Lesson 14
assuregreatlyembarrassmentauxiliaryexpectgratefulorganizationconciliatepromptdeserveadvertisementprinciple,neliminatebureauassessmentstationery,nilluminatedeficientaccommodateparenthesis
Lesson 15
couponindispensablemeasureproprietorlengthinnumerablecondemntransientvehicleinvestigatesecuritypersistentcustomerincandescentlinimentsignaturecostumereffervescentmosquitomischievous
Lesson 16
canalcompany'srepetitionsulphurchannelreal estateabbreviatedbenefitedliquidequivalentunabridgedunanimousrecentassignmentassuranceitemizetroughextravagantpneumaticcalcimine
Lesson 17
precedefreightauthorityleisureproceedachievemortgageneuralgiaprocessionbetweenspecimendyspepsiaprecisionimaginesolicitorsubstantialextinguishautumncoöperatespassenger
Lesson 18
merelymechanicalpreliminaryomittedcashierpermanentmiscellaneousomissionurgentprominentsubscriptioncommitteehesitateprecautionincrediblecommissionanchoredintervalanticipationprecisely
Lesson 19
specifypreparationathleticsdeceitequitycoincidenceexcursionreceiptaccrueirresolutesuggestionobstacleconcretevaccinationcourageouspromissorysummaryglycerineconcessioncompulsory
Lesson 20
deficitscepticalanniversaryrhythmmansionconsciencepresumptionrhubarbmentioninterruptionguaranteedfatiguereckonedapproximatelyprejudicesynopsislicenseavoirdupoisprivilegeemphatic
Lesson 21
scholarElkhartindustriouscollisionscissorsMemphishideousdelusioncareerNiagaraartificialoxygensincereRaleighcantaloupemartyrchiffonierOregonunscrupulousapology
Lesson 22
receiptCincinnatisovereignchemicalwelfareDes MoinescommitteefrontierfeignedDecaturingredientsfulfilledchordDubuquecounterfeitfacsimilescytheAlleghanyresponsibleidentical
Lesson 23
exceedPaducahforeignCheyennesucceedEau ClairesolemnitymetallicsecedePeoriaassassinatenauseatedimmigrantSavannahpneumoniainvariablyemigrantManiladiphtheriainjurious
Lesson 24
adoptionMinneapolisfraudulentmahoganyscientificIndianapolisnegligencecorduroyguidanceSyracusediligenceSchenectadysyllableMilwaukeeridiculousduplicateFort WayneValparaisocomparativereënforce
Lesson 25
DuluthMassachusettspreferableperiodicalMissouriConnecticutpreferredinsertionWisconsinenthusiasticpublicityexcursionluxuriousacknowledgmentprevailingplateautwelfthprofessionaldamageabletragedy
THE SENTENCE AND ITS ELEMENTS
In the preceding chapters we have seen words as they are used singly. We studied their pronunciation and the way in which they were formed to express a definite meaning. In this chapter we shall begin a review of grammar, a study of words not according to their pronunciation or their definition, but according to their use as they are arranged with other words to express complete ideas. The simplest group into which words are thus arranged is the sentence, consisting of two important parts, the subject and the predicate. The subject is the part about which something is told, and the predicate is the part that tells about the subject; as,
SubjectPredicateThe sunshines brightly
There are several different kinds of sentences, named according to the meaning which they express. They are as follows:
Thedeclarativesentence states a fact.Theinterrogativesentence asks a question.Theimperativesentence commands or entreats.Theexclamatorysentence expresses deep feeling.
Illustrations
Declarative:John closed the door.Interrogative:Did John close the door?Imperative:Close the door.Exclamatory:What a noise the door made!
Sentences are classified, also, according to their structure or form. If a sentence has one subject and one predicate, it is asimplesentence. If it is made up of two independent parts, it is acompoundsentence. If it has one independent part and one or more dependent parts, each of which contains a subject and a predicate of its own, the sentence iscomplex. The independent part of the sentence is called aprincipal clause, and the dependent part is called asubordinate clause. Aphraseis also a dependent part of a sentence, but it differs from a subordinate clause in that it contains no subject or predicate. Both phrases and subordinate clauses are used as parts of speech, as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Thus we have the following definitions:
Asimplesentence contains one principal clause.
Acompoundsentence contains two or more principal clauses.
