AAccolti, Cardinal,317Acquaviva, Cardinal,356,357Acquaviva, General,344Acta S. Callisti,7,17Acta S. Silvestri,87,88Ad Anglos,435Adelchis,93Adelperga,94Adriano da Corneto,263Æneas, Sylvius,241,243Æterni Patris,408,440Afiarta, Paul,83,84African Church, Rome and the,20,40,70Agnes, the Empress,145,147,150Agnes de Meran,188Aistulph,80-3Albani, Cardinal,357,392Alberic of Camerino,131,133,139Albert of Brandenburg,304Albigensians, massacre of the,194-200Alcuin,78,97Alexander, II.,147,149Alexander, III.,173Alexander V.,228Alexander VI.,242-66Alexander Severus,16Alexis, Comnenus,193Alfonso of Leon,157Alfonso II. of Naples,254,256,259Alidosi, Cardinal,278Allen, Cardinal,246Altheim, Synod of,138Ambrose, St.,30,31,35,38America, the Papacy and,389,411,412,436Americanism,432,437Ammianus Marcellinus,24Anastasius,75,102Anatolius of Thessalonica,41Anselm of Baggio,145Anselm of Lucca,147,150,152Antiphonary, the,62Antonelli, Cardinal,402-3,407,410Apostolicæ Curæ,436Aretini,275Ariald,145Arianism,19,21,31Arichis,92,93,94Ariosto,281,301,302Arnold of Brescia,174Arnold of Citeaux,195,198,199Arnulph,127Arsenius, Legate,109,112,126Art in mediæval Rome,266,282-4Astrology at Rome,274Attila,50-1Atto of Vercelli,133Austria expelled from Italy,399,405Auxentius,28,37Auxilius,129Avignon, the Popes at,203-22BBaglione, G.,274Bajazet, the Sultan,256Baldwin of Flanders,110,192Baluze, S.,205Barbarossa, Frederic,173Barry, Dr. W.,129Basil, St.,32Basilica Julii,24,25Basilica Liberii,25Basilica Sicinini,25Basle, Council of,240Beatific Vision, John XXII. and the,219Beatrice of Tuscany,148,163Benedict III.,103,107,113Benedict IX.,140,143Benedict X.,146Benedict XI.,203Benedict XIII.,227,238Benedict XIV.,353-67Benedict of Soracte,128,130,135Benedictines, the, and the classics,58Bentivoglio,274,278Benzo, Bishop,142,147Berengar, King,130,134Berengaria of Castile,189Bérenger,144Bernard, of Clairvaux,172Bernetti, Cardinal,395Bertha of Lorraine,134Bertinian Annals, the,112Bertrand de Goth,207Bertrand de Poyet,216Bibbiena, Cardinal,287,290,303Bible, early translation of the,36Bismarck and Leo XIII.,428-30Bonaparte, Jerome,379Boniface I.,39Boniface VIII.,203,209Boniface IX.,223,224Bonitho, Bishop,142,151,164,168Book of Gomorrha,144Book of Pastoral Rule,61Borgia, Cæsar,244,258,260,263,267,272Borgia, Jofre,244,256Borgia, Juan,244,256,258Borgia, Lucretia,244,250,254,255,260,262Borgia, Pedro Luis,244Borgia, Rodrigo,261Borgia Family, the,242Borgia Rooms, the,438Boris, King,116Bramante,283Breviary, reform of the,358-9Brosch, M.,246,269Brosses, President de,353,354Bruce, Robert,219Brunetti, A.,398Brunichildis, Gregory and,71Brussels, Leo XIII. at,418-9Bulgaria and the Papacy,137,191Buoncompagni, Cardinal,333,334Burchard, J.,245,249,262CCacault,374Cadalus, Bishop,147Cajetan, Legate,307Calandria, the,303Calixtus III.,242Callistus, Pope,6-18Cambrai, League of,276,277Canon of Scripture, early,36,55Canossa, Henry IV. at,163,165-7Capocci, Giovanni,176,177Caprara, Cardinal,376Caraffa, Cardinal,259Carbonari, the,388,395Cardinal, the title,146Cardinalate, reform of the,339Cardinals in the fifteenth century,248Carlism, the Vatican,433Carlomann,84Caroline Books, the,97Caroline Islands, the,429Carpophorus,8Carvajal, Cardinal,275,289Cassiodorus,58Catacombs, the,3,26,36Cataldi, Mgr.,421Cathari, the,182Catherine of Siena,222Cavour,405,406Celestine I.,39Celestine III.,174Celibacy of the clergy,145-6,152,155Celidonius,42Cenci,160Censorship, early claims