Chapter 2

Subspecies in Kansas:L. j. jamaicensis(Gmelin).

Porphyrula martinica(Linnaeus). Purple Gallinule. Rare and irregular summer visitant. Five specimens taken in April and June in Douglas, Sedgwick, and Riley counties. Several sight records from eastern Kansas.

No subspecies recognized.

*Gallinula chloropus.Florida Gallinule. Rare summer resident; status poorly known. Two breeding records: nest found "on a board," Coffey County, June (year not given), P. B. Peabody; nest (female, KU 27509, and two eggs taken), 3 miles northeast of Lawrence, Douglas County, May 22, 1945 (previously published as 1946), R. L. Montell.

Subspecies in Kansas:G. c. cachinnansBangs.

*Fulica americana.American Coot. Uncommon summer resident, abundant transient, and local winter resident in east and central parts; status in west poorly known. Breeding record: 3 newly hatched young (KU 16694-6), Little Salt Marsh, Stafford County, June 13, 1927, H. C. Parker and W. H. Burt. The few other nesting localities include one in Finney County.

Subspecies in Kansas:F. a. americanaGmelin.

Charadrius hiaticula.Semipalmated Plover. Regular transient throughout state, often fairly common.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. h. semipalmatusBonaparte.

Charadrius melodus.Piping Plover. Rare transient. Three specimens from Douglas County, March and April, and a female (KU 15492) from Little Salt Marsh, Stafford County, July 16, 1925, T. E. White. Nests in Nebraska, south at least to Lincoln; observers in north-central Kansas should watch for possible breeding birds.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. m. circumcinctus(Ridgway).

*Charadrius alexandrinus.Snowy Plover. Summer resident on salt plains of Clark, Comanche, Stafford, Barton, and probably other counties. Breeding range in Kansas poorly known. One definite nesting record: adults with young, and one nest with 3 eggs, Comanche County, June 18, 1886, Goss. One female (KU 7787), from Lawrence, Douglas County, April 22, 1909, L. L. Dyche.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. a. tenuirostris(Lawrence).

*Charadrius vociferus.Killdeer. Common transient and summer resident throughout state. Occasional winter resident.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. v. vociferusLinnaeus.

*Eupoda montana(Townsend). Mountain Plover. Summer resident in High Plains of western Kansas, but current status poorly known. Many specimens from west and one positive breeding record: two half-grown, partly downy males (KU 5512, 5513), 5 miles south of Tribune, Greeley County, June 21, 1911, Bunker and Rocklund.

No subspecies recognized.

Pluvialis dominica.Golden Plover. Regular transient in east, sometimes common; more common in spring than in autumn. Formerly abundant; status in west not known.

Subspecies in Kansas:P. d. dominica(Müller).

Squatarola squatarola(Linnaeus). Black-bellied Plover. Regular transient throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

Arenaria interpres.Ruddy Turnstone. Rare transient. Several sight records from eastern part of state and two specimens: one killed at Topeka, Shawnee County, August 16, 1898, F. W. Forbes (location of specimen unknown); male, Hamilton, Greenwood County, October 1, 1911, G. C. Rinker.

Subspecies in Kansas:A. i. morinella(Linnaeus).

*Philohela minor(Gmelin). American Woodcock. Uncommon transient west to Scott and Kearny counties. Probably does not occur farther west. One early nesting record: adult with several"at least one-fourth grown" young, near Neosho Falls, Woodson County, May 25, 1874, Goss.

No subspecies recognized.

Capella gallinago.Wilson Snipe. Common transient and occasional winter resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. g. delicata(Ord).

*Numenius americanus.Long-billed Curlew. Transient and uncommon summer resident in west; occasional transient in east. Female and two downy young (KU 11607, 8, 9) taken 1 mile from Spring Creek, Morton County, June 27, 1927, W. H. Burt and L. V. Compton.

Subspecies in Kansas:N. a. americanusBechstein is the breeding form;N. a. parvusBishop occurs in migration (specimens from Riley, Lyon, and Douglas counties).

