What is never believed, but yet may be true, is the defence of a prisoner that intoxication led him to steal. I know of a talented, kindly, and thoroughly honorable young man, who during slight intoxication steals everything he can lay his hands on. His drunkenness is so light that he can remove with complete skill his comrades’ cigarette cases, pocket handkerchiefs, and worst of all, their latchkeys. At the same time, he is still drunk enough to have great difficulty in remembering, the next day, who the owners of these things are. Now suppose a thief told such a story in court!
I cite from the excellent account of Hoffbauer,[352]the development of intoxication: “At first the consumption of liquor intensifies the feeling of physical health, or increases that health. It appears to have a proportionately similar effect upon the powers of the mind. Ideas move easily, expression is smoother and more adequate. The condition and emotional attitude are such that one might very well always wish for one’s self and one’s friends. Until this point no intoxication is visible. The flow of ideas only increases and becomes more intense. Excellent, appropriate notions occur to one, but there is effort to restrain the irregular flow of thought. This state is visible in the effort which must be used to carry on any rather involved story. The ideas flow too rapidly to be easily ordered according to the requirements of the story. At this point the beginning of intoxication is already perceptible. In its development the flow of ideas becomes continually stronger, the senses lose their ordinary sharpness, and as these fail the imagination grows stronger. The drinker’s language is now, at least in particular expressions and turns of speech, more voluminous and poetical, and rather louder than is natural. The former indicates an intensification of imaginative power, and the latter a dulling of the senses which becomes more and more obvious in the development of the intoxication. For the drinker speaks louder because he hears his words less clearly than before, and judges the hearing of his auditors by his own, although the vividness and the more rapid flow of ideas induced by intoxication have a share in this. Soon the dulling of the senses becomes still more obvious. For example, it is seen that a person who is so drunk that he confuses otherwise well-known companions, even if only for a minute, thinks he puts his glass softly on the table,although it falls to the ground. And then there are still other forms of physical helplessness to be perceived. From his speech it may be judged that the connection between his ideas has significantly decreased: although still very vivid, they are now like luminous sparks that appear and disappear. This vividness of ideas, or their rapid flow, gives the inebriate’s desires an unmanageable intensity which reason can no longer control. He follows them instantaneously if some accident does not turn him aside. His physical helplessness becomes now obvious in stammering, in a wabbly gait, etc., until finally he falls into a deep sleep in which physical and intellectual repair begin.
“If the conditions of intoxication were to be divided into periods, we should have the following: In the first period of intoxication ideas have only an extraordinary degree of vividness. The rule of the understanding over actions is not altogether suppressed, so that the drunken fellow is fully conscious of his external relations and is aware of what is going on within and about him. But the rapid flow of ideas hinders careful reflection and leads to an intensified excitability, particularly to those emotional expressions which are characterized by the more rapid flow. This is due to the familiar psychological law according to which one emotional condition leads into another as it is more like that other in tone. Anger and merriment, hence, show themselves more and more among uneducated people who are not habituated to the limitation of their emotional expression by reference to the forms of the world of fashion. Without this control, every stimulation intensifies the emotion, since every natural expression adds to its vividness. The irritability taken in itself is at this stage less dominant, inasmuch as the drinker is at the same time satisfied with himself, and the self-satisfaction makes the irritability endurable. Only some accidental circumstance can intensify and spread this irritability. Such circumstances intensify the drunkard’s liveliness and lead to the outbreak of merriment approximating upon hilarity, then to a verbal quarrel, which need not yet be a real quarrel and may be conducted in all friendship. It seems that in most cases the irritability is excited through the fact that the drunkard’s self-satisfaction speedily lapses, or that he is disturbed in doing things about which he is conceited. Now so long as the intoxication does not exceed this stage, its effects and the outbreaks of its passions may be suppressed. The drinker is here still self-possessed and is not likely to lose control of himself unless he is progressively excited thereto.
