[360]Thepileumplaced on the head of the new master of arts in the xv? and xvi centuries, probably symbolised the termination of thestatus pupillaris. Cf.Haec mera libertas, hoc nobis pilea donant; andservos ad pileum vocare(Livy). The tall silk hat signified the same thing. It was worn by youngM.A.’s, and by the ‘Hat-fellow-commoners,’ and is still worn byM.A.’son a visit to theiralma materthough not by resident ‘dons.’[361]This was not worn at Trinity, King’s, and one or two other colleges.[362]It is interesting to note that the Scotch universities retain the violet gown. The Scots’ College in Rome (founded in 1600) dresses its collegians in a violet cassock, over which is a blacksoprana.[363]Bachelors of arts whether they be scholars reading for a fellowship or young graduates preparing for the ‘Second Part’ of a tripos, are stillin statu pupillari. Perhaps, then, the more important gown, the bachelor’s, retained this vestige of the older dress which has been lost in the modification undergone by the undergraduates’. That the strings indicate a state of dependence is confirmed by their being found on the dress of the pope’s lay chamberlains calledcamerieri di cappa e spada; the papal palfrey men and other domestics being also provided with them.[364]A custom now dying out.[365]Christopher Wordsworth became Master of his college.[366]Studies were much later additions in the colleges, and at first a room would be fitted with 8 or 10 ‘studies,’ alcoves or cabinets 5 ft. 6 in. by 6 ft., which would be eagerly hired by students. Sometimes the studies were furnished by the pensioners with the necessary desk and shelves. No attempt at decoration of college rooms appears to have been made till the poet Gray placed scented flowers in his window and bought Japanese vases of the blue and white china afterwards to become so fashionable—which caused much remark. When young peers came up to Cambridge attended by their tutor and an amplesuitethe colleges were much put about to lodge them, and we find Lady Rutland as early as 1590 sending hangings for her son’s with-drawing-room at Corpus.[367]The enmity of ‘town and gown,’ a consequence, no doubt, of the thronging of our university towns with an alien population, is traditional, and we first hear of it in 1249 before any colleges were built. Fifty years later (in 1305) the townsmen attacked the gownsmen, wounding and beating both masters and scholars “to the manifest delaying of their study” says the King’s letter on the subject (33rd of Edw. I.). Bad relations between ‘town and gown’ prevailed throughout the reign of Elizabeth. Cf. v. p. 261.[368]The allowance per head per week for food or “commons” was at Michaelhouse 12d. in 1324, and no more was allowed in the xvi c. at Christ’s and S. John’s. The allowance at Jesus College was 4d. a week in excess of this, and this was the sum which Archbishop Arundel had sanctioned for fellows’ commons earlier in the century (1405). Peterhouse statutes made no provision, but the Bishop of Ely as visitor restricted commons to 14d. a week in 1516. Mullinger,Hist. Univ. Camb.p. 461.[369]Undergraduates have perhaps shown a tendency to get out of hand since the day a few years back when some of the dons invited an expression of their opinion, apparently expecting that a serious question affecting the university would receive illustration from a little hooliganism.[370]In June 1905 there were 647 tripos candidates, 146 for the Natural Sciences, 127 for History, 111 Classics, 95 Law, 63 Mathematics, 28 Mechanical Science, 25 Theology, 13 Modern Languages, 5 Moral Sciences, 5 Economics, 1 Oriental Languages. The year before Natural Sciences was also at the top of the poll with 131 graduates; the Classical came next with 112, the Mathematical 67, History 63. Some 30% therefore take Natural or Mechanical Sciences, and some of the mathematical students stay on for scientific work. The far larger number of men now take the First Part of the Mathematical, Classical, or Natural Sciences tripos in their third year, which gives them theB.A., and do not proceed to the Second Part. For the proportion of First and Second classes obtained cf. vi. p. 356n.It was, however, only very gradually that the classical and other triposes worked their way to an equality in popularity with the mathematical. It was not till 1884, after the division of the tripos, that the classical men were slightly in excess of the mathematical (see chap. iii.).[371]On the other hand Oxford has had 9 wins in succession.[372]The wearing of the surplice in chapel on Sundays and holidays by all undergraduates, scholars, and bachelors, is a very interesting historical survival at Cambridge, which has successfully resisted the attacks of Puritanism. It is worn by all members of a college on ‘white nights’ (vigils and feasts), and is the ancient dress of the canon and of clerks of all grades at divine service.[373]“Scarlet days” are Easter, Christmas, Ascension, Whitsunday, Trinity Sunday, All Saints, the first Sunday in November (when benefactors are commemorated) and Commencement Tuesday (the next before June 24). The vice-chancellor may appoint other days.[374]Everett,On the Cam. Everett’s father was United States ambassador at the Court of S. James’, and he himself was a graduate of Trinity College.[375]Wolsey, son of a well-to-do Suffolk butcher, was sent to Oxford, but Thomas Cromwell, who was the son of a blacksmith, probably was not educated at a university.[376]The New Sect of Latitude-men, 1662.[377]Eton—Cambridge and Oxford—3 each; Oxford had 3 from Winchester, all the rest coming from the lesser public schools, Haileybury (3), and church schools such as Radley.[378]A very interesting symptom is the recent election of an American fellow at Trinity and Christ’s Colleges.[379]In the time of Caius the number of students was 1783 (see p. 217n.).A.D.1573.Trinity held 359 of these, John’s 271, Christ’s 157, King’s 140, Clare 129, Queens’ 122. Magdalene and S. Catherine’s were the smallest with 49 and 32 respectively. The remaining 6 colleges held between 62 and 96 students each, except Jesus which had a population of 118.A.D.1672.A hundred years after Caius the numbers were 2522. 3000 is about the maximum at either university since the xiii c. At Cambridge the undergraduate population at the present date (October 1906) exceeds 3200, with over 350 resident bachelors, and about 650M.A.’sand doctors, 400 of whom are fellows.Cf. with the figures given on p. 206. A man may keep his name on the boards of his college by a payment varying from £2 to £4 a year. The number of men “on the boards” of the university includes all those on the boards of their colleges and has grown in 150 years from 1500 (in 1748) to 13,819 in 1906-7.[380]Those marked with an asterisk are included principally for their influence on education.[381]OrWalter de Merton.[382]Raleigh was entered as a boy for Oriel College but never resided there.[383]Gladstone was by race a pure Scotsman, but was English by birth and breeding.[384]Miss Nightingale is taken as a representative of the work of Howard, Clarkson, Shaftesbury, Hannah More, Mrs. Fry, and others of the same noble army among whom she is perhaps typical for the English adventuresome and pioneer spirit.It would not be possible to choose 40 great Englishmen whom every one should agree to be among the 40 greatest, or the best types in the lines indicated. Some great English names—as e.g. Simon de Montfort—do not appear for the same reason which excludes William the Conqueror, viz. that they were not Englishmen.The following is a short analysis:—(1)Men representingEnglish Learningand education:Hild.Bede.Alcuin.Alfred.Grosseteste.William of Wykeham.Lady Margaret.Dean Colet, Ox.Bishop Fisher, C.Thomas More, Ox.Roger Ascham, C.(2)EnglishChurchmen:Stephen Langton.Robert Grosseteste, Ox.William of Wykeham.Fisher, C.Wolsey, Ox.Cranmer, C.Jeremy Taylor, C.(3)English Religion:Wyclif, Ox.Lady Margaret.More, Ox.Jeremy Taylor, C.Bunyan.Wesley, Ox.(4)English politics:Alfred.Stephen Langton.Grosseteste, Ox.Edward I.Elizabeth.Cromwell, C.Milton, C.John Locke, Ox.Pitt, C.Gladstone, Ox.(5)Literature andmakers of Englishlanguage:Bede.Chaucer, C.Ascham, C.Philip Sidney, Ox.Shakespeare.Francis Bacon, C.Milton, C.Bunyan.Locke, Ox.(6)Philosophers:Locke.Mill.(7)English Science:Roger Bacon, Ox.Francis Bacon, C.Harvey, C.Newton, C.Darwin, C.(8)EnglishAdventure:Drake.Raleigh.Clive.Nelson.Nightingale.[385]See the list of dramatists below.[387][386]Sonneteers: Wyatt, Cambridge. Surrey, Cambridge? Thomas Watson, Oxford? Philip Sidney, Oxford. Samuel Daniel, Oxford. Lodge, Oxford to Cambridge. Drayton, none.[387]The Dramatists.Greene(Cambridge).Lyly(Oxford to Cambridge).Peele(Oxford).Lodge(Oxford to Cambridge).