[Numenius phaeopus.Hudsonian Curlew. Reported by Goss, and one seen at Iatan Marsh, Atchison County, May 16, 1948, by Harold C. Hedges, but here placed in Hypothetical List until a specimen from Kansas is taken.]

Numenius borealis(Forster). Eskimo Curlew. Formerly abundant transient in eastern Kansas; now extinct, or nearly so. One unsexed bird (KU 6951) taken in Douglas County, May 6, 1873, by N. J. Stevens.

No subspecies recognized.

*Bartramia longicauda(Bechstein). Upland Plover. Abundant transient and locally common summer resident in suitable habitat; most numerous in west. Nesting records from Johnson, Wabaunsee, Chase, Finney, and Kearny counties.

No subspecies recognized.

*Actitis macularia(Linnaeus). Spotted Sandpiper. Common transient and summer resident throughout state. Breeding records from Leavenworth County and Kansas City region.

No subspecies recognized.

Tringa solitaria.Solitary Sandpiper. Common transient throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas:T. s. solitariaWilson is most common in eastern part andT. s. cinnamomea(Brewster) is most common in western part of Kansas, with much overlap of the two.

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus.Willet. Transient throughout state, usually uncommon, but sometimes locally common.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. s. inornatus(Brewster).C. s. semipalmatus(Gmelin) has been reported, probably erroneously; all specimens seen are of the western subspecies,inornatus.

Totanus melanoleucus(Gmelin). Greater Yellow-legs. Common transient throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

Totanus flavipes(Gmelin). Lesser Yellow-legs. Common transient throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

Calidris canutus.American Knot. Rare transient. Sight records from eastern and western Kansas; only one specimen preserved, Hamilton, Greenwood County, September 19, 1911, G. C. Rinker.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. c. rufa(Wilson).

Erolia melanotos(Vieillot). Pectoral Sandpiper. Common transient through state.

No subspecies recognized.

Erolia fuscicollis(Vieillot). White-rumped Sandpiper. Common transient throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

Erolia bairdii(Coues). Baird Sandpiper. Common transient in east; abundant transient in west.

No subspecies recognized.

Erolia minutilla(Vieillot). Least Sandpiper. Common transient throughout state, but less numerous in west than in east.

No subspecies recognized.

Erolia alpina.Red-backed Sandpiper. Rare or uncommon transient; reported only from eastern half of state, west to Cloud County. Few specimens have been preserved.

Subspecies in Kansas:E. a. pacifica(Coues).

Limnodromus griseus.Short-billed Dowitcher. Rare or uncommon transient in east, status in west not known. One specimen: male (KU 29403), 3 miles east of Lawrence, Douglas County, May 14, 1946, R. L. Montell. Dowitchers having noticeably short bills should be collected when possible.

Subspecies in Kansas:L. g. hendersoniRowan.

Limnodromus scolopaceus(Say). Long-billed Dowitcher. Common transient throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

Micropalama himantopus(Bonaparte). Stilt Sandpiper. Common transient throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

Ereunetes pusillus(Linnaeus). Semipalmated Sandpiper. Common transient throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

Ereunetes mauriCabanis. Western Sandpiper. Uncommon transient in east; probably common in west but status there unknown.

No subspecies recognized.

Tryngites subruficollis(Vieillot). Buff-breasted Sandpiper. Uncommon but regular transient in autumn in eastern Kansas, west to Republic County; few spring records.

No subspecies recognized.

Limosa fedoa(Linnaeus). Marbled Godwit. Rare or uncommon transient throughout state. Status somewhat uncertain because some observers confuse this species with female Hudsonian Godwits. The latter are larger and often much duller than male Hudsonian Godwits. Marbled Godwits, however, show no contrasting tail pattern in flight.

No subspecies recognized.

Limosa haemastica(Linnaeus). Hudsonian Godwit. Uncommon transient in eastern and central Kansas; status in west poorly known (reported from Ness and Kearny counties).

No subspecies recognized.

Crocethia alba(Pallas). Sanderling. Rare transient in eastern and central Kansas; status in west not known. Three specimens have been taken, two from Douglas County (October) and one from Stafford County (July).

