Chapter 17

88. These rapids of the Sandusky River were located about eighteen miles from where the river empties into Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie.—Ed.

89. Upper Sandusky was formerly the seat of a Wyandot settlement. Near there, Crawford was defeated by the Indians (June, 1782) and subsequently tortured to death. General Harrison built a temporary fort at that point during the War of 1812–15. For the Wyandot villages on the Sandusky, see Weiser’sJournal, volume i of our series, note 26.—Ed.

90. For the events leading up to the treaty, seeante, note 11. It was signed (August 3, 1795) by ninety chiefs and delegates from twelve tribes, and established the following Indian boundary line: up the Cuyahoga River and across the Tuscarawas portage to a point near Fort Laurens, thence south-west to Laramie’s Station, thence north-west to Fort Recovery, and thence south-west to the Ohio, opposite the mouth of the Kentucky River.—Ed.

91. This stockade, better known as Fort Stephenson, was constructed in the spring of 1813. In August following, it was attacked by General Proctor as here related. The British troops stormed it fiercely for two hours, all their officers and a fifth of their men being killed or wounded.George Croghan, a nephew of George Rogers Clark, was born at Locust Grove, near Louisville, Kentucky, November, 1791. Graduating from William and Mary’s College (1810) he entered the army and took part in the battle of Tippecanoe. He so distinguished himself at the siege of Fort Meigs that he was promoted to the rank of major, and placed in charge of Fort Stephenson. For his gallant defense of this post, he was voted a medal by Congress. After an unsuccessful attack on Fort Mackinac (1814), he left the army for a short time and acted as postmaster at New-Orleans. In 1823 he re-entered the army, was made inspector-general with the rank of colonel, and later served with distinction in the Mexican War. See Williams, “George Croghan,” in Ohio Archæological and Historical SocietyPublications, xii, pp. 375–409.—Ed.

George Croghan, a nephew of George Rogers Clark, was born at Locust Grove, near Louisville, Kentucky, November, 1791. Graduating from William and Mary’s College (1810) he entered the army and took part in the battle of Tippecanoe. He so distinguished himself at the siege of Fort Meigs that he was promoted to the rank of major, and placed in charge of Fort Stephenson. For his gallant defense of this post, he was voted a medal by Congress. After an unsuccessful attack on Fort Mackinac (1814), he left the army for a short time and acted as postmaster at New-Orleans. In 1823 he re-entered the army, was made inspector-general with the rank of colonel, and later served with distinction in the Mexican War. See Williams, “George Croghan,” in Ohio Archæological and Historical SocietyPublications, xii, pp. 375–409.—Ed.

92. Portage River, entering into Sandusky Bay from Wood County.—Ed.

93. Across the river from the present Maumee City, Henry County, Ohio. This fort, built in February, 1813, was twice besieged during that year by the British and their Indian allies under Tecumseh, but was not captured.—Ed.

94. At the Raisin River, seepost, note 63.—Ed.

95. While General Proctor was besieging Fort Meigs (May, 1813), Colonel Dudley with eight hundred Kentucky militia descended the rapids and surprised the British, driving them from their battery and spiking their cannon. But, too elated by success to enter the fort as ordered, they pursued the enemy for nearly two miles into the woods and swamps, and were finally surrounded and captured.—Ed.

96. After the battle of Fallen Timbers, General Wayne (September, 1794) proceeded to destroy the Miami villages at the junction of the St. Mary and St. Josephs rivers, and there built Fort Wayne. It had long been a centre of Indian trade, and the French had maintained a post there through the first half of the eighteenth century. See Croghan’sJournals, volume i of our series, note 87.—Ed.

97. General Wayne destroyed the Indian villages at the confluence of the Auglaize and Maumee rivers (August, 1794), and established Fort Defiance at that point. On his march from Fort Recovery for that purpose, he also built Fort Adams at the place where he crossed St. Mary’s River, at Girtystown, an old Indian trading place twenty-five miles north of Fort Recovery. For the history of the forts of Ohio, see Graham, “Military Posts in Ohio,” in Ohio Archæological and Historical SocietyPublications, vol. iii.—Ed.