(disciple of Greene)Christopher Marlowe(Cambridge).Kyd(none).Shakespeare(none).Ben Jonson(Cambridge).Nash(Cambridge).Chapman(?)Marston(Oxford).Dekker(nothing known).Thomas Heywood(Cambridge).Middleton(nothing known).Munday(“The pope’sscholar in theseminary atRome”).Fletcher(Cambridge).(12 years at Benet College)Beaumont(Oxford).Webster(nothing known).Massinger(Oxford).Rowley(nothing known).Ford(Oxford ?).James Shirley(Oxford to Cambridge).The Novelists.Richardson(none).Fielding(University of Leyden).Defoe(none).Steele(Oxford).Smollett(none).Sterne(Cambridge).Goldsmith(none).And the 7 great names of our century:Jane Austen.Scott(none).[388]The two Brontës.Thackeray(Cambridge).Dickens(none).George Eliot.Meredith(none).[388]Scott attended the law classes at Edinburgh university.[389]“The first of the great English writers in whom letters asserted an almost public importance.” In the new ‘republic of letters’ Dryden was “chosen chief”; “He had done more than any man to create a literary class”; “he was the first to impress the idea of literature on the English mind.” Master “alike of poetry and prose, covering the fields both of imagination and criticism.... Dryden realized in his own personality the existence of a new power which was thenceforth to tell steadily on the world ... our literature obeyed the impulse he had given it from the beginning of the eighteenth century till near its close.”—J. R. Green.[390]The first number appeared in November 1665 and was called “The Oxford Gazette,” the court being at that time at Oxford on account of the plague which was then raging in town.[391]The succession of archbishops of Canterbury from 1486 is: Cardinal Morton, Oxford; Warham (1500), neither university; Cranmer, Cambridge; Pole, Oxford; Parker, Cambridge; Grindal, Cambridge; Whitgift, Cambridge; Bancroft (1604), Cambridge.Among the names given above, those with an asterisk were further connected with their university as founders, Masters and fellows of colleges, or as chancellors.[392]Sydenham took a medical degree at Cambridge.[393]Cf. the Duke of Exeter, ii. pp. 58n., 156.[394]The plate of Queens’ College is preserved at Oxford to this day.[395]Chief of whom was the Earl of Manchester, like Cromwell himself a Cambridge man. Cromwell and Lord Grey of Wark had “dealt very earnestly” with the Heads of colleges to extract a loan of £6000 for the public use. The earnest dealing included shutting most of them up till midnight. Cromwell on their refusal declared he would have taken £1000; not that that sum would have been of any service, but because it would have shown that they had one of the universities on their side. All that Cambridge had, however, was sent to Charles.[396]Compton and Trelawney.[397]There had been a previous meeting at Lambeth Palace in which Turner, White, Tenison (then rector of S. Martin’s) and Compton, the suspended Bishop of London, took part. All were Cambridge men except Compton. At a consultation of London clergy Tillotson, then Dean of Canterbury, Sherlock, Master of the Temple, Stillingfleet, Archdeacon of London and Dean of S. Paul’s, and Patrick, Dean of Peterborough, supported Edward Fowler (an Oxonian) in a declaration that they were unable to publish the Indulgence. Every one of these men was from Cambridge.[398]He had not received his call in time to sign the protest of the seven bishops. Lloyd was at Cambridge, Frampton at Oxford.[399]See ii. p. 57, the dissolution of the friars of the Sack.[400]Scory, Bishop of Hereford, had been given preferment by Cranmer on the dissolution of the Dominicans; he was put into the see of the deprived Catholic bishop Day of Chichester, a King’s man, and was one of Parker’s consecrators. In 1554 he renounced his wife and did penance before Bonner. The other, Day of King’s, Bishop of Winchester and brother of the Catholic prelate, was an ardent reformer.[401]Heath of Clare College was successively Bishop of Rochester and Worcester, and Primate of York.[402]Cuthbert Tunstall, who had come to King’s Hall from Oxford, and afterwards studied at Padua, was himself one of the translators of the 1540 bible.[403]See ii. p. 84. Corpus Christi College.[404]Tillotson and Stillingfleet, the most prominent churchmen in the reign of James II.[405]They were Matthew Parker of Corpus, Cox of King’s, Grindal of Pembroke, Bill and Pilkington of S. John’s, May and Sir Thomas Smith of Queens’, and David Whitehead.[406]Rowland Taylor of Christ’s College, a Suffolk rector, suffered in 1535. Latimer who had argued on the Catholic side at the university, was persuaded to Protestantism by Bilney. With Bilney Thomas M’Arthur, a fellow of S. John’s and then Principal of S. Mary’s Hostel, recanted.[407]Rogers b. 1509 at Birmingham. Burned at Smithfield Feb. 1555.[408]It was Cromwell who, as chancellor, began to wean the university from the pope; and he removed its papal script—bulls, briefs, and dispensations—which was not returned till such time as he judged the substitution of the king for the pope to be complete.[409]Falkland,b.1610. Chillingworth born and educated in Oxford. Taylor born and educated in Cambridge. Stillingfleet,b.1635, fellow of S. John’s, bishop of Worcester.[410]ob.1648.[411]Cf. Peterhouse pp. 58-9, and Emmanuel p. 145. For religion in Cambridge at the present day, see iv. pp. 246-7.[412]Burnet, the historian of the movement, writes: “They loved the constitution of the church, and the liturgy, and could well live under them; but they did not think it unlawful to live under another form.... They continued to keep a good correspondence with those who differed from them in opinion, and allowed a great freedom both in philosophy and in divinity; from whence they were called men of latitude. And upon this, men of narrower thoughts and fiercer tempers fastened upon them the name of Latitudinarians.”[413]“Within the bosom of Protestantism they kindled for the first time the love of this nobler speculation.” (Tulloch, vol. 2. p. 24.)[414]Cf. Tulloch,Rational Theology in England in the xvii century(1872) vol. 2. p. 13, to whose able and interesting account of the movement I am very much indebted. “They sought,” writes Tulloch, “to confirm the union of philosophy and religion on the indestructible basis of reason and the essential elements of our higher humanity”: and again: “It is the glory of the Cambridge divines that they welcomed this new spirit of speculation” and “gave it frank entertainment in their halls of learning.” “Their liberalism takes a higher flight” than that of Hales and Chillingworth.[415]HisTrue Intellectual System of the Universewas published in 1678.[416]Afterwards fellow of Queens’, Hebrew lecturer and Greek praelector.[417]Whichcote’s moral and philosophical style of preaching now replaced “that doctrinal style which Puritans have curiously always considered to be more identical with the simplicity of Scriptural truth.” Tulloch.[418]The Conqueror gave him the barony of Bourne in the fen.[419]The de Vere of Matilda’s time had been her faithful adherent; Cambridgeshire was one of the ten English counties in which the Veres held lands, and they were the benefactors of the Cambridge Dominicans.[420]See also i. pp. 19, 44, ii. p. 110n.and p. 296.[421]Manfield was nephew to Castle-Bernard another Cambridge landowner.[422]Dugdale,Monasticonp. 1600. Stoke in the deanery of Clare was within the liberty of S. Edmund. The Augustinian hermits, as we have seen, came to Cambridge about the same time.[423]Stanton is a Cambridge place-name; other names derived from places in the district (besides of course ‘Cambridge’ and ‘Croyland’) being Walsingham, Walpole, Gaunt, Balsham, Bourne, Chatteris, Haddon, Milton, Newton, Caxton, Drayton, Brandon, Connington, Shelford; and Chancellor Haselfield (1300, 1307) probably took his name from Haslyngfield. Long Stanton was the seat of the Hattons.[424]The name appears early in the fen country as that of an abbot of Thorney—xiv c.[425]Cf. iv. p. 204.[426]2nd son of Edmund Langley. His wife was Anne Mortimer great-granddaughter of Elizabeth de Burgh, Duchess of Clarence; the son of Hastings, who figures in the earlier conspiracy, married her granddaughter.Richard’s son was earl of Ulster and lord of Clare in right of his mother. The sons of Edw. III.—Clarence, Gaunt, Edmund Langley, and Thomas of Woodstock—were all allied to founders of Cambridge colleges (see Tables I, II, III). Scrope’s brother Stephen was chancellor of the university; see p. 94, 94n.[427]“In all which time, you, and your husband Grey, were factious for the house of Lancaster.”Richard III.Act i. scene 3.[428]Pembroke held by the Clares, Mareschalls, Valence, Hastings. Huntingdon by David of Scotland and Malcolm the Maiden, by Hastings, and Grey. Buckingham by Stafford and Villiers. Suffolk by Pole, Brandon, Grey, and Howard. Leicester passed from the Beaumonts to the de Montforts, from the earls of Lancaster to John of Gaunt, the Dudleys and the Sidneys (p. 42n.).