No subspecies recognized.

*Recurvirostra americanaGmelin. Avocet. Uncommon transient in east; common transient and uncommon summer resident in west. Breeding records from Kearny, Finney, Haskell, Meade, and Barton counties.

No subspecies recognized.

Himantopus mexicanus(Müller). Black-necked Stilt. Rare transient. Records from Crawford, Sedgwick, Cloud, Stafford, Finney, and Kearny counties; few recent records. No satisfactory nesting record.

No subspecies recognized.

Phalaropus fulicarius(Linnaeus). Red Phalarope. Very rare transient. Two specimens: female (KU 3778), Lake View, Douglas County, November 5, 1905, E. E. Brown; male (Ottawa Univ. 96), near Ottawa, Franklin County, October 25, 1926, Wesley Clanton (identification checked by Tordoff).

No subspecies recognized.

*Steganopus tricolorVieillot. Wilson Phalarope. Common transient throughout state. One definite nesting record: adult male with downy young, Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton County, June 26,1954, Ted F. Andrews and Homer Stephens. Goss mentioned "breeding birds" in Meade County but the record is not convincing.

No subspecies recognized.

Lobipes lobatus(Linnaeus). Northern Phalarope. Rare transient. Goss shot five and preserved one (now in Goss collection) of 17 or 18 seen at Fort Wallace, Wallace County, May 25, 1883. Several sight records.

No subspecies recognized.

Stercorarius pomarinus(Temminck). Pomarine Jaeger. Accidental. One record: immature male (KU 6967), Kansas River near Lawrence, Douglas County, October 10, 1898, Gus Berger and Banks Brown. This specimen erroneously reported as a Parasitic Jaeger,Stercorarius parasiticus(Linnaeus), in previous lists of birds of Kansas.

No subspecies recognized.

Stercorarius longicaudusVieillot. Long-tailed Jaeger. Accidental. One record: female (KU 32610), Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton County, June 23, 1955, William M. Lynn and Larry D. Mosby.

No subspecies recognized.

[Larus hyperboreus.Glaucous Gull. One bird with crippled leg seen at Lake Shawnee, Shawnee County, January 27, 1951, and several days thereafter, by many observers including the author. Placed on Hypothetical List until specimen is taken in Kansas.]

Larus argentatus.Herring Gull. Transient, regular along Missouri River, uncommon to rare elsewhere in state; probably rare winter resident.

Subspecies in Kansas:L. a. smithsonianusCoues.

Larus californicusLawrence. California Gull. Accidental. One record: specimen (location unknown) taken by Goss, Arkansas River, Reno County, October 20, 1880.

No subspecies recognized.

Larus delawarensisOrd. Ring-billed Gull. Transient, locally common; rare winter resident.

No subspecies recognized.

Larus atricillaLinnaeus. Laughing Gull. Accidental. One specimen taken 3 miles east and 2½ miles south of Canton, in Marion County, May 15, 1933, Richard H. Schmidt (specimen in his collection); sight records from Barton and Shawnee counties.

No subspecies recognized.

Larus pipixcanWagler. Franklin Gull. Transient, abundant in west, common in east.

No subspecies recognized.

Larus philadelphia(Ord). Bonaparte Gull. Rare transient. All specimens from eastern part, west to Cloud County; status in west not known.

No subspecies recognized.

[Rissa tridactyla.Kittiwake. Immature bird seen at Lake Shawnee, Shawnee County, October 20, 1951, by L. B. Carson and O. S. Pettingill, Jr. In the absence of a specimen, the species is placed on the Hypothical List.]

Xema sabini.Sabine Gull. Three records: immature male, taken at Humboldt, Allen County, September 19, 1876, Peter Long (now in Goss collection); immature male, taken at Hamilton, Greenwood County, October 3, 1909, G. C. Rinker; immature bird seen but not collected on October 18, 28, and 29, 1952, at Lake Shawnee, Shawnee County, by several observers (Orville O. Rice secured good photographs of this bird).