of,55,115Cesena, massacre of,222Chabrol, Count de,384Chalcedon, Council of,47-9,74Charlemagne,84,85-6,90-97,99,101Charles Martel,79Charles the Bald,108,109,115,116Charles the Simple,137Charles II.,206Charles V.,295,297,298,307,319-28Charles VI.,362Charles VIII.,256-8Chigi, the banker,302China, Jesuits in,364China, Leo XIII., and,457Choiseul,357,360Christianity, early condition of,1-3Christopher, Pope,128Cibò, Franceschetto,248Cibò, Innocenzo,290Civiltà Cattolica, the,406Clement I.,4,5Clement III.,169,173Clement IV.,209Clement V.,203,206,217Clement VI.,209,221Clement VII.,223,311-2Clement XI.,360Clement XII.,354,355,357Clement XIII.,368Clement XIV.,368,369Colonna, M.A.,294Commentary on the First Book of Kings,63Comminges, Count de,190Conciliar Movement, the,227,232,240Concordat with Napoleon,374-6,387Conradin,202Consalvi, Cardinal,371,372,375,377,387-9Constance, Council of,234-8,240Constance of Sicily,180Constantine,21Constantinople, Council of,32,33,48,49Constantinople, Fall of,241Constantinople taken by the Latins,193,194Constantius,19,23Constanza of Aragon,181Contarini, Cardinal,322Conti family, the,173Conti, Ricardo,177Cornaro, Cardinal302Cornelius, Pope,3Costa, Cardinal,259Counter-Reformation, the,310Crespy, Peace of,325Crispi,426Crusade, the Fourth,191-4Culture, early decay of,57,62-3,84Cyprian, St.,20Cyriacus,75Cyril of Alexandria,39,44DD'Agnesi, Maria Gaetana,358Damasus,21-37D'Amboise, Cardinal,268,275Damiani, Peter,144,145,147,151Dammann, Dr. A.,165Declaration of the Gallican Clergy,352Delarc, O.,142Desiderius of Vienne,62,71Deusdedit, Cardinal,151Dialoguesof Gregory the Great,59Didier, Abbot,149,153,169Didier, King,83-5,90Dietrich von Nieheim,223,225Dio Cassius,16Dionysian Decretals, the,120Dioscorus of Alexandria,44-6Discipline of the early Church,13Divorce in the early Church,29Djem, Prince,256,257Döllinger, Dr.,3,8,9,13,151,409Dominic St.,196,201Dominus ac Redemptor Noster,369Donation of Constantine,87,241Dovizo, Bernardo,287,290Duchesne, Mgr.,89,130,131Dümmler, E.,129Dupanloup,409EEastern Church, Rome and the,31-3,44-50,73-6,105-6Ebbo of Rheims,113,119Edict of Milan,21Eginhard,82,99Elizabeth of Spain,363Encyclicals of Leo XIII.,439,440Endre, Prince, of Hungary,190England and the Papacy,58,71,94,148,185-8,219,229,309,312,346,363,381,411,435-6Ephesus, Council of,46Epigrams of Damasus,36Erigena, John Scotus,115Ethelbert,72Etsi Nos,425Eudocia,105Eudoxia, the Empress,52Eugenius IV.,240Eulogius,75Eusebius, Pope,20Eusebius of Dorylæum,48Eustochium, Jerome's letter to,34-5Eutyches,45,46Ex Quo Singulari,365Execrabilis,210Exsurge, Domine,308FFantuzzian Fragment, the,81,88Farnese, Alessandro,316,321,325,326Farnese, Giulia,249,252,253,254Farnese, Vittoria,325Febronianism,362,370Fedele, P.,129Felicia, daughter of Julius II.,271Felix, Anti-Pope,23,24Ferdinand of Spain,275,276,291Ferdinand VI.,361Ferrante of Naples,255Ferrara and Julius II.,281Fesch, Cardinal,378Flavian,45-7Flodoard,131,136Fontana,345Forged Decretals, the,104,105,117-22Forgeries of Middle Ages,87,88Formosus,125,127,132Foulques of Marseilles,196,198France and the Papacy,42,71,79-87,97,157,188,194-200,219,256-8,276-8,289,304,347,360-1,400-2,431-2France, Anatole, 2Francis I.,292,293,295,297,317Francis, St.,201,202Francis Joseph I.,412Frankenstein, Baron,429Frankfort, Synod of,97Fratricelli, the,214Frederic the Great,356,364Frederic of Saxony,307,308Frederic of Sicily,180,182,185Freemasonry, Benedict XIV. and,366Friedrich of Tirol,234,236,237