Chapter 34

[286]Namely “in King’s Hall, King’s, S. John’s and Christ’s Colleges, Michaelhouse, Peterhouse, Gonville, Trinity Hall, Pembroke Hall, Queens’, Jesus, and Buckingham Colleges, Clare Hall and Benet College.” Royal Injunctions of 1535.[287]The ancient pronunciation of Latin (so far as it can be recovered) has been taught, as an alternative, at Cambridge for the last 25 years, and has of late been widely adopted there, as elsewhere. Perhaps at the bottom of the preference for English Latin there lies the notion that without it Latin would no longer be the English scholar’s second tongue. The simple retort is that with it Latin is no longer (has not been for centuries) a common medium, the second tongue, of European scholars. Anglicised Greek is due to Sir John Cheke and Sir Thomas Smith, though it was promptly abolished at the time by Stephen Gardiner then chancellor of the university, and opposed also by Caius. “Nor mattereth it if foreigners should dissent, seeing hereby we Englishmen shall understand one another,” so Fuller explains the position.[288]Paley continued to keep his traditional hold on Cambridge through the divinity paper in the “Little Go” which is based upon the “Evidences for Christianity.” On the other hand logic has recaptured the place which Aristotle held in the general curriculum by being admitted, since 1884, as the alternative subject for Paley’s “Evidences.”[289]Lord Maynard of Wicklow (S. John’s College) endowed a professor of logic at Cambridge in the reign of James I., with £40-50 a year.For university activity in philosophy in the xvii c. see chapter v. pp. 284-90.[290]One must not forget, however, that both the remarkable men who planted the study of the experimental sciences in Cambridge were distinguished ‘classics’ as well as scientists.[291]Letter of Vice-Chancellor Byng to Burleigh then chancellor of the university, 14 Dec. 1572, in which he advises him of a “greate oversighte of Dr. Caius” who had long kept “superstitious monuments in his college.” “I could hardly have been perswadid,” he continues, “that suche things by him had been reservid.”“Some since have sought to blast his memory by reporting him a papist; no great crime to such who consider the time when he was born, and foreign places wherein he was bred: however this I dare say in his just defence, he never mentioneth protestants, but with due respect, and sometimes, occasionally, doth condemn the superstitious credulity of popish miracles.... We leave the heat of his faith to God’s sole judgment, and the light of his good works to men’s imitation,” writes old Fuller.[292]Chairs of anatomy, botany, geology, and astronomy had been created in the first quarter of that century. See also Peterhouse p. 153.[293]For the natural sciences professorships, see pp. 190-92, andn.p. 192.[294]“In barb’rous Latin doom’d to wrangle” writes Byron of the Cambridge of his time.[295]The year is counted from the beginning of the academic year,i.e.Oct. 1747—the first degrees were taken in 1748.[296]A classified list of civil law graduates exists from the year 1815. There used to be a universitytitle S.C.L.(Student of Civil Law) in relation to the civil law classes. The Act of 20-21 Vict., disestablishing civil law in the courts, led to a revolution of law studies at Cambridge. From then dates the abolition of the old quaint ceremonies and disputations connected with this faculty.[297]From 1870, before the creation of the history tripos, examinations were conducted in a mixed law and history tripos.[298]Among educational reformers in the second half of the xviii c. Dr. John Jebb must not be omitted. To him is due the annual test examinations of tripos students called ‘the Mays,’ and perhaps also the “Little-Go.” He was a distinguished scientist, and member of Peterhouse.[299]Cf. chap. ii. p. 61 and chap. iv. p. 241.[300]“Poll,” [Greek: oi polloi οἱ πολλοἱ].[301]In 1835 Goulburn (afterwards Bishop of Trinidad) was second wrangler and senior classic; in 1828 Selwyn, another bishop, was senior classic and sixth wrangler. For the 2 triposes cf. iv. p. 238n.[302]“Within 2-1/2 miles in a direct line” from Great S. Mary’s. For the academic year see iv. p. 241, andn.p. 182.[303]Part I. of most of the divided triposes entitles to the degree. Advanced and research students (p. 241) are entitled to theB.A.and higher degrees after receiving a “certificate of research” and residing for 6 terms at the university.[304]The Previous Examination or “Little-Go,” as it is popularly called, consists of two parts, the first containing 5 papers on (a) one of the four Gospels in Greek (set book) (b) a Latin classic (set book) (c) a Greek classic (set book) (d) simple unprepared passages in Latin (e) simple Latin and Greek syntax. Since 1884 a Greek or Latin classic may be substituted for the Greek Gospel. Part II., since June 1903, consists of 5 papers on (1) Paley’s Evidences, for which since 1884, elementary logic may be substituted (2) geometry (3) arithmetic (4) elementary algebra (5) subjects for an English essay from some standard English work or works. Until 1903 the geometry paper was exclusively on Euclid’s lines, and required knowledge of the first three books and of parts of the vth and vith books. To qualify for admission to an ‘Honours’ examination a student must pass in certain subjects ‘additional’ to the ordinary Previous Examination. He is now allowed to choose between (1) additional Mathematics (Mechanics and Trigonometry) (2) French (3) German.A student must satisfy the examiners both as to grammar and orthography in answering the questions—a last relic of the grammar studies of the university!The General Examination, taken by those who read for the ordinary degree, includes (in Pt. I.) (1) a Greek classic (2) Latin classic (3) mechanics (4) simple trigonometry [(5) English passages for translation into Latin prose]. (Pt. II.) (1) The Acts of the Apostles in Greek (2) English history, selected period (3) subjects for an English essay, from the selected period (4) elementary hydrostatics and heat [(5) a paper on a Shakespeare play or on Milton’s works]. The 5th paper in each part is not obligatory.The Cambridge General Examination for the ordinary degree leaves much to be desired.The Special Examination for the ordinary degree may be in one of the following subjects: (a)Theology(b)Political Economy(c)Law(d)History(e)Chemistry(f)Physics(g)Modern Languages(h)Mathematics(i)Classics(k)Logic(l)Geology(m)Botany(n)Zoology(o)Physiology(p)Mechanism and Applied Science(q)Agricultural Science(r)Music. The standard for the subjectsk,l,m,n,o, is that of the papers on those subjects in the first part of the moral and natural sciences triposes. The standard in the Theological Special examination may be judged from the following: Pt. I. (1) Outlines of O. T. history (2) a gospel in Greek [(3) history of the Jews from the close of O. T. history to the fall of Jerusalem]. Pt. II. (1) Selected portions of historical and prophetical books (2) one or more of the epistles in Greek (3) outlines of English Church history to 1830 [(4) selected portion of historical books of O. T. in Hebrew. (5) outlines of Early Church history to the death of Leo the Great. (6) paper on a selected period of English Church history]. (7) Essay subjects on the subject matter of papers (1) (2) and (3). But paper (3) in Pt. I. and 4, 5, and 6 in Pt. II. are not obligatory. Law Special examination:—Pt. I. (a) some branch of English constitutional law (b) English criminal law [(c) select cases in illustration (voluntary)]. Pt. II. (1) elementary English law relating to real property (2) English law of contract or tort, or similar. [(3) select cases in illustration (voluntary)]. (4) Essay on the subject matter of (1) and (2).The first part of the Historical Special examination consists of 3 papers on English history before 1485, the third on a special period being optional. Pt. II. contains 5 papers (1) outline of general English history from 1485-1832. (2) outlines of English constitutional history for the same period (3) a period or a subject in foreign history (4) a special period of English history. [(5) an essay, optional]. The Mathematical Special is all elementary. The Classical Special is on the lines of the Previous Examination—set papers on portions of two Greek and Latin prose and two Greek and Latin poetic authors; to which is added an unprepared Greek and an unprepared Latin translation and a Latin prose composition. The papers on Greek and Roman history belonging to Pt. I. (Greek) or Pt. II. (Latin) are optional. Candidates for all these examinations may present themselves again in case of failure.The standard of the tripos examination may be gauged by the following examination schedules for (A) Classics (B) Moral Sciences. (A) Pt. I. 15 papers—4 composition papers; 5 translation; (10) History of words and forms, and syntax, in both classical languages. (11) Short Greek and Latin passages relating to history and antiquities of Greece and Rome for translation and comment. (12) A paper on history and antiquities. (13) Same as 11, with reference to Greek and Roman philosophy, literature, sculpture and architecture. (14) Same as 12 (the questions on Greek philosophy being on portion of a set book). (15) Essay.Pt. II. Examination in 1 or 2 of the 5 following sections: (1) Literature and criticism (2) ancient philosophy. (3) history. (4) archaeology. (5) language. The following are examples of Sections (1) and (5): I. (a) Questions on the history of Greek literature and passages illustrating Greek literary history or criticism for translation and comment. (b) The same, Latin. (c) Passages from Greek and Latin authors for interpretation, grammatical comment, or emendation; on the paleography and history of Greek and Latin MSS., and the principles of textual criticism; questions on textual criticism of a GreekorLatin author (set book). (d) A special author (set book) or a special department of Greek or Latin literature. (e) paper of essays. V. (a) Greek etymology and history of Greek dialects. Greek syntax. (b) Latin, collated with cognate Italic dialects, and syntax. (c) Easy passages from Sanskrit authors (set books) for translation and comment, and simple Sanskrit grammar. (d) and last, general questions on the comparative grammar and syntax of the Indo-European languages. Early Indo-European civilisation. Indo-European accent. Greek and Italic alphabets. The Italic dialects. The whole of these two examinations, with the exception of one portion of paper 14 in Pt. I. and one portion of paperscanddin Pt. II. Section I., deal with unseen Greek and Latin authors.