Subspecies in Kansas:X. s. sabini(Sabine).

Sterna forsteriNuttall. Forster Tern. Transient, locally common in eastern half of state; status in west unknown.

No subspecies recognized.

Sterna hirundo.Common Tern. Rare transient. Two specimens: female, Anderson County, May 11, 1878 (in Goss collection); male, Munger's Lake, near Hamilton, Greenwood County, September 2, 1912, G. C. Rinker.

Subspecies in Kansas:S. h. hirundoLinnaeus.

*Sterna albifrons.Least Tern. Uncommon transient and local summer resident throughout state. One definite nesting record: five nests, each with two eggs, Arkansas River at Coolidge, Hamilton County, July 1, 1936, Otto Tiemeier.

Subspecies in Kansas:S. a. athalassosBurleigh and Lowery.

Hydroprogne caspia(Pallas). Caspian Tern. Uncommon transient throughout state. Many sight records but only one specimen: female (KU 17147), Douglas County, September 27, 1928, Harold Standing (skin and body skeleton of this tern saved; erroneously reported previously as two specimens).

No subspecies recognized.

Chlidonias niger.Black Tern. Common transient and, in north-central part, regular summer resident but no positive breeding record.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. n. surinamensis(Gmelin).

*Columba liviaGmelin. Rock Dove. Introduced. Common around habitations; nesting locally in feral state on cliffs in western Kansas.

No subspecies recognized because of mixed ancestry of birds introduced into New World.

*Zenaidura macroura.Mourning Dove. Common transient and summer resident, uncommon winter resident.

Subspecies in Kansas:Z. m. carolinensis(Linnaeus) in east,Z. m. marginella(Woodhouse) in west, intergrading in central part.

*Ectopistes migratorius(Linnaeus). Passenger Pigeon. Extinct. Formerly irregular transient and summer resident. Two specimens, both males, taken at Neosho Falls, Woodson County, April 14, 1876, by Goss, who also reported this species to nest there occasionally.

No subspecies recognized.

[Columbigallina passerina.Ground Dove. One seen on Kansas River, 3 miles west of St. Marys, Pottawatomie County, November 11, 1954, by Thomas A. Hoffman and James Mulligan. Placed in Hypothetical List in absence of a specimen from Kansas.]

[Scardafella inca(Lesson). Inca Dove. One seen daily at Halstead, Harvey County, November 10, 1951, to January 21, 1952, by Edna L. Ruth and others. One seen in Topeka, Shawnee County, last week of June, 1952, E. J. Rice. Placed in Hypothetical List in absence of a specimen from Kansas.]

*Conuropsis carolinensis.Carolina Paroquet. Extinct. Formerly common resident in wooded areas of east; west along stream bottoms. Goss reported nesting of small flock near Neosho Falls, Woodson County, in spring, 1858. No specimen from Kansas preserved.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. c. ludovicianus(Gmelin), on geographical grounds.

*Coccyzus americanus.Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Common transient and summer resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. a. americanus(Linnaeus).

*Coccyzus erythropthalmus(Wilson). Black-billed Cuckoo. Uncommon transient and summer resident. Nesting records: female (KU 15480) and nest containing two Black-billed Cuckoo eggs and one Yellow-billed Cuckoo egg, 7½ miles southwest of Lawrence, Douglas County, June 5, 1926, Charles D. Bunker; nests found in Cloud County in June, 1932 (1), 1933 (1), 1934 (1), 1935 (1), 1938 (2), J. M. Porter.

No subspecies recognized.

*Geococcyx californianus(Lesson). Road-runner. Resident in south-central and southwestern Kansas; abundance and distribution subject to wide fluctuation, current status unknown. Four nests found, April to July, 1934, 4½ miles east of Arkansas City, Cowley County, Walter Colvin.

No subspecies recognized.

Crotophaga sulcirostris.Groove-billed Ani. Accidental. Three records: specimen (KU 31948), McCune, Crawford County, between 1885 and 1910, Alexander J. C. Roese; specimen, Lyon County, November 1, 1904; male (KU 31951), 6¾ miles northeast of Blue Rapids, Marshall County, October 28, 1952, Elizabeth G. McCleod.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. s. sulcirostrisSwainson.

