The Project Gutenberg eBook ofChambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 4 of 4: S-Z and supplements)This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.Title: Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 4 of 4: S-Z and supplements)Editor: Thomas DavidsonRelease date: January 28, 2012 [eBook #38700]Most recently updated: January 8, 2021Language: EnglishCredits: Produced by Colin Bell, Keith Edkins and the OnlineDistributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S TWENTIETH CENTURY DICTIONARY (PART 4 OF 4: S-Z AND SUPPLEMENTS) ***
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 4 of 4: S-Z and supplements)Editor: Thomas DavidsonRelease date: January 28, 2012 [eBook #38700]Most recently updated: January 8, 2021Language: EnglishCredits: Produced by Colin Bell, Keith Edkins and the OnlineDistributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
Title: Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 4 of 4: S-Z and supplements)
Editor: Thomas Davidson
Editor: Thomas Davidson
Release date: January 28, 2012 [eBook #38700]Most recently updated: January 8, 2021
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Colin Bell, Keith Edkins and the OnlineDistributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S TWENTIETH CENTURY DICTIONARY (PART 4 OF 4: S-Z AND SUPPLEMENTS) ***
CHAMBERS'STWENTIETH CENTURY DICTIONARYOF THEENGLISH LANGUAGE
PRONOUNCING, EXPLANATORY, ETYMOLOGICAL, WITH COMPOUND PHRASES,TECHNICAL TERMS IN USE IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES,COLLOQUIALISMS, FULL APPENDICES, ANDCOPIOUSLY ILLUSTRATED
EDITED BYRev.THOMAS DAVIDSONASSISTANT-EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENCYCLOPÆDIA'EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENGLISH DICTIONARY'
London:47 Paternoster RowW. & R. CHAMBERS,LimitedEDINBURGH: 339 High Street1908
The Arrangement of the Words.—Every word is given in itsalphabeticalorder, except in cases where, to save space, derivatives are given after and under the words from which they are derived. Each uncompounded verb has its participles, when irregular, placed after it. Exceptional plurals are also given. When a word stands after another, with no meaning given, its meanings can be at once formed from those of the latter, by adding the signification of the affix: thus the meanings ofDarknessare obtained by prefixing the meaning ofness,state of being, to those ofDark.
Many words from French and other tongues, current in English usage, but not yet fairly Anglicised, are inserted in the list of Foreign Phrases, &c., at the end, rather than in the body of the Dictionary.
The Pronunciation.—The Pronunciation is given immediately after each word, by the word being spelled anew. In this new spelling, every consonant used has its ordinary unvarying sound,no consonant being employed that has more than one sound. The same sounds are always represented by the same letters, no matter how varied their actual spelling in the language. No consonant used has any mark attached to it, with the one exception ofth, which is printed in common letters when sounded as inthick, but in italics when sounded as inthen.Unmarked vowelshave always their short sounds, as inlad,led,lid,lot,but,book. Themarked vowelsare shown in the following line, which is printed at the top of each page:—
The voweluwhen marked thus,ü, has the sound heard in Scotchbluid,gude, the Frenchdu, almost that of the GermanüinMüller. Where more than one pronunciation of a word is given, that which is placed first is more accepted.
The Spelling.—When more than one form of a word is given, that which is placed first is the spelling in current English use. Unfortunately our modern spelling does not represent the English we actually speak, but rather the language of the 16th century, up to which period, generally speaking, English spelling was mainly phonetic, like the present German. The fundamental principle of all rational spelling is no doubt the representation of every sound by an invariable symbol, but in modern English the usage of pronunciation has drifted far from the conventional forms established by a traditional orthography, with the result that the present spelling of our written speech is to a large extent a mere exercise of memory, full of confusing anomalies and imperfections, and involving an enormous and unnecessary strain on the faculties of learners. Spelling reform is indeed an imperative necessity, but it must proceed with a wise moderation, for, in the words of Mr Sweet, 'nothing can be done without unanimity, and until the majority of the community are convinced of the superiority of some one system unanimity is impossible.' The true path of progress should follow such wisely moderate counsels as those of Dr J. A. H. Murray:—the dropping of the final or inflexional silente; the restoration of the historical-tafter breath consonants; uniformity in the employment of double consonants, as intraveler, &c.; the discarding ofuein words likedemagogueandcatalogue; the uniform levelling of the agent-ourinto-or; the making ofea = ĕshort intoeand the longieintoee; the restoration ofsome,come,tongue, to their old English forms,sum,cum,tung; a more extended use ofzin the body of words, aschozen,praize,raize; and the correction of the worst individual monstrosities, asforeign,scent,scythe,ache,debt,people,parliament,court,would,sceptic,phthisis,queue,schedule,twopence-halfpenny,yeoman,sieve,gauge,barque,buoy,yacht, &c.
Already in America a moderate degree of spelling reform may be said to be established in good usage, by the adoption of-orfor-our, ascolor,labor, &c.; of-erfor-re, ascenter,meter, &c.;-izefor-ise, ascivilize, &c.; the use of a uniform single consonant after an unaccented vowel, astravelerfortraveller; the adoption ofeforœoræinhemorrhage,diarrhea, &c.
The Meanings.—The current and most important meaning of a word is usually given first. But in cases likeClerk,Livery,Marshal, where the force of the word can be made much clearer by tracing its history, the original meaning is also given, and the successive variations of its usage defined.