(B) Moral Sciences:—Pt. I.Psychology(2 papers). Standpoint, data, and methods of psychology. Its fundamental conceptions and hypotheses. Relations of psychology to physics, physiology, and metaphysics. (a) analysis of consciousness. (b) sensation and physiology of the senses—perception. (c) Images and ideas. (d) Thought and formation of concepts. Judgment. (e) Emotions, and theories of emotional expression. (f) Volition—pleasure and pain—conflict of emotions. [In the 2nd part, advanced knowledge on these subjects is required, plus a knowledge of the physiology of the senses and nervous system, etc., and of mental pathology in its relation to psychology.]Logic(2 papers). Province of logic, formal and material. Relation of logic to psychology, and to the theory of knowledge. (a) names and concepts, definition and division, predicables. (b) classification of judgments and propositions. Theory of the import of propositions. (c) laws of thought, syllogisms, symbolic logic. (d) induction and deduction. (e) observation and experiment, hypotheses, classification, theory of probabilities. (f) inference and proof. Fallacies. [In the 2nd part, advanced knowledge of these subjects and of the controversies connected with them is required.]Ethics(1 paper), (a) moral judgment, intuition, and reasoning, motives, pleasure and pain, free will and determinism, (b) ends of moral action—right and wrong—moral sanctions—obligation—duty—pleasures and pains. (c) types of moral character. Principles of social and political justice. (d) The moral faculty, its origin and development. (e) relation of ethics to psychology, sociology, and politics.Two papers on political economy and an essay paper exhaust Pt. I.For those who proceed to Pt. II., two papers on metaphysical and moral philosophy (as below) must be answered, one on the general history of modern philosophy, andoneortwoof the 3 following papers (A) Psychology II.; (B) Logic II.; (Special) history of modern philosophy (subject announced each year);or(C) papers in politics and in advanced political economy:Metaphysical and moral philosophy:—(a) analysis of knowledge, material and formal elements of knowledge, self-consciousness, uniformity and continuity of experience. (b) identity and difference, relation, space and time, unity and number, substance, cause. (c) certainty, and necessities of thought. (d) fundamental assumptions of physical science—causality, continuity etc. (e) sources and limits of knowledge, relativity of knowledge, phenomena, and things in themselves. (f) fundamental assumptions of ethics, absolute and relative ethics, intuitionism, utilitarianism, evolutionism, transcendentalism. (g) mechanical and dynamical theories of matter, relations of mind and matter, problem of the external world, idealism, dualism, freedom of intelligence, and of will, good and evil in the universe, teleology.[305]Even if the candidate answer most of the tripos papers the conditions of theaegrotatdegree preclude his being placed in any one of the classes. Edmund Spenser the poet and Lancelot Andrewes the scholar-bishop were both on theaegrotatlist of Pembroke College—in 1571—before, however, this necessarily implied absence from any of the university “acts.”[306]Since going to press, this change has been effected.[307]See chap. iv. p. 225.[308]This professorship was an expansion of the natural science lectureships founded by the great Linacre.[309]A chair of history was endowed by Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke, with £100 a year, in the reign of Charles I. It no longer exists.[310]A list of the professorships, with date of creation and emoluments, and of the readers and lecturers, appears in the University Calendar every year.There were no less than 7 chairs of medicine and natural science before 1851 when the tripos was created. The chairs existed, but with no scientific school to support them.[311]In 1524 the executors of Sir Robert Rede, Lord Chief Justice, endowedtres liberae lecturaein humane letters, logic, and philosophy; and many distinguished men have been invited to deliver this annual lecture. The Hulsean lecture was founded in the xviii c.The firstexhibitionswere founded in the xiii c. by Kilkenny, 9th Bishop of Ely, Balsham’s predecessor, for “2 priests studying divinity in Cambridge.”[312]Towards the end of the xv c. we have several instances of papal degrees conferred on members of religious orders which were followed by incorporation and full membership of Cambridge university. Thusfrater Steele“of Rome” was incorporated in 1492, andfrater Raddyngas a doctor five years later.[313]1539 Eligius Ferrers,D.D.; 1544 a VenetianB.A. ad eundem; 1559,circa, aB.D.; 1615 anM.A.createdB.D.; 1617 the same; 1619 anM.A.; 1635 the archdeacon of EssexM.A., is createdB.D.[314]Archbishop Sumner (1848-62) 120 degrees; Langley (1862-68) 46; Tait (1868-82) 101; Benson (1882-96) 55; Temple (1896-1903) 12.[315]Degrees in the 3 faculties are conferred without examination. Since Aug. 1858 degrees in medicine have carried with them no qualification to practise.All candidates for theM.A.must pass an examination in preliminary arithmetic, Greek gospels, and English language and literature: the two classical languages, modern languages, mathematics, mental and moral sciences, and the natural sciences, forming 6 subjects from which the candidate must choose two, and the standard enforced being “that of candidates for honours at the universities.” The Stamp Duty and other expenses reach at least £55.[316]Anad eundemwas given in 1501 to a Roman graduate by grace of the Senate.[317]See iv. p. 218.[318]Cf. ii. pp. 52-3.[319]Thecancellarius scholasticusof a cathedral chapter.[320]The earliest chancellor of whom we have a mention belongs to the year 1246 (Baker MSS.). A list of chancellors exists from the year 1283, and is reprinted in Carter,History of the University. Among xiv c. chancellors belonging to great families, we have—Stephen Segrave1303-6Richard le Scrope1378Guy de Zouche1379John de Cavendish1380John de Burgh1385.See v. p. 307n.The name recorded in 1246 is Hugo de Hottun (Hatton?).[321]By acts of the university 1504 and 1514.[322]Fuller places the first vice-chancellor in the year 1417, after Stephen le Scrope and Repingale Bishop of Chichester had held the chancellorship—1414 and 1415. Men “of great employment” began then to fill the position, and hence, he says, the necessity. 1454 is however the date of the earliest vice-chancellor usually given, and there were only intermittent appointments between then and 1500. In that year Richard Fox was chancellor, and Henry Babington vice-chancellor, and was succeeded in 1501 by John Fisherwho filled both offices. In 1413 a friar was chosen as “president” of the university in the absence of Chancellor Billingford sent by Henry V. with the Bishop of Ely and the chancellor of the sister university to Rome.[323]In this body, which was created by act of 19th-20th Vict., are concentrated the powers of the houses of regents and non-regents, the ancient governing body of the university. Its 10 members are chosen from the roll.[324]The high steward is elected in the same way as the chancellor. He appoints a deputy who must be approved by the senate. The Cambridge high stewardship has been frequently held by favourites of the sovereign; Elizabeth gave it to Leicester, and Henry VII. to Empson. The present holder, Lord Walsingham, bears a name intimately connected with the history of the university.[325]At the last parliamentary election, January 1906, the university electorate numbered 6972.[326]The proctors are appointed according to a statutory cycle—they are nominated by the colleges in turn, two colleges nominating each year. The proctors at Oxford originally represented the north countrymen and the south countrymen. Entries of Cambridge proctors exist from 1350. The office, of course, is kin to that of the procurator of monastic orders; and the Cambridge proctors supervised Stourbridge fair, the markets, weights and measures, and all those matters which affected the supply of provisions for the university or its finances: to which were added their scholastic functions.[327]The first public orator was Richard Croke; Sir T. Smith, Sir J. Cheke, Roger Ascham, and George Herbert the poet, all held the office. Caius supposes that the master of glomery was university orator, whose duty it was to entertain princes and peers and to indite the epistles of the university on great occasions. He supposes also that as “senior regent” he collected and counted the suffrages in all congregations: theStatuteshowever show us this officer in company with twojunior regentssorting the votes cast for the proctors. See also iii. p. 164n.[328]Thus a guild order in 1389 runs: the alderman “ssal sende forthe the bedel to alle the bretheren and the systeren.”[329]We find Archbishop Laud writing of Oxford: “If the university would bring in some bachelors of art to be yeomen-bedels ... they which thrived well and did good service might after be preferred to be esquire-bedels.”[330]The first esquire or armiger bedell on the Cambridge register is Physwick in the xiv c.; no one else is entered for this office till 1498 when Philip Morgan held it. After him there is another esquire bedell in 1500. The yeoman bedell probably stood in the same relation to the esquire bedell as the trumpeter to the herald. The herald did not blow his own trumpet and the esquire bedell of the university was doubtless not a macebearer. The original two bedells, nevertheless, used to go before the chancellor and mastersvirgam deferentes; and Balsham in 1275 arranges thatthe bedell of the master of glomeryshall not carry his stave on these occasions, but only when on his superior’s own business. A bedell is mentioned in the xiii c. hostel statute referred to on p. 51.[331]Letter of Rennell to Stratford Canning, Nov. 16, 1807.[332]Until 1534 only those who had graduated doctor were elected to the office.