98. The building of Fort Miami by the British in a time of peace between that nation and the United States (1794) was one of the grievances of the frontiersmen. After Wayne’s victory, the Indians were chased to the gates of Fort Miami. The British surrendered this fort with the other North-west posts in 1796. The Americans made the post at this place the rendezvous for the campaign of 1812–13.—Ed.

99. This was probably the village at the mouth of Otter Creek, forty-two miles south-west of Detroit. The land had been purchased from the Indians and settlement begun in 1794.—Ed.

100. This road, begun under the direction of the secretary of war, May, 1816, was built by soldiers stationed at Detroit. By November, 1818, seventy miles had been completed. It was eighty feet wide and contained over sixty causeways and many bridges.—Ed.

101. In 1784 a small body of French Canadians purchased land from the Indians and settled at the mouth of Raisin River, forty miles south of Detroit. They traded in furs with the agents of the North-West Company. In 1812 the village contained about forty-five French families and a few Americans. It has now been incorporated in the city of Monroe.—Ed.

102. General Winchester, having reached the Maumee Rapids, did not wait for the remainder of the army under Harrison, but proceeded to Frenchtown, although his men had little ammunition and the town was unprotected, save for a line of pickets. Proctor, the British general, crossed from Malden and attacked him, January 22, 1813. A panic seizing one portion of the army they fled to the woods where they were overtaken and most of them scalped by the Indians; the militia at the same time surrendering to Proctor. Without providing sufficient protection for the wounded left at Frenchtown, this general hastened back to Canada, and the following morning a horde of painted savages broke into the town and shot and scalped the helpless prisoners.—Ed.

103. Brownstown is situated on the Huron River, twenty-five miles south of Detroit; Magagua (Monguagon) is about twenty miles south of Detroit. The engagement at the former place occurred August 5; at the latter, August 9, 1812.—Ed.

104. For the early history of Detroit, see Croghan’sJournals, volume i of our series, note 18.—Ed.

105. Lewis Cass was governor of Michigan from 1814 to 1831.—Ed.

106. Alexander Macomb (1782–1841) was a lieutenant colonel in the regular army at the outbreak of the War of 1812–15. Having served on the Niagara frontier during 1813, he commanded the regular troops at the battle of Plattsburg (September, 1814), and for his bravery was made a major-general and received a gold medal from Congress. Upon the death of General Brown in 1828, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the army.—Ed.

107. Either the common whitefish (Coregonus clupeiformis) or the blue fins (Coregonus nigripinnis).—Ed.

108. For an account of the North-West Company, consult the preface to Long’sVoyages, volume ii of our series, p. 16.—Ed.

109. Hog Island, about three miles above Detroit, was so named by the French in the early years of discovery, because of the number of wild swine found thereon. Near this island occurred the defeat of the Fox Indians in 1712. SeeWisconsin Historical Collections, xvi, p. 283. This island was purchased by William, father of General Macomb, in 1786.—Ed.

110. For the Ottawa Indians, see Croghan’sJournals, volume i of our series, note 37.—Ed.

111. This unimportant post was established (1765) and commanded by Patrick Sinclair, a British army officer, who also purchased a large tract of land along the river. Both fort and river were for a long time called Sinclair, and as late as 1807 are so given in an Indian treaty drawn up by Governor Hull. SeeState Papers, Indian Affairs, i, p. 747.—Ed.

112. The battle of the Thames, in which Proctor was put to flight and Tecumseh killed, was fought two miles west of Moraviantown, or about sixty-five miles north-east of Detroit.—Ed.

113. In 1793 Governor Simcoe made a trip to Detroit, and selected the present site of London for the capital of Upper Canada. However, the surrender of Detroit (1796), in accordance with Jay’s Treaty, rendered such a plan impracticable, and York was chosen capital instead. London, situated on the Thames one hundred and ten miles north-east of Detroit, was laid out in 1826 and incorporated in 1840.—Ed.