*Tyto alba.Barn owl. Uncommon resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas:T. a. pratincola(Bonaparte).

*Otus asio.Screech Owl. Common resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: Following reported:O. a. naevius(Gmelin) in northeast,O. a. hasbrouckiRidgway in south-central,O. a. aikeni(Brewster) andO. a. swenkiOberholser in west. The status of these subspecies is poorly known; additional breeding specimens and revisionary study are needed.

*Bubo virginianus.Horned Owl. Common resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas:B. v. virginianus(Gmelin) in east,B. v. occidentalisStone in west.

Nyctea scandiaca(Linnaeus). Snowy Owl. Rare and irregular winter visitant throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

[Surnia ulula.Hawk Owl. None of the several sight records from Kansas is convincing to me. Reports from eastern Kansas indicating regular occurrence there of this far-northern species are surely erroneous and probably pertain to Short-eared Owls.]

*Speotyto cunicularia.Burrowing Owl. Common summer resident in west; irregular transient in east. Numbers seem to be decreasing.

Subspecies in Kansas:S. c. hypugea(Bonaparte).

*Strix varia.Barred Owl. Resident in east, locally fairly common. Status in west not known.

Subspecies in Kansas:S. v. georgicaLatham in southeast;S. v. variaBarton elsewhere in state.

*Asio otus.Long-eared Owl. Uncommon summer resident, locally common transient and winter resident throughout state. Nesting records from Ottawa, Douglas, Doniphan, and Meade counties. Status in summer poorly known.

Subspecies in Kansas:A. o. wilsonianus(Lesson).

*Asio flammeus.Short-eared Owl. Resident, probably throughout state, in suitable habitat. More common in winter. Nesting records from Woodson, Republic, and Marshall counties.

Subspecies in Kansas:A. f. flammeus(Pontoppidan).

*Aegolius acadicus.Saw-whet Owl. Rare winter residentthroughout state. One nesting record: a pair found in Kansas City, Wyandotte County, in winter, 1950, remained at least to September, 1951, and were seen with young birds in summer, 1951, John Bishop.

Subspecies in Kansas:A. a. acadicus(Gmelin).

*Caprimulgus carolinensisGmelin. Chuck-will's-widow. Locally common summer resident in eastern Kansas, western limit of distribution poorly known.

No subspecies recognized.

*Caprimulgus vociferus.Whip-poor-will. Locally common summer resident in eastern Kansas; two specimens reported from Finney County, but status in west poorly known. Two nests reported, at Geary, Doniphan County, June 16 and June 14 to July 3, 1923, by Linsdale. In recent years, Chuck-will's-widows seem to have increased at the expense of Whip-poor-wills in Kansas.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. v. vociferusWilson.

*Phalaenoptilus nuttallii.Poor-will. Summer resident, common in west, rare and local in east.

Subspecies in Kansas:P. n. nuttallii(Audubon).

*Chordeiles minor.Nighthawk. Common transient and summer resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas: Nesting;C. m. minor(Forster) in northeast,C. m. chapmaniCoues in southeast, andC. m. howelliOberholser in west, intergrading with one another through fairly broad zones. Migration;C. m. sennettiCoues throughout state.

*Chaetura pelagica(Linnaeus). Chimney Swift. Common transient and summer resident in east; status in west poorly known. Schwilling reports this species only in migration in Finney and neighboring counties.

No subspecies recognized.

*Archilochus colubris(Linnaeus). Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Common transient and summer resident in east; much less common in west, status there poorly known.

No subspecies recognized.

Stellula calliope(Gould). Calliope Hummingbird. One record: immature female, 8 miles south of Richfield and 6 miles east of Kansas Highway 27, Morton County, September 3, 1952, Jean W. Graber.

No subspecies recognized.

*Megaceryle alcyon.Belted Kingfisher. Common summer resident and uncommon winter resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas:M. a. alcyon(Linnaeus).