[333]Principal (see vi. p. 339n.), warden, keeper, proctor, and rector are all titles which at one time or another were familiar in Cambridge.[334]In the xviii c. the colleges had already 4 lecturers in rhetoric, logic, ethics, and Greek. Cf. the provisions in the statutes of Christ’s College xvi c. The collegebursar, the purse-bearer of his college, is its treasurer and oeconomus: a senior and junior bursar are appointed.[335]The decreasing value of the statutable stipends in the xvii c. led to the adoption (in 1630) of the new scale of payments.[336]He signed the university instrument which was presented to Henry renouncing the pope’s supremacy; Ridley, who was proctor at the time, signed after him.[337]From 1741 two chaplains were appointed in each college, to replace the fellows who before this used to take the chapel services in rotation. The Trinity College rule which provided that a fellow engaged in instruction in his college for ten years kept his fellowship for life or until he married, made the first rift in the obligation to take orders within a certain period after election, or forfeit the fellowship.[338]An American student, 20 years before the abolition of the Religious Test Act, was scandalised at the manner in which the reception of the sacrament was used as a mere condition for obtaining the certificate of fitness for orders. Men who had not made 3 communions in their college chapel during their stay, came up afterwards for the purpose, and received thereupon a document certifying that they had entirely satisfied “the vice-chancellor and the 8 senior fellows” of their fitness for their vocation.[339]In the same century Hobson, who died in 1630 at a great age, was the famous Cambridge carrier and kept the first livery stable in England. His numerous clients would find a large stable full of steeds from which “to choose” (with bridle whip and even boots provided); but everyone was expected to take the horse next the door: hence ‘Hobson’s choice,’ which has become an English household phrase, as has another Cantab expression, ‘constitutionalize’ for walking. Yet another phrase is ‘tawdry,’ the name given to the flimsy gaily coloured chains which were sold at Barnwell (now Midsummer) fair on the eve of S. Awdrey’s day. Hobson was immortalised by verses of Milton’s.[340]Colleges were not at first built for the ‘undergraduate.’ The scholar of the xiii, xiv, and xv centuries was thesocius(fellow) of to-day. His clerical position was that of a young man in minor orders, his scholastic that of a bachelor in art. He attended the schools of the doctors and masters, and was assisted by his fellowship and by exhibitions in the learned faculties to study for the degrees (master of art, and doctor in the faculties). The pensioner, who might or might not be an undergraduate in standing and who lived at his own charges, was provided for in the hostel. It was not till the visitation of 1401 that we findsociiandscholaresdistinguished; and when King’s College was founded in the same half century its scholars were young students and nothing else. Nevertheless, although such was the original conception of the endowed college—at Peterhouse, Michaelhouse, Pembroke, Corpus—the later developments were outlined from the first. The bible clerks at Peterhouse were poor students not of the standing of bachelors, and a proviso in the statutes enabled the college to maintain “2 or 3 indigent scholars well grounded in grammar” when its funds shall permit. At Clare (1359) the sizar was regularly recognised. At Pembroke (1347) there were in addition to the “major scholars” 6 “minor scholars” who might fit themselves to be major scholars. At King’s Hall (Statutes Ric. II.) boys from 14 years old were admitted. At Christ’s (1505) the standing of the scholar was defined by requiring him to give instruction in sophistry; but the pensioner was contemplated for the first time as a regular inmate of the college. In fact theperendinantwho ate at the college tables became, before the middle of the xv c., thecommensalis; the class being fully recognised 50 years later in theconvivaeof Christ’s. There were no fewer than 778convivaeor pensioners in the colleges in the time of Caius 1574.As to the age at which youths went up, it was not until the xix c. that the university was finally regarded as the complement to a full ‘college’ (public school) course elsewhere. The grammar boys at Clare and Peterhouse, the richer youths at King’s Hall, and the glomery students, must always have kept Cambridge peopled with little lads: but when grammar disappeared altogether (in the xvi c.) from the university curriculum, scholars continued to go up very young. In the xvi c. Wyatt went to S. John’s at 12, Bacon and his elder brother to Trinity at 12 and 14; Spenser was in his 16th year. In the xvii c. George Herbert was 15, so was Andrew Marvell, Milton had not attained his 15th year; Newton went to Trinity at 17, and Herschell to S. John’s at the same age. Pitt was a precocious exception in the xviii c. at 14.All the scholars of the early colleges were to be indigent; the one exception was King’s Hall, but the proviso appears again in the statutes for King’s College.We may note that All Souls’ Oxford retains the characteristic of the ancient college foundations, in being a college of fellows only. The title “students” for the fellows of Christchurch recalls the same intention.[341]When Gresham went to Gonville in Hen. VIII.’s time the fellow-commoner had just made his appearance. Cambridge was full of them in the reign of Elizabeth.[342]Jeremy Taylor was a sizar, Newton and Bentley sub-sizars.[343]Statutes of Christ’s College.[344]The scholars of Eton were directed to recite the Matins of our Lady while making their beds.[345]This right was given up in 1856. The legal powers and privileges of the university date from the xiii c. and the reign of Henry III.:Ita tamen quod ad suspensionem vel mutilationem clericorum non procedatis, sed eos alio modo per consilium universitatis Cantabr. castigetisis the clause inserted in 1261 in the matter of a quarrel between students from the north and south parts of the realm. The privileges granted to the university by Edward III. include the power of imprisoning offenders; and even the king’s writ could not be invoked to free them. In the 10th year of Edward’s reign the university chancellor maintained this right both over scholar and townsman. The oath taken by the mayor of Cambridge to maintain the “privileges liberties and customs of the university” dates from the same reign (when the mayor bailiffs and aldermen were obliged to swear to respect the chancellor’s rights). When the riots of 1381 led to a suspension of the town charter its privileges were transferred to the university, till the restoration of the charter in 1832.[346]The vice-chancellor’s court for personsin statu pupillariis composed of the vice-chancellor and six heads of colleges elected by grace.[347]It will be observed that the academic dean possesses disciplinary functions like his predecessor and prototype the monastic dean. The academic dean is also the presiding official at the chapel services.[348]Undergraduates may not give entertainments in taverns or public halls without permission of their tutor: even then more than 5 menin statu pupillaricannot meet together in a public place without a further permit from the proctor.It was agreed in 1856 that the licence of any ale house was liable to be revoked if a complaint in writing was made by the vice-chancellor to the Justices of the Peace.[349]Lodging house keepers sign a hard and fast undertaking with the Lodging-house Syndicate. They cannot let to other than members of the university without permission.[350]The tutor probably made his first appearance at King’s Hall; his office was firmly established by the middle of the xvi c. (later Statutes of Clare College, 1551), and marks the epoch when students other than those on the foundation were also firmly established as college inmates. Before the xviii c., however, the official tutor of to-day was not known; any fellow whom the master designated filled the post. In some colleges the tutor is appointed for life; at Trinity for a term of10years.[351]Like all other items of headgear the derivatives of the hood acquired ceremonial significance. The removable hood of the xiv c., which was slung over the shoulder or attached to the arm, became thecapuceof the dignified clergy, of the doctors in the 3 faculties, rectors of colleges, and others in authority. It is preserved to-day in thepellegrinoof the Roman Church. The hood itself appears to have gained this ceremonial importance in the xv c.; and it is in the middle of that century that the hood as head-gear disappears, and is replaced by the various caps and bonnets which were formed from it.[352]The amess was a capuce of fur.[353]Statutes of Peterhouse 1338-1342. The same is prescribed for the junior students of King’s Hall (temp. Richard II.). Precisely the same regulations—for the tonsure andvestis talaris—were made for the scholar at the university of Paris.[354]This accorded with the custom at Bologna and at Salamanca (xiv c.)—una capa scolastica...foderata sufficienter pellibus pecudis. At Salamanca each scholar received annually one cappa lined with sheepskin, and one unlined, and a lined hood.[355]The object of most of the rules regarding scholars’ dress seems to have been to enforce sumptuary restrictions, and impose something clerical and sober in appearance—decenter et honesteare the words used in the statutes of King’s Hall. The same is true of similar regulations in Italian universities.[356]The cappa (with a hood?) probably constituted thespeciem scholasticamwhich pseudo-scholars in the town were forbidden to imitate. (Statuta Antiqua, statute 42.)[357]An order of the time of Henry V. (documents Nos. 90, 91 in the Registry) requires the Cambridge bachelors to dress like those at Oxford; which probably referred to the blackcapuceor hood of the Oxford bachelor?[358]This feat was celebrated by verses inscribed:Mutantque Quadrata Rotundit. A square cap (called both ‘scholastic’ and ‘ecclesiastical’) was recognised as the proper head-gear for Cambridge fellows graduates and foundation-scholars in the later xvi. c. Pensioners were to wear a round cap.[359]For the coloured gown seeinfra.