Acomplexsentence contains one principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
Aphraseis a group of related words used as a part of speech. (SeeExercises 68and69.)
Aclauseis a group of words containing a subject and a predicate. A subordinate clause is used as a part of speech. It usually has an introductory word to distinguish it from a principal clause. (SeeExercise 71.)
Illustrations
Simple sentence:To-day most of the world's big questions are business questions.
Complex sentence:The viewthatbusiness is only humdrum routine and sordid money-making needs revising,sincemost of the world's big questions are business questions.
Compound sentence:Many people still belittle business, calling it humdrum routine and sordid money-making,butthis view needs revising.
Phrase:(a)ofthe world's big questions.(b)callingit humdrum routine and sordid money-making.
Subordinate clause:(a)thatbusiness is only humdrum routine and sordid money-making.(b)sincemost of the world's big questions are business questions.
Exercise 59
Write two of each of the following kinds of sentences:a.Declarative,b.Interrogative,c.Imperative,d.Exclamatory.
Examine each of the sentences below and tell
a.Whether it is simple, complex, or compound.
b.Its subject and its predicate.
c.Its phrases and its subordinate clause (if there are any).
1. Your subscription expires with this issue.2. This special offer will continue until the tenth of November.3. The last shipment of castings that you made to us is decidedly unsatisfactory.4. Your imitation typewritten letters have greatly assisted us in the sale of our property, and we thank you for calling our attention to them.5. The advertised poster was sent to you to-day in a special tube.6. Without doubt you will be interested in the booklet which we enclose.7. The machine which is standing there has just been repaired.8. The wheel that holds the type may be changed in an instant by the operator.9. Whenever he wishes, the operator may write in different sizes of type on the same sheet of paper.10. Many of our styles have been copied exactly from the best designs that have recently been displayed in the Parisian exhibits.11. Why are the department stores acquiring motor wagons?12. One reason is the economy of the motor wagon.13. Economy does not entirely explain the keenness which department stores are displaying in acquiring motor wagons.14. In such establishments the quick delivery of merchandise is a necessity.15. The best means of transportation must be employed, or a loss of trade will follow.16. Any one can cite examples that prove that faults in delivery cause a loss of trade.17. Machine service develops fewer errors than horse service (develops).18. The area which department stores serve is being greatly increased from year to year, and not even the establishment of the parcel post has avoided the necessity for sending package merchandise too far distant for conveyance by horses.19. Electric machines usually make the house-to-house package deliveries, and gasoline trucks, besides hauling furniture, transfer large loads from the store or warehouse to the distributing stations.20. In one store each transfer truck is loaded twice daily with fifty trunks containing parcels.
1. Your subscription expires with this issue.
2. This special offer will continue until the tenth of November.
3. The last shipment of castings that you made to us is decidedly unsatisfactory.
4. Your imitation typewritten letters have greatly assisted us in the sale of our property, and we thank you for calling our attention to them.
5. The advertised poster was sent to you to-day in a special tube.
6. Without doubt you will be interested in the booklet which we enclose.
7. The machine which is standing there has just been repaired.
8. The wheel that holds the type may be changed in an instant by the operator.
9. Whenever he wishes, the operator may write in different sizes of type on the same sheet of paper.
10. Many of our styles have been copied exactly from the best designs that have recently been displayed in the Parisian exhibits.
11. Why are the department stores acquiring motor wagons?
12. One reason is the economy of the motor wagon.
13. Economy does not entirely explain the keenness which department stores are displaying in acquiring motor wagons.
14. In such establishments the quick delivery of merchandise is a necessity.
15. The best means of transportation must be employed, or a loss of trade will follow.
16. Any one can cite examples that prove that faults in delivery cause a loss of trade.
17. Machine service develops fewer errors than horse service (develops).
18. The area which department stores serve is being greatly increased from year to year, and not even the establishment of the parcel post has avoided the necessity for sending package merchandise too far distant for conveyance by horses.
19. Electric machines usually make the house-to-house package deliveries, and gasoline trucks, besides hauling furniture, transfer large loads from the store or warehouse to the distributing stations.
20. In one store each transfer truck is loaded twice daily with fifty trunks containing parcels.
Exercise 60—Sentence Errors
S. 1.The Baby Blunder.—In writing, one of the most elementary forms of correctness is shown in the proper division into sentences. The ability instinctively to end a sentence at the right place is called the "sentence sense." Students who do not possess it or who have not learned the difference between sentences, subordinate clauses, and phrases frequently make the mistake of setting off too much or too little for one sentence. For example, they run two sentences together as one; as,
Wrong:Motor wagons are economical, department stores of all large cities are acquiring them.
