction—denialascend—assentcurrant—currentassure—promisedefective—deficientattain—obtaindeprecate—depreciatebenefit—advantageeffective—efficientbrief—conciseeligible—illegiblecenter—middleeminent—prominentclaim—maintainexpect—hopecombine—combinationintelligent—intelligible
Exercise 58
As above, define each word carefully and use it in a sentence to illustrate its meaning.
healthful—healthyproficient—efficientinventory—invoiceproscribe—prescribeinvite—invitationpurpose—proposelast—latestquiet—quitelater—latterrecommend—recommendationliable—likely—aptrefer—alludeloose—loserepair—fixneed—wantrequirement—requisite—requisitionperspective—prospectiverespectfully—respectivelypositive—definitescarcely—hardlypracticable—practicalstationary—stationeryprecede—proceedtherefore—accordinglyprincipal—principle
500 SPELLING WORDS
Lesson 1
businesslosingsurprisingheightreceivelooselySaturdaydepthbelieveacrossWednesdayeighthwhollywhetherexcellentdailyobligeddescribeexerciseearnest
Lesson 2
attacheddecisionprobableseizeattackedbuyingusablesiegegentlemenstudyingsalablefriendalthoughrelyingdesirableMessrs.thoroughlyoccasionhonorablenickel
Lesson 3
disappointknewacquittalstoppeddisappeardesignoccurrencereferreddisapprovefortycompellingplanneddisagreefourthbeginningswimminganxiouspurposepermittedsubmitted
Lesson 4
all rightpersuadeNorwegianvarietyalreadypursuedpossessionprairietonguepreparedaccumulateneighborseparaterepaireddissatisfysoldiercrystalnecessarydissolveshoulder
Lesson 5
theirawkwardopportunityschemeadvisemucilagedevelopmentscheduleadvicefamiliarstatisticsaccuratelylaboratorypeculiaraccidentalefficientuntilsimilarcompetentSpaniard
Lesson 6
policypatientmerchandiseconsciousroughancientmercantilepreciousdiseasepartialscarcitysuspicionbalancefacialindebtedphysiciandeceaseambitiousestimatecaution
Lesson 7
ascendnoticeablevengeanceemergencyassentserviceableaddresscomplianceminutemanageablesalaryreferenceconcealexchangeablecurrencyapparelimmenseadvantageouswithholdtypical
Lesson 8
editionespeciallyappreciateimitateadditionpamphletessentialinitialidentifyillustrateeligibleofficialillegalFebruarylegiblecurtainnuisancepunctualillegibleadjacent
Lesson 9
latercrystallizelieutenantlenientlatterneutralizeanthracitenaphthaweighedconceitbituminousliquiddestroycatarrhrheumatismgaugeindeliblecolonelinfluentialsieve
Lesson 10
dulyinterferedanalyzeattorneysdurabletransferredanalysisspecialtymutualreconcileparalyzesympathybargainaccidentalbananacampaignmisspellirregularmolassesmattress
Lesson 11
acheddesignatevicinityrecognizesocialavailableguardiantechnicalforfeitadequatelycelebratehygieneoppositesubordinateporcelainangelparallelsufficientpoulticeangle
Lesson 12
societyassociaterumoredremittancesirloindefinitelycourtesyremunerationlaborersphericalobstinacyrestaurantvisitorcommercialfinancialgovernmentsouvenirpermissiblesapphireacquaintance
Lesson 13
quiteappropriateconvenientknowledgeleastdistinguishexaggerateprincipal,awrittenmysteriousconfidentialstationary,aamongappearanceendeavoringjudgmentpsalmconferenceimmediatelyimplement