[287]The ancient pronunciation of Latin (so far as it can be recovered) has been taught, as an alternative, at Cambridge for the last 25 years, and has of late been widely adopted there, as elsewhere. Perhaps at the bottom of the preference for English Latin there lies the notion that without it Latin would no longer be the English scholar’s second tongue. The simple retort is that with it Latin is no longer (has not been for centuries) a common medium, the second tongue, of European scholars. Anglicised Greek is due to Sir John Cheke and Sir Thomas Smith, though it was promptly abolished at the time by Stephen Gardiner then chancellor of the university, and opposed also by Caius. “Nor mattereth it if foreigners should dissent, seeing hereby we Englishmen shall understand one another,” so Fuller explains the position.

[288]Paley continued to keep his traditional hold on Cambridge through the divinity paper in the “Little Go” which is based upon the “Evidences for Christianity.” On the other hand logic has recaptured the place which Aristotle held in the general curriculum by being admitted, since 1884, as the alternative subject for Paley’s “Evidences.”

[289]Lord Maynard of Wicklow (S. John’s College) endowed a professor of logic at Cambridge in the reign of James I., with £40-50 a year.For university activity in philosophy in the xvii c. see chapter v. pp. 284-90.

[289]Lord Maynard of Wicklow (S. John’s College) endowed a professor of logic at Cambridge in the reign of James I., with £40-50 a year.

For university activity in philosophy in the xvii c. see chapter v. pp. 284-90.

[290]One must not forget, however, that both the remarkable men who planted the study of the experimental sciences in Cambridge were distinguished ‘classics’ as well as scientists.

[291]Letter of Vice-Chancellor Byng to Burleigh then chancellor of the university, 14 Dec. 1572, in which he advises him of a “greate oversighte of Dr. Caius” who had long kept “superstitious monuments in his college.” “I could hardly have been perswadid,” he continues, “that suche things by him had been reservid.”“Some since have sought to blast his memory by reporting him a papist; no great crime to such who consider the time when he was born, and foreign places wherein he was bred: however this I dare say in his just defence, he never mentioneth protestants, but with due respect, and sometimes, occasionally, doth condemn the superstitious credulity of popish miracles.... We leave the heat of his faith to God’s sole judgment, and the light of his good works to men’s imitation,” writes old Fuller.

“Some since have sought to blast his memory by reporting him a papist; no great crime to such who consider the time when he was born, and foreign places wherein he was bred: however this I dare say in his just defence, he never mentioneth protestants, but with due respect, and sometimes, occasionally, doth condemn the superstitious credulity of popish miracles.... We leave the heat of his faith to God’s sole judgment, and the light of his good works to men’s imitation,” writes old Fuller.

[292]Chairs of anatomy, botany, geology, and astronomy had been created in the first quarter of that century. See also Peterhouse p. 153.

[293]For the natural sciences professorships, see pp. 190-92, andn.p. 192.

[294]“In barb’rous Latin doom’d to wrangle” writes Byron of the Cambridge of his time.

[295]The year is counted from the beginning of the academic year,i.e.Oct. 1747—the first degrees were taken in 1748.

[296]A classified list of civil law graduates exists from the year 1815. There used to be a universitytitle S.C.L.(Student of Civil Law) in relation to the civil law classes. The Act of 20-21 Vict., disestablishing civil law in the courts, led to a revolution of law studies at Cambridge. From then dates the abolition of the old quaint ceremonies and disputations connected with this faculty.

[297]From 1870, before the creation of the history tripos, examinations were conducted in a mixed law and history tripos.

[298]Among educational reformers in the second half of the xviii c. Dr. John Jebb must not be omitted. To him is due the annual test examinations of tripos students called ‘the Mays,’ and perhaps also the “Little-Go.” He was a distinguished scientist, and member of Peterhouse.

[299]Cf. chap. ii. p. 61 and chap. iv. p. 241.

[300]“Poll,” [Greek: oi polloi οἱ πολλοἱ].

[301]In 1835 Goulburn (afterwards Bishop of Trinidad) was second wrangler and senior classic; in 1828 Selwyn, another bishop, was senior classic and sixth wrangler. For the 2 triposes cf. iv. p. 238n.

[302]“Within 2-1/2 miles in a direct line” from Great S. Mary’s. For the academic year see iv. p. 241, andn.p. 182.

[303]Part I. of most of the divided triposes entitles to the degree. Advanced and research students (p. 241) are entitled to theB.A.and higher degrees after receiving a “certificate of research” and residing for 6 terms at the university.