*Colaptes auratus.Yellow-shafted Flicker. Common residentthroughout state, but partly replaced in west by Red-shafted Flicker and hybrids between the two species.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. a. auratus(Linnaeus) in southeast,C. a. luteusBangs in remainder of state.C. a. borealisRidgway has been reported in winter in east.

*Colaptes cafer.Red-shafted Flicker. Common resident in west, hybridizing with, and replaced by, Yellow-shafted Flicker eastward. Uncommon winter resident in east.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. c. collarisVigors.

*Dryocopus pileatus.Pileated Woodpecker. Formerly common resident in eastern Kansas, now much reduced in numbers and distribution. Recent sight records from Leavenworth, Wyandotte, Douglas, Miami, Linn, and Neosho counties may indicate that this species is increasing in its former range. Definite nesting records only from Linn County where Frank Wood and Ivan Sutton found a nest with 4 eggs and a nest with two young and one egg, along Marais des Cygnes River, near Pleasanton, some years ago. Eunice and Wilson Dingus have noted this species at Mound City, Linn County, regularly for several years.

Subspecies in Kansas:D. p. abieticola(Bangs) in northeast,D. p. pileatus(Linnaeus) in southeast.

*Centurus carolinus.Red-bellied Woodpecker. Common resident in eastern part, breeding west at least to Comanche County; additional records in west from Morton, Finney, and Kearny counties.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. c. zebra(Boddaert).

*Melanerpes erythrocephalus.Red-headed Woodpecker. Common transient and summer resident throughout state. Occasional winter resident west to Cloud County; not found in winter in southwest by Schwilling.

Subspecies in Kansas:M. e. erythrocephalus(Linnaeus), intergrading in west withM. e. caurinusBrodkorb.

Asyndesmus lewis(Gray). Lewis Woodpecker. Possibly rare resident in southwest but status uncertain. Several specimens and sight records from western third of state; one specimen, female (KU 7890), from Lawrence, Douglas County, November 7, 1908, Bunker and Wetmore.

No subspecies recognized.

Sphyrapicus varius.Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Uncommon transient and winter resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas:S. v. varius(Linnaeus) in eastern Kansas,S. v. nuchalisBaird in western part (three specimens, Wallace and Morton counties).

[Sphyrapicus thyroideus.Williamson Sapsucker. An adult male seen at Concordia, Cloud County, April 4, 1935, by Dr. J. M. Porter. Placed in Hypothetical List in absence of a specimen.]

*Dendrocopos villosus.Hairy Woodpecker. Common resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas:D. v. villosus(Linnaeus).

*Dendrocopos pubescens.Downy Woodpecker. Common resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas:D. p. pubescens(Linnaeus) in southeast (Labette and Montgomery counties),D. p. medianus(Swainson) in rest of state, with fairly broad zone of intergradation between the two subspecies.

Dendrocopos scalaris.Ladder-backed Woodpecker. Common resident in extreme southwestern Kansas (Morton County). Six specimens. No nest found yet in Kansas.

Subspecies in Kansas:D. s. symplectus(Oberholser).

*Tyrannus tyrannus(Linnaeus). Eastern Kingbird. Common transient and summer resident throughout state; most numerous in east.

No subspecies recognized.

*Tyrannus verticalisSay. Western Kingbird. Common transient and summer resident east to Flint Hills; uncommon transient and summer resident in east (occurs regularly at Lawrence but rarely at Kansas City).

No subspecies recognized.

Tyrannus vociferans.Cassin Kingbird. Transient and summer resident in extreme western part, east to Finney County. One specimen: male, Kansas Highway 27 at Cimarron River [7½ miles north of Elkhart], Morton County, May 26, 1950, Richard and Jean Graber. No nesting record. Status poorly known.

Subspecies in Kansas:T. v. vociferansSwainson.

*Muscivora forficata(Gmelin). Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. Common summer resident in southern and central Kansas; nesting west to Morton County, north to Cloud County, east to Neosho County. Sporadic records elsewhere in state.

No subspecies recognized.