“In the next period of intoxication, the drunkard still has his senses, although, all in all, they are considerably weaker than usual, and he is somewhat beside himself. Memory and understanding have quite left him. Hence, he acts as if the present moment were the only one, the idea of the consequences of his actions having no effect upon him because he no longer sees the connection between the two. And since his whole past has disappeared from his mind he can not consider his more remote circumstances. He acts, therefore, as he might if the memories of his circumstances and ideas of the consequences of his actions did not control his conduct, and lead him to rule himself. The slightest excitation may awaken all his strongest passion which then carry him away. Again, the slightest excuse may turn him from what he has in mind. In this condition he is much more dangerous to himself and others because he is impelled not only by the irresistible force of his passions, but because, also, he rarely knows what he is doing and must be considered a pure fool.
“In the last period, the drunkard has so lost his senses that he has no more idea of his external environment.”
With regard to particular conditions, it may be held that the quantity of drink is indifferent. Apart from the fact that we know nothing about the quantity of alcohol a man has taken when we hear merely about so and so many liters of wine or so and so much brandy, the influence of quantities is individual, and no general rule whatever can be laid down. As a matter of fact, there are young and powerful men who may become quite foolish on half a glass of wine, especially when they are angry, frightened, or otherwise excited, and there are weak old people who can carry unbelievable quantities. In short, the question of quantity is altogether foolish. The appearance and constitution of an individual offers as little ground for inference as quantity. The knowledge of a man’s regular attitude toward the consumption of alcohol is a safer guide. Hellenbach asserts that wine has always the same influence on the same individual; one always becomes more loquacious, another more silent, a third more sad, a fourth merrier. And up to a certain limit this is true, but there is always the question of what the limit is, inasmuch as many individuals pass through different emotional conditions at different stages. It often happens that a person in the first stage who wants to “embrace the world and kiss everybody,” may change his mood and become dangerous. Thus, anybody who has seen him several times in the first stage may make the mistake of believing that hecan not pass it. In this direction explanations must be made very carefully if they are not to be false and deceptive.
It is important, also, to know how a man drinks. It is known that a small quantity of wine can intoxicate if it is soaked up with bread which is repeatedly dipped into the wine. Wine drunk in the cellar works with similar vigor if one laughs, is merry, is vexed, while drinking, or if a large variety of drinks is taken, or if they are taken on an empty stomach. For the various effects of alcohol, and for its effects on the same person under different conditions, see Münsterberg’s “Beitrage zur Experimentellen Psychologie,” Heft IV.
The effect of alcohol on memory is remarkable in so far as it often happens that many people lose their memory only with respect to a single very narrow sphere. Many are able to remember everything except their names, others everything except their residence, still others everything except the fact that they are married, and yet others every person except their friends (though they know all the policemen), and the last class are mistaken about their own identity. These things are believed like many another thing, when told by a friend, but never under any circumstances when the defendant tells them in the court room.
The problems of hypnotism and suggestion are too old to permit the mere mention of a few books, and are too new to permit the interpretation of the enormous literature. In my “Manual for Examining Judges,” I have already indicated the relation of the subject to criminal law, and the proper attitude of criminalists to it. Here we have only to bear in mind the problem of characteristic suggestion; the influence of the judge on the witnesses, the witnesses upon each other, the conditions upon the witnesses. And this influence, not through persuasion, imagination, citation, but through those still unexplained remote effects which may be best compared with “determining.” Suggestion is as widespread as language. We receive suggestions through the stories of friends, through the examples of strangers, through our physical condition, through our food, through our small and large experiences. Our simplest actions may be due to suggestion and the whole world may appear subject to the suggestion of a single individual. As Emerson says somewhere, nature carries out a task by creating a genius for its accomplishment; if you follow the genius you will see what the world cares about.
This multiple use of the word “suggestion” has destroyed its early intent. That made it equivalent to the term “suggestive question.” The older criminalists had a notion of the truth, and have rigorously limited the putting of suggestive questions. At the same time, Mittermaier knew that the questioner was frequently unable to avoid them and that many questions had to suggest their answers. If, for example, a man wants to know whether A had made a certain statement in the course of a long conversation, he must ask, for good or evil, “Has A said that ...?”