[429]From her, her grandson Mortimer Earl of March derived the title of Earl of Ulster.[430]Cowper was not himself at Cambridge, but he lived near by and frequently visited his brother a fellow of Benet College.[431]Langley and Langham were both names known at Cambridge in early days.[432]He married Anne daughter of the first Lord St. John of Bletsoe, a descendant of Margaret Beauchamp the mother of Lady Margaret.[433]See Trinity College pp. 135, 7, 9.[434]His ancestor Dr. Richard Sterne was one of the Masters ejected for refusing the Covenant.[435]In the Mildmay-Ratcliffe alliance, the two Protestant foundations of the xvi c. meet. The Ratcliffes, in addition to the alliance with Sidney, intermarried with the Staffords and Stanleys.Beside the xv c. Bynghams and Bassetts and Percies, and the xiv c. names so often recorded, it should not be forgotten that few early figures in the university are more interesting than that of Chancellor Stephen Segrave mentioned on pp. 203 and 259. Segrave was Bishop of Armagh and titular bishop of Ostia. He had been a clerk in the royal household, and was the champion of the university against the friars. It will be remembered that Nicholas Segrave—a baron of de Montfort’s parliament in 1265—had been one of those defenders of Kenilworth who held out in the isle of Ely till July 1267.[436]Cf. pp. 203n., 294n.[437]One of the Pastons married Anna Beaufort a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt.[438]Gray took theLL.B.on returning to the university.[439]Morland improved the fire engine and invented the speaking trumpet—one of his trumpets is preserved in the library at Trinity. He was 10 years at Cambridge, and was assistant to Cromwell’s secretary, Thurloe.[440]Woodward went to Cambridge when he was 30 years old.[441]The original double monastery of Ely did not become Benedictine till 970. See i. p. 12. Etheldreda (‘S. Audrey’) was the daughter of Anna king of the East Angles, and of Hereswitha sister of Hild, and wife to Oswy king of Northumbria. She thus united in her person the destinies of the northern provinces and East Anglia (where she was born) a union which has been perpetuated in the university of Cambridge. She was borncirca630, and died in 679. As “the Lady of Ely” her will, living or dead, was held to decide the fortunes of the city.[442]i. p. 16. Her name was given to the only monastic house in Cambridge. Rhadegund was abbess of Ste. CroixA.D.519-587.[443]It is sufficiently remarkable that a conspicuous rôle pertained almost exclusively to Englishwomen who were of the blood royal. This is true in the case of the great abbesses, and from the time of Hild and Etheldreda to that of Lady Margaret.[444]For the circumstances in which Clare and Pembroke were founded, see chap. ii. pp. 67-8 and 69, 71-2.[445]The countesses of Clare, Pembroke, Richmond, and Sussex.[446]Erasmus’ “three colleges” which represented for him the university and its new learning were Queens’, Christ’s, and S. John’s, all founded by women.[447]Lady Mildred Cecil gave money to the Master of S. John’s “to procure to have fyres in the hall of that colledg uppon all sondays and hollydays betwixt the fest of all Sayntes and Candlemas, whan there war no ordinary fyres of the charge of the colledg.” And pp. 72, 86, 120, 155.[448]A pioneer committee had been formed in October 1862 to obtain the admission of women to university examinations; Miss Emily Davies was Hon. Secretary. The first step taken was to secure the examination of girls in the university Local Examinations which had been started in 1858, and a private examination for girls simultaneously with that for boys was held on the 14 Dec. 1863. These examinations were formally opened to girls in February 1865 (infrap. 358). Meanwhile the Schools Enquiry commission of the previous year had brought into relief the absence of any education for girls after the school age. The commissioners were memorialised, and the immediate outcome was the scheme for a college, and the formation of a committee to carry it into effect. Cf. pp. 317-18n.[449]There were present Mrs. Manning, *Miss Emily Davies, *Sedley Taylor, and *H. R. Tomkinson. *Madame Bodichon, who was ill, was not present, but George Eliot wrote to her four days before the meeting, à propos of an appointment to see one of the members of the committee: “I am much occupied just now, but the better education of women is one of the objects about which I haveno doubt, and I shall rejoice if this idea of a college can be carried out.”On the General Committee of Hitchin College the bishops of Peter borough and S. David’s, the Dean of Ely, Lady Hobart, Lord Lyttelton, Prof. F. D. Maurice, Sir James Paget, Rt. Hon. Russell Gurney, M.P., Miss Anna Swanwick, and Miss Twining, sat with several others. On the Executive Committee were Mme. Bodichon, *Lady Goldsmid wife of Sir Francis Goldsmid elected liberal member for Reading in 1866, *Mrs. Russell Gurney, Prof. Seeley, Dean Stanley, and the members of the 1867 committee: while a Cambridge Committee included Professors Adams, Humphry, Lightfoot, Liveing, Drs. J. Venn, T. G. Bonney, the Revv. J. Porter, R. Burn, T. Markby, W. G. Clark; Henry Sidgwick, and Sedley Taylor. The asterisked names denote those who also constituted with 11 others the first members of Girton College (p. 321).[450]Incorporated from 1872 as Girton College.[451]Two or three of the Cambridge colleges were built at a distance from the schools and the centre of the town: thus Alcock described Jesus College as “the college of the Blessed Virgin Mary, S. John Evangelist, and S. Rhadegund,near Cambridge.” Hitchin in Hertfordshire, the first site of Girton, was one of the homes of the English Gilbertines, a double order for men and women which was also established in Cambridge. i. p. 19 andn.[452]This was followed by a bequest of £10,000.[453]It is interesting to find the names of Dillon and Davies continuing in the case of the first college for women at Cambridge the Irish and Welsh traditions of college founders. It is perhaps still more interesting to find that on her mother’s side Lady Stanley was descended from the companion-in-arms of de Burgh the “red earl” of Ulster, and that a Dillon intermarried with the heiress of the 2nd earl of Clare, names honoured as those of the woman founder of one of the first Cambridge colleges.
[360]Thepileumplaced on the head of the new master of arts in the xv? and xvi centuries, probably symbolised the termination of thestatus pupillaris. Cf.Haec mera libertas, hoc nobis pilea donant; andservos ad pileum vocare(Livy). The tall silk hat signified the same thing. It was worn by youngM.A.’s, and by the ‘Hat-fellow-commoners,’ and is still worn byM.A.’son a visit to theiralma materthough not by resident ‘dons.’
[360]Thepileumplaced on the head of the new master of arts in the xv? and xvi centuries, probably symbolised the termination of thestatus pupillaris. Cf.Haec mera libertas, hoc nobis pilea donant; andservos ad pileum vocare(Livy). The tall silk hat signified the same thing. It was worn by youngM.A.’s, and by the ‘Hat-fellow-commoners,’ and is still worn byM.A.’son a visit to theiralma materthough not by resident ‘dons.’
[361]This was not worn at Trinity, King’s, and one or two other colleges.
[361]This was not worn at Trinity, King’s, and one or two other colleges.
[362]It is interesting to note that the Scotch universities retain the violet gown. The Scots’ College in Rome (founded in 1600) dresses its collegians in a violet cassock, over which is a blacksoprana.
[362]It is interesting to note that the Scotch universities retain the violet gown. The Scots’ College in Rome (founded in 1600) dresses its collegians in a violet cassock, over which is a blacksoprana.
[363]Bachelors of arts whether they be scholars reading for a fellowship or young graduates preparing for the ‘Second Part’ of a tripos, are stillin statu pupillari. Perhaps, then, the more important gown, the bachelor’s, retained this vestige of the older dress which has been lost in the modification undergone by the undergraduates’. That the strings indicate a state of dependence is confirmed by their being found on the dress of the pope’s lay chamberlains calledcamerieri di cappa e spada; the papal palfrey men and other domestics being also provided with them.
[363]Bachelors of arts whether they be scholars reading for a fellowship or young graduates preparing for the ‘Second Part’ of a tripos, are stillin statu pupillari. Perhaps, then, the more important gown, the bachelor’s, retained this vestige of the older dress which has been lost in the modification undergone by the undergraduates’. That the strings indicate a state of dependence is confirmed by their being found on the dress of the pope’s lay chamberlains calledcamerieri di cappa e spada; the papal palfrey men and other domestics being also provided with them.