[304]The Previous Examination or “Little-Go,” as it is popularly called, consists of two parts, the first containing 5 papers on (a) one of the four Gospels in Greek (set book) (b) a Latin classic (set book) (c) a Greek classic (set book) (d) simple unprepared passages in Latin (e) simple Latin and Greek syntax. Since 1884 a Greek or Latin classic may be substituted for the Greek Gospel. Part II., since June 1903, consists of 5 papers on (1) Paley’s Evidences, for which since 1884, elementary logic may be substituted (2) geometry (3) arithmetic (4) elementary algebra (5) subjects for an English essay from some standard English work or works. Until 1903 the geometry paper was exclusively on Euclid’s lines, and required knowledge of the first three books and of parts of the vth and vith books. To qualify for admission to an ‘Honours’ examination a student must pass in certain subjects ‘additional’ to the ordinary Previous Examination. He is now allowed to choose between (1) additional Mathematics (Mechanics and Trigonometry) (2) French (3) German.A student must satisfy the examiners both as to grammar and orthography in answering the questions—a last relic of the grammar studies of the university!The General Examination, taken by those who read for the ordinary degree, includes (in Pt. I.) (1) a Greek classic (2) Latin classic (3) mechanics (4) simple trigonometry [(5) English passages for translation into Latin prose]. (Pt. II.) (1) The Acts of the Apostles in Greek (2) English history, selected period (3) subjects for an English essay, from the selected period (4) elementary hydrostatics and heat [(5) a paper on a Shakespeare play or on Milton’s works]. The 5th paper in each part is not obligatory.The Cambridge General Examination for the ordinary degree leaves much to be desired.The Special Examination for the ordinary degree may be in one of the following subjects: (a)Theology(b)Political Economy(c)Law(d)History(e)Chemistry(f)Physics(g)Modern Languages(h)Mathematics(i)Classics(k)Logic(l)Geology(m)Botany(n)Zoology(o)Physiology(p)Mechanism and Applied Science(q)Agricultural Science(r)Music. The standard for the subjectsk,l,m,n,o, is that of the papers on those subjects in the first part of the moral and natural sciences triposes. The standard in the Theological Special examination may be judged from the following: Pt. I. (1) Outlines of O. T. history (2) a gospel in Greek [(3) history of the Jews from the close of O. T. history to the fall of Jerusalem]. Pt. II. (1) Selected portions of historical and prophetical books (2) one or more of the epistles in Greek (3) outlines of English Church history to 1830 [(4) selected portion of historical books of O. T. in Hebrew. (5) outlines of Early Church history to the death of Leo the Great. (6) paper on a selected period of English Church history]. (7) Essay subjects on the subject matter of papers (1) (2) and (3). But paper (3) in Pt. I. and 4, 5, and 6 in Pt. II. are not obligatory. Law Special examination:—Pt. I. (a) some branch of English constitutional law (b) English criminal law [(c) select cases in illustration (voluntary)]. Pt. II. (1) elementary English law relating to real property (2) English law of contract or tort, or similar. [(3) select cases in illustration (voluntary)]. (4) Essay on the subject matter of (1) and (2).The first part of the Historical Special examination consists of 3 papers on English history before 1485, the third on a special period being optional. Pt. II. contains 5 papers (1) outline of general English history from 1485-1832. (2) outlines of English constitutional history for the same period (3) a period or a subject in foreign history (4) a special period of English history. [(5) an essay, optional]. The Mathematical Special is all elementary. The Classical Special is on the lines of the Previous Examination—set papers on portions of two Greek and Latin prose and two Greek and Latin poetic authors; to which is added an unprepared Greek and an unprepared Latin translation and a Latin prose composition. The papers on Greek and Roman history belonging to Pt. I. (Greek) or Pt. II. (Latin) are optional. Candidates for all these examinations may present themselves again in case of failure.The standard of the tripos examination may be gauged by the following examination schedules for (A) Classics (B) Moral Sciences. (A) Pt. I. 15 papers—4 composition papers; 5 translation; (10) History of words and forms, and syntax, in both classical languages. (11) Short Greek and Latin passages relating to history and antiquities of Greece and Rome for translation and comment. (12) A paper on history and antiquities. (13) Same as 11, with reference to Greek and Roman philosophy, literature, sculpture and architecture. (14) Same as 12 (the questions on Greek philosophy being on portion of a set book). (15) Essay.Pt. II. Examination in 1 or 2 of the 5 following sections: (1) Literature and criticism (2) ancient philosophy. (3) history. (4) archaeology. (5) language. The following are examples of Sections (1) and (5): I. (a) Questions on the history of Greek literature and passages illustrating Greek literary history or criticism for translation and comment. (b) The same, Latin. (c) Passages from Greek and Latin authors for interpretation, grammatical comment, or emendation; on the paleography and history of Greek and Latin MSS., and the principles of textual criticism; questions on textual criticism of a GreekorLatin author (set book). (d) A special author (set book) or a special department of Greek or Latin literature. (e) paper of essays. V. (a) Greek etymology and history of Greek dialects. Greek syntax. (b) Latin, collated with cognate Italic dialects, and syntax. (c) Easy passages from Sanskrit authors (set books) for translation and comment, and simple Sanskrit grammar. (d) and last, general questions on the comparative grammar and syntax of the Indo-European languages. Early Indo-European civilisation. Indo-European accent. Greek and Italic alphabets. The Italic dialects. The whole of these two examinations, with the exception of one portion of paper 14 in Pt. I. and one portion of paperscanddin Pt. II. Section I., deal with unseen Greek and Latin authors.(B) Moral Sciences:—Pt. I.Psychology(2 papers). Standpoint, data, and methods of psychology. Its fundamental conceptions and hypotheses. Relations of psychology to physics, physiology, and metaphysics. (a) analysis of consciousness. (b) sensation and physiology of the senses—perception. (c) Images and ideas. (d) Thought and formation of concepts. Judgment. (e) Emotions, and theories of emotional expression. (f) Volition—pleasure and pain—conflict of emotions. [In the 2nd part, advanced knowledge on these subjects is required, plus a knowledge of the physiology of the senses and nervous system, etc., and of mental pathology in its relation to psychology.]Logic(2 papers). Province of logic, formal and material. Relation of logic to psychology, and to the theory of knowledge. (a) names and concepts, definition and division, predicables. (b) classification of judgments and propositions. Theory of the import of propositions. (c) laws of thought, syllogisms, symbolic logic. (d) induction and deduction. (e) observation and experiment, hypotheses, classification, theory of probabilities. (f) inference and proof. Fallacies. [In the 2nd part, advanced knowledge of these subjects and of the controversies connected with them is required.]Ethics(1 paper), (a) moral judgment, intuition, and reasoning, motives, pleasure and pain, free will and determinism, (b) ends of moral action—right and wrong—moral sanctions—obligation—duty—pleasures and pains. (c) types of moral character. Principles of social and political justice. (d) The moral faculty, its origin and development. (e) relation of ethics to psychology, sociology, and politics.Two papers on political economy and an essay paper exhaust Pt. I.For those who proceed to Pt. II., two papers on metaphysical and moral philosophy (as below) must be answered, one on the general history of modern philosophy, andoneortwoof the 3 following papers (A) Psychology II.; (B) Logic II.; (Special) history of modern philosophy (subject announced each year);or(C) papers in politics and in advanced political economy:Metaphysical and moral philosophy:—(a) analysis of knowledge, material and formal elements of knowledge, self-consciousness, uniformity and continuity of experience. (b) identity and difference, relation, space and time, unity and number, substance, cause. (c) certainty, and necessities of thought. (d) fundamental assumptions of physical science—causality, continuity etc. (e) sources and limits of knowledge, relativity of knowledge, phenomena, and things in themselves. (f) fundamental assumptions of ethics, absolute and relative ethics, intuitionism, utilitarianism, evolutionism, transcendentalism. (g) mechanical and dynamical theories of matter, relations of mind and matter, problem of the external world, idealism, dualism, freedom of intelligence, and of will, good and evil in the universe, teleology.

A student must satisfy the examiners both as to grammar and orthography in answering the questions—a last relic of the grammar studies of the university!

The General Examination, taken by those who read for the ordinary degree, includes (in Pt. I.) (1) a Greek classic (2) Latin classic (3) mechanics (4) simple trigonometry [(5) English passages for translation into Latin prose]. (Pt. II.) (1) The Acts of the Apostles in Greek (2) English history, selected period (3) subjects for an English essay, from the selected period (4) elementary hydrostatics and heat [(5) a paper on a Shakespeare play or on Milton’s works]. The 5th paper in each part is not obligatory.