The Etymology.—The Etymology of each word is given after the meanings, within brackets. Where further information regarding a word is given elsewhere, it is so indicated by a reference. It must be noted under the etymology that whenever a word is printed thus,Ban,Base, the student is referred to it; also that here the sign—is always to be read as meaning 'derived from.' Examples are generally given of words that are cognate or correspond to the English words; but it must be remembered that they are inserted merely for illustration. Such words are usually separated from the rest by a semicolon. For instance, when an English word is traced to its Anglo-Saxon form, and then a German word is given, no one should suppose that our English word is derived from the German. German and Anglo-Saxon are alike branches from a common Teutonic stem, and have seldom borrowed from each other. Under each word the force of the prefix is usually given, though not the affix. For fuller explanation in such cases the student is referred to the list of Prefixes and Suffixes in the Appendix.
CHAMBERS'STWENTIETH CENTURYDICTIONARY.
S
the nineteenth letter in our alphabet, its sound that of the hard open sibilant: as a medieval Roman numeral—7—also 70;S—70,000.—Collar of ss, a collar composed of a series of the lettersin gold, either linked together or set in close order.
Sab, sab,n.(Scot.) a form ofsob.
Sabadilla, sab-a-dil′a,n.a Mexican plant, whose seeds yield an officinal alkaloid,veratrine, employed chiefly in acute febrile diseases in strong healthy persons.—AlsoCebadill′a,Cevadill′a.
Sabaism, sā′bā-izm. Same asSabianism.—AlsoSā′bæism,Sā′beism,Sā′bæanism.
Sa′bal, sā′bal,n.a genus of fan-palms.
Sabalo, sab′a-lō,n.the tarpon. [Sp.]
Sabaoth, sa-bā′oth,n.pl.armies, used only in the B. phrase, 'the Lord of Sabaoth': erroneously for Sabbath. [Heb.tsebāōth, pl. oftsābā, an army—tsābā, to go forth.]
Sabbath, sab′ath,n.among the Jews, the seventh day of the week, set apart for the rest from work: among Christians, the first day of the week, in memory of the resurrection of Christ, called alsoSundayand theLord's Day:among the ancient Jews, the seventh year, when the land was left fallow: a time of rest.—adj. pertaining to the Sabbath.—n.Sabbatā′rian, a very strict observer of the Sabbath: one who observes the seventh day of the week as the Sabbath.—adj. pertaining to the Sabbath or to Sabbatarians.—ns.Sabbatā′rianism;Sabb′ath-break′er, one who profanes the Sabbath;Sabb′ath-break′ing, profanation of the Sabbath.—adjs.Sabb′athless(Bacon), without Sabbath or interval of rest: without intermission of labour;Sabbat′ic,-al, pertaining to, or resembling, the Sabbath: enjoying or bringing rest.—n.Sabbat′ical-year, every seventh year, in which the Israelites allowed their fields and vineyards to lie fallow.—adj.Sabb′atine, pertaining to the Sabbath.—v.i.andv.t.Sabb′atise, to keep the Sabbath: to convert into a Sabbath.—n.Sabb′atism, rest, as on the Sabbath: intermission of labour.—Sabbath-day's journey, the distance of 2000 cubits, or about five furlongs, which a Jew was permitted to walk on the Sabbath, fixed by the space between the extreme end of the camp and the ark (Josh. iii. 4);Sabbath School(seeSunday school).—Witches' Sabbath, a midnight meeting of Satan with witches, devils, and sorcerers for unhallowed orgies and the travestying of divine rites. [L.Sabbatum, gener. in pl.Sabbata—Gr.Sabbaton—Heb.Shabbāth, rest.]
Sabbatia, sa-bā′ti-a,n.a genus of small North American herbaceous plants of the gentian family. [FromSabbati, an 18th-cent. Italian botanist.]
Sabbaton, sab′a-ton,n.a strong, armed covering for the foot, worn in the 16th century. [Sabot.]
Sabean, sā-bē′an,n.an Arabian, native of Yemen.—adj.pertaining toSabain Arabia.
Sabeline, sab′e-lin,adj.pertaining to the sable.—n.the skin of the sable.
Sabella, sā-bel′ä,n.a genus of tubiculous annelids or sea-worms.—ns.Sabellā′ria;Sabellarī′idæ.
Sabellian, sā-bel′i-an,n.a follower ofSabellius, a 3d-century heretic, banished from Rome by Callistus.—adj.pertaining to Sabellius or his heresy.—n.Sabell′ianism, the heresy about the distinction of Persons in God held by Sabellius and his school—the Trinity resolved into a mere threefold manifestation of God to man, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit not distinct subsistences, but merely one and the same person in different aspects.
Saber=Sabre(q.v.).
Sabian, sā′bi-an,n.a worshipper of the host of heaven—sun, moon, and stars—alsoTsā′bian.—ns.Sā′bianism,Sā′baism, the worship of the host of heaven, an ancient religion in Persia and Chaldea: the doctrines of the Sabians or Mandæans (seeMandæan). [Heb.tsābā, a host.]
Sabine, sā′bīn,n.one of an ancient people of central Italy, ultimately subjected by Rome, 241B.C.
Sable, sā′bl,n.a Siberian species of Marten, with lustrous dark-brown or blackish fur: its fur: a fine paint-brush made of sable: the colour black: (pl.) black clothes, mourning clothes.—adj.of the colour of the sable's fur: blackish, dark-brown: made of the fur of the sable.—v.t.to sadden.—adjs.Sā′ble-stoled;Sā′ble-vest′ed. [O. Fr.sable—Russ.sabolĭ.]
Sablière, sab-li-ār′,n.a sand-pit. [Fr.]
Sabot.
Sabot, sä-bō′,n.a wooden shoe, worn by the French peasantry: a piece of soft metal attached to a projectile to take the groove of the rifling.—n.Sabotier′, a wearer of wooden shoes: a Waldensian. [Fr.sabot—Low L.sabbatum, a shoe.]