The sentence, as written above, contains one form of the sentence error—one of the worst possible mistakes in writing. It is sometimes called thecomma faultor thebaby blunder. For brevity we shall call itS 1(sentence error number one).Motor wagons are economicalis a principal clause.Department stores of all large cities are acquiring themis also a principal clause. Two such clauses may not standin the same sentence separated only by a comma. To correct, divide into two sentences; as,
Right:Motor wagons are economical. Department stores of all large cities are acquiring them.
Sometimes the thought in the two principal clauses is closely connected. In that case they may be put into the same sentence, provided they are properly connected or separated. Use a commaplusa coördinate conjunction (asand,or,but) to connect them, or a semicolon (;) to separate them.
Be particularly careful of the conjunctive adverbsso,then,therefore,thus,also,still,otherwise,however,hence,consequently,moreover,nevertheless. When they are used to join the principal clauses of a compound sentence, a comma is not sufficient punctuation between the clauses. A semicolon or a comma and a coördinate conjunction must be used.
Wrong:He had been a good customer, so they were sorry to lose his trade.
Right:He had been a good customer; so they were sorry to lose his trade.
Right:He had been a good customer, and so they were sorry to lose his trade.
S. 2.—The first form of the sentence error (S 1) is made by using too much for one sentence. The second form (S 2) is made by using too little. It consists in writing a subordinate clause or a phrase as a sentence; as,
1.Wrong:I told her I would attend to the matter at my earliest convenience.Probably on my way from work in the evening.
2.Wrong:His doctor advised him to go to Arizona.Which he decided to do.
Exercise 61
Each sentence should express one complete thought. Some of the following are really two sentences (S 1), and some are only parts of sentences (S 2). Correct each, naming the mistake.
1. You will find the booklet interesting it is also instructive.2. Up to last January he was a salesman for Colgate & Co. since then he has opened a business of his own.3. I didn't know you had come, when did you arrive?4. Did any one take the newspaper, I left it here only a moment ago.5. I shall take my vacation in September have you had yours?6. I must go now good-bye I'll see you on Saturday.7. The opening sentence held the man's attention, he read it again and again.8. I'll have to run to catch the train, otherwise I shall be late for work.9. The advertisement is attractive, still it has not paid well.10. We wished to reduce office drudgery therefore we installed adding and addressing machines.11. These problems all require a knowledge of square root for example, take the fourth.12. Do you expect to come home for Christmas or shall you stay in New York I don't remember now which you said.13. First I read a statement that recommended the bonds then I read an article that condemned them without question the result was that I didn't know what to do.14. One-half of the statements are here, the others are in the safe.15. If your name is not correct on this envelope, please notify us we wish to insure your receiving our bulletin regularly.16. The supply of fruit was greater than the demand, that is why fruit was cheap.17. Flies are dangerous. Especially in a sick room from which they carry germs to others.18. In the country the trees were loaded with fruit, their branches had to be propped so that they would not break.19. When he was twenty-three years of age, Richard T. Crane, the late millionaire head of the immense Crane Manufacturing Company, came to Chicago, he started a brass foundry, which grew into the present giant establishment.20. We spent last summer in the Bitter Root Valley we camped within view of Willoughby Falls.21. I want to congratulate you on your appointment I heard of it only yesterday.22. It surely was not I whom you saw I wonder who it could have been.23. Not one of us has a salary of three thousand dollars so we do not worry over the income tax.24. Please send me the booklet you offered in the Business Magazine, I'd also like particulars of your advertised discount sale of typewriters.25. Sooner or later shingles are sure to warp and curl, thus they pull out the nails and allow the rain to beat in, furthermore, shaded shingles soon rot and allow the water to soak through.26. This sealing and stamping machine is endorsed by business men in all our large cities nevertheless it is not expensive.27. If you wish to prove the excellence of our paper, just tear off a corner of this sheet then tear off a corner of your present letterhead with a magnifying glass examine both torn edges.28. The superior paper will show long, linen fibers the poorer, on the other hand, will have short, woody fibers.29. When a German army is on the march, it stops every twenty minutes for a rest. Experiments having shown that a soldier can cover more ground when he is given this period of relaxation.30. Two thousand convicts will be released according to a plan worked out by the governor; five hundred will be given their freedom at once, and, if the plan is a success one thousand five hundred others will be released. One-half their wages of fifty cents a day to go to their families and one-half to the penitentiary fund. If they leave the state or commit any crime while they are on parole, to serve the balance of their term and an extension of time. They will be put to work on roads and bridges the counties need several thousand such laborers but cannot pay union prices.