The Cambridge General Examination for the ordinary degree leaves much to be desired.

The Special Examination for the ordinary degree may be in one of the following subjects: (a)Theology(b)Political Economy(c)Law(d)History(e)Chemistry(f)Physics(g)Modern Languages(h)Mathematics(i)Classics(k)Logic(l)Geology(m)Botany(n)Zoology(o)Physiology(p)Mechanism and Applied Science(q)Agricultural Science(r)Music. The standard for the subjectsk,l,m,n,o, is that of the papers on those subjects in the first part of the moral and natural sciences triposes. The standard in the Theological Special examination may be judged from the following: Pt. I. (1) Outlines of O. T. history (2) a gospel in Greek [(3) history of the Jews from the close of O. T. history to the fall of Jerusalem]. Pt. II. (1) Selected portions of historical and prophetical books (2) one or more of the epistles in Greek (3) outlines of English Church history to 1830 [(4) selected portion of historical books of O. T. in Hebrew. (5) outlines of Early Church history to the death of Leo the Great. (6) paper on a selected period of English Church history]. (7) Essay subjects on the subject matter of papers (1) (2) and (3). But paper (3) in Pt. I. and 4, 5, and 6 in Pt. II. are not obligatory. Law Special examination:—Pt. I. (a) some branch of English constitutional law (b) English criminal law [(c) select cases in illustration (voluntary)]. Pt. II. (1) elementary English law relating to real property (2) English law of contract or tort, or similar. [(3) select cases in illustration (voluntary)]. (4) Essay on the subject matter of (1) and (2).

The first part of the Historical Special examination consists of 3 papers on English history before 1485, the third on a special period being optional. Pt. II. contains 5 papers (1) outline of general English history from 1485-1832. (2) outlines of English constitutional history for the same period (3) a period or a subject in foreign history (4) a special period of English history. [(5) an essay, optional]. The Mathematical Special is all elementary. The Classical Special is on the lines of the Previous Examination—set papers on portions of two Greek and Latin prose and two Greek and Latin poetic authors; to which is added an unprepared Greek and an unprepared Latin translation and a Latin prose composition. The papers on Greek and Roman history belonging to Pt. I. (Greek) or Pt. II. (Latin) are optional. Candidates for all these examinations may present themselves again in case of failure.

The standard of the tripos examination may be gauged by the following examination schedules for (A) Classics (B) Moral Sciences. (A) Pt. I. 15 papers—4 composition papers; 5 translation; (10) History of words and forms, and syntax, in both classical languages. (11) Short Greek and Latin passages relating to history and antiquities of Greece and Rome for translation and comment. (12) A paper on history and antiquities. (13) Same as 11, with reference to Greek and Roman philosophy, literature, sculpture and architecture. (14) Same as 12 (the questions on Greek philosophy being on portion of a set book). (15) Essay.

Pt. II. Examination in 1 or 2 of the 5 following sections: (1) Literature and criticism (2) ancient philosophy. (3) history. (4) archaeology. (5) language. The following are examples of Sections (1) and (5): I. (a) Questions on the history of Greek literature and passages illustrating Greek literary history or criticism for translation and comment. (b) The same, Latin. (c) Passages from Greek and Latin authors for interpretation, grammatical comment, or emendation; on the paleography and history of Greek and Latin MSS., and the principles of textual criticism; questions on textual criticism of a GreekorLatin author (set book). (d) A special author (set book) or a special department of Greek or Latin literature. (e) paper of essays. V. (a) Greek etymology and history of Greek dialects. Greek syntax. (b) Latin, collated with cognate Italic dialects, and syntax. (c) Easy passages from Sanskrit authors (set books) for translation and comment, and simple Sanskrit grammar. (d) and last, general questions on the comparative grammar and syntax of the Indo-European languages. Early Indo-European civilisation. Indo-European accent. Greek and Italic alphabets. The Italic dialects. The whole of these two examinations, with the exception of one portion of paper 14 in Pt. I. and one portion of paperscanddin Pt. II. Section I., deal with unseen Greek and Latin authors.

(B) Moral Sciences:—Pt. I.Psychology(2 papers). Standpoint, data, and methods of psychology. Its fundamental conceptions and hypotheses. Relations of psychology to physics, physiology, and metaphysics. (a) analysis of consciousness. (b) sensation and physiology of the senses—perception. (c) Images and ideas. (d) Thought and formation of concepts. Judgment. (e) Emotions, and theories of emotional expression. (f) Volition—pleasure and pain—conflict of emotions. [In the 2nd part, advanced knowledge on these subjects is required, plus a knowledge of the physiology of the senses and nervous system, etc., and of mental pathology in its relation to psychology.]

Logic(2 papers). Province of logic, formal and material. Relation of logic to psychology, and to the theory of knowledge. (a) names and concepts, definition and division, predicables. (b) classification of judgments and propositions. Theory of the import of propositions. (c) laws of thought, syllogisms, symbolic logic. (d) induction and deduction. (e) observation and experiment, hypotheses, classification, theory of probabilities. (f) inference and proof. Fallacies. [In the 2nd part, advanced knowledge of these subjects and of the controversies connected with them is required.]

Ethics(1 paper), (a) moral judgment, intuition, and reasoning, motives, pleasure and pain, free will and determinism, (b) ends of moral action—right and wrong—moral sanctions—obligation—duty—pleasures and pains. (c) types of moral character. Principles of social and political justice. (d) The moral faculty, its origin and development. (e) relation of ethics to psychology, sociology, and politics.

Two papers on political economy and an essay paper exhaust Pt. I.

For those who proceed to Pt. II., two papers on metaphysical and moral philosophy (as below) must be answered, one on the general history of modern philosophy, andoneortwoof the 3 following papers (A) Psychology II.; (B) Logic II.; (Special) history of modern philosophy (subject announced each year);or(C) papers in politics and in advanced political economy:

Metaphysical and moral philosophy:—(a) analysis of knowledge, material and formal elements of knowledge, self-consciousness, uniformity and continuity of experience. (b) identity and difference, relation, space and time, unity and number, substance, cause. (c) certainty, and necessities of thought. (d) fundamental assumptions of physical science—causality, continuity etc. (e) sources and limits of knowledge, relativity of knowledge, phenomena, and things in themselves. (f) fundamental assumptions of ethics, absolute and relative ethics, intuitionism, utilitarianism, evolutionism, transcendentalism. (g) mechanical and dynamical theories of matter, relations of mind and matter, problem of the external world, idealism, dualism, freedom of intelligence, and of will, good and evil in the universe, teleology.

[305]Even if the candidate answer most of the tripos papers the conditions of theaegrotatdegree preclude his being placed in any one of the classes. Edmund Spenser the poet and Lancelot Andrewes the scholar-bishop were both on theaegrotatlist of Pembroke College—in 1571—before, however, this necessarily implied absence from any of the university “acts.”

[306]Since going to press, this change has been effected.

[307]See chap. iv. p. 225.

[308]This professorship was an expansion of the natural science lectureships founded by the great Linacre.

[309]A chair of history was endowed by Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke, with £100 a year, in the reign of Charles I. It no longer exists.

[310]A list of the professorships, with date of creation and emoluments, and of the readers and lecturers, appears in the University Calendar every year.There were no less than 7 chairs of medicine and natural science before 1851 when the tripos was created. The chairs existed, but with no scientific school to support them.

[310]A list of the professorships, with date of creation and emoluments, and of the readers and lecturers, appears in the University Calendar every year.

There were no less than 7 chairs of medicine and natural science before 1851 when the tripos was created. The chairs existed, but with no scientific school to support them.

[311]In 1524 the executors of Sir Robert Rede, Lord Chief Justice, endowedtres liberae lecturaein humane letters, logic, and philosophy; and many distinguished men have been invited to deliver this annual lecture. The Hulsean lecture was founded in the xviii c.The firstexhibitionswere founded in the xiii c. by Kilkenny, 9th Bishop of Ely, Balsham’s predecessor, for “2 priests studying divinity in Cambridge.”