Sabre, sā′bėr,n.a heavy one-edged sword, slightly curved towards the point, used by cavalry.—v.t.to wound or kill with a sabre.—ns.Sā′bre-bill, a South American bird: a curlew;Sā′bre-fish, the hair-tail or silver eel.—adj.Sā′bre-toothed, having extremely long upper canine teeth.—n.Sā′bre-wing, a humming-bird. [Fr.sabre—Ger.säbel, prob. from the Hung.szablya.]
Sabre-tache, sā′bėr-tash,n.an ornamental leather case worn by cavalry officers at the left side, suspended from the sword-belt.—AlsoSā′bre-tash. [Fr.sabre-tache—Ger.säbeltasche,säbel, a sabre, Ger.tasche, a pocket.]
Sabrina-work, sa-brī′na-wurk,n.a variety of appliqué embroidery-work.
Sabulous, sab′ū-lus,adj.sandy, gritty.—n.Sabulos′ity, sandiness, grittiness. [L.sabulum, sand.]
Saburra, sā-bur′ä,n.a foulness of the stomach.—adj.Saburr′al.—n.Saburrā′tion, sand-baking: the application of a hot sand-bath.
Sac, sak,n.(bot.,zool.) a sack or bag for a liquid.—adjs.Sac′cāte,-d, pouched: pouch-like;Sac′cular, like a sac, sacciform;Sac′culate,-d, formed in a series of sac-like expansions: encysted.—ns.Sacculā′tion, the formation of a sac: a series of sacs;Sac′cule,Sac′culus, a small sac:—pl.Sac′culi. [Fr.,—L.saccus, a bag.]
Sac, sak,n.(law) the privilege of a lord of manor of holding courts. [A.S.sacu, strife.]
Saccade, sa-kād′,n.a violent twitch of a horse by one pull: a firm pressure of the bow on the violin-strings so that two are sounded at once. [Fr.]
Saccata, sa-kā′tä,n.the molluscs as a branch of the animal kingdom.
Saccharilla, sak-a-ril′a,n.a kind of muslin.
Saccharine, sak′a-rin,adj.pertaining to, or having the qualities of, sugar.—n.Sac′charāte, a salt of a saccharic acid.—adjs.Sacchar′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, sugar and allied substances;Saccharif′erous, producing sugar, as from starch.—v.t.Sac′charify, to convert into sugar.—ns.Saccharim′eter,Saccharom′eter, an instrument for measuring the quantity of saccharine matter in a liquid;Saccharim′etry,Saccharom′etry;Sac′charin, a white crystalline solid slightly soluble in cold water, odourless, but intensely sweet;Saccharin′ity.—v.t.Sac′charise, to convert into sugar:—pr.p.sac′charīsing;pa.p.sac′charīsed.—adjs.Sac′charoid,-al, having a texture resembling sugar, esp. loaf-sugar.—n.Sac′charose, the ordinary pure sugar of commerce.—adj.Sac′charous.—n.Sac′charum, a genus of grasses, including the sugar-cane. [Fr.saccharin—L.saccharum, sugar.]
Saccharite, sak′a-rīt,n.a fine granular variety of feldspar.
Saccharocolloid, sak-a-rō-kol′oid,n.one of a large group of the carbohydrates.
Saccharomyces, sak-a-rō-mī′sēz,n.a genus of the yeast fungi. [Low L.saccharum, sugar, Gr.mykēs, a mushroom.]
Sacciform, sak′si-form,adj.having the form of a sac: baggy.—adj.Saccif′erous.
Saccobranchia, sak-ō-brang′ki-a,n.pl.a division of tunicates with saccate gills.—adj.andn.Saccobranch′iāte. [Gr.sakkos, a sack,brangchia, gills.]
Saccolabium, sak-ō-lā′bi-um,n.a genus of orchids. [L.saccus, a sack,labium, a lip.]
Saccomyoid, sak-ō-mī′oid,adj.having cheek-pouches. [Gr.sakkos, sack,mys, a mouse.]
Saccopharyngidæ, sak-o-fā-rin′ji-dē,n.a family of lyomerous fishes, including the bottle-fish, noted for swallowing fishes larger than themselves.
Saccos, sak′os,n.a tight sleeveless vestment worn by Oriental patriarchs and metropolitans during divine service, corresponding to the Western dalmatic. [Gr.sakkos, a sack.]
Sacellum, sā-sel′um,n.a little sanctuary, a small uncovered place consecrated to a divinity: a canopied altar-tomb:—pl.Sacell′a. [L., dim. ofsacrum, neut. ofsacer, consecrated.]
Sacerdotal, sas-ėr-dō′tal,adj.priestly.—v.t.Sacerdō′talise, to render sacerdotal.—ns.Sacerdō′talism, the spirit of the priesthood: devotion to priestly interests, priestcraft: the belief that the presbyter is a priest in the sense of offering a sacrifice in the eucharist;Sacerdō′talist, a supporter of sacerdotalism.—adv.Sacerdō′tally. [L.sacerdos, a priest—sacer, sacred,dăre, to give.]
Sachem, sā′chem,n.a chief of a North American Indian tribe, a sagamore: one of the Tammany leaders.—ns.Sā′chemdom,Sā′chemship.
Sachet, sa-shā,n.a bag of perfume. [Fr.]
Sack, sak,n.a large bag of coarse cloth for holding grain, flour, &c.: the contents of a sack: (alsoSacque) a woman's gown, loose at the back, a short coat rounded at the bottom: a measure of varying capacity.—v.t.to put into a sack: (slang) to dismiss.—ns.Sack′-bear′er, any bombycid moth of the familyPsychidæ;Sack′cloth, cloth for sacks: coarse cloth formerly worn in mourning or penance.—adj.Sack′clothed.—ns.Sacked′-frī′ar, a monk who wore a coarse upper garment called asaccus;Sack′er, a machine for filling sacks;Sack′-fil′ter, a bag-filter;Sack′ful, as much as a sack will hold;Sack′-hoist, a continuous hoist for raising sacks in warehouses;Sack′ing, coarse cloth or canvas for sacks, bed-bottoms, &c.;Sack′-pack′er, in milling, a machine for automatically filling a flour-sack;Sack′-race, a race in which the legs of competitors are encased in sacks.—Get the sack, to be dismissed or rejected;Give the sack, to dismiss. [A.S.sacc—L.saccus—Gr.sakkos—Heb.saq, a coarse cloth or garment, prob. Egyptian.]