*Myiarchus crinitus.Crested Flycatcher. Common transient and summer resident throughout state, but perhaps less numerous in west.

Subspecies in Kansas:M. c. boreusBangs.

Myiarchus cinerascens.Ash-throated Flycatcher. Known only from Morton County; several seen in May, 1950, and a female withsomewhat enlarged ovary taken, 8 miles south of Richfield, May 7, 1950, Richard and Jean Graber. No nesting record.

Subspecies in Kansas:M. c. cinerascens(Lawrence).

*Sayornis phoebe(Latham). Eastern Phoebe. Common transient and summer resident in east; occurs, but must less common, in west.

No subspecies recognized.

*Sayornis saya.Say Phoebe. Common transient and summer resident in west. Nesting records from Rawlins, Jewell, Logan, and Ness counties. In migration, reported east to Republic and Lyon counties.

Subspecies in Kansas:S. s. saya(Bonaparte) is the breeding bird;S. s. yukonensisBishop probably occurs in migration.

Empidonax flaviventris(Baird and Baird). Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Uncommon transient in east. Specimens from Johnson, Douglas, and Shawnee counties.

No subspecies recognized.

*Empidonax virescens(Vieillot). Acadian Flycatcher. Summer resident in eastern Kansas. Specimens from Doniphan, Leavenworth, Douglas, Woodson, Montgomery, and Labette counties. Nesting records from Doniphan County (Jean M. Linsdale), Linn County (Wilson J. and Eunice Dingus), and Douglas County (R. F. Miller).

No subspecies recognized.

Empidonax traillii.Alder Flycatcher. Transient throughout state; no satisfactory nesting records or specimens taken in breeding season.

Subspecies in Kansas:E. t. brewsteriOberholser transient, probably more common in west, andE. t. traillii(Audubon) transient and perhaps breeding in east.

Empidonax minimus(Baird and Baird). Least Flycatcher. Common transient throughout state; no satisfactory evidence of nesting.

No subspecies recognized.

Empidonax oberholseriPhillips. Wright Flycatcher. Known only from three specimens, May 8 (male and female) and May 12 (male), 1950, eight miles south of Richfield, Morton County, Richard and Jean Graber.

No subspecies recognized.

Empidonax difficilis.Western Flycatcher. Known only from two specimens taken eight miles south of Richfield, Morton County; September 3, 1952, immature female, Jean Graber; September 5, 1952, immature male (KU 31203), Richard Graber.

Subspecies in Kansas:E. d. hellmayriBrodkorb (female specimen); intermediate betweenE. d. hellmayriandE. d. difficilisBaird (male specimen).

*Contopus virens(Linnaeus). Eastern Wood Pewee. Common transient and summer resident in east, rare transient in west. Breeding distribution in state poorly known.

No subspecies recognized.

Contopus richardsonii.Western Wood Pewee. Common transient and probably summer resident in west; rare transient in east (specimen from Greenwood County and one seen in Cloud County). No nesting record.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. r. richardsonii(Swainson).

Nuttallornis borealis(Swainson). Olive-sided Flycatcher. Uncommon transient throughout state.

No subspecies recognized.

*Eremophila alpestris.Horned Lark. Common transient and resident throughout state. Numbers augmented by northern birds in winter.

Subspecies in Kansas:E. a. praticola(Henshaw) resident in east;E. a. enthymia(Oberholser) resident west of Flint Hills;E. a. hoyti(Bishop),E. a. alpestris(Linnaeus), andE. a. leucolaema(Coues) in winter.

[Tachycineta thalassina.Violet-green Swallow. Five birds seen at Lake Shawnee, Shawnee County, April 14, 1947, by L. B. Carson. Placed in Hypothetical List in absence of a specimen.]

*Iridoprocne bicolor(Vieillot). Tree Swallow. Summer resident in extreme northeastern Kansas; common transient throughout eastern half of state, status in west not known. Nesting records only from Doniphan County, along Missouri River, four nests located by Linsdale, in 1922, 1923, and 1924, and Leavenworth County, nests found by Brumwell along Missouri River.