[364]A custom now dying out.
[364]A custom now dying out.
[365]Christopher Wordsworth became Master of his college.
[365]Christopher Wordsworth became Master of his college.
[366]Studies were much later additions in the colleges, and at first a room would be fitted with 8 or 10 ‘studies,’ alcoves or cabinets 5 ft. 6 in. by 6 ft., which would be eagerly hired by students. Sometimes the studies were furnished by the pensioners with the necessary desk and shelves. No attempt at decoration of college rooms appears to have been made till the poet Gray placed scented flowers in his window and bought Japanese vases of the blue and white china afterwards to become so fashionable—which caused much remark. When young peers came up to Cambridge attended by their tutor and an amplesuitethe colleges were much put about to lodge them, and we find Lady Rutland as early as 1590 sending hangings for her son’s with-drawing-room at Corpus.
[366]Studies were much later additions in the colleges, and at first a room would be fitted with 8 or 10 ‘studies,’ alcoves or cabinets 5 ft. 6 in. by 6 ft., which would be eagerly hired by students. Sometimes the studies were furnished by the pensioners with the necessary desk and shelves. No attempt at decoration of college rooms appears to have been made till the poet Gray placed scented flowers in his window and bought Japanese vases of the blue and white china afterwards to become so fashionable—which caused much remark. When young peers came up to Cambridge attended by their tutor and an amplesuitethe colleges were much put about to lodge them, and we find Lady Rutland as early as 1590 sending hangings for her son’s with-drawing-room at Corpus.
[367]The enmity of ‘town and gown,’ a consequence, no doubt, of the thronging of our university towns with an alien population, is traditional, and we first hear of it in 1249 before any colleges were built. Fifty years later (in 1305) the townsmen attacked the gownsmen, wounding and beating both masters and scholars “to the manifest delaying of their study” says the King’s letter on the subject (33rd of Edw. I.). Bad relations between ‘town and gown’ prevailed throughout the reign of Elizabeth. Cf. v. p. 261.
[367]The enmity of ‘town and gown,’ a consequence, no doubt, of the thronging of our university towns with an alien population, is traditional, and we first hear of it in 1249 before any colleges were built. Fifty years later (in 1305) the townsmen attacked the gownsmen, wounding and beating both masters and scholars “to the manifest delaying of their study” says the King’s letter on the subject (33rd of Edw. I.). Bad relations between ‘town and gown’ prevailed throughout the reign of Elizabeth. Cf. v. p. 261.
[368]The allowance per head per week for food or “commons” was at Michaelhouse 12d. in 1324, and no more was allowed in the xvi c. at Christ’s and S. John’s. The allowance at Jesus College was 4d. a week in excess of this, and this was the sum which Archbishop Arundel had sanctioned for fellows’ commons earlier in the century (1405). Peterhouse statutes made no provision, but the Bishop of Ely as visitor restricted commons to 14d. a week in 1516. Mullinger,Hist. Univ. Camb.p. 461.
[368]The allowance per head per week for food or “commons” was at Michaelhouse 12d. in 1324, and no more was allowed in the xvi c. at Christ’s and S. John’s. The allowance at Jesus College was 4d. a week in excess of this, and this was the sum which Archbishop Arundel had sanctioned for fellows’ commons earlier in the century (1405). Peterhouse statutes made no provision, but the Bishop of Ely as visitor restricted commons to 14d. a week in 1516. Mullinger,Hist. Univ. Camb.p. 461.
[369]Undergraduates have perhaps shown a tendency to get out of hand since the day a few years back when some of the dons invited an expression of their opinion, apparently expecting that a serious question affecting the university would receive illustration from a little hooliganism.
[369]Undergraduates have perhaps shown a tendency to get out of hand since the day a few years back when some of the dons invited an expression of their opinion, apparently expecting that a serious question affecting the university would receive illustration from a little hooliganism.
[370]In June 1905 there were 647 tripos candidates, 146 for the Natural Sciences, 127 for History, 111 Classics, 95 Law, 63 Mathematics, 28 Mechanical Science, 25 Theology, 13 Modern Languages, 5 Moral Sciences, 5 Economics, 1 Oriental Languages. The year before Natural Sciences was also at the top of the poll with 131 graduates; the Classical came next with 112, the Mathematical 67, History 63. Some 30% therefore take Natural or Mechanical Sciences, and some of the mathematical students stay on for scientific work. The far larger number of men now take the First Part of the Mathematical, Classical, or Natural Sciences tripos in their third year, which gives them theB.A., and do not proceed to the Second Part. For the proportion of First and Second classes obtained cf. vi. p. 356n.It was, however, only very gradually that the classical and other triposes worked their way to an equality in popularity with the mathematical. It was not till 1884, after the division of the tripos, that the classical men were slightly in excess of the mathematical (see chap. iii.).
[370]In June 1905 there were 647 tripos candidates, 146 for the Natural Sciences, 127 for History, 111 Classics, 95 Law, 63 Mathematics, 28 Mechanical Science, 25 Theology, 13 Modern Languages, 5 Moral Sciences, 5 Economics, 1 Oriental Languages. The year before Natural Sciences was also at the top of the poll with 131 graduates; the Classical came next with 112, the Mathematical 67, History 63. Some 30% therefore take Natural or Mechanical Sciences, and some of the mathematical students stay on for scientific work. The far larger number of men now take the First Part of the Mathematical, Classical, or Natural Sciences tripos in their third year, which gives them theB.A., and do not proceed to the Second Part. For the proportion of First and Second classes obtained cf. vi. p. 356n.
It was, however, only very gradually that the classical and other triposes worked their way to an equality in popularity with the mathematical. It was not till 1884, after the division of the tripos, that the classical men were slightly in excess of the mathematical (see chap. iii.).
[371]On the other hand Oxford has had 9 wins in succession.
[371]On the other hand Oxford has had 9 wins in succession.
[372]The wearing of the surplice in chapel on Sundays and holidays by all undergraduates, scholars, and bachelors, is a very interesting historical survival at Cambridge, which has successfully resisted the attacks of Puritanism. It is worn by all members of a college on ‘white nights’ (vigils and feasts), and is the ancient dress of the canon and of clerks of all grades at divine service.
[372]The wearing of the surplice in chapel on Sundays and holidays by all undergraduates, scholars, and bachelors, is a very interesting historical survival at Cambridge, which has successfully resisted the attacks of Puritanism. It is worn by all members of a college on ‘white nights’ (vigils and feasts), and is the ancient dress of the canon and of clerks of all grades at divine service.
[373]“Scarlet days” are Easter, Christmas, Ascension, Whitsunday, Trinity Sunday, All Saints, the first Sunday in November (when benefactors are commemorated) and Commencement Tuesday (the next before June 24). The vice-chancellor may appoint other days.
[373]“Scarlet days” are Easter, Christmas, Ascension, Whitsunday, Trinity Sunday, All Saints, the first Sunday in November (when benefactors are commemorated) and Commencement Tuesday (the next before June 24). The vice-chancellor may appoint other days.
[374]Everett,On the Cam. Everett’s father was United States ambassador at the Court of S. James’, and he himself was a graduate of Trinity College.
[374]Everett,On the Cam. Everett’s father was United States ambassador at the Court of S. James’, and he himself was a graduate of Trinity College.
[375]Wolsey, son of a well-to-do Suffolk butcher, was sent to Oxford, but Thomas Cromwell, who was the son of a blacksmith, probably was not educated at a university.
[375]Wolsey, son of a well-to-do Suffolk butcher, was sent to Oxford, but Thomas Cromwell, who was the son of a blacksmith, probably was not educated at a university.
[376]The New Sect of Latitude-men, 1662.
[376]The New Sect of Latitude-men, 1662.
[377]Eton—Cambridge and Oxford—3 each; Oxford had 3 from Winchester, all the rest coming from the lesser public schools, Haileybury (3), and church schools such as Radley.
[377]Eton—Cambridge and Oxford—3 each; Oxford had 3 from Winchester, all the rest coming from the lesser public schools, Haileybury (3), and church schools such as Radley.
[378]A very interesting symptom is the recent election of an American fellow at Trinity and Christ’s Colleges.
[378]A very interesting symptom is the recent election of an American fellow at Trinity and Christ’s Colleges.
