Fuscianus,9GGabrielli, Cardinal,382Gaeta, flight to,401Galilei, Galileo,352Galla Placidia,47Garibaldi,405,406,407Gattina, Petrucelli della,371,393"Gelasian Decree," the,36,37,55Gelasius I.,37,55,115Gerbert,139Germany and the Papacy,108-9,158-69,182-5,215-8,229,411,427-30Gfrörer,142Ghibellines, the,182,216Gibbon, Cardinal,436,437Gioberti,397,418,420Giovio, Paolo,291,300Gizzo, Cardinal,399Glaber, Raoul,140Godfrey of Tuscany148Grassis, P. de,291Gratian, the Emperor,27,38Gratian, John,140,143Great Schism, the,221-3Gregory I.,57-77Gregory III.,79Gregory VII.,141-70Gregory X.,204Gregory XI.,222Gregory XII.,226,227,231Gregory XIII.,332,334Gregory XVI.,392,395,396Grévy, President,432Grisar, Father,11,18Guelphs, the,182Guibert of Ravenna,168Guido of Spoleto,127Guiscard, Robert,148,155,168,169Guise, Duke of,347,348,349Günther,108,109Guy, the Cistercian,195HHadrian I.,81,83,84-100Hadrian II.,110,118,125,126,127Hadrian IV.,174Hadrian VI.,311Hecker, Father,437Helletrude,111Henry III. (Germany),143,144Henry IV. (Germany),154,158-69Henry V. (Germany),172Henry VI. (Germany),178,179Henry III. (France),346,347,349Henry IV. (France),347,348,349,350Henry VIII. (England),277,279,292,293,294,309Heribert of Vermandois,137,138Herimann of Cologne,138Herlembald,148,159Hermingard,84Hilary, St., and the Papacy,42Hildebrand.SeeGregory VII.Hildeprand,92,93Hildwin,112Hincmar of Rheims,105,111-13,119,120Hippolytus,7,8,11,12,17Historia Augusta, the,16Hodgkin, Dr.,88,90Hohenstauffens, the,182,202Honorius I.,79Hontheim, Johann von,370Hormisdas,55Hrodgaud,93Hrzan, Cardinal,372Hübner, Baron de,333,343Hucbert,107Hugh Candidus, Cardinal,149,159Hugh of Provence,138,139Hugues Géraud,211,212Hungarians in Italy, the,135Huns, St. Leo and the,50Hus, John,232,235,238Hutten, Ulrich von,305,308IIgnatius of Antioch,4Ignatius of Constantinople,105-7Ignatius of Loyola,331,333Image-worship, quarrel about,97Immaculate Conception, the,403-4Index of Prohibited Books, the first,55Indulgences, origin of the Spanish,192Indulgences, traffic in,225,231,284,301,305Infallibility, struggle over,409-10Infessura, S.,245,250Ingeltrude,107Innocent I.,38,39Innocent III.,137,141,171-201Innocent VII.,226Inquisition, the, at Rome,324,331Inscrutabile,423Interest Apostolicæ Sedis,183Investiture-struggle, the,152,172Ireland, Archbishop,436Ireland, Leo XIII. and,434-5Irene, the Empress,94,96Irmengard,135Isaac Comnenus,193Italy, Unification of,405-7JJacobini, Cardinal,426Jacques de Via,213James III.,363Jansenists, the,360-1Jean of Jandun,215Jerome, St.,22,23,27,34,36Jerome of Prague,232Jesuits, the,343,352,360,364,365,369,387-8,399,402-3Jews, John XXII. and the,219Jews, the Papacy and the,65Jews, Sixtus V. and the,343John VIII.,125,126,133John IX.,131John X.,126-38John XI.,128,130,131,138John XII.,139John XXII.,205-20John XXIII.,221-39John of Bohemia,218John Capistrano,241John the Faster,73-4John Lackland and the Papacy,185-8John of Ravenna,114Joseph II.,355,369,370Josephine, divorce of,378,383Judith,110Julius II.,246,247,250,255,257,268-84Julius III.,331KKailo of Ravenna,132Keane, Mgr.,437Kitto, E.J.,223,235Knights of Labour, the,436Kulturkampf, the,427-30LLa Balue, Cardinal,248Ladislaus of Hungary,157Ladislaus of Naples,223,227Lambert of