Sack, sak,v.t.to plunder: to ravage.—n.the plunder or devastation of a town: pillage.—ns.Sack′age;Sack′ing, the storming and pillaging of a town.—adj.bent on pillaging.—Sack and fork(Scot.), the power of drowning and hanging. [Fr.sac, a sack, plunder (saccager, to sack)—L.saccus, a sack.]
Sack, sak,n.the old name of a dry Spanish wine of the sherry genus, the favourite drink of Falstaff.—n.Sack′-poss′et, posset made with sack.—Burnt sack, mulled sack. [Fr.sec(Sp.seco)—L.siccus, dry.]
Sackbut, sak′but,n.a kind of trumpet, the predecessor of the trombone: (B.) a kind of stringed instrument resembling the guitar. [Fr.saquebute—Sp.sacabuche—sacar, to draw out,buche, the maw or stomach, prob. Old High Ger.būh(Ger.bauch), the belly.]
Sack-doodle, sak-dōōd′l,v.i.to play on the bagpipe.
Sackless, sak′les,adj.(Scot.) guiltless: innocent: guileless. [A.S.sacleás, without strife,sacu, strife,-leás,-less.]
Sacodes, sā-kō′dēz,n.a genus of beetles of the familyCyphonidæ. [Gr.sakos, a shield,eidos, form.]
Sacque, sak. SeeSack (1).
Sacra, sā′kra,n.a sacral artery:—pl.Sā′cræ(-krē).
Sacral, sā′kral,adj.SeeSacrum.
Sacrament, sak′ra-ment,n.an holy ordinance instituted by Christ as an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace (Baptismand theLord's Supper—amongst Roman Catholics, alsoConfirmation,Penance,Holy Orders,Matrimony, andExtreme Unction): the Lord's Supper specially: an oath of obedience taken by Roman soldiers on enlistment: any solemn obligation: materials used in a sacrament.—v.t.to bind by an oath.—adj.Sacramen′tal, belonging to or constituting a sacrament.—ns.Sacramen′talism, the attachment of excessive importance to the sacraments: the doctrine that there is in the sacraments themselves a special direct spiritual efficacy to confer grace;Sacramen′talist, one who holds this view.—adv.Sacramen′tally.—ns.Sacramentā′rian, one who holds a high or extreme view of the efficacy of the sacraments: (obs.) one who rejects the doctrine of the real presence in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper;Sacramentā′rianism, the holding of extreme views with regard to the efficacy of sacraments.—adj.Sacramen′tary, pertaining to the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, or to the sacramentarians.—n.a book containing all the prayers and ceremonies used at the celebration of the R.C. sacraments: a sacramentarian. [L.sacramentum, a sacred thing—sacrāre, to consecrate—sacer, sacred.]
Sacrarium, sā-krā′ri-um,n.the part of a church where the altar is, the sanctuary: in ancient Rome, any sacred place, the place where the Penates were stored.—n.Sac′rary(obs.), a holy place.—v.t.Sā′crate(obs.), to consecrate.
Sacrarium, sā-krā′ri-um,n.the complex sacrum of any bird.
Sacre. Same asSaker.
Sacred, sā′kred,adj.set apart or dedicated, esp. to God: made holy: proceeding from God: religious: entitled to respect or veneration: inviolable: devoted to destruction: opposed tosecular, as sacred music or history: not liable to punishment.—adv.Sā′credly.—n.Sā′credness.—Sacred ape, the hanuman of India;Sacred beetle, an Egyptian scarab;Sacred cat, the house cat of Egypt, sacred to Pasht;Sacred fish, one of the fresh-water fishes of the Nile;Sacred Heart(R.C.), the physical heart of Christ, adored with special devotion since the 18th century. [O. Fr.sacrer—L.sacrāre—L.sacer, sacred.]
Sacrificati, sak-ri-fi-kā′tī,n.pl.in the early church, those who sacrificed to idols in persecution, but returned as penitents afterwards.
Sacrifice, sak′ri-fīs,v.t.to offer up, esp. on the altar of a divinity: to destroy or give up for something else: to devote or destroy with loss or suffering: to kill.—v.i.to make offerings to God.—n.the fundamental institution of all natural religions, primarily a sacramental meal at which the communicants are a deity and his worshippers, and the elements the flesh and blood of a sacred victim: the act of sacrificing or offering to a deity, esp. a victim on an altar: that which is sacrificed or offered: destruction or loss of anything to gain some object: that which is given up, destroyed, or lost for some end: mere loss of profit.—n.Sacrif′icant, one who offers a sacrifice.—adj.Sacrif′icātory, offering sacrifice.—n.Sac′rificer, a priest.—adj.Sacrifi′cial, relating to, or consisting in, sacrifice: performing sacrifice.—adv.Sacrifi′cially.—Sacrifice hit, in base-ball, a hit to enable another player to score or to gain a base.—Eucharistic sacrifice, the supposed constant renewal of the sacrifice of Christ in the mass. [O. Fr.,—L.sacrificium—sacer, sacred,facĕre, to make.]
Sacrilege, sak′ri-lej,n.profanation of a sacred place or thing: the breaking into a place of worship and stealing therefrom.—n.Sac′rileger(obs.).—adj.Sacrilē′gious, polluted with sacrilege: profane: violating sacred things.—adv.Sacrilē′giously.—ns.Sacrilē′giousness;Sac′rilēgist, one guilty of sacrilege. [Fr.sacrilège—L.sacrilegium—sacer, sacred,legĕre, to gather.]