[379]In the time of Caius the number of students was 1783 (see p. 217n.).A.D.1573.Trinity held 359 of these, John’s 271, Christ’s 157, King’s 140, Clare 129, Queens’ 122. Magdalene and S. Catherine’s were the smallest with 49 and 32 respectively. The remaining 6 colleges held between 62 and 96 students each, except Jesus which had a population of 118.A.D.1672.A hundred years after Caius the numbers were 2522. 3000 is about the maximum at either university since the xiii c. At Cambridge the undergraduate population at the present date (October 1906) exceeds 3200, with over 350 resident bachelors, and about 650M.A.’sand doctors, 400 of whom are fellows.Cf. with the figures given on p. 206. A man may keep his name on the boards of his college by a payment varying from £2 to £4 a year. The number of men “on the boards” of the university includes all those on the boards of their colleges and has grown in 150 years from 1500 (in 1748) to 13,819 in 1906-7.
[379]In the time of Caius the number of students was 1783 (see p. 217n.).
A.D.1573.
Trinity held 359 of these, John’s 271, Christ’s 157, King’s 140, Clare 129, Queens’ 122. Magdalene and S. Catherine’s were the smallest with 49 and 32 respectively. The remaining 6 colleges held between 62 and 96 students each, except Jesus which had a population of 118.
A.D.1672.
A hundred years after Caius the numbers were 2522. 3000 is about the maximum at either university since the xiii c. At Cambridge the undergraduate population at the present date (October 1906) exceeds 3200, with over 350 resident bachelors, and about 650M.A.’sand doctors, 400 of whom are fellows.
Cf. with the figures given on p. 206. A man may keep his name on the boards of his college by a payment varying from £2 to £4 a year. The number of men “on the boards” of the university includes all those on the boards of their colleges and has grown in 150 years from 1500 (in 1748) to 13,819 in 1906-7.
[380]Those marked with an asterisk are included principally for their influence on education.
[380]Those marked with an asterisk are included principally for their influence on education.
[381]OrWalter de Merton.
[381]OrWalter de Merton.
[382]Raleigh was entered as a boy for Oriel College but never resided there.
[382]Raleigh was entered as a boy for Oriel College but never resided there.
[383]Gladstone was by race a pure Scotsman, but was English by birth and breeding.
[383]Gladstone was by race a pure Scotsman, but was English by birth and breeding.
[384]Miss Nightingale is taken as a representative of the work of Howard, Clarkson, Shaftesbury, Hannah More, Mrs. Fry, and others of the same noble army among whom she is perhaps typical for the English adventuresome and pioneer spirit.It would not be possible to choose 40 great Englishmen whom every one should agree to be among the 40 greatest, or the best types in the lines indicated. Some great English names—as e.g. Simon de Montfort—do not appear for the same reason which excludes William the Conqueror, viz. that they were not Englishmen.The following is a short analysis:—(1)Men representingEnglish Learningand education:Hild.Bede.Alcuin.Alfred.Grosseteste.William of Wykeham.Lady Margaret.Dean Colet, Ox.Bishop Fisher, C.Thomas More, Ox.Roger Ascham, C.(2)EnglishChurchmen:Stephen Langton.Robert Grosseteste, Ox.William of Wykeham.Fisher, C.Wolsey, Ox.Cranmer, C.Jeremy Taylor, C.(3)English Religion:Wyclif, Ox.Lady Margaret.More, Ox.Jeremy Taylor, C.Bunyan.Wesley, Ox.(4)English politics:Alfred.Stephen Langton.Grosseteste, Ox.Edward I.Elizabeth.Cromwell, C.Milton, C.John Locke, Ox.Pitt, C.Gladstone, Ox.(5)Literature andmakers of Englishlanguage:Bede.Chaucer, C.Ascham, C.Philip Sidney, Ox.Shakespeare.Francis Bacon, C.Milton, C.Bunyan.Locke, Ox.(6)Philosophers:Locke.Mill.(7)English Science:Roger Bacon, Ox.Francis Bacon, C.Harvey, C.Newton, C.Darwin, C.(8)EnglishAdventure:Drake.Raleigh.Clive.Nelson.Nightingale.
[384]Miss Nightingale is taken as a representative of the work of Howard, Clarkson, Shaftesbury, Hannah More, Mrs. Fry, and others of the same noble army among whom she is perhaps typical for the English adventuresome and pioneer spirit.
It would not be possible to choose 40 great Englishmen whom every one should agree to be among the 40 greatest, or the best types in the lines indicated. Some great English names—as e.g. Simon de Montfort—do not appear for the same reason which excludes William the Conqueror, viz. that they were not Englishmen.
The following is a short analysis:—
[385]See the list of dramatists below.[387]
[385]See the list of dramatists below.[387]
[386]Sonneteers: Wyatt, Cambridge. Surrey, Cambridge? Thomas Watson, Oxford? Philip Sidney, Oxford. Samuel Daniel, Oxford. Lodge, Oxford to Cambridge. Drayton, none.
[386]Sonneteers: Wyatt, Cambridge. Surrey, Cambridge? Thomas Watson, Oxford? Philip Sidney, Oxford. Samuel Daniel, Oxford. Lodge, Oxford to Cambridge. Drayton, none.
[387]The Dramatists.Greene(Cambridge).Lyly(Oxford to Cambridge).Peele(Oxford).Lodge(Oxford to Cambridge).(disciple of Greene)Christopher Marlowe(Cambridge).Kyd(none).Shakespeare(none).Ben Jonson(Cambridge).Nash(Cambridge).Chapman(?)Marston(Oxford).Dekker(nothing known).Thomas Heywood(Cambridge).Middleton(nothing known).Munday(“The pope’sscholar in theseminary atRome”).Fletcher(Cambridge).(12 years at Benet College)Beaumont(Oxford).Webster(nothing known).Massinger(Oxford).Rowley(nothing known).Ford(Oxford ?).James Shirley(Oxford to Cambridge).The Novelists.Richardson(none).Fielding(University of Leyden).Defoe(none).Steele(Oxford).Smollett(none).Sterne(Cambridge).Goldsmith(none).And the 7 great names of our century:Jane Austen.Scott(none).[388]The two Brontës.Thackeray(Cambridge).Dickens(none).George Eliot.Meredith(none).
[387]
The Dramatists.
And the 7 great names of our century:
[388]Scott attended the law classes at Edinburgh university.
[388]Scott attended the law classes at Edinburgh university.
[389]“The first of the great English writers in whom letters asserted an almost public importance.” In the new ‘republic of letters’ Dryden was “chosen chief”; “He had done more than any man to create a literary class”; “he was the first to impress the idea of literature on the English mind.” Master “alike of poetry and prose, covering the fields both of imagination and criticism.... Dryden realized in his own personality the existence of a new power which was thenceforth to tell steadily on the world ... our literature obeyed the impulse he had given it from the beginning of the eighteenth century till near its close.”—J. R. Green.
[389]“The first of the great English writers in whom letters asserted an almost public importance.” In the new ‘republic of letters’ Dryden was “chosen chief”; “He had done more than any man to create a literary class”; “he was the first to impress the idea of literature on the English mind.” Master “alike of poetry and prose, covering the fields both of imagination and criticism.... Dryden realized in his own personality the existence of a new power which was thenceforth to tell steadily on the world ... our literature obeyed the impulse he had given it from the beginning of the eighteenth century till near its close.”—J. R. Green.
[390]The first number appeared in November 1665 and was called “The Oxford Gazette,” the court being at that time at Oxford on account of the plague which was then raging in town.
[390]The first number appeared in November 1665 and was called “The Oxford Gazette,” the court being at that time at Oxford on account of the plague which was then raging in town.
[391]The succession of archbishops of Canterbury from 1486 is: Cardinal Morton, Oxford; Warham (1500), neither university; Cranmer, Cambridge; Pole, Oxford; Parker, Cambridge; Grindal, Cambridge; Whitgift, Cambridge; Bancroft (1604), Cambridge.Among the names given above, those with an asterisk were further connected with their university as founders, Masters and fellows of colleges, or as chancellors.
[391]The succession of archbishops of Canterbury from 1486 is: Cardinal Morton, Oxford; Warham (1500), neither university; Cranmer, Cambridge; Pole, Oxford; Parker, Cambridge; Grindal, Cambridge; Whitgift, Cambridge; Bancroft (1604), Cambridge.
Among the names given above, those with an asterisk were further connected with their university as founders, Masters and fellows of colleges, or as chancellors.
[392]Sydenham took a medical degree at Cambridge.
[392]Sydenham took a medical degree at Cambridge.
[393]Cf. the Duke of Exeter, ii. pp. 58n., 156.
[393]Cf. the Duke of Exeter, ii. pp. 58n., 156.