Mittermaier’s attitude toward the problem shows that he had already seen twenty-five years ago that suggestive questions of this sort are the most harmless, and that the difficulty really lies in the fact that witnesses, experts, and judges are subject, especially in great and important cases, to the influence of public opinion, of newspapers, of their own experiences, and finally, of their own fancies, and hence give testimony and give judgments in a way less guided by the truth than by these influences.
This difficulty has been made clear by the Berchthold murder-trial in München, in which the excellent psychiatrists Schrenck-Notzing and Grashey had their hands full in answering and avoiding questions about witnesses under the influence of suggestion.[353]The development of this trial showed us the enormous influence of suggestion on witnesses, and again, how contradictory are the opinions concerning the determination of its value—whether it is to be determined by the physician or by the judge; and finally, how little we know about suggestion anyway. Everything is assigned to suggestion. In spite of the great literature we still have too little material, too few observations, and no scientifically certain inferences. Tempting as it is to study the influence of suggestion upon our criminalistic work, it is best to wait and to give our attention mainly to observation, study, and the collection of material.[354]
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Harris, G. E.Treatise on the Law of Identification. Albany, 1892.
Hill, F.Crime: its Amount, Causes, and Remedies. London, 1853.
Hirschl, A. J.Legal Hygiene. Davenport, 1890.
Hoppe, H.Alkohol und Kriminalität in allen ihren Beziehungen. Wiesbaden, 1906.
Hoppe, J.Die Zurechnungsfähigkeit und die Kriminal-Anthropologie. 1903.
Horsley, J. W.Jottings from Jail. 1887.
—— Prisons and Prisoners. New York, 1899.
Hrdlicka, A.Anthropological Investigation of one thousand white and colored Children of both sexes, the inmates of the New York Juvenile Asylum. New York and Albany.
Joy, H. H.Evidence of Accomplices. Dublin, 1836; Philadelphia, 1844.
—— Admissibility of Confessions. Challenge of Jurors in Criminal Cases Dublin, 1842; Philadelphia, 1843.
Kellor, F. A.Experimental Sociology. Descriptive and analytical. Delinquents. New York, London, 1901.
Kerr, N.Inebriety or Narcomania; its etiology, pathology, treatment and jurisprudence. 3d ed., London, 1894.
Kovalevsky, P.La psychologic criminelle. Paris, 1903.
Krafft-Ebing, R.Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Psychopathologie. 1st ed., Stuttgart, 1875; 2d ed., 1881; 3d ed., 1892 (1899?).
—— Grundzüge der Criminalpsychologie auf Grundlage der deutschen und österreichischen Strafgesetzgebung; für Juristen. 2d ed., Stuttgart, 1882.
Kubella, H. G.Naturgeschichte des Verbrechers: Grundzüge der kriminallen Anthropologie und Kriminalpsychologie; für Gerichtsärtzte, Psychiater, Juristen und Verwaltungsbeamte. Stuttgart, 1893.
Lombroso, C., andFerrero, G.tr. English, ed., Morrison, s. t. The Female Offender. New York, 1895.
MacDonald, A.Criminology. 2d ed., New York, 1893.
—— Abnormal Man, being essays on education and crime and related subjects. Washington, 1893.
(Pub. as Bureau of Education Circular of Information No. 2, 1893.)
—— Statistics of Crime, Suicide, Insanity, and other forms of Abnormality, and Criminological Studies, with a bibliography. Washington, 1903; reprinted 1908.
(Pub. as U. S. Sen. Doc. No. 12, 58th Cong., Spec. sess.)
—— Man and abnormal Man, including a study of children. Wash., 1903.
(Pub. as U. S. Senate Doc. No. 187, 58th Cong., 3d sess.)
—— Juvenile Crime and Reformation, including stigmata of degeneration. Washington, 1908.
(Pub. as U. S. Senate Doc. No. 532, 60th Cong., 1st sess.)
Mayhew, H.Criminal Life. London, 1860.
Meredith, Mrs.A book about Criminals. London, 1881.
Miller, D. R.The Criminal Classes; causes and cures. Dayton, 1903.