The firstexhibitionswere founded in the xiii c. by Kilkenny, 9th Bishop of Ely, Balsham’s predecessor, for “2 priests studying divinity in Cambridge.”

[312]Towards the end of the xv c. we have several instances of papal degrees conferred on members of religious orders which were followed by incorporation and full membership of Cambridge university. Thusfrater Steele“of Rome” was incorporated in 1492, andfrater Raddyngas a doctor five years later.

[313]1539 Eligius Ferrers,D.D.; 1544 a VenetianB.A. ad eundem; 1559,circa, aB.D.; 1615 anM.A.createdB.D.; 1617 the same; 1619 anM.A.; 1635 the archdeacon of EssexM.A., is createdB.D.

[314]Archbishop Sumner (1848-62) 120 degrees; Langley (1862-68) 46; Tait (1868-82) 101; Benson (1882-96) 55; Temple (1896-1903) 12.

[315]Degrees in the 3 faculties are conferred without examination. Since Aug. 1858 degrees in medicine have carried with them no qualification to practise.All candidates for theM.A.must pass an examination in preliminary arithmetic, Greek gospels, and English language and literature: the two classical languages, modern languages, mathematics, mental and moral sciences, and the natural sciences, forming 6 subjects from which the candidate must choose two, and the standard enforced being “that of candidates for honours at the universities.” The Stamp Duty and other expenses reach at least £55.

[315]Degrees in the 3 faculties are conferred without examination. Since Aug. 1858 degrees in medicine have carried with them no qualification to practise.

All candidates for theM.A.must pass an examination in preliminary arithmetic, Greek gospels, and English language and literature: the two classical languages, modern languages, mathematics, mental and moral sciences, and the natural sciences, forming 6 subjects from which the candidate must choose two, and the standard enforced being “that of candidates for honours at the universities.” The Stamp Duty and other expenses reach at least £55.

[316]Anad eundemwas given in 1501 to a Roman graduate by grace of the Senate.

[317]See iv. p. 218.

[318]Cf. ii. pp. 52-3.

[319]Thecancellarius scholasticusof a cathedral chapter.

[320]The earliest chancellor of whom we have a mention belongs to the year 1246 (Baker MSS.). A list of chancellors exists from the year 1283, and is reprinted in Carter,History of the University. Among xiv c. chancellors belonging to great families, we have—Stephen Segrave1303-6Richard le Scrope1378Guy de Zouche1379John de Cavendish1380John de Burgh1385.See v. p. 307n.The name recorded in 1246 is Hugo de Hottun (Hatton?).

See v. p. 307n.The name recorded in 1246 is Hugo de Hottun (Hatton?).

[321]By acts of the university 1504 and 1514.

[322]Fuller places the first vice-chancellor in the year 1417, after Stephen le Scrope and Repingale Bishop of Chichester had held the chancellorship—1414 and 1415. Men “of great employment” began then to fill the position, and hence, he says, the necessity. 1454 is however the date of the earliest vice-chancellor usually given, and there were only intermittent appointments between then and 1500. In that year Richard Fox was chancellor, and Henry Babington vice-chancellor, and was succeeded in 1501 by John Fisherwho filled both offices. In 1413 a friar was chosen as “president” of the university in the absence of Chancellor Billingford sent by Henry V. with the Bishop of Ely and the chancellor of the sister university to Rome.

[323]In this body, which was created by act of 19th-20th Vict., are concentrated the powers of the houses of regents and non-regents, the ancient governing body of the university. Its 10 members are chosen from the roll.

[324]The high steward is elected in the same way as the chancellor. He appoints a deputy who must be approved by the senate. The Cambridge high stewardship has been frequently held by favourites of the sovereign; Elizabeth gave it to Leicester, and Henry VII. to Empson. The present holder, Lord Walsingham, bears a name intimately connected with the history of the university.

[325]At the last parliamentary election, January 1906, the university electorate numbered 6972.

[326]The proctors are appointed according to a statutory cycle—they are nominated by the colleges in turn, two colleges nominating each year. The proctors at Oxford originally represented the north countrymen and the south countrymen. Entries of Cambridge proctors exist from 1350. The office, of course, is kin to that of the procurator of monastic orders; and the Cambridge proctors supervised Stourbridge fair, the markets, weights and measures, and all those matters which affected the supply of provisions for the university or its finances: to which were added their scholastic functions.

[327]The first public orator was Richard Croke; Sir T. Smith, Sir J. Cheke, Roger Ascham, and George Herbert the poet, all held the office. Caius supposes that the master of glomery was university orator, whose duty it was to entertain princes and peers and to indite the epistles of the university on great occasions. He supposes also that as “senior regent” he collected and counted the suffrages in all congregations: theStatuteshowever show us this officer in company with twojunior regentssorting the votes cast for the proctors. See also iii. p. 164n.

[328]Thus a guild order in 1389 runs: the alderman “ssal sende forthe the bedel to alle the bretheren and the systeren.”

[329]We find Archbishop Laud writing of Oxford: “If the university would bring in some bachelors of art to be yeomen-bedels ... they which thrived well and did good service might after be preferred to be esquire-bedels.”

[330]The first esquire or armiger bedell on the Cambridge register is Physwick in the xiv c.; no one else is entered for this office till 1498 when Philip Morgan held it. After him there is another esquire bedell in 1500. The yeoman bedell probably stood in the same relation to the esquire bedell as the trumpeter to the herald. The herald did not blow his own trumpet and the esquire bedell of the university was doubtless not a macebearer. The original two bedells, nevertheless, used to go before the chancellor and mastersvirgam deferentes; and Balsham in 1275 arranges thatthe bedell of the master of glomeryshall not carry his stave on these occasions, but only when on his superior’s own business. A bedell is mentioned in the xiii c. hostel statute referred to on p. 51.

[331]Letter of Rennell to Stratford Canning, Nov. 16, 1807.

[332]Until 1534 only those who had graduated doctor were elected to the office.

[333]Principal (see vi. p. 339n.), warden, keeper, proctor, and rector are all titles which at one time or another were familiar in Cambridge.

[334]In the xviii c. the colleges had already 4 lecturers in rhetoric, logic, ethics, and Greek. Cf. the provisions in the statutes of Christ’s College xvi c. The collegebursar, the purse-bearer of his college, is its treasurer and oeconomus: a senior and junior bursar are appointed.

[335]The decreasing value of the statutable stipends in the xvii c. led to the adoption (in 1630) of the new scale of payments.

[336]He signed the university instrument which was presented to Henry renouncing the pope’s supremacy; Ridley, who was proctor at the time, signed after him.

[337]From 1741 two chaplains were appointed in each college, to replace the fellows who before this used to take the chapel services in rotation. The Trinity College rule which provided that a fellow engaged in instruction in his college for ten years kept his fellowship for life or until he married, made the first rift in the obligation to take orders within a certain period after election, or forfeit the fellowship.

[338]An American student, 20 years before the abolition of the Religious Test Act, was scandalised at the manner in which the reception of the sacrament was used as a mere condition for obtaining the certificate of fitness for orders. Men who had not made 3 communions in their college chapel during their stay, came up afterwards for the purpose, and received thereupon a document certifying that they had entirely satisfied “the vice-chancellor and the 8 senior fellows” of their fitness for their vocation.

[339]In the same century Hobson, who died in 1630 at a great age, was the famous Cambridge carrier and kept the first livery stable in England. His numerous clients would find a large stable full of steeds from which “to choose” (with bridle whip and even boots provided); but everyone was expected to take the horse next the door: hence ‘Hobson’s choice,’ which has become an English household phrase, as has another Cantab expression, ‘constitutionalize’ for walking. Yet another phrase is ‘tawdry,’ the name given to the flimsy gaily coloured chains which were sold at Barnwell (now Midsummer) fair on the eve of S. Awdrey’s day. Hobson was immortalised by verses of Milton’s.