[394]The plate of Queens’ College is preserved at Oxford to this day.
[394]The plate of Queens’ College is preserved at Oxford to this day.
[395]Chief of whom was the Earl of Manchester, like Cromwell himself a Cambridge man. Cromwell and Lord Grey of Wark had “dealt very earnestly” with the Heads of colleges to extract a loan of £6000 for the public use. The earnest dealing included shutting most of them up till midnight. Cromwell on their refusal declared he would have taken £1000; not that that sum would have been of any service, but because it would have shown that they had one of the universities on their side. All that Cambridge had, however, was sent to Charles.
[395]Chief of whom was the Earl of Manchester, like Cromwell himself a Cambridge man. Cromwell and Lord Grey of Wark had “dealt very earnestly” with the Heads of colleges to extract a loan of £6000 for the public use. The earnest dealing included shutting most of them up till midnight. Cromwell on their refusal declared he would have taken £1000; not that that sum would have been of any service, but because it would have shown that they had one of the universities on their side. All that Cambridge had, however, was sent to Charles.
[396]Compton and Trelawney.
[396]Compton and Trelawney.
[397]There had been a previous meeting at Lambeth Palace in which Turner, White, Tenison (then rector of S. Martin’s) and Compton, the suspended Bishop of London, took part. All were Cambridge men except Compton. At a consultation of London clergy Tillotson, then Dean of Canterbury, Sherlock, Master of the Temple, Stillingfleet, Archdeacon of London and Dean of S. Paul’s, and Patrick, Dean of Peterborough, supported Edward Fowler (an Oxonian) in a declaration that they were unable to publish the Indulgence. Every one of these men was from Cambridge.
[397]There had been a previous meeting at Lambeth Palace in which Turner, White, Tenison (then rector of S. Martin’s) and Compton, the suspended Bishop of London, took part. All were Cambridge men except Compton. At a consultation of London clergy Tillotson, then Dean of Canterbury, Sherlock, Master of the Temple, Stillingfleet, Archdeacon of London and Dean of S. Paul’s, and Patrick, Dean of Peterborough, supported Edward Fowler (an Oxonian) in a declaration that they were unable to publish the Indulgence. Every one of these men was from Cambridge.
[398]He had not received his call in time to sign the protest of the seven bishops. Lloyd was at Cambridge, Frampton at Oxford.
[398]He had not received his call in time to sign the protest of the seven bishops. Lloyd was at Cambridge, Frampton at Oxford.
[399]See ii. p. 57, the dissolution of the friars of the Sack.
[399]See ii. p. 57, the dissolution of the friars of the Sack.
[400]Scory, Bishop of Hereford, had been given preferment by Cranmer on the dissolution of the Dominicans; he was put into the see of the deprived Catholic bishop Day of Chichester, a King’s man, and was one of Parker’s consecrators. In 1554 he renounced his wife and did penance before Bonner. The other, Day of King’s, Bishop of Winchester and brother of the Catholic prelate, was an ardent reformer.
[400]Scory, Bishop of Hereford, had been given preferment by Cranmer on the dissolution of the Dominicans; he was put into the see of the deprived Catholic bishop Day of Chichester, a King’s man, and was one of Parker’s consecrators. In 1554 he renounced his wife and did penance before Bonner. The other, Day of King’s, Bishop of Winchester and brother of the Catholic prelate, was an ardent reformer.
[401]Heath of Clare College was successively Bishop of Rochester and Worcester, and Primate of York.
[401]Heath of Clare College was successively Bishop of Rochester and Worcester, and Primate of York.
[402]Cuthbert Tunstall, who had come to King’s Hall from Oxford, and afterwards studied at Padua, was himself one of the translators of the 1540 bible.
[402]Cuthbert Tunstall, who had come to King’s Hall from Oxford, and afterwards studied at Padua, was himself one of the translators of the 1540 bible.
[403]See ii. p. 84. Corpus Christi College.
[403]See ii. p. 84. Corpus Christi College.
[404]Tillotson and Stillingfleet, the most prominent churchmen in the reign of James II.
[404]Tillotson and Stillingfleet, the most prominent churchmen in the reign of James II.
[405]They were Matthew Parker of Corpus, Cox of King’s, Grindal of Pembroke, Bill and Pilkington of S. John’s, May and Sir Thomas Smith of Queens’, and David Whitehead.
[405]They were Matthew Parker of Corpus, Cox of King’s, Grindal of Pembroke, Bill and Pilkington of S. John’s, May and Sir Thomas Smith of Queens’, and David Whitehead.
[406]Rowland Taylor of Christ’s College, a Suffolk rector, suffered in 1535. Latimer who had argued on the Catholic side at the university, was persuaded to Protestantism by Bilney. With Bilney Thomas M’Arthur, a fellow of S. John’s and then Principal of S. Mary’s Hostel, recanted.
[406]Rowland Taylor of Christ’s College, a Suffolk rector, suffered in 1535. Latimer who had argued on the Catholic side at the university, was persuaded to Protestantism by Bilney. With Bilney Thomas M’Arthur, a fellow of S. John’s and then Principal of S. Mary’s Hostel, recanted.
[407]Rogers b. 1509 at Birmingham. Burned at Smithfield Feb. 1555.
[407]Rogers b. 1509 at Birmingham. Burned at Smithfield Feb. 1555.
[408]It was Cromwell who, as chancellor, began to wean the university from the pope; and he removed its papal script—bulls, briefs, and dispensations—which was not returned till such time as he judged the substitution of the king for the pope to be complete.
[408]It was Cromwell who, as chancellor, began to wean the university from the pope; and he removed its papal script—bulls, briefs, and dispensations—which was not returned till such time as he judged the substitution of the king for the pope to be complete.
[409]Falkland,b.1610. Chillingworth born and educated in Oxford. Taylor born and educated in Cambridge. Stillingfleet,b.1635, fellow of S. John’s, bishop of Worcester.
[409]Falkland,b.1610. Chillingworth born and educated in Oxford. Taylor born and educated in Cambridge. Stillingfleet,b.1635, fellow of S. John’s, bishop of Worcester.
[410]ob.1648.
[410]ob.1648.
[411]Cf. Peterhouse pp. 58-9, and Emmanuel p. 145. For religion in Cambridge at the present day, see iv. pp. 246-7.
[411]Cf. Peterhouse pp. 58-9, and Emmanuel p. 145. For religion in Cambridge at the present day, see iv. pp. 246-7.
[412]Burnet, the historian of the movement, writes: “They loved the constitution of the church, and the liturgy, and could well live under them; but they did not think it unlawful to live under another form.... They continued to keep a good correspondence with those who differed from them in opinion, and allowed a great freedom both in philosophy and in divinity; from whence they were called men of latitude. And upon this, men of narrower thoughts and fiercer tempers fastened upon them the name of Latitudinarians.”
[412]Burnet, the historian of the movement, writes: “They loved the constitution of the church, and the liturgy, and could well live under them; but they did not think it unlawful to live under another form.... They continued to keep a good correspondence with those who differed from them in opinion, and allowed a great freedom both in philosophy and in divinity; from whence they were called men of latitude. And upon this, men of narrower thoughts and fiercer tempers fastened upon them the name of Latitudinarians.”
[413]“Within the bosom of Protestantism they kindled for the first time the love of this nobler speculation.” (Tulloch, vol. 2. p. 24.)
[413]“Within the bosom of Protestantism they kindled for the first time the love of this nobler speculation.” (Tulloch, vol. 2. p. 24.)
[414]Cf. Tulloch,Rational Theology in England in the xvii century(1872) vol. 2. p. 13, to whose able and interesting account of the movement I am very much indebted. “They sought,” writes Tulloch, “to confirm the union of philosophy and religion on the indestructible basis of reason and the essential elements of our higher humanity”: and again: “It is the glory of the Cambridge divines that they welcomed this new spirit of speculation” and “gave it frank entertainment in their halls of learning.” “Their liberalism takes a higher flight” than that of Hales and Chillingworth.
[414]Cf. Tulloch,Rational Theology in England in the xvii century(1872) vol. 2. p. 13, to whose able and interesting account of the movement I am very much indebted. “They sought,” writes Tulloch, “to confirm the union of philosophy and religion on the indestructible basis of reason and the essential elements of our higher humanity”: and again: “It is the glory of the Cambridge divines that they welcomed this new spirit of speculation” and “gave it frank entertainment in their halls of learning.” “Their liberalism takes a higher flight” than that of Hales and Chillingworth.
[415]HisTrue Intellectual System of the Universewas published in 1678.