Mills.Arrested and Aberrant Development and Gyres in the Brain of Paranoiacs, Criminals, Idiots, Negroes. Philadelphia, 1889.
Mittermaier, C. J. A.Treatise in German; tr. English, by Gushing s. t. Effect of Drunkenness on Criminal Responsibility. Edinburgh, 1841.
Moore, C. C.A Treatise on Facts, or the Weight and Value of Evidence. 2 vols., Northport, N. Y., 1908.
Motet.Les faux témoignages des enfants devant la justice. Paris, 1887.
Muensterberg, H.On the Witness Stand; Essays on Psychology and Crime. New York, 1908.
Negri, ed C.La delinquenza in Italia dal 1890 al 1905. Roma.
Nicolay.Les enfants mal éléves. Paris, 1890.
Noellner, F.Criminal-psychologische Denkwürdigkeiten. Stuttgart, 1858.
Parigot, J.Moral Insanity in relation to Criminal Acts. N. Y., 1861.
Parmelee, M.The Principles of Anthropology and Sociology in Relations to Criminal Procedure. New York, 1908.
Plowden, A. C.Grain or Chaff? The Autobiography of a Police Magistrate. London, 1903.
Rhoades, M. C.The Case Study of Delinquent Boys in the Juvenile Court of Chicago. Chicago, 1907.
Roscoe, H.Law of Evidence in Criminal Cases. 2d ed., London, 1840; 9th ed., 1878; 11th ed., by Smith and Kennedy, 1890; 12th ed., by Keep, 1898.
—— U. S.: 2d ed., 1840; 4th ed., 1852; 6th ed., 1866; 7th ed., by Sharswood, Philadelphia, 1874; 8th ed., by Sharswood and Wayland, 2 vols., Philadelphia, 1888.
Russell, C. E. B., andRigby, L. M.The Making of the Criminal. London, New York, 1906.
Ryan, W. B.Infanticide; its law, prevalence, prevention, and history. London, 1862.
Rylands, L. G.Crime, Its Causes and Remedy. London, 1889.
Sawin, C. D.Criminals. Boston, 1890.
Seager, C.Magistrate’s Manual. Toronto, 1901.
Sommer, R.Kriminalpsychologie und strafrechtliche Psychopathologie auf naturwissenschaftlicher Grundlage. Leipzig, 1904.
Spooner, L.Essay on Trial by Jury. Boston, 1852.
Stephen, Herbert.Prisoners on Oath, Present and Future. London, 1898.
Stevens, J. G.Indictable Offences and Summary Convictions. Toronto, 1880.
Stole, J.Cause and Cure of Crime; with a treatise on Capital Punishment. Philadelphia, 1880.
Strahan, S. A. K.Instinctive Criminality. London, 1891.
—— Suicide and Insanity. 1893.
Tarde, G.La criminalité comparée. 1st ed., Paris, 1886; 5th ed., 1902.
—— L’opinion et la foule. Paris, 1901.
—— L’homme souterrain. Paris, 19—.
Thompson.Physiology of Criminality. 1870.
Thompson, S. D., andMerriam, E. G.Organization, Custody and Conduct of Juries. St. Louis, 1882.
Tourrenc, E.État mental des incendiaires. Paris, 1906.
Train, A. C.The Prisoner at the Bar; sidelights on the administration of Criminal Justice. New York, 1906; 2d ed., N. Y., 1908.
Valette, P.De l’érostratisme, ou, Vanité criminelle. Lyon, 1908.
Wassermann, R.Beruf, Konfession und Verbrechen. München, 1907.
Weingart, A.Kriminaltaktik. Ein Handbuch für das Untersuchen von Verbrechen. Leipzig, 1904.
Wey, H.Criminal Anthropology. Elmira, 1890.
Wheaton, E. R.Prisons and Prayer. Tabor, Ia., 1906.
Whiteway, A. R.Recent Object-Lessons in Penal Science. 1st series, London, 1898; 2d series, 1900; 3d series, 1902.
Wigmore, J. H.A Treatise on the System of Evidence in Trials at Common Law, 5 vols., Boston, 1904-1907.