[340]Colleges were not at first built for the ‘undergraduate.’ The scholar of the xiii, xiv, and xv centuries was thesocius(fellow) of to-day. His clerical position was that of a young man in minor orders, his scholastic that of a bachelor in art. He attended the schools of the doctors and masters, and was assisted by his fellowship and by exhibitions in the learned faculties to study for the degrees (master of art, and doctor in the faculties). The pensioner, who might or might not be an undergraduate in standing and who lived at his own charges, was provided for in the hostel. It was not till the visitation of 1401 that we findsociiandscholaresdistinguished; and when King’s College was founded in the same half century its scholars were young students and nothing else. Nevertheless, although such was the original conception of the endowed college—at Peterhouse, Michaelhouse, Pembroke, Corpus—the later developments were outlined from the first. The bible clerks at Peterhouse were poor students not of the standing of bachelors, and a proviso in the statutes enabled the college to maintain “2 or 3 indigent scholars well grounded in grammar” when its funds shall permit. At Clare (1359) the sizar was regularly recognised. At Pembroke (1347) there were in addition to the “major scholars” 6 “minor scholars” who might fit themselves to be major scholars. At King’s Hall (Statutes Ric. II.) boys from 14 years old were admitted. At Christ’s (1505) the standing of the scholar was defined by requiring him to give instruction in sophistry; but the pensioner was contemplated for the first time as a regular inmate of the college. In fact theperendinantwho ate at the college tables became, before the middle of the xv c., thecommensalis; the class being fully recognised 50 years later in theconvivaeof Christ’s. There were no fewer than 778convivaeor pensioners in the colleges in the time of Caius 1574.As to the age at which youths went up, it was not until the xix c. that the university was finally regarded as the complement to a full ‘college’ (public school) course elsewhere. The grammar boys at Clare and Peterhouse, the richer youths at King’s Hall, and the glomery students, must always have kept Cambridge peopled with little lads: but when grammar disappeared altogether (in the xvi c.) from the university curriculum, scholars continued to go up very young. In the xvi c. Wyatt went to S. John’s at 12, Bacon and his elder brother to Trinity at 12 and 14; Spenser was in his 16th year. In the xvii c. George Herbert was 15, so was Andrew Marvell, Milton had not attained his 15th year; Newton went to Trinity at 17, and Herschell to S. John’s at the same age. Pitt was a precocious exception in the xviii c. at 14.All the scholars of the early colleges were to be indigent; the one exception was King’s Hall, but the proviso appears again in the statutes for King’s College.We may note that All Souls’ Oxford retains the characteristic of the ancient college foundations, in being a college of fellows only. The title “students” for the fellows of Christchurch recalls the same intention.

As to the age at which youths went up, it was not until the xix c. that the university was finally regarded as the complement to a full ‘college’ (public school) course elsewhere. The grammar boys at Clare and Peterhouse, the richer youths at King’s Hall, and the glomery students, must always have kept Cambridge peopled with little lads: but when grammar disappeared altogether (in the xvi c.) from the university curriculum, scholars continued to go up very young. In the xvi c. Wyatt went to S. John’s at 12, Bacon and his elder brother to Trinity at 12 and 14; Spenser was in his 16th year. In the xvii c. George Herbert was 15, so was Andrew Marvell, Milton had not attained his 15th year; Newton went to Trinity at 17, and Herschell to S. John’s at the same age. Pitt was a precocious exception in the xviii c. at 14.

All the scholars of the early colleges were to be indigent; the one exception was King’s Hall, but the proviso appears again in the statutes for King’s College.

We may note that All Souls’ Oxford retains the characteristic of the ancient college foundations, in being a college of fellows only. The title “students” for the fellows of Christchurch recalls the same intention.

[341]When Gresham went to Gonville in Hen. VIII.’s time the fellow-commoner had just made his appearance. Cambridge was full of them in the reign of Elizabeth.

[342]Jeremy Taylor was a sizar, Newton and Bentley sub-sizars.

[343]Statutes of Christ’s College.

[344]The scholars of Eton were directed to recite the Matins of our Lady while making their beds.

[345]This right was given up in 1856. The legal powers and privileges of the university date from the xiii c. and the reign of Henry III.:Ita tamen quod ad suspensionem vel mutilationem clericorum non procedatis, sed eos alio modo per consilium universitatis Cantabr. castigetisis the clause inserted in 1261 in the matter of a quarrel between students from the north and south parts of the realm. The privileges granted to the university by Edward III. include the power of imprisoning offenders; and even the king’s writ could not be invoked to free them. In the 10th year of Edward’s reign the university chancellor maintained this right both over scholar and townsman. The oath taken by the mayor of Cambridge to maintain the “privileges liberties and customs of the university” dates from the same reign (when the mayor bailiffs and aldermen were obliged to swear to respect the chancellor’s rights). When the riots of 1381 led to a suspension of the town charter its privileges were transferred to the university, till the restoration of the charter in 1832.

[346]The vice-chancellor’s court for personsin statu pupillariis composed of the vice-chancellor and six heads of colleges elected by grace.

[347]It will be observed that the academic dean possesses disciplinary functions like his predecessor and prototype the monastic dean. The academic dean is also the presiding official at the chapel services.

[348]Undergraduates may not give entertainments in taverns or public halls without permission of their tutor: even then more than 5 menin statu pupillaricannot meet together in a public place without a further permit from the proctor.It was agreed in 1856 that the licence of any ale house was liable to be revoked if a complaint in writing was made by the vice-chancellor to the Justices of the Peace.

It was agreed in 1856 that the licence of any ale house was liable to be revoked if a complaint in writing was made by the vice-chancellor to the Justices of the Peace.

[349]Lodging house keepers sign a hard and fast undertaking with the Lodging-house Syndicate. They cannot let to other than members of the university without permission.

[350]The tutor probably made his first appearance at King’s Hall; his office was firmly established by the middle of the xvi c. (later Statutes of Clare College, 1551), and marks the epoch when students other than those on the foundation were also firmly established as college inmates. Before the xviii c., however, the official tutor of to-day was not known; any fellow whom the master designated filled the post. In some colleges the tutor is appointed for life; at Trinity for a term of10years.

[351]Like all other items of headgear the derivatives of the hood acquired ceremonial significance. The removable hood of the xiv c., which was slung over the shoulder or attached to the arm, became thecapuceof the dignified clergy, of the doctors in the 3 faculties, rectors of colleges, and others in authority. It is preserved to-day in thepellegrinoof the Roman Church. The hood itself appears to have gained this ceremonial importance in the xv c.; and it is in the middle of that century that the hood as head-gear disappears, and is replaced by the various caps and bonnets which were formed from it.

[352]The amess was a capuce of fur.

[353]Statutes of Peterhouse 1338-1342. The same is prescribed for the junior students of King’s Hall (temp. Richard II.). Precisely the same regulations—for the tonsure andvestis talaris—were made for the scholar at the university of Paris.

[354]This accorded with the custom at Bologna and at Salamanca (xiv c.)—una capa scolastica...foderata sufficienter pellibus pecudis. At Salamanca each scholar received annually one cappa lined with sheepskin, and one unlined, and a lined hood.

[355]The object of most of the rules regarding scholars’ dress seems to have been to enforce sumptuary restrictions, and impose something clerical and sober in appearance—decenter et honesteare the words used in the statutes of King’s Hall. The same is true of similar regulations in Italian universities.

[356]The cappa (with a hood?) probably constituted thespeciem scholasticamwhich pseudo-scholars in the town were forbidden to imitate. (Statuta Antiqua, statute 42.)

[357]An order of the time of Henry V. (documents Nos. 90, 91 in the Registry) requires the Cambridge bachelors to dress like those at Oxford; which probably referred to the blackcapuceor hood of the Oxford bachelor?

[358]This feat was celebrated by verses inscribed:Mutantque Quadrata Rotundit. A square cap (called both ‘scholastic’ and ‘ecclesiastical’) was recognised as the proper head-gear for Cambridge fellows graduates and foundation-scholars in the later xvi. c. Pensioners were to wear a round cap.

[359]For the coloured gown seeinfra.

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