1. You will find the booklet interesting it is also instructive.
2. Up to last January he was a salesman for Colgate & Co. since then he has opened a business of his own.
3. I didn't know you had come, when did you arrive?
4. Did any one take the newspaper, I left it here only a moment ago.
5. I shall take my vacation in September have you had yours?
6. I must go now good-bye I'll see you on Saturday.
7. The opening sentence held the man's attention, he read it again and again.
8. I'll have to run to catch the train, otherwise I shall be late for work.
9. The advertisement is attractive, still it has not paid well.
10. We wished to reduce office drudgery therefore we installed adding and addressing machines.
11. These problems all require a knowledge of square root for example, take the fourth.
12. Do you expect to come home for Christmas or shall you stay in New York I don't remember now which you said.
13. First I read a statement that recommended the bonds then I read an article that condemned them without question the result was that I didn't know what to do.
14. One-half of the statements are here, the others are in the safe.
15. If your name is not correct on this envelope, please notify us we wish to insure your receiving our bulletin regularly.
16. The supply of fruit was greater than the demand, that is why fruit was cheap.
17. Flies are dangerous. Especially in a sick room from which they carry germs to others.
18. In the country the trees were loaded with fruit, their branches had to be propped so that they would not break.
19. When he was twenty-three years of age, Richard T. Crane, the late millionaire head of the immense Crane Manufacturing Company, came to Chicago, he started a brass foundry, which grew into the present giant establishment.
20. We spent last summer in the Bitter Root Valley we camped within view of Willoughby Falls.
21. I want to congratulate you on your appointment I heard of it only yesterday.
22. It surely was not I whom you saw I wonder who it could have been.
23. Not one of us has a salary of three thousand dollars so we do not worry over the income tax.
24. Please send me the booklet you offered in the Business Magazine, I'd also like particulars of your advertised discount sale of typewriters.
25. Sooner or later shingles are sure to warp and curl, thus they pull out the nails and allow the rain to beat in, furthermore, shaded shingles soon rot and allow the water to soak through.
26. This sealing and stamping machine is endorsed by business men in all our large cities nevertheless it is not expensive.
27. If you wish to prove the excellence of our paper, just tear off a corner of this sheet then tear off a corner of your present letterhead with a magnifying glass examine both torn edges.
28. The superior paper will show long, linen fibers the poorer, on the other hand, will have short, woody fibers.
29. When a German army is on the march, it stops every twenty minutes for a rest. Experiments having shown that a soldier can cover more ground when he is given this period of relaxation.
30. Two thousand convicts will be released according to a plan worked out by the governor; five hundred will be given their freedom at once, and, if the plan is a success one thousand five hundred others will be released. One-half their wages of fifty cents a day to go to their families and one-half to the penitentiary fund. If they leave the state or commit any crime while they are on parole, to serve the balance of their term and an extension of time. They will be put to work on roads and bridges the counties need several thousand such laborers but cannot pay union prices.
Exercise 62
Rewrite the following, dividing into sentences:
1
Dear Sir:There is no safer way to invest money than in a good first mortgage on city real estate by a good mortgage we mean one that is properly drawn and with such security as absolutely insures the holder against loss we have made a specialty of first mortgage loans, and we offer investors the benefit of our wide experience in such matters we investigate properties frequently and keep investors informed on their investment we look after all detailsand collections without extra charge you will find it to your interest to consult us.Yours truly,
There is no safer way to invest money than in a good first mortgage on city real estate by a good mortgage we mean one that is properly drawn and with such security as absolutely insures the holder against loss we have made a specialty of first mortgage loans, and we offer investors the benefit of our wide experience in such matters we investigate properties frequently and keep investors informed on their investment we look after all detailsand collections without extra charge you will find it to your interest to consult us.