Wilmanns.Zur Psychopathologie des Landstreichers. Leipzig, 1906.
Wilson, G. R.Clinical Studies in Vice and Insanity. Boston.
Winslow, R.Youthful Eccentricity a Precursor of Crime. N. Y., 1895.
Woods, C. H.Woman in Prison. 1869.
Woods, L.Essay on Native Depravity. 1885.
Wooldridge, C. R.The Grafters of America, who they are and how they work. Chicago, 1906.
Wulffen, E.Handbuch für den exekutiven Polizei-und Kriminalbeamten, für Geschworene und Schöffen, sowie für Strafansaltsbeamte. Dresden, 1905.
—— Psychologic des Verbrechers. 2 vols., Gross-Lichterfelde-Ost, 1908 (in Langenscheidt’s Enzyclopädie der modernen Kriminal-statistik.)
(o. p.) Indicates that the journal is known to have ceased publication.* Indicates that the journal is continued from the date given.UNITED STATES.(o.p.) Criminal Law Magazine. Jersey City, Vols. I-XVIII, 1890-1896.Medico-Legal Journal, ed. Bell, C. New York, 1884.*(o.p.) Psychological and Medico-Legal Journal. New York, 1874-1875.AUSTRIA.Archiv für Kriminal-Antropologie und Kriminalistik. ed. Gross, H. Graz, Leipzig, 1899.*FRANCE.Archives d’anthropologie criminelle, de criminologie, et de psychologic normale et pathologique (entitled, till Vol. 8, Archives de l’anthropologie criminelle et des sciences penales). Founded Laccassagne, Garraud, et al.; ed. Dubuisson. Paris, Lyon, 1886.*GERMANY.Abhandlungen des kriminalistischen Seminars an der Universität Berlin. ed. Liszt, F. von. Berlin, 1888 * (irregular; new ser., Vol. V, 1908.)Allgemeine deutsche Criminalzeitung. ed. Roskoschny. Leipzig, 18—.Blätter für gerichtliche Anthropologie, etc. SeeFriedreich’s Blätter.Juristisch-psychiatrische Grenzfragen. ed. Finger, A., Hoche, A., and Bresler, J. Halle, 1905 * (irregular; Vol. VI, 1908).Monatsschrift für Kriminalpsychologie und Strafrechtsreform. ed., Aschaffenburg, Kloss, von Lilienthal, and von Liszt. Heidelberg, 1904.*Zeitschrift für angewandte Psychologie und psychologische Sammelforschung (continuation of Beiträge zur Psychologie der Aussage). ed. Stern, L. W., and Lipmann. O. Leipzig, 1907.*(o.p.) Zeitschrift für Criminal-Anthropologie, Gefängniswissenchaft und Prostitutionswesen. ed. Wenge, W. 1 vol., Berlin, 1897.ITALYArchivio di psichiatria, scienze penale, ed. antropologia criminale (formerly entitled, Archivio di psichiatria, neuropathologia, antropologia criminale, e medicina legale). Dir., Lombroso, C., Garofalo, B. R., and Ferri, E.; ed. Andenino. Torino, 1880.*SOUTH AMERICAArchivos de criminologia, medicina legal y psiquiatria. ed. Ramos e Ingegnieros, J. Buenos Aires, 1902.*Criminologia moderna. ed. Gori, P. Buenos Aires, 1899.*
(o. p.) Indicates that the journal is known to have ceased publication.
* Indicates that the journal is continued from the date given.
UNITED STATES.
(o.p.) Criminal Law Magazine. Jersey City, Vols. I-XVIII, 1890-1896.
Medico-Legal Journal, ed. Bell, C. New York, 1884.*
(o.p.) Psychological and Medico-Legal Journal. New York, 1874-1875.
AUSTRIA.
Archiv für Kriminal-Antropologie und Kriminalistik. ed. Gross, H. Graz, Leipzig, 1899.*
FRANCE.
Archives d’anthropologie criminelle, de criminologie, et de psychologic normale et pathologique (entitled, till Vol. 8, Archives de l’anthropologie criminelle et des sciences penales). Founded Laccassagne, Garraud, et al.; ed. Dubuisson. Paris, Lyon, 1886.*
GERMANY.