No subspecies recognized.

*Riparia riparia.Bank Swallow. Common transient and summer resident, probably throughout state but status in northwest not known.

Subspecies in Kansas:R. r. riparia(Linnaeus).

*Stelgidopteryx ruficollis.Rough-winged Swallow. Common transient and summer resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas:S. r. serripennis(Audubon).

*Hirundo rustica.Barn Swallow. Common transient and summer resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas:H. r. erythrogasterBoddaert.

*Petrochelidon pyrrhonota.Cliff Swallow. Common transient and locally common summer resident throughout state.

Subspecies in Kansas:P. p. pyrrhonota(Vieillot).

Progne subis.Purple Martin. Common transient and summer resident in east to uncommon or rare in west.

Subspecies in Kansas:P. s. subis(Linnaeus).

*Cyanocitta cristata.Blue Jay. Common transient and resident throughout state; less common in northern and western sections in winter.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. c. bromiaOberholser in east,C. c. cyanotephraSutton in west, intergrading through central Kansas.

[Cyanocitta stelleri.Steller Jay. Several sight records from southwestern Kansas. Placed in Hypothetical List in absence of a specimen.]

Aphelocoma coerulescens.Scrub Jay. Irregular winter resident in southwestern Kansas. Five specimens (KU 20812-5, 21213), 12 miles northeast of Elkhart, Morton County, November 8, 10, 14, 1934, W. S. Long and Fred Hastie. Two seen in Finney County, January 15, 1955, by Marvin D. Schwilling.

Subspecies in Kansas:A. c. woodhouseii(Baird).

Aphelocoma ultramarina.Arizona Jay. Accidental. One specimen: "probably female," near Mt. Jesus, Clark County, March, 1906, B. Ashton Keith. Identification confirmed by L. L. Dyche; present location of specimen unknown.

Subspecies in Kansas:A. u. arizonae(Ridgway).

*Pica pica.American Magpie. Common resident in west; occasional in east in winter. Eastward extent of breeding range poorly known; nests from Ottawa (1951), Republic (1951 and 1953), and Cloud (1954) counties. Extending breeding range eastward (J. M. Porter).

Subspecies in Kansas:P. p. hudsonia(Sabine).

Corvus corax.American Raven. Formerly occurred on High Plains, precise status not known. No records since disappearance of bison herds. One specimen: Jewell County, date unknown, Edward Kern (specimen now at Kansas State College, Manhattan).

Subspecies in Kansas:C. c. sinuatusWagler.

*Corvus cryptoleucusCouch. White-necked Raven. Common summer resident in western two tiers of counties; occasional resident east to Ford County. Locally common winter resident (Finney, Scott, and Sherman counties). One shot at Larned, Pawnee County, about October 25, 1937, by Frank Robl.

No subspecies recognized.

*Corvus brachyrhynchos.Crow. Common resident in east, less common in west. Abundant transient and winter resident in central Kansas.

Subspecies in Kansas:C. b. brachyrhynchosBrehm.

Gymnorhinus cyanocephalusWied. Piñon Jay. Irregular winter visitant, more frequent in west than in east. Reported from Douglas (twice), Sedgwick, Mitchell, Clark, Finney, and Kearny counties.

No subspecies recognized.

Nucifraga columbiana(Wilson). Clark Nutcracker. Irregular winter visitant, more frequent in west than in east. Reported from Marshall (twice), Ellis, Lyon, Finney, and Seward counties.

No subspecies recognized.

*Parus atricapillus.Black-capped Chickadee. Common resident in entire state except for southern tier of counties, where either rare or absent in summer and locally common in winter.

Subspecies in Kansas:P. a. atricapillusLinnaeus in east, where most specimens are more or less intermediate towardP. a. septentrionalisHarris, the resident subspecies in the west.

*Parus carolinensis.Carolina Chickadee. Common resident in southern tier of counties; taken also in Greenwood County. Reported occurrence in Douglas County is erroneous. Proof of breeding rests on partly grown juveniles taken in Barber County, and on two nests found in Montgomery County by L. B. Carson.

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