Sacrist, sā′krist,n.a sacristan: a person in a cathedral who copies out music for the choir and takes care of the books.—ns.Sā′cring, consecration;Sā′cring-bell, in R.C. churches, a small bell rung to call attention to the more solemn parts of the service of the mass;Sac′ristan, an officer in a church who has charge of the sacred vessels and other movables: a sexton;Sac′risty, an apartment in a church where the sacred utensils, vestments, &c. are kept: vestry. [Low L.sacristia, a vestry,sacristanus,sacrista, a sacristan—L.sacer.]
Sacrosanct, sak′rō-sangkt,adj.very sacred or inviolable.—n.Sacrosanc′tity. [L.sacrosanctus—sacer, sacred,sanctus, pa.p. ofsancīre, to hallow.]
Sacrum, sā′krum,n.a triangular bone situated at the lower part of the vertebral column (of which it is a natural continuation), and wedged between the two innominate bones, so as to form the keystone to the pelvic arch.—adj.Sā′cral.—n.Sācral′gia, pain in the region of the sacrum.—adjs.Sācrocos′tal, connected with the sacrum and having the character of a rib (alson.);Sācroil′iac, pertaining to the sacrum and ilium;Sācrolum′bar, pertaining to sacral and lumbar vertebræ;Sācropū′bic, pertaining to the sacrum and to the pubes;Sācrorec′tal, pertaining to the sacrum and the rectum;Sācrosciat′ic, pertaining to the sacrum and the hip;Sācrover′tebral, pertaining to the sacrum and that part of the vertebral column immediately anterior to it. [L.sacrum(os, bone), sacred.]
Sad, sad (comp.Sad′der, superl.Sad′dest),adj.sorrowful: serious: cast down: calamitous: weary: sombre: stiff: doughy: dejected: troublesome: sober, dark-coloured: (obs.) ponderous, heavy.—v.t.to grieve.—v.t.Sad′den, to make sad: to render heavy: to grow hard.—v.i.to grow sad.—adjs.Sad′-eyed(Shak.), having an expression of sadness in the eyes;Sad′-faced(Shak.), having an expression of sadness in the face;Sad′-heart′ed(Shak.), having the heart full of sadness.—adv.Sad′ly.—n.Sad′ness. [A.S.sæd, sated, weary; cf. Dut.zat, Ger.satt; L.sat,satis.]
Saddening, sad′n-ing,n.a method of applying mordants in dyeing and printing cloths, so as to give duller shades to the colours employed.
Saddle, sad′l,n.a seat or pad, generally of leather, for a horse's back: anything like a saddle, as a saddle of mutton, veal, or venison—a butcher's cut, including a part of the backbone with the ribs on one side: a part of the harness used for drawing a vehicle: the seat on a bicycle: (naut.) a block of wood fastened to some spar, and shaped to receive the end of another spar.—v.t.to put a saddle on, to load: to encumber.—n.Sadd′le-back, a hill or its summit when shaped like a saddle: a raccoon oyster: the great black-backed gull: the harp-seal: a variety of domestic geese: the larva of the bombycid moth: (archit.) a coping thicker in the middle than at the edges.—adj.Sadd′le-backed, having a low back and an elevated head and neck.—ns.Sadd′le-bag, one of two bags united by straps for carrying on horseback;Sadd′le-bar, a bar for sustaining glass in a stained-glass window;Sadd′le-blank′et, a small blanket folded under a saddle;Sadd′le-bow, the arched front of a saddle from which the weapon often hung;Sadd′le-cloth, the housing or cloth placed under a saddle.—n.pl.Sadd′le-feath′ers, the long slender feathers which droop from the saddle or rump of the domestic cock.—ns.Sadd′le-girth, a band passing round the body of a horse to hold the saddle in its place;Sadd′le-horse, a horse suitable for riding;Sadd′le-joint, a joint made in plates of sheet-iron so that the margins interlock: (anat.) a joint admitting movement in every direction except axial rotation;Sadd′le-lap, the skirt of a saddle;Sadd′le-plate, the bent plate which forms the arch of the furnace in locomotive steam-boilers;Sadd′le-quern, an ancient quern for grinding grain;Sadd′ler, a maker of saddles: the harp-seal;Sadd′le-rock, a variety of the oyster;Sadd′le-roof, a roof having two gables;Sadd′ler-cor′poral, a non-commissioned officer in the household cavalry, with the charge of the saddles;Sadd′ler-ser′geant, a sergeant in the cavalry who has charge of the saddlers: (U.S.) a non-commissioned staff-officer of a cavalry regiment;Sadd′lery, occupation of a saddler: materials for saddles: articles sold by a saddler.—adjs.Sadd′le-shaped, shaped like a saddle: (bot.) bent down at the sides: (geol.) bent down at each side of a ridge;Sadd′le-sick, galled with much riding.—ns.Sadd′le-tree, the frame of a saddle.—Put the saddle on the right horse, to impute blame where it is deserved. [A.S.sadol,sadel; cf. Dut.zadel, Ger.sattel.]
Sadducee, sad′ū-sē,n.one of a Jewish sceptical school or party of aristocratic traditionists in New Testament times.—adj.Saddūcē′an, of or relating to the Sadducees.—ns.Saddūcee′ism,Sadd′ūcism, scepticism. [Gr.Saddoukaios—Heb.Tsedūqīm, from their supposed founderZadok, or from the race of theZadokites, a family of priests at Jerusalem since the time of Solomon.]
Sadina, sa-dē′na,n.a clupeoid fish resembling a sardine. [Sp.sardina.]