Yours truly,
2
Stick to your legitimate business do not go out into outside operations few men have brains enough for more than one business to dabble in stocks, to put a few thousand dollars into a mine, a few more into a manufactory, and a few more into an invention is enough to ruin any man be content with fair returns do not become greedy do not think that men are happy in proportion as they are rich and therefore do not aim too high be content with moderate wealth make friends a time will come when all the money in the world will not be worth to you as much as one staunch friend.
Stick to your legitimate business do not go out into outside operations few men have brains enough for more than one business to dabble in stocks, to put a few thousand dollars into a mine, a few more into a manufactory, and a few more into an invention is enough to ruin any man be content with fair returns do not become greedy do not think that men are happy in proportion as they are rich and therefore do not aim too high be content with moderate wealth make friends a time will come when all the money in the world will not be worth to you as much as one staunch friend.
3
Sacramento City is a great commercial center its wholesale and jobbing business extends hundreds of miles to the north, south, west, and east it is fast becoming a substantial manufacturing center large six and eight story buildings are rapidly taking the place of the old two story structures a new city hall has just been completed which cost $150,000 and a new court house $1,000,000 the city has recently issued bonds amounting to $800,000 for new schools scarcely a week passes without recording some new enterprise all the main highways are macadamized so that automobile travel is possible every day of the year and the farmer can haul his produce to market at a minimum cost market conditions are good and any class of produce finds ready sale at remunerative prices.—(From an advertisement.)
Sacramento City is a great commercial center its wholesale and jobbing business extends hundreds of miles to the north, south, west, and east it is fast becoming a substantial manufacturing center large six and eight story buildings are rapidly taking the place of the old two story structures a new city hall has just been completed which cost $150,000 and a new court house $1,000,000 the city has recently issued bonds amounting to $800,000 for new schools scarcely a week passes without recording some new enterprise all the main highways are macadamized so that automobile travel is possible every day of the year and the farmer can haul his produce to market at a minimum cost market conditions are good and any class of produce finds ready sale at remunerative prices.—(From an advertisement.)
Classify the sentences that you have formed in the foregoing exercise:
1. According to meaning.2. According to form.
Exercise 63—Parts of Speech
There are eight different kinds of words called parts of speech, which are used to make sentences. They are as follows:
Noun:Thehorseis brown.Pronoun:Heis the best horse of all.Verb:Hegallopedto town.Adjective:Thebrownhorse is my favorite.Adverb:He runsswiftly.Preposition:We shall ridetotown.Conjunction:The night is clearandcold.Interjection:Oh!My horse stumbled.
Thus anounnames something. A word that stands for a noun is apronoun. Sometimes a different part of speech is used like a noun, and for the time being it becomes a noun. Theverbis a very important part of speech, since without it there can be no sentence. The verb makes an assertion, asks a question, or gives a command.Adjectivesare words that belong to or describe nouns or pronouns. Adverbs go with or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.Prepositionsandconjunctionsconnect. Prepositions join their objects to other words in the sentence; conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses. Aninterjection, such as the exclamationoh, is used without having grammatical relation to any other word in the sentence. A preposition always takes an object, the preposition and its object making aphrase. Grouping this information, we have:
Parts of SpeechBracketNounsare names of persons and things.Pronounsare substitutes for nouns.Verbsmake assertions, ask questions, or give commands.Adjectivesmodify nouns and pronouns.Adverbsmodify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.They usually answer the questionshow?when?where?why?to what degree?Prepositionsjoin object nouns or pronouns to other words in the sentence.Conjunctionsjoin words, phrases, and clauses.Interjectionsare independent words used as exclamations.
A word is not always the same part of speech. We may say, "Did youstarchthe clothes?" in which casestarchisa verb. A grocer may say, "Thestarchin these packages is always clean." In this sentencestarchis a noun. The part of speech depends entirely on the way the word is used.
In the following, name the part of speech of each word in italic. Judge by the way the word is used in the sentence.