114. For the Delaware and Chippewa Indians, see Post’sJournals, volume i of our series, note 57; Long’sVoyages, volume ii of our series, note 42.—Ed.

115. For a brief biography of General Arthur St. Clair, see F. A. Michaux’sTravels, volume iii of our series, note 33. Evans would seem to imply that the lake and river were named for this officer. The name was assigned by La Salle’s expedition in 1679. See Hennepin,A New Discovery(Thwaites’s ed., Chicago, 1903), pp. 59, 108.—Ed.

116. The English, upon their surrender of Mackinac in 1796, thinking the Americans might claim St. Joseph Island, hastened to take possession. A stockade was erected and subsequently a blockhouse, but the place was not suited for a military station. In 1815, the buildings were repaired and a garrison established; it was removed, however, to Drummond’s Island the following year. For further information regarding this island, seeMichigan Pioneer Collections, xvi, p. 69.—Ed.

117. For information concerning these lakes, see Long’sVoyages, volume ii of our series, pp. 145, 191.—Ed.

118. For the early history of Mackinac, see Thwaites, “Story of Mackinac,” inHow George Rogers Clark won the North-west(Chicago, 1903).—Ed.

119. A brief sketch of Fort St. Joseph is given in Croghan’sJournals, volume i of our series, note 85.—Ed.

120. Evans probably refers here to the fall five miles from the mouth of Fox River, at De Pere (French,Rapides des pères), so called because it was the site of a Jesuit Indian mission established in 1669–70. SeeWisconsin Historical Collections, xvi. Our author in his description omits mention of the Lower Fox, flowing from Lake Winnebago into Green Bay.—Ed.

121. Fort Howard, named in honor of General Benjamin Howard, formerly commander in the Western territory, was constructed (1816) a mile above the mouth of Fox River, when the Americans took possession, after the War of 1812–15. A French settlement, chiefly on the opposite side of the river at Green Bay, had existed here since about 1745.—Ed.

122. There were two villages of Winnebago (French Puans) on the lake of that name: the principal one was situated on Doty’s Island, at the mouth of the lake; the other at the junction of the Upper Fox and the lake, near the waterworks station of the modern Oshkosh. This latter was familiarly known to the French voyageurs as Saukière. The village on the Menominee (Malhominis) River was, as Evans says, a mixed one, composed principally of the tribe which gave name to the river. For these two tribes, see Long’sVoyages, volume ii of our series, notes 81, 86. For the Potawatomi, see Croghan’sJournals, volume i of our series, note 84.—Ed.

123. A piece of land six miles square situated on the Chicago River, having been ceded to the United States by the treaty of Greenville (1795), orders were issued by the War Department (1803) for the construction of a fort on the north branch of the river. Fearing a combined English and Indian attack, the garrison evacuated the fort August 15, 1812; but had proceeded but a little way, when they were attacked by the Indians and the greater number massacred. Fort Dearborn was rebuilt in 1816, and garrisoned for several years thereafter. It was torn down in 1857, and the last of the buildings connected with it were consumed in the Chicago fire of 1871.—Ed.

124. For a brief description of Sault Ste. Marie, consult Long’sVoyages, volume ii of our series, note 38.—Ed.

125. For these tribes, many of whom are merely clans of the larger tribes, consultWisconsin Historical Collections, xvi, index.—Ed.

126. See Franchère’sNarrative, volume vi of our series, note 205, for a brief description of the Grand Portage.—Ed.

127. For Lake of the Woods and Rainy Lake, see Franchère’sNarrative, notes 201, 204.The maps of Evans’s period represent White Bear Lake as the source of the Mississippi, and Red or Mississagan Lake as the origin of Red River of the North. The latter retains its name. The former is probably that now known as Leech Lake.—Ed.

127. For Lake of the Woods and Rainy Lake, see Franchère’sNarrative, notes 201, 204.

The maps of Evans’s period represent White Bear Lake as the source of the Mississippi, and Red or Mississagan Lake as the origin of Red River of the North. The latter retains its name. The former is probably that now known as Leech Lake.—Ed.