Sad-iron, sad′-ī′urn,n.a smoothing-iron: a box-iron.
Sadr, sad′r,n.the lote-bush.
Sad-tree, sad′-trē,n.the night jasmine.
Sae, sā,adv.the Scotch form ofso.
Safe, sāf,adj.unharmed: free from danger or injury: secure: securing from danger or injury: no longer dangerous: clear: trusty: sound: certain.—n.a chest or closet for money, &c., safe against fire, thieves, &c., generally of iron: a chest or cupboard for meats: (coll.) a safety-bicycle.—v.t.to safeguard.—v.t.Safe′-conduct′(Spens.).—ns.Safe′-con′duct, a writing, passport, or guard granted to a person to enable him to travel with safety;Safe′-depos′it, a safe storage for valuables;Safe′guard, he who, or that which, guards or renders safe: protection: a guard, passport, or warrant to protect a traveller: a rail-guard at railway switches: (zool.) a monitor lizard.—v.t.to protect.—n.Safe′-keep′ing, preservation from injury or from escape.—adv.Safe′ly, in a safe manner.—ns.Safe′ness;Safe′-pledge, a surety for one's appearance at a day assigned;Safe′ty, freedom from danger or loss: close custody: a safeguard:Safe′ty-arch(archit.), an arch built in the body of a wall to relieve the pressure, as over a door or window;Safe′ty-belt, a belt made of some buoyant material, or capable of being inflated, for helping a person to float;Safe′ty-bī′cycle, a low-wheeled bicycle;Safe′ty-buoy, a buoy for helping a person to float: a life-preserver;Safe′ty-cage(mining), a cage by which a fall would be prevented in case of the breakage of the rope by means of safety-catches;Safe′ty-chain, a check-chain of a car-truck: a safety-link;Safe′ty-fuse, a waterproof woven tube enclosing an inflammable substance which burns at a regular rate;Safe′ty-hoist, a hoisting-gear so arranged as to prevent its load being thrown precipitately down in case of accident;Safe′ty-lamp, a lamp surrounded by wire-gauze, used for safety in mines on account of the inflammable gases;Safe′ty-lock, a lock that cannot be picked by ordinary means: in firearms, a lock with some device for preventing accidental discharge;Safe′ty-match, a match which can be ignited only on a surface specially prepared for the purpose;Safe′ty-pā′per, a paper so prepared as to resist alteration by chemical or mechanical means;Safe′ty-pin, a pin in the form of a clasp with a guard covering its point;Safe′ty-plug, a plug of soft metal in an opening in a steam-boiler, so as to melt when the temperature rises to its fusing-point, and allow of an escape of steam;Safe′ty-rein, a rein for preventing a horse from running away;Safe′ty-stop, a contrivance for preventing accidents in machinery;Safe′ty-tube, a tube used in chemical operations to prevent the bursting of vessels by gas, and for other purposes;Safe′ty-valve, a valve in the top of a steam-boiler, which lets out the steam when the pressure is too great for safety. [O. Fr.sauf—L.salvus; prob. allied tosolus.]
Saffian, saf′i-an,n.a name applied to skins tanned with sumac and dyed in bright colours. [Russ.]
Safflower, saf′flow-ėr,n.an annual herbaceous composite plant, cultivated all over India for its red dye—Carthamine. [O. Fr.saflor, through It. from Ar.usfūr—safrā, yellow.]
Saffo, saf′ō,n.(obs.) a bailiff: a catchpole. [It.]
Saffron, saf′run,n.a bulbous plant of the crocus kind with deep-yellow flowers: a colouring substance prepared from its flowers.—adj.having the colour of saffron: deep yellow.—adj.Saff′rony.—n.Saf′ranine, a coal-tar producing yellowish colour used in dyeing. [O. Fr.safran(It.zafferano)—Ar.za‛farān—safrā, yellow.]
Sag, sag,v.i.to bend, sink, or hang down: to yield or give way as from weight or pressure: to hang heavy: to make leeway.—n.a droop.—adj.loaded. [M. E.saggen, from Scand.; Sw.sacka, to sink down; cf. Ger.sacken, to sink.]
Saga, sä′ga,n.a tale, historical or fabulous, in the old prose literature of Iceland.—n.Sä′gaman, a narrator of sagas. [Ice.saga, pl.sögur—segja, say.]
Sagacious, sa-gā′shus,adj.keen or quick in perception or thought: acute: discerning and judicious: wise.—adv.Sagā′ciously.—ns.Sagā′ciousness,Sagac′ity, acuteness of perception or thought: acute practical judgment: shrewdness. [L.sagax,sagacis—sagīre, to perceive quickly.]
Sagamore, sag′a-mōr,n.a chief among some tribes of American Indians—prob. conn. withsachem.
Sagapenum, sag-a-pē′num,n.a fetid gum-resin, the concrete juice of a Persian species ofFerula, formerly used in hysteria, &c. [Gr.sagapēnon.]
Sagathy, sag′a-thi,n.(obs.) a woollen stuff. [Fr.sagatis—L.saga, a mantle.]
Sage, sāj,n.any plant of genusSalvia, of the mint family, esp. Common or Garden Sage, used for flavouring meats.—ns.Sage′-app′le, a gall formed on a species of sage;Sage′-bread, bread baked from dough mixed with a strong infusion of sage in milk;Sage′-brush, a collective name of various shrubby species of Artemisia in the western United States;Sage′-cock,-grouse, a large North American grouse;Sage′-green, a gray slightly mixed with pure green;Sage′-rabb′it, a small hare or rabbit abounding in North America;Sage′-rose, a plant of the genus Cistus: an evergreen shrub of tropical America;Sage′-sparr′ow, a fringilline bird characteristic of the sage-brush of North America;Sage′-thresh′er, the mountain mocking-bird of west North America;Sage′-will′ow, a dwarf American willow.—adj.Sā′gy, full of, or seasoned with, sage.—Apple-bearing sage, a native of southern Europe, with large reddish or purple bracts, and bearing on its branches large gall-nuts;Meadow Sage, orMeadow clary, a common ornament of meadows in the south of England, with bluish-purple flowers;Oil of sage, an essential oil, yielded by the sage, once much used in liniments against rheumatism. [O. Fr.sauge(It.salvia)—L.salvia—salvus, safe.]