Abhandlungen des kriminalistischen Seminars an der Universität Berlin. ed. Liszt, F. von. Berlin, 1888 * (irregular; new ser., Vol. V, 1908.)
Allgemeine deutsche Criminalzeitung. ed. Roskoschny. Leipzig, 18—.
Blätter für gerichtliche Anthropologie, etc. SeeFriedreich’s Blätter.
Juristisch-psychiatrische Grenzfragen. ed. Finger, A., Hoche, A., and Bresler, J. Halle, 1905 * (irregular; Vol. VI, 1908).
Monatsschrift für Kriminalpsychologie und Strafrechtsreform. ed., Aschaffenburg, Kloss, von Lilienthal, and von Liszt. Heidelberg, 1904.*
Zeitschrift für angewandte Psychologie und psychologische Sammelforschung (continuation of Beiträge zur Psychologie der Aussage). ed. Stern, L. W., and Lipmann. O. Leipzig, 1907.*
(o.p.) Zeitschrift für Criminal-Anthropologie, Gefängniswissenchaft und Prostitutionswesen. ed. Wenge, W. 1 vol., Berlin, 1897.
ITALY
Archivio di psichiatria, scienze penale, ed. antropologia criminale (formerly entitled, Archivio di psichiatria, neuropathologia, antropologia criminale, e medicina legale). Dir., Lombroso, C., Garofalo, B. R., and Ferri, E.; ed. Andenino. Torino, 1880.*
SOUTH AMERICA
Archivos de criminologia, medicina legal y psiquiatria. ed. Ramos e Ingegnieros, J. Buenos Aires, 1902.*
Criminologia moderna. ed. Gori, P. Buenos Aires, 1899.*
Works on Psychology of General Interest.
Angell, James R.Psychology. New York. H. Holt & Co. 1904.Baldwin, J. M.Handbook of Psychology. New York, 1891.Bell, Sir Charles.The Hand—Its Mechanism and Vital Endowments. Philadelphia, 1835.Binet, A.Le fatigue intellectuelle. Paris, 1898.Bourdon, B.L’expression des émotions et des tendances dan le langage. Paris, 1892.Chamberlain, Alexander Francis.The Child: a study in the evolution of man. London, 1907.Cowles, E.The Mental Symptoms of Fatigue. New York, 1893.Dewey, John.Psychology. 3d ed. New York.Ebbinghaus, H.Psychology. An Elementary Text-book (translated by Max Meyer). Boston, 1908.Freud, S.Zur psychopathologie des alltagslebens, etc. 2eaufl., Berlin, 1907.—— Die Traumdeutung.Hall, G. Stanley.Youth; its Educative Regimen and Hygiene. New York, 1907.James, W.The Principles of Psychology. 2 vols. New York, 1890.Janet, Pierre.L’automatisme psychologique. Paris, 1889.—— The Major Symptoms of Hysteria. N. Y., 1907.Jastrow, J.The Subconscious.Jones, E. E.The Influence of Bodily Posture on Mental Activities. N. Y., 1907.Judd, C. H.Psychology. N. Y., 1907.King, Irving.The Psychology of Child-development. Chicago, 1904. 2d ed.MacDonald, A.Abnormal Man. Washington, 1893 (United States Bureau of Education Circular of Information, 1893, No. 4).Manaseine, Mariya.Sleep, its physiology, pathology, hygiene and psychology. London, 1908.Marsh, H. D.The Diurnal Course of Efficiency. N. Y., 1906.Mercier, Charles A.Psychology, normal and morbid. London, 1901.Moore, C. C.A treatise on facts or the weight and value of Evidence. 2 vols. Northport, 1908.Mosso, A.Fatigue. (Tr. by Margaret Drummond and W. B. Drummond.) N. Y. and London, 1906.Norsworthy, Naomi.The psychology of mentally deficient children. N. Y., 1906.Offner, Max.Das Gedächtnis, etc. Berlin, 1909.Paulhan, F.La fonction de la memoire et le souvenirs affectif. Paris, 1904.Pillsbury, W. B.Attention. New York, 1908.Ribot, T.The Psychology of the Emotions. London, 1897.Scott, W. D.The Psychology of Public Speaking. Phil., 1907.Sidis, B.The Psychology of Suggestion. N. Y., 1898.Sighele, Scipio.La foule criminelle: essai de psychologie collective. Paris, 1901.Stout, G. F.Manual of Psychology. London, 1907.Tarde, G.L’opinion et la foule. 2d éd. Paris, 1904.Titchener, E. B.Lectures on the Elementary Psychology of Feeling and Attention. N. Y., 1908.—— A Text-book of Psychology. N. Y., 1909. (New ed. with additions.)Wells, Frederic L.Linguistic Lapses. With especial reference to the perception of linguistic sounds. N. Y., 1906.