1. The desks havegreenpads.2.Greenis a restful color.3. In the valley is amill, which grindsflour. It is aflourmill.4. I saw himstretchout his hand.5. Thestretchofwasteland amazed him.6. Europeans say that Americanswastemore than they use.7. One of our great problems is how to lessenwaste.8. After the stormynight, thedaydawned bright and clear.9. He has been workingnightandday.10. The old man wenthomesad and weary.11.Homeis the best place in the world.12. We mustfineyou for such an offense.13. Yourfineis five dollars.14. We usefinesand in our concrete.15. I can talkbetterthan I can write.16. John wrote thebettercircular.17. Talking will notbetterthe matter.18. Young people should learn to respect theirbetters.19. Suddenly there was apausein the music.20. Did you see those menpause?21. He was our guide for he knew theinsandoutsof the place.22. Have you ever beeninthe house?23. Where are you going—inorout?24.Goodapples are expensive.25. Thegoodof the people is our first consideration.26. I shall not goifit rains.27. What is the use of sayingif?28. Iliketo see her justlikethis, for inlikemood I do not know herlike.29.Littledrops of water make the mighty ocean.30. I can dolittleof the work until the typewriter is repaired.31. Do notbelittleyour work.32. She studies toolittle.
1. The desks havegreenpads.
2.Greenis a restful color.
3. In the valley is amill, which grindsflour. It is aflourmill.
4. I saw himstretchout his hand.
5. Thestretchofwasteland amazed him.
6. Europeans say that Americanswastemore than they use.
7. One of our great problems is how to lessenwaste.
8. After the stormynight, thedaydawned bright and clear.
9. He has been workingnightandday.
10. The old man wenthomesad and weary.
11.Homeis the best place in the world.
12. We mustfineyou for such an offense.
13. Yourfineis five dollars.
14. We usefinesand in our concrete.
15. I can talkbetterthan I can write.
16. John wrote thebettercircular.
17. Talking will notbetterthe matter.
18. Young people should learn to respect theirbetters.
19. Suddenly there was apausein the music.
20. Did you see those menpause?
21. He was our guide for he knew theinsandoutsof the place.
22. Have you ever beeninthe house?
23. Where are you going—inorout?
24.Goodapples are expensive.
25. Thegoodof the people is our first consideration.
26. I shall not goifit rains.
27. What is the use of sayingif?
28. Iliketo see her justlikethis, for inlikemood I do not know herlike.
29.Littledrops of water make the mighty ocean.
30. I can dolittleof the work until the typewriter is repaired.
31. Do notbelittleyour work.
32. She studies toolittle.
Exercise 64
Each of the following may be used as different parts of speech. Write sentences illustrating as many uses as possible for each word.
soundpaperdressringlightshoeboxdawnridelonginkcurbironwarmwalkusehearcoldrulecement
Exercise 65
Tell which of the words in italic are adjectives and which are adverbs. Remember that an adjective goes with a noun or pronoun; an adverb with another adverb, an adjective, or a verb, and usually answers the questionhow?when?where?why?how much?orhow long?
1. You are walking toofast.2. Send perishable articles byfastfreight.3. He has been awellman since he has stopped working indoors.4. He writes verywell.5. The fire isbright.6. It burnsbrightly.7. That is avery poorreason.8. The berries lookgood, but they tastesour.9. They are notgoodberries.10. The sun shonebrilliantabove us. (Compare withbrilliantly.)11. The bookkeeper looksangry.12. He looked at usangrily.13. The flowers aresweet.14. They smellsweet. (May we say,The flowers smell sweetly?)15. Actfrankly, speakgently.16. Let your actions befrank, your speechgentle.17. Laborers complain that they have to worktoo hard.
1. You are walking toofast.
2. Send perishable articles byfastfreight.
3. He has been awellman since he has stopped working indoors.
4. He writes verywell.
5. The fire isbright.
6. It burnsbrightly.
7. That is avery poorreason.
8. The berries lookgood, but they tastesour.
9. They are notgoodberries.
10. The sun shonebrilliantabove us. (Compare withbrilliantly.)
11. The bookkeeper looksangry.
12. He looked at usangrily.
13. The flowers aresweet.
14. They smellsweet. (May we say,The flowers smell sweetly?)
15. Actfrankly, speakgently.
16. Let your actions befrank, your speechgentle.
17. Laborers complain that they have to worktoo hard.
Exercise 66
Change the following adjectives to adverbs. In each case use both parts of speech in sentences.
coldsurepolitecourteoussmoothexactpreciseeasybitterbadextremeniceloudgeneralhonestglad
Exercise 67
Tell which of the Words in italic are prepositions and which are adverbs. Remember that a preposition begins a phrase. It must be followed by an object.
1. He is the best maninthe office.2. John was leaving as I cameinthis evening.3. He did not have his coaton.4. It was hangingoverhis arm.5. He stoodonthe top step several minutes, wondering whether he should wear the coat.6. The handle felloffas I took the cupoffthe shelf.7. The aeroplane fliesoverthe city.8. I am goingoverto the factory.