Sage, sāj,adj.discriminating, discerning, wise: well judged.—n.a wise man: a man of gravity and wisdom.—adv.Sage′ly.—n.Sage′ness.—Seven sages, orwise men(seeSeven). [Fr.sage(It.saggio,savio), from a L.sapius(seen inne-sapius), wise—sapĕre, to be wise.]
Sagene, sā′jēn,n.a fishing-net. [L.,—Gr.sagēnē.]
Sagene, sā′jēn,n.a Russian unit of long measure, of seven English feet.
Sagenite, sāj′en-īt,n.acicular crystals of rutile occurring in reticulated forms embedded in quartz.—adj.Sagenit′ic. [Gr.sagēnē, a drag-net.]
Sageretia, saj-e-rē′ti-a,n.a genus of polypetalous plants belonging to the buckthorn order. [Named from Aug.Sageret, 1763-1852.]
Sagesse, sazh-es′,n.wisdom. [Fr.]
Saggar,Sagger, sag′ar, -ėr,n.a box of hard pottery in which porcelain is enclosed for baking—alsov.t.—ns.Sagg′ard;Sagg′ar-house, a house in which unbaked vessels are put into saggars. [Safeguard.]
Sagina, sa-jī′na,n.a genus of polypetalous plants of the pink family.—v.t.Sag′inate, to pamper: to fatten.—n.Saginā′tion. [L.sagināre, to fatten.]
Sagitta, saj′it-a,n.a northern constellation—the Arrow: a genus of small pelagic worms.—adj.Sag′ittal, arrow-shaped: (anat.) straight, pertaining to the sagittal suture.—adv.Sag′ittally.—ns.Sagittā′ria, a genus of aquatic plants, some species with sagittate leaves and white flowers;Sagittā′rius, the Archer, one of the signs of the zodiac;Sag′ittary, a centaur: a public building in Venice.—adj.of or like an arrow.—adjs.Sag′ittāte,-d, Shaped like an arrow-head, as a leaf;Sagittiling′ual, having a long slender tongue, as a woodpecker. [L.sagitta, an arrow.]
Sago, sā′go,n.a nutritive farinaceous substance produced from the pith of several East Indian palms.—n.Sā′go-palm. [Malaysāgu.]
Sagra, sā′gra,n.a genus of phytophagous beetles of brilliant colours.
Saguaro, sa-gwar′ō,n.the giant cactus.
Saguin, sag′win,n.a South American monkey.—AlsoSag′oin,Sag′ouin.
Saguinus, sag-ū-ī′nus,n.a genus of South American marmosets.
Sagum, sā′gum,n.a military cloak worn by ancient Roman soldiers. [L., prob. of Celt. origin.]
Sahib, sä′ib,n.a term of respect given in India to persons of rank and to Europeans. [Hind.sāhib—Ar.sāhib.]
Sahlite, sä′līt,n.a variety of augite, from the silver-mines ofSahlain Sweden.
Sai, sä′i,n.a South American monkey. [Braz.]
Saibling, sāb′ling,n.the char.
Saic, sä′ik,n.a Turkish or Grecian vessel common in the Levant. [Fr.saïque—Turk.shāīqa.]
Said, sed,pa.t.andpa.p.ofsay: the before-mentioned, as the said witness.
Saiga, sī′gä,n.a west Asian antelope. [Russ.]
Saikless. Same asSackless.
Sail, sāl,n.a sheet of canvas, &c., spread to catch the wind, by which a ship is driven forward: a ship or ships: a trip in a vessel: a fleet: arm of a windmill: speed: a journey.—v.i.to be moved by sails: to go by water: to begin a voyage: to glide or float smoothly along.—v.t.to navigate: to pass in a ship: to fly through.—adj.Sail′able, navigable.—n.Sail′-boat, a boat propelled by a sail.—adjs.Sail′-borne;Sail′-broad(Milt.), broad or spreading like a sail.—n.Sail′-cloth, a strong cloth for sails.—adj.Sailed, having sails set.—ns.Sail′er, a sailor: a boat or ship with respect to its mode of sailing, or its speed;Sail′-fish, the basking shark: the quill-back;Sail′-fluke, the whiff;Sail′-hoop, a mast-hoop;Sail′ing, act of sailing: motion of a vessel on water: act of directing a ship's course: the term applied to the different ways in which the path of a ship at sea, and the variations of its geographical position, are represented on paper, asgreat circle sailing,Mercator's sailing,middle latitude sailing,oblique sailing,parallel sailing,plane sailing;Sail′ing-ice, an ice-pack through which a sailing-vessel can force her way.—n.pl.Sail′ing-instruc′tions, written directions by the officer of a convoy to the masters of ships under his care.—n.Sail′ing-mas′ter, a former name for the navigating officer of a war-ship.—adj.Sail′less, destitute of sails.—ns.Sail′-liz′ard, a large lizard having a crested tail;Sail′-loft, a loft where sails are cut out and made;Sail′-māk′er, a maker of sails: in the United States navy, an officer who takes charge of the sails;Sail′or, one who sails in or navigates a ship: a seaman;Sail′or-fish, a sword-fish;Sail′or-man, a seaman;Sail′or-plant, the strawberry geranium;Sail′or's-choice, the pin-fish: the pig-fish;Sail′or's-purse, an egg-pouch of rays and sharks;Sail′-room, a room in a vessel where sails are stowed.—adj.Sail′y, like a sail.—n.Sail′-yard, the yard on which sails are extended.—n.pl.Stay′-sails, triangular sails, suspended on the ropes which stay the masts upon the foresides—from the jib-boom, bowsprit, and deck in the case of the foremast, and from the deck in the case of the mainmast.—Sail close to the wind, to run great risk;Sailors' Home, an institution where sailors may lodge, or aged and infirm sailors be permanently cared for.—After sail, the sails carried on the mainmast and mizzen-mast;Fore-and-aft sails, those set parallel to the keel of a ship, as opp. toSquare sails, those set across the ship;Full Sail, with all sails set;Make sail, to spread more canvas, in sailing;Set sail, to spread the sails, to begin a voyage;Shorten sail, to reduce its extent;Strike sail, to lower the sail or sails: (Shak.) to abate one's pretensions of pomp or superiority;Take the wind out of one's sails, to deprive one of an advantage;Under sail, having the sails spread. [A.S.segel, cf. Dut.zeil, Ger.segel.]