[415]HisTrue Intellectual System of the Universewas published in 1678.
[416]Afterwards fellow of Queens’, Hebrew lecturer and Greek praelector.
[416]Afterwards fellow of Queens’, Hebrew lecturer and Greek praelector.
[417]Whichcote’s moral and philosophical style of preaching now replaced “that doctrinal style which Puritans have curiously always considered to be more identical with the simplicity of Scriptural truth.” Tulloch.
[417]Whichcote’s moral and philosophical style of preaching now replaced “that doctrinal style which Puritans have curiously always considered to be more identical with the simplicity of Scriptural truth.” Tulloch.
[418]The Conqueror gave him the barony of Bourne in the fen.
[418]The Conqueror gave him the barony of Bourne in the fen.
[419]The de Vere of Matilda’s time had been her faithful adherent; Cambridgeshire was one of the ten English counties in which the Veres held lands, and they were the benefactors of the Cambridge Dominicans.
[419]The de Vere of Matilda’s time had been her faithful adherent; Cambridgeshire was one of the ten English counties in which the Veres held lands, and they were the benefactors of the Cambridge Dominicans.
[420]See also i. pp. 19, 44, ii. p. 110n.and p. 296.
[420]See also i. pp. 19, 44, ii. p. 110n.and p. 296.
[421]Manfield was nephew to Castle-Bernard another Cambridge landowner.
[421]Manfield was nephew to Castle-Bernard another Cambridge landowner.
[422]Dugdale,Monasticonp. 1600. Stoke in the deanery of Clare was within the liberty of S. Edmund. The Augustinian hermits, as we have seen, came to Cambridge about the same time.
[422]Dugdale,Monasticonp. 1600. Stoke in the deanery of Clare was within the liberty of S. Edmund. The Augustinian hermits, as we have seen, came to Cambridge about the same time.
[423]Stanton is a Cambridge place-name; other names derived from places in the district (besides of course ‘Cambridge’ and ‘Croyland’) being Walsingham, Walpole, Gaunt, Balsham, Bourne, Chatteris, Haddon, Milton, Newton, Caxton, Drayton, Brandon, Connington, Shelford; and Chancellor Haselfield (1300, 1307) probably took his name from Haslyngfield. Long Stanton was the seat of the Hattons.
[423]Stanton is a Cambridge place-name; other names derived from places in the district (besides of course ‘Cambridge’ and ‘Croyland’) being Walsingham, Walpole, Gaunt, Balsham, Bourne, Chatteris, Haddon, Milton, Newton, Caxton, Drayton, Brandon, Connington, Shelford; and Chancellor Haselfield (1300, 1307) probably took his name from Haslyngfield. Long Stanton was the seat of the Hattons.
[424]The name appears early in the fen country as that of an abbot of Thorney—xiv c.
[424]The name appears early in the fen country as that of an abbot of Thorney—xiv c.
[425]Cf. iv. p. 204.
[425]Cf. iv. p. 204.
[426]2nd son of Edmund Langley. His wife was Anne Mortimer great-granddaughter of Elizabeth de Burgh, Duchess of Clarence; the son of Hastings, who figures in the earlier conspiracy, married her granddaughter.Richard’s son was earl of Ulster and lord of Clare in right of his mother. The sons of Edw. III.—Clarence, Gaunt, Edmund Langley, and Thomas of Woodstock—were all allied to founders of Cambridge colleges (see Tables I, II, III). Scrope’s brother Stephen was chancellor of the university; see p. 94, 94n.
[426]2nd son of Edmund Langley. His wife was Anne Mortimer great-granddaughter of Elizabeth de Burgh, Duchess of Clarence; the son of Hastings, who figures in the earlier conspiracy, married her granddaughter.
Richard’s son was earl of Ulster and lord of Clare in right of his mother. The sons of Edw. III.—Clarence, Gaunt, Edmund Langley, and Thomas of Woodstock—were all allied to founders of Cambridge colleges (see Tables I, II, III). Scrope’s brother Stephen was chancellor of the university; see p. 94, 94n.
[427]“In all which time, you, and your husband Grey, were factious for the house of Lancaster.”Richard III.Act i. scene 3.
[427]“In all which time, you, and your husband Grey, were factious for the house of Lancaster.”Richard III.Act i. scene 3.
[428]Pembroke held by the Clares, Mareschalls, Valence, Hastings. Huntingdon by David of Scotland and Malcolm the Maiden, by Hastings, and Grey. Buckingham by Stafford and Villiers. Suffolk by Pole, Brandon, Grey, and Howard. Leicester passed from the Beaumonts to the de Montforts, from the earls of Lancaster to John of Gaunt, the Dudleys and the Sidneys (p. 42n.).
[428]Pembroke held by the Clares, Mareschalls, Valence, Hastings. Huntingdon by David of Scotland and Malcolm the Maiden, by Hastings, and Grey. Buckingham by Stafford and Villiers. Suffolk by Pole, Brandon, Grey, and Howard. Leicester passed from the Beaumonts to the de Montforts, from the earls of Lancaster to John of Gaunt, the Dudleys and the Sidneys (p. 42n.).
[429]From her, her grandson Mortimer Earl of March derived the title of Earl of Ulster.
[429]From her, her grandson Mortimer Earl of March derived the title of Earl of Ulster.
[430]Cowper was not himself at Cambridge, but he lived near by and frequently visited his brother a fellow of Benet College.
[430]Cowper was not himself at Cambridge, but he lived near by and frequently visited his brother a fellow of Benet College.
[431]Langley and Langham were both names known at Cambridge in early days.
[431]Langley and Langham were both names known at Cambridge in early days.
[432]He married Anne daughter of the first Lord St. John of Bletsoe, a descendant of Margaret Beauchamp the mother of Lady Margaret.
[432]He married Anne daughter of the first Lord St. John of Bletsoe, a descendant of Margaret Beauchamp the mother of Lady Margaret.
[433]See Trinity College pp. 135, 7, 9.
[433]See Trinity College pp. 135, 7, 9.
[434]His ancestor Dr. Richard Sterne was one of the Masters ejected for refusing the Covenant.
[434]His ancestor Dr. Richard Sterne was one of the Masters ejected for refusing the Covenant.
[435]In the Mildmay-Ratcliffe alliance, the two Protestant foundations of the xvi c. meet. The Ratcliffes, in addition to the alliance with Sidney, intermarried with the Staffords and Stanleys.Beside the xv c. Bynghams and Bassetts and Percies, and the xiv c. names so often recorded, it should not be forgotten that few early figures in the university are more interesting than that of Chancellor Stephen Segrave mentioned on pp. 203 and 259. Segrave was Bishop of Armagh and titular bishop of Ostia. He had been a clerk in the royal household, and was the champion of the university against the friars. It will be remembered that Nicholas Segrave—a baron of de Montfort’s parliament in 1265—had been one of those defenders of Kenilworth who held out in the isle of Ely till July 1267.
[435]In the Mildmay-Ratcliffe alliance, the two Protestant foundations of the xvi c. meet. The Ratcliffes, in addition to the alliance with Sidney, intermarried with the Staffords and Stanleys.
Beside the xv c. Bynghams and Bassetts and Percies, and the xiv c. names so often recorded, it should not be forgotten that few early figures in the university are more interesting than that of Chancellor Stephen Segrave mentioned on pp. 203 and 259. Segrave was Bishop of Armagh and titular bishop of Ostia. He had been a clerk in the royal household, and was the champion of the university against the friars. It will be remembered that Nicholas Segrave—a baron of de Montfort’s parliament in 1265—had been one of those defenders of Kenilworth who held out in the isle of Ely till July 1267.
[436]Cf. pp. 203n., 294n.
[436]Cf. pp. 203n., 294n.
[437]One of the Pastons married Anna Beaufort a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt.
[437]One of the Pastons married Anna Beaufort a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt.
[438]Gray took theLL.B.on returning to the university.
[438]Gray took theLL.B.on returning to the university.
[439]Morland improved the fire engine and invented the speaking trumpet—one of his trumpets is preserved in the library at Trinity. He was 10 years at Cambridge, and was assistant to Cromwell’s secretary, Thurloe.
[439]Morland improved the fire engine and invented the speaking trumpet—one of his trumpets is preserved in the library at Trinity. He was 10 years at Cambridge, and was assistant to Cromwell’s secretary, Thurloe.
[440]Woodward went to Cambridge when he was 30 years old.
[440]Woodward went to Cambridge when he was 30 years old.