1. He is the best maninthe office.
2. John was leaving as I cameinthis evening.
3. He did not have his coaton.
4. It was hangingoverhis arm.
5. He stoodonthe top step several minutes, wondering whether he should wear the coat.
6. The handle felloffas I took the cupoffthe shelf.
7. The aeroplane fliesoverthe city.
8. I am goingoverto the factory.
Write sentences usingabove,across,down,up,underneathboth as adverbs and as prepositions.
Exercise 68—Prepositional Phrases
Illustrations
Adjective:The opinionsof some peoplemust be taken with caution.Adverb:We shall returnwithin a year.Noun:From New York to San Franciscois a long trip.
Adjective:The opinionsof some peoplemust be taken with caution.
Adverb:We shall returnwithin a year.
Noun:From New York to San Franciscois a long trip.
What part of speech is each of the italicized phrases below? Remember that an adjective modifies a noun; an adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
1. The waves are rolling in, whitewith foam.2. A million dollars was investedin the business.3. I will abideon thy right sideand keep the bridgewith thee.4.In summermilk soon turns sour.5. I have comefor help.6. The peopleon the bridgecheeredfor hours.7. He threw up his hatfor joy.8.On the table before themstood a deer roasted whole.9. We shall stay hereuntil spring.10. We camein sight of the king's palace.11. We droveto the factorytodaywith the superintendent.12. He worksfrom sunrise to sunset.
1. The waves are rolling in, whitewith foam.
2. A million dollars was investedin the business.
3. I will abideon thy right sideand keep the bridgewith thee.
4.In summermilk soon turns sour.
5. I have comefor help.
6. The peopleon the bridgecheeredfor hours.
7. He threw up his hatfor joy.
8.On the table before themstood a deer roasted whole.
9. We shall stay hereuntil spring.
10. We camein sight of the king's palace.
11. We droveto the factorytodaywith the superintendent.
12. He worksfrom sunrise to sunset.
Exercise 69
The phrase introduced by a preposition is the most common. A list of prepositions follows. They should be learned.
aboutbeforeexcepttowardabovebehindforunderaboardbelowfromunderneathacrossbeneathinuntilafterbesideintoupagainstbetweenofuponalongbetwixtonwithamidbeyondoverwithinamidstbut (except)pastwithoutamongbythroughto the extent ofaroundconcerningthroughoutfrom underathwartdowntillaccording toatduringtoexcept for
Write three sentences containing prepositionaladjectivephrases.
Prepositionaladverbialphrases may express the following ideas:
Time, tellingwhensomething happened.Place, tellingwheresomething happened.Manner, tellinghowsomething happened.Means, tellinghowsomething happened.Cause or purpose, tellingwhysomething happened.Degree, tellinghow longsomething lasted;how farit went;how muchit cost, etc.Agent, tellingby whomit was done.Accompaniment, tellingwith whomit was done.
Write a sentence containing a prepositional phrase telling:
1. when6. how far2. where7. how much3. why8. by whom4. in what way9. with whom5. how long10. by what means
Exercise 70
Name all the prepositional phrases inExercise 179, explaining whether they are adjective or adverbial.
Exercise 71—The Clause
Asubordinate clause, like a phrase, is a group of words used as a part of speech, the chief difference being that a clause must have a subject and a predicate. Clauses are introduced
1. Byrelative pronouns:
1. Byrelative pronouns:
who, whose, whom, which, what, that
2. Bysubordinate conjunctions:
2. Bysubordinate conjunctions:
whenbecausethanunlesswheresinceprovidedtillwhileifwhereasuntilasas soon aswhereverbeforeas ifas long aswhetherafterthoughin order thatwhyforalthoughlestthatwhenever
Illustrations
Adjective:BracketA lamp thatsmokesBracketis a torture to a student.Asmokinglamp
Adverb:BracketWhen she was goodBracketshe was very, very good.SometimesWhen she was badshe was horrid.Sometimes
Does the clause or the simple adverb give the more definite idea?
Noun: I knowBracketwhere he lives.the house.
Write three sentences illustrating adjective clauses, three illustrating adverbial clauses, and three illustrating noun clauses.
Exercise 72
Name all the clauses inExercises 179,185, and186. Explain the use of each.