Saimiri, sī′mi-ri,n.a squirrel monkey.
Sain, sā′in (Shak.),pa.p.ofsay.
Sain, sān,v.t.(Scot.) to bless so as to protect from evil. [A.S.segnian—L.signāre—signum, mark.]
Sainfoin, sān′foin,n.a leguminous fodder-plant.—AlsoSaint′foin. [Fr.,sain, wholesome,foin, hay—L.sanum fœnum.]
Saint, sānt,n.a sanctified or holy person: one eminent for piety: one of the blessed dead: one canonised by the R.C. Church: an image of a saint: an angel: (pl.) Israelites as a people: Christians generally.—v.t.to salute as a saint.—adj.Saint′ed, made a saint: holy: sacred: gone to heaven: canonised.—n.Saint′hood.—adj.Saint′ish, somewhat saintly, or affectedly so.—n.Saint′ism, the character or quality of a saint: sanctimoniousness.—adjs.Saint′-like,Saint′ly, like or becoming a saint.—adv.Saint′lily.—n.Saint′liness.—adj.Saint′-seem′ing, appearing like a saint.—n.Saint′ship, the character of a saint.—Saint's day, a day set apart for the commemoration of a particular saint;St Agnes's flower, the snowflake;St Andrew's cross, a North American shrub;St Andrew's Day, 30th November;St Anthony's fire, erysipelas;St Anthony's nut, the pig-nut or hawk-nut;St Audrey's necklace, a string of holy stones;St Barbara's cress, the yellow rocket;St Barnaby's thistle, the English star-thistle;St Bennet's herb, the herb bennet;St Bernard, a kind of dog;St Blase's disease, quinsy;St Cassian beds, a division of the Triassic series;St Crispin's Day, 25th October;St David's Day, 1st March;St Domingo duck, a West Indian duck;St Domingo grebe, the smallest grebe in America;St Elmo's fire(seeElmo's fire);St George's Day, 23d April;St George's ensign, the distinguishing flag of the British navy, a red cross on a white field;St Hubert's disease, hydrophobia;St John's bread, the carob bean: ergot of rye;St John's Day, 27th December;St John's hawk, a blackish variety of the rough-legged buzzard;St Julien, an esteemed red Bordeaux wine from the Médoc region;St Leger, the name of a race run at Doncaster, so called since 1778 from Col.St Leger;St Luke's summer, a period of pleasant weather about the middle of October;St Martin's evil, drunkenness;St Martin's summer, a season of mild, damp weather in late autumn;St Nicholas's Day, 6th December;St Patrick's Day, 17th March;St Peter's finger, a belemnite;St Peter's fish, the dory;St Peter's wort, a name of several plants;St Pierre group, a thick mass of shales in the upper Missouri region;St Swithin's Day, 15th July;St Valentine's Day, 14th February;St Vitus's dance, chorea.—All-Saints' Day, a feast observed by the Latin Church on 1st November, in the Greek Church on the first Sunday after Pentecost;Communion of the Saints, the spiritual fellowship of all true believers, the blessed dead as well as the faithful living, mystically united in each other in Christ;Intercession,Perseverance,of saints(seeIntercession,Perseverance);Latter-day saints, the Mormons' name for themselves;Patron saint, a saint who is regarded as a protector, as St George of England, St Andrew of Scotland, St Patrick of Ireland, St David of Wales, St Denis of France, St James of Spain, St Nicholas of Russia, St Stephen of Hungary, St Mark of Venice, &c. [Fr.,—L.sanctus, holy.]
Saint-Simonism, sānt-sī′mon-izm,n.the socialistic system founded by the Comte deSaint-Simon(1760-1825).—ns.Saint-Simō′nian(alsoadj.);Saint-Simō′nianism;Saint-Sī′monist.
Sair, sār,adj.(Scot.) sore.—adv.Sair′ly.
Sair, sār,v.t.to serve: to fit: to satisfy: to give alms.—n.Sair′ing, as much as serves the turn: enough.
Saith, seth,v.t.andv.i.3d pers. sing. pres. indic. ofsay.
Saith, sāth,n.(Scot.) the coalfish. [Gael.savidhean.]
Saiva, sī′va,n.a votary ofSiva.—n.Sai′vism.
Sajou, sa-jōō′,n.a South American monkey.
Sake, sak′e,n.a Japanese fermented liquor made from rice: a generic name for all spirituous liquors.
Sake, sāk,n.cause: account: regard, as 'for my sake': contention: fault: purpose.—For old sake's sake, for the sake of old times, for auld langsyne. [A.S.sacu, strife, a lawsuit; Dut.zaak, Ger.sache;A.S.sacan, to strive, Goth.sakan.Seekis a doublet.]