[441]The original double monastery of Ely did not become Benedictine till 970. See i. p. 12. Etheldreda (‘S. Audrey’) was the daughter of Anna king of the East Angles, and of Hereswitha sister of Hild, and wife to Oswy king of Northumbria. She thus united in her person the destinies of the northern provinces and East Anglia (where she was born) a union which has been perpetuated in the university of Cambridge. She was borncirca630, and died in 679. As “the Lady of Ely” her will, living or dead, was held to decide the fortunes of the city.
[441]The original double monastery of Ely did not become Benedictine till 970. See i. p. 12. Etheldreda (‘S. Audrey’) was the daughter of Anna king of the East Angles, and of Hereswitha sister of Hild, and wife to Oswy king of Northumbria. She thus united in her person the destinies of the northern provinces and East Anglia (where she was born) a union which has been perpetuated in the university of Cambridge. She was borncirca630, and died in 679. As “the Lady of Ely” her will, living or dead, was held to decide the fortunes of the city.
[442]i. p. 16. Her name was given to the only monastic house in Cambridge. Rhadegund was abbess of Ste. CroixA.D.519-587.
[442]i. p. 16. Her name was given to the only monastic house in Cambridge. Rhadegund was abbess of Ste. CroixA.D.519-587.
[443]It is sufficiently remarkable that a conspicuous rôle pertained almost exclusively to Englishwomen who were of the blood royal. This is true in the case of the great abbesses, and from the time of Hild and Etheldreda to that of Lady Margaret.
[443]It is sufficiently remarkable that a conspicuous rôle pertained almost exclusively to Englishwomen who were of the blood royal. This is true in the case of the great abbesses, and from the time of Hild and Etheldreda to that of Lady Margaret.
[444]For the circumstances in which Clare and Pembroke were founded, see chap. ii. pp. 67-8 and 69, 71-2.
[444]For the circumstances in which Clare and Pembroke were founded, see chap. ii. pp. 67-8 and 69, 71-2.
[445]The countesses of Clare, Pembroke, Richmond, and Sussex.
[445]The countesses of Clare, Pembroke, Richmond, and Sussex.
[446]Erasmus’ “three colleges” which represented for him the university and its new learning were Queens’, Christ’s, and S. John’s, all founded by women.
[446]Erasmus’ “three colleges” which represented for him the university and its new learning were Queens’, Christ’s, and S. John’s, all founded by women.
[447]Lady Mildred Cecil gave money to the Master of S. John’s “to procure to have fyres in the hall of that colledg uppon all sondays and hollydays betwixt the fest of all Sayntes and Candlemas, whan there war no ordinary fyres of the charge of the colledg.” And pp. 72, 86, 120, 155.
[447]Lady Mildred Cecil gave money to the Master of S. John’s “to procure to have fyres in the hall of that colledg uppon all sondays and hollydays betwixt the fest of all Sayntes and Candlemas, whan there war no ordinary fyres of the charge of the colledg.” And pp. 72, 86, 120, 155.
[448]A pioneer committee had been formed in October 1862 to obtain the admission of women to university examinations; Miss Emily Davies was Hon. Secretary. The first step taken was to secure the examination of girls in the university Local Examinations which had been started in 1858, and a private examination for girls simultaneously with that for boys was held on the 14 Dec. 1863. These examinations were formally opened to girls in February 1865 (infrap. 358). Meanwhile the Schools Enquiry commission of the previous year had brought into relief the absence of any education for girls after the school age. The commissioners were memorialised, and the immediate outcome was the scheme for a college, and the formation of a committee to carry it into effect. Cf. pp. 317-18n.
[448]A pioneer committee had been formed in October 1862 to obtain the admission of women to university examinations; Miss Emily Davies was Hon. Secretary. The first step taken was to secure the examination of girls in the university Local Examinations which had been started in 1858, and a private examination for girls simultaneously with that for boys was held on the 14 Dec. 1863. These examinations were formally opened to girls in February 1865 (infrap. 358). Meanwhile the Schools Enquiry commission of the previous year had brought into relief the absence of any education for girls after the school age. The commissioners were memorialised, and the immediate outcome was the scheme for a college, and the formation of a committee to carry it into effect. Cf. pp. 317-18n.
[449]There were present Mrs. Manning, *Miss Emily Davies, *Sedley Taylor, and *H. R. Tomkinson. *Madame Bodichon, who was ill, was not present, but George Eliot wrote to her four days before the meeting, à propos of an appointment to see one of the members of the committee: “I am much occupied just now, but the better education of women is one of the objects about which I haveno doubt, and I shall rejoice if this idea of a college can be carried out.”On the General Committee of Hitchin College the bishops of Peter borough and S. David’s, the Dean of Ely, Lady Hobart, Lord Lyttelton, Prof. F. D. Maurice, Sir James Paget, Rt. Hon. Russell Gurney, M.P., Miss Anna Swanwick, and Miss Twining, sat with several others. On the Executive Committee were Mme. Bodichon, *Lady Goldsmid wife of Sir Francis Goldsmid elected liberal member for Reading in 1866, *Mrs. Russell Gurney, Prof. Seeley, Dean Stanley, and the members of the 1867 committee: while a Cambridge Committee included Professors Adams, Humphry, Lightfoot, Liveing, Drs. J. Venn, T. G. Bonney, the Revv. J. Porter, R. Burn, T. Markby, W. G. Clark; Henry Sidgwick, and Sedley Taylor. The asterisked names denote those who also constituted with 11 others the first members of Girton College (p. 321).
[449]There were present Mrs. Manning, *Miss Emily Davies, *Sedley Taylor, and *H. R. Tomkinson. *Madame Bodichon, who was ill, was not present, but George Eliot wrote to her four days before the meeting, à propos of an appointment to see one of the members of the committee: “I am much occupied just now, but the better education of women is one of the objects about which I haveno doubt, and I shall rejoice if this idea of a college can be carried out.”
On the General Committee of Hitchin College the bishops of Peter borough and S. David’s, the Dean of Ely, Lady Hobart, Lord Lyttelton, Prof. F. D. Maurice, Sir James Paget, Rt. Hon. Russell Gurney, M.P., Miss Anna Swanwick, and Miss Twining, sat with several others. On the Executive Committee were Mme. Bodichon, *Lady Goldsmid wife of Sir Francis Goldsmid elected liberal member for Reading in 1866, *Mrs. Russell Gurney, Prof. Seeley, Dean Stanley, and the members of the 1867 committee: while a Cambridge Committee included Professors Adams, Humphry, Lightfoot, Liveing, Drs. J. Venn, T. G. Bonney, the Revv. J. Porter, R. Burn, T. Markby, W. G. Clark; Henry Sidgwick, and Sedley Taylor. The asterisked names denote those who also constituted with 11 others the first members of Girton College (p. 321).
[450]Incorporated from 1872 as Girton College.
[450]Incorporated from 1872 as Girton College.
[451]Two or three of the Cambridge colleges were built at a distance from the schools and the centre of the town: thus Alcock described Jesus College as “the college of the Blessed Virgin Mary, S. John Evangelist, and S. Rhadegund,near Cambridge.” Hitchin in Hertfordshire, the first site of Girton, was one of the homes of the English Gilbertines, a double order for men and women which was also established in Cambridge. i. p. 19 andn.
[451]Two or three of the Cambridge colleges were built at a distance from the schools and the centre of the town: thus Alcock described Jesus College as “the college of the Blessed Virgin Mary, S. John Evangelist, and S. Rhadegund,near Cambridge.” Hitchin in Hertfordshire, the first site of Girton, was one of the homes of the English Gilbertines, a double order for men and women which was also established in Cambridge. i. p. 19 andn.
[452]This was followed by a bequest of £10,000.
[452]This was followed by a bequest of £10,000.
[453]It is interesting to find the names of Dillon and Davies continuing in the case of the first college for women at Cambridge the Irish and Welsh traditions of college founders. It is perhaps still more interesting to find that on her mother’s side Lady Stanley was descended from the companion-in-arms of de Burgh the “red earl” of Ulster, and that a Dillon intermarried with the heiress of the 2nd earl of Clare, names honoured as those of the woman founder of one of the first Cambridge colleges.
[453]It is interesting to find the names of Dillon and Davies continuing in the case of the first college for women at Cambridge the Irish and Welsh traditions of college founders. It is perhaps still more interesting to find that on her mother’s side Lady Stanley was descended from the companion-in-arms of de Burgh the “red earl” of Ulster, and that a Dillon intermarried with the heiress of the 2nd earl of Clare, names honoured as those of the woman founder of one of the first Cambridge colleges.