Angell, James R.Psychology. New York. H. Holt & Co. 1904.
Baldwin, J. M.Handbook of Psychology. New York, 1891.
Bell, Sir Charles.The Hand—Its Mechanism and Vital Endowments. Philadelphia, 1835.
Binet, A.Le fatigue intellectuelle. Paris, 1898.
Bourdon, B.L’expression des émotions et des tendances dan le langage. Paris, 1892.
Chamberlain, Alexander Francis.The Child: a study in the evolution of man. London, 1907.
Cowles, E.The Mental Symptoms of Fatigue. New York, 1893.
Dewey, John.Psychology. 3d ed. New York.
Ebbinghaus, H.Psychology. An Elementary Text-book (translated by Max Meyer). Boston, 1908.
Freud, S.Zur psychopathologie des alltagslebens, etc. 2eaufl., Berlin, 1907.
—— Die Traumdeutung.
Hall, G. Stanley.Youth; its Educative Regimen and Hygiene. New York, 1907.
James, W.The Principles of Psychology. 2 vols. New York, 1890.
Janet, Pierre.L’automatisme psychologique. Paris, 1889.
—— The Major Symptoms of Hysteria. N. Y., 1907.
Jastrow, J.The Subconscious.
Jones, E. E.The Influence of Bodily Posture on Mental Activities. N. Y., 1907.
Judd, C. H.Psychology. N. Y., 1907.
King, Irving.The Psychology of Child-development. Chicago, 1904. 2d ed.
MacDonald, A.Abnormal Man. Washington, 1893 (United States Bureau of Education Circular of Information, 1893, No. 4).
Manaseine, Mariya.Sleep, its physiology, pathology, hygiene and psychology. London, 1908.
Marsh, H. D.The Diurnal Course of Efficiency. N. Y., 1906.
Mercier, Charles A.Psychology, normal and morbid. London, 1901.
Moore, C. C.A treatise on facts or the weight and value of Evidence. 2 vols. Northport, 1908.
Mosso, A.Fatigue. (Tr. by Margaret Drummond and W. B. Drummond.) N. Y. and London, 1906.
Norsworthy, Naomi.The psychology of mentally deficient children. N. Y., 1906.
Offner, Max.Das Gedächtnis, etc. Berlin, 1909.
Paulhan, F.La fonction de la memoire et le souvenirs affectif. Paris, 1904.
Pillsbury, W. B.Attention. New York, 1908.
Ribot, T.The Psychology of the Emotions. London, 1897.
Scott, W. D.The Psychology of Public Speaking. Phil., 1907.
Sidis, B.The Psychology of Suggestion. N. Y., 1898.
Sighele, Scipio.La foule criminelle: essai de psychologie collective. Paris, 1901.
Stout, G. F.Manual of Psychology. London, 1907.
Tarde, G.L’opinion et la foule. 2d éd. Paris, 1904.
Titchener, E. B.Lectures on the Elementary Psychology of Feeling and Attention. N. Y., 1908.
—— A Text-book of Psychology. N. Y., 1909. (New ed. with additions.)
Wells, Frederic L.Linguistic Lapses. With especial reference to the perception of linguistic sounds. N. Y., 1906.
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