Hersfeld,164,166Lambruschini, Cardinal,392Landulph,145Lanfranc,154,156Langton, Stephen,186-7,188Languedoc, heresy in,195Lateran basilica, the,20,25,56Lateran Council, the Fourth,200Lateran Council, the Fifth,280,282,303League, the Catholic,347,348Leo I.,39-54Leo II.,79Leo III.,101Leo IV.,102Leo V.,127Leo IX.,144Leo X.,248,250,287-309Leo XII.,391Leo XIII.,415-42Leo the Isaurian,53Leonardo of Arezzo,223,227Leonetti, A.,243Leontia, the Empress,76L'Épinois, H. de,243,245Leti, Gregorio,333Liber Pontificalis, the,8,11,24,80,87-9Liberius,19,22,23Liverani, P.,129,132Lollards, the,232Lombards, the, in Italy,56,66,68,79,92-3Lothair of Lorraine,107,109,110Lottery, the Papal,357Louis of Anjou,228,229,230Louis of Bavaria,215,216,217Louis II.,103,107-9Louis VIII.,188Louis XII.,260,261,274,277-8,291Louis XVIII.,414Luchaire, Achille,175Luciferians, the,30Luitprand, Bishop,130,132,136Luitprand, King,79Lunéville, Treaty of,374Luther, Martin,252,299,306-9MMacarius,30Magic, John XXII. and,212Magna Charta denounced by Innocent III.,188Magna Maralia,59,63Malabar Rites, the,364Malatesta of Rimini,230Mandragola,303Manfred,202Manichæans, the,41,43Manichæism,195Manning, Cardinal,409Marcia,6Marcian,47,50Maria Theresa,362Marie of Brabant,190Markwald of Anweiler,179,180,181Marozia,128-32,135-6,138,139Marriage, the Papacy and,188,189,190Marsiglio of Padua,215Martens, Dr. W.,142,160Martin I.,79Martin V.,240Martyrology, reform of the,359Mary Stuart,346Mathew, Dr., A.H.,142,153,167,243Mathilda of Tuscany,148,150,155,163,165Matteo Visconti,216Maurice, the Emperor,68,69,73-6Maury, Cardinal,371Maximilian, the Emperor,273,275,276,277,294Maximinus,27May Laws, the,428,429Mazzini,396,398,404Medici, Catherine de',347Medici, Cosmo de',239Medici, Giuliano de',290,292Medici, Giulio de',290Medici, Lorenzo de' (nephew of Leo X.),290,297,298Melchiades,118Menæchmi, the,262Mercier, Cardinal,440Michael, Angelo,283,301,329Michael de Cesena,215Michael the Drunkard,105,106Michiel, Cardinal,263Militz, Karl von,307Milo, the Legate,198Miollis, General,381Mirandola, G.P. della,304Modernism,432,437,442Montfort, Simon de,199,200Monti di Pietà,303Morality in the early Church,33-5,66NNapoleon I. and the Papacy,370,374-88Napoleon III.,400,405Nepotism at the Vatican,174,244-60,271,290,291,315,316,320,331Newman, Cardinal,409Nicæa, Council of,96Nicholas I.,102-23Nicholas II.,146,147Nicholas V.,217,241Nicholas of Cusa,241Nielsen, Dr. F.,373,393Normans and the Papacy,145,147,169OOckham, William of,215Offa,94,96Olivarez, Count,347Organic Articles, the,376,377Orsini, the,174,177Orsini, Adriana,249,252Orsini, Cardinal B.,263Orsini, Giulia,249,252,253,254Orsini, Laura,253,271Orsini, Paolo,334Orsini, Virginio,255Otto I.,139Otto of Brunswick,182,183,184Oxford Movement, the,435PPacca, Cardinal,381-2,387Pagi,129Pallavicino, Cardinal,275Pandolpho, the Legate,187,188Papal supremacy, evolution of,5,30-1,37,39,44,48,5367,74-6,103Parnellism434-5Paschasinus,49Pastor Æternus,410Pastoureaux, the,219Patarenes, the,145,148,159Patrimonies, the Papal,64,79Paul at Rome,4Paul I.,83Paul II.,246Paul III.,252,313-29,363Paul IV.,331Pedro of Aragon,190,199Pelagius, Pope,58Pepoli, Count,338Peretti, Alexander,336Peretti, Camilla,334,341Peretti, Francesco,334Persecution, the Papacy and,43,70,196Persico, Mgr.,435Perugino,283Peter at Rome,4