128. Illinois was admitted to the Union in 1818, and the part north of its present boundary was annexed to Michigan Territory. For the various divisions of the North-west Territory, see Thwaites, “Division of the North-west,” inHow George Rogers Clark won the North-west.—Ed.

129. Grose Isle, nine miles in length and about a mile in width, was purchased from the Indians in 1776 by William Macomb; it extends to the mouth of Detroit Strait.—Ed.

130. When Perry reached Erie, Pennsylvania, to take charge of naval affairs (March, 1813), he found two vessels, the “Niagara” and the “Lawrence,” already under construction. Working with tireless energy he equipped his fleet of ten vessels by August 12, and sailing up the lake anchored in Put-in-Bay to await the enemy. On the morning of September 10, the British squadron of six vessels, under Captain Barclay, appeared and the battle began. The “Lawrence,” Perry’s ship, being shot to pieces, he boarded the “Niagara,” and again attacked the British at close range. At three in the afternoon, Barclay’s two large vessels surrendered, and two others attempting to escape were captured. This victory compelled the British to evacuate Detroit.—Ed.

131. The “Wasp” under command of Johnston Blakely sailed from Portsmouth for the British Channel (May, 1814), and began the destruction of English merchantmen. June 28, the brig “Reindeer” bore down upon her, but after twenty minutes of hard fighting was compelled to surrender. Although suffering severely in this engagement, the “Wasp” continued her ravages until October, when she disappeared and was never heard from again.—Ed.

132. Henry Langdon and Frank Toscan were both midshipmen on the “Wasp” during her fight with the “Reindeer,” and died from wounds received in the battle.—Ed.

133. James Lawrence, born in Burlington, New Jersey (1781), served with Decatur in the War with Tripoli, and as lieutenant on the “Constitution.” In 1811 he was placed in command of the “Hornet,” his most notable achievement with that vessel being the destruction (1813) of the British ship “Peacock.” For this victory he was given command of the “Chesapeake,” and accepting the challenge of the “Shannon,” fought with her off Boston harbor, June, 1813. He fell, mortally wounded, and the “Chesapeake” was compelled to surrender. His countrymen, stirred by his dying cry, “Don’t give up the ship,” had his body brought from Halifax, and buried with military honors in Trinity Churchyard, New-York City.—Ed.

134. General Anthony Wayne died at Erie, Pennsylvania, in December, 1796.—Ed.

135. For a brief history of Fort Le Bœuf, see Croghan’sJournals, volume i of our series, note 65.—Ed.

136. This was Fort Venango; see Croghan’sJournals, note 64. For Meadville, see Harris’sJournal, volume iii of our series, note 25.—Ed.

137. Consult Post’sJournals, in volume i of our series, notes 22, 89, for these rivers.—Ed.

138. Armstrong, nine miles north-east of Pittsburg, was named in honor of Colonel John Armstrong. In 1756 he led an expedition against the Delaware Indians who were ravaging the frontier, and destroyed their town at Kittanning.Lawrencetown, now Lawrenceville, is two miles east of Pittsburg.—Ed.

Lawrencetown, now Lawrenceville, is two miles east of Pittsburg.—Ed.

139. For a brief account of this journey, see Croghan’sJournals, volume i of our series, note 45. Washington’s starting point was the Virginia capital, Winchester. Fort Duquesne was not erected until 1754.—Ed.

140. For information regarding these forts, see A. Michaux’sTravels, volume iii of our series, notes 11, 12; F. A. Michaux’sTravels,op. cit., note 20.—Ed.

141. Regarding Grant’s defeat, see Harris’sJournal, volume iii of our series, note 30.—Ed.

142. For an account of Braddock’s defeat, see F. A. Michaux’sTravels, note 19.—Ed.

143. The Louisville-Portland Canal was completed in 1830.—Ed.

144. For the Virginia-Pennsylvania boundary, consult F. A. Michaux’sTravels, note 31.—Ed.

145. For Wheeling, see A. Michaux’sTravels, note 15; for Grave Creek, see Cuming’sTour, volume iv of our series, note 78.—Ed.

146. For Chartier River, see Weiser’sJournal, volume i of our series, note 18; for the Little and Big Kanawha, see Croghan’sJournals,op. cit., notes 98, 101; for Fish Creek, see Harris’sJournal, volume iii of our series, note 37.—Ed.

147. A brief account of Gallipolis may be found in F. A. Michaux’sTravels, volume iii of our series, pp. 182–185. The settlement was not entirely abandoned.—Ed.

148. See Cuming’sTour, volume iv of our series, note 67, for the early history of Steubenville.—Ed.

149. Three Legs town, so called from a famous Delaware Indian, was situated at the junction of Tuscarawas Creek and the Muskingum, near the site of the present Coshocton.The portage path from the Cuyahoga to the Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum, a distance of eight miles, is probably one of the oldest highways in the West, having been the route of the buffaloes across the summit of the state. It formed part of the Indian boundary line in the treaties of Fort McIntosh (1785), Fort Harmar (1789), and Fort Wayne (1795). A road built between these two streams in 1898, followed almost exactly this old portage trail. See Hulbert, “Indian Thoroughfares of Ohio,” in Ohio Archæological and Historical SocietyPublications, volume viii.—Ed.

149. Three Legs town, so called from a famous Delaware Indian, was situated at the junction of Tuscarawas Creek and the Muskingum, near the site of the present Coshocton.

The portage path from the Cuyahoga to the Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum, a distance of eight miles, is probably one of the oldest highways in the West, having been the route of the buffaloes across the summit of the state. It formed part of the Indian boundary line in the treaties of Fort McIntosh (1785), Fort Harmar (1789), and Fort Wayne (1795). A road built between these two streams in 1898, followed almost exactly this old portage trail. See Hulbert, “Indian Thoroughfares of Ohio,” in Ohio Archæological and Historical SocietyPublications, volume viii.—Ed.

150. For the early history of Marietta and Fort Harmar, see A. Michaux’sTravels, volume iii of our series, note 16.—Ed.

151. On the Hockhocking River, consult Croghan’sJournals, volume i of our series, note 99.—Ed.

152. For a brief account of Chillicothe, see F. A. Michaux’sTravels, volume iii of our series, note 35.—Ed.

153. Regarding the early history of Cincinnati, see Cuming’sTour, volume iv of our series, note 166.—Ed.

154. Fort Washington—afterwards within the limits of Cincinnati—was established (1789) by Major Doughty opposite the mouth of the Licking River, to protect the frontier from the Indians. Generals Harmar, St. Clair, and Wayne used it as headquarters in conducting their Indian campaigns.About sixty-five miles north of Cincinnati, St. Clair built Fort Jefferson (1791) as a base of operations during his Indian campaign.Fort St. Clair was a stockade built by the general of that name in the winter of 1791–92 to keep communication open between Fort Jefferson and the Ohio River.For Fort Greenville, see Buttrick’sVoyages,ante, note 32. After constructing Fort Greenville, Wayne sent a detachment to the scene of St. Clair’s defeat, twenty-three miles to the north, where they established Fort Recovery, December, 1793.—Ed.

About sixty-five miles north of Cincinnati, St. Clair built Fort Jefferson (1791) as a base of operations during his Indian campaign.

Fort St. Clair was a stockade built by the general of that name in the winter of 1791–92 to keep communication open between Fort Jefferson and the Ohio River.

For Fort Greenville, see Buttrick’sVoyages,ante, note 32. After constructing Fort Greenville, Wayne sent a detachment to the scene of St. Clair’s defeat, twenty-three miles to the north, where they established Fort Recovery, December, 1793.—Ed.

155. For the Big Bone Lick, see Croghan’sJournals, volume i of our series, note 104.—Ed.

156. An account of the early history of Nashville is given in A. Michaux’sTravels, volume iii of our series, note 103.—Ed.

157. For an account of Lexington, see A. Michaux’sTravels, note 61.—Ed.

158. On the settlement of Louisville, see Croghan’sJournals, volume i of our series, note 106.The plantation of “Locust Grove” was the estate of William Croghan, Colonel George Croghan’s father. William Croghan (1752–1822) came to America from Ireland when quite young, and embracing the American cause, served through the Revolutionary War, being colonel of Neville’s Fourth Virginia regiment in the battle of Monmouth. He settled at “Locust Grove” soon after the Revolution, and became an honored and respected citizen of Kentucky.—Ed.

158. On the settlement of Louisville, see Croghan’sJournals, volume i of our series, note 106.

The plantation of “Locust Grove” was the estate of William Croghan, Colonel George Croghan’s father. William Croghan (1752–1822) came to America from Ireland when quite young, and embracing the American cause, served through the Revolutionary War, being colonel of Neville’s Fourth Virginia regiment in the battle of Monmouth. He settled at “Locust Grove” soon after the Revolution, and became an honored and respected citizen of Kentucky.—Ed.

159. For Jeffersonville, see Flint’sLetters, volume ix of our series; for Shippingsport, see Cuming’sTour, volume iv of our series, note 171.—Ed.

160. Fort Steuben (at first called Fort Finney) was a subordinate post erected in 1786 upon the grant to the Illinois regiment not far from Clarksville. From 1786 to 1790 Colonel John Armstrong was in command. It was abandoned shortly after 1791. This must be distinguished from the fort higher up the Ohio, that formed the nucleus of Steubenville. Some remains of the old buildings connected with the former fort were to be seen as late as the middle of the nineteenth century in Clark County, Indiana. See English,Conquest of the North-west(Indianapolis, 1896), ii, p. 863.—Ed.

161. Brigadier-general Zebulon Montgomery Pike, born in New Jersey in 1779, was a lieutenant in the United States army, when, in 1805, he was given command of an expedition to trace the Mississippi River to its source. Having made this journey and obtained land from the Indians for a fort at the Falls of St. Anthony, he was sent the following year to explore the Arkansas and Red rivers. Ascending the Arkansas to the mountains, and discovering Pike’s Peak, but unable to find the source of the Red, he came upon the Rio Grande, and there was taken prisoner by the Spanish, and sent to Santa Fé. While in command of an expedition against York (Toronto), Canada, in 1813, he was accidentally killed by the explosion of a magazine.—Ed.

162. For a brief account of Limestone, see A. Michaux’sTravels, volume iii of our series, note 123.—Ed.

163. Smithland, the capital of Livingston County, Kentucky, enjoyed considerable trade with the interior of Tennessee, being a point for the reshipment of goods up the Cumberland. Its prosperity was shortlived, however; in 1850 the population was twelve hundred, and in 1890 five hundred and sixty.—Ed.

164. These salt springs in the vicinity of Saline Creek, in south-eastern Illinois, were ceded to the United States (1803) by an Indian treaty negotiated by Governor Harrison at Fort Wayne. For several years they were leased by the general government, but in the Illinois enabling act were granted to that state. They were a subject of state litigation for a period of thirty years, the last one being sold in 1847.—Ed.

165. For an account of Vincennes, see Croghan’sJournals, volume i of our series, note 113.—Ed.

166. With reference to the Swiss settlement at Vevay, see Bradbury’sTravels, volume v of our series, note 164.—Ed.

167. The Ohio buck eye or horse-chestnut is theÆsculus glabra; the Ohio species is the mountain magnolia orMagnolia acuminata; the coffee tree (Gymnocladus canadensis) resembles the black oak; the papaw tree is theAsimina triloba.—Ed.

168. The Theakiki is the Kankakee, a tributary of the Illinois, not of the Wabash. Calumet River empties into Lake Michigan and does not connect with the Wabash.—Ed.

169. A fort was established by the French at Vincennes early in the eighteenth century. Upon passing into the hands of the British, it was renamed Fort Sackville. George Rogers Clark marched from Kaskaskia and captured it (1779), changing the name to Fort Patrick Henry. In 1787, Major Hamtranck was stationed there with a detachment of infantry, and its name was once more changed to Fort Knox, in honor of the first secretary of war.For a brief account of the Ouiatanon (Watenans), see Croghan’sJournals, volume i of our series, note 85.—Ed.

For a brief account of the Ouiatanon (Watenans), see Croghan’sJournals, volume i of our series, note 85.—Ed.

170. The people of Indiana Territory believed the Indian chief Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet, were stirring up a general Indian war; and, wishing to anticipate them, Governor William H. Harrison led an attack on the Indian village at the confluence of Tippecanoe Creek and the Wabash River, November 7, 1811. The Indians were driven back and the village burned, but Tecumseh continued plotting, and took ample revenge during the War of 1812–15. See Pirtle,Battle of Tippecanoe, Filson ClubPublications, xv.—Ed.

171. Colonel Joseph Daviess was of Scotch-Irish descent, born in Virginia in 1774. His parents removed to Danville, Kentucky, while Daviess was a lad. He studied law with George Nicholas, and became one of the ablest and most successful lawyers of the state, serving as United States attorney 1800–07. During this period, Daviess brought in an indictment against Aaron Burr (1806) which caused great excitement and animosity. He was noted for his eccentricities as well as his courage, and his death on the Indian battle-field won him wide fame. Counties were named for him both in Kentucky and Illinois.—Ed.

172. For the Kickapoo and Shawnee Indians, see Croghan’sJournals, volume i of our series, notes 108, 111.—Ed.

173. A brief account of the early French settlements in Illinois may be found in A. Michaux’sTravels, volume iii of our series, notes 132–136.—Ed.

174. From the Des Plaines, the northern fork of the Illinois, one portage led to the Chicago River, the other to the Calumet, which empties into Lake Michigan at the present South Chicago.—Ed.

175. The Kankakee River, called by the French Theakiki. For these early routes of water travel, seeWisconsin Historical Collections, xvi, p. 372.—Ed.

176. The present Madison County in Illinois was explored about 1799, and called Goshen. The village of that name, about five miles south-west of Edwardsville, was begun in 1800.—Ed.

177. For the founding of Shawneetown, see Croghan’sJournals, volume i of our series, note 108.—Ed.

178. On these Indian tribes, consult Long’sVoyages, volume ii of our series, notes 85, 86.—Ed.

179. For the early history of Fort Massac, see A. Michaux’sTravels, volume iii of our series, note 139.—Ed.

180. The “Muscle Shoal” Rapids fall within northern Alabama. The improvement of the Tennessee at this point was long under discussion. In 1825 commissioners were appointed by the governors of Tennessee and Alabama to report thereupon; three years later a survey was made by order of the department of war, relative to removing obstructions in the channel. A canal around the rapids was begun (1829), but about that time railroads began to absorb the attention of the Southern states, and the War of Secession following, it has never been completed. The necessary improvements in the river channel have finally been made by the United States government.—Ed.

181. The diplomatic negotiations leading to the purchase of Florida were long and involved, and grew out of the attempt to fix the boundary between West-Florida and the United States. The treaty was signed in 1819, Spain ceding East and West-Florida and the United States paying five million dollars.—Ed.

182. In 1803, President Jefferson secured a small appropriation from Congress, which enabled him to carry out a long-cherished plan of sending an exploring party across the continent. May 14, 1804, the expedition of Lewis and Clark started up the Missouri River, reached the Pacific Ocean at the mouth of the Columbia, November 1, 1805; and returned to St. Louis, September, 1806. SeeOriginal Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition(Thwaites’s ed., New-York, 1904)—Ed.

183. For St. Louis, see A. Michaux’sTravels, note 138; for Ste. Genevieve, see Cuming’sTour, note 174.—Ed.

184. On the founding of New Madrid, see Cuming’sTour, note 185.—Ed.

185. See Cuming’sTour, notes 188, 189, for information regarding these bluffs.—Ed.

186. An interesting description of these Southern Indian tribes may be found in Roosevelt,Winning of the West(New-York, 1889), i, pp. 49–69. See also, brief notes in our volumes i, pp. 34, 75; iv